A Novel Compact Tri-Band Antenna Design for

WiMAX, WLAN and Bluetooth Applications

Peshal B. Nayak, Sudhanshu Verma and Preetam Kumar

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Patna
Patna, Bihar: 800013
Email: nayak.ee10@iitp.ac.in; sverma@iitp.ac.in; pkumar@iitp.ac.in

Abstract—A novel and compact tri-band patch antenna for There are three operation bands in the IEEE 802.11 WLAN
2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz wireless local area network (WLAN), 2.3/3.5/5.5- standards: 2.4 GHz (2400-2484 MHz), 5.2 GHz (5150-5350
GHz Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) MHz) and 5.8 GHz (5725-5825 MHz). WLANs working at
and Bluetooth applications is proposed and studied in this paper. IEEE 802.11a employ the higher frequency band from 5.15-
The antenna comprises of a L-shaped element which is coupled 5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz while those working at IEEE
with a ground shorted parasitic resonator to generate three
resonant modes for tri-band operation. The L-shaped element
802.11b/g use the 2.4-2.484 GHz band. 802.11a is usually
which is placed on top of the substrate is fed by a 50Ω microstrip found on business networks due to its higher cost.
feed line and is responsible for the generation of a wide band at Bluetooth enables a mobile device to get connected with
5.5 GHz. The parasitic resonator is placed on the other side of other devices within its short range. Typically, this range varies
the substrate and is directly connected to the ground plane. The from 20 feet to 15 meters. The frequency band used is the 2.4
presence of the parasitic resonator gives rise to two additional GHz band (2.4-2.4835 GHz) and the standard followed is IEEE
resonant bands at 2.3 GHz and 3.5 GHz. Thus, together the two 802.15.1. The IEEE 802.16, better known as WiMAX allows
elements generate three resonant bands to cover WLAN, WiMAX higher data rates over longer distances while efficiently using
and Bluetooth bands of operation. A thorough parametric study bandwidth with minimum interference. In the Asia Pacific
has been performed on the antenna and it has been found that the region, frequencies available for WiMAX deployments are in
three bands can be tuned by varying certain dimensions of the
antenna. Hence, the same design can be used for frequencies in
the 2.3/3.3/3.5/5.5 GHz range.
adjacent bands as well with minor changes in its dimensions. As wireless devices have become an integral part of the
Important antenna parameters such as return loss, radiation lives of most people, the integration of technologies such as
pattern and peak gains in the operating bands have been studied WLAN, WiMAX, Bluetooth, etc into a single device is a per-
in detail to prove that the proposed design is a promising fect solution to enhance commercial advancements. Although
candidate for the aforementioned wireless technologies. a wide band or ultrawideband [1] antenna could be a possible
solution, systems with such antennas need additional filters to
Keywords—Tri-band, Antenna, wireless local area network
(WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access remove interference from communication systems operating in
(WiMAX), Bluetooth. nearby bands. In such a scenario, a multiband antenna turns out
to be a cost effective solution as it does away with the filters
by suppressing dispensable bands and thus helps in integrating
I. I NTRODUCTION multiple wireless communication standards in a single system;
Rapid growth in wireless communication systems has re- effectively improving the portability of a modern personal
sulted in a great demand for small devices capable of providing wireless terminal device.
multiple services. Also, as FCC (Federal Communications The planar monopole antenna, because of its attractive
Commission) allowed potential users to make an unlicensed characteristics including low profile and weight, low cost,
use of medical, industrial and scientific frequencies, engineers and versatile structure for exciting wide impedance band-
have seen a great opportunity to design wireless devices that width, dual- or multiresonance mode, and desirable radiation
communicate over short distances. Common examples are the characteristics, has become a preferred candidate among the
Bluetooth operating at 2.4 GHz or the wireless local area known triple/multiband antenna prototypes. However, antenna
network (WLAN) operating at 2.4, 5.2 and 5.8 GHz. Besides designers face a great challenge when a size reduction of an
these, technologies such as Worldwide Interoperability for antenna has to be achieved while increasing the number of
Microwave Access (WiMAX) are playing an important role operating frequency bands.
in our daily life. But as compact multiband antennas are important for inte-
WLAN, an alternative to wired LAN, makes use of radio grating multiple communication standards in a single system,
frequency technology to transmit and receive data over the air. thus effectively improving the portability of a modern personal
As a result, the need for wired connections is minimized thus wireless terminal device, they have attracted great attention.
combining connectivity with user mobility. WLANs are also A number of innovative antenna designs have been proposed
being widely recognized as a reliable, cost effective solution for achieving multiple bands of operation such as the use of
for wireless high speed data connectivity and a general purpose meandered T-shape [2], use of meandering slots [3], double-
connectivity alternative for a broad range of applications. T shaped element [4], use of inverted FL shapes [5], use of
shorted parasitic element [6]–[8] and use of shorted parasitic
978-1-4799-2361-8/14/$31.00
c 2014 IEEE

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inverted-L wire [9]. However, these designs can provide only
a dual band operation. Additionally, the slot based antenna
in [3], though much smaller than traditional monopoles, has a
structure which is complex for practical applications. The same
is true for [5]–[9] which make use of complicated structures
such as shorting pins thereby adding to the complexity of
the design as well as the fabrication cost of the antenna.
A simple low cost design with a broadband performance
has been proposed in [10]. This antenna is, however, dual
band and also has a complicated geometry. Such large and
complicated geometries face a problem when the antenna has
to be embedded into a small space as in the case of a compact
mobile terminal.
Some novel designs have been developed to achieve a tri-
band performance. In [11], design of a band reject function has
been proposed by inserting the proper strips on a wideband
printed open slot antenna. In [12], again a printed slot antenna
has been proposed. They have the advantage of having wide
impedance bandwidth, low profile, light weight and ease of (a)
manufacture. But the disadvantage is that they are large in
size which leads to technical problems described previously.
Tuning slot and triangular-slot coupled patch antennas were
proposed to generate a multiband operation in [13]. However,
the antenna structure, being somewhat complicated in nature,
will increase cost or complexity for practical terminal design.
A similar problem will be faced in [14], where a monopole
antenna uses a metamaterial loading to achieve a triple band
performance.
In this paper, a tri-band antenna with an extremely simple
structure and using a highly compact radiator to cover all the
2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN, 2.3/3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX and the
Bluetooth bands of operation is proposed. The antenna consists
of a microstrip fed L-shaped element on top and a ground
shorted parasitic resonator placed on the other side to generate (b)
three wide bands centred at 2.3, 3.5 and 5.5 GHz respectively.
The parasitic resonator being placed on the other side of the Fig. 1. (a) Design of the proposed tri-band antenna (b) Layout of the compact
L-shaped element, is directly shorted with the ground. Since radiator
only a single feed has been used and no shorting pins are
present, the design is highly compact and extremely simple.
The antenna is designed and studied with the high performance
TABLE I. A NTENNA D ESIGN D ETAILS
full-wave electromagnetic (EM) field simulator Ansoft HFSS
software. The paper has been organised as follows. Section II Material FR4
provides a detailed description of the proposed antenna design. Dielectric constant 3.5
This is followed by the results of a parametric study on the Loss Tangent 0.02
antenna in Section III which shows how the bands can be tuned Substrate Thickness 0.8 mm
independently. A detailed discussion on the results has been
provided in Section IV followed by comparison with latest
antenna designs in Secion V and finally conclusion in Section
VI.
5GHz frequency band for the higher WLAN bands at 5.2 and
II. A NTENNA D ESIGN 5.8 GHz as well as the WiMAX band at 5.5 GHz. The presence
of element 2 leads to the generation of the bands at 2.3 GHz
The geometry of the proposed antenna has been shown in and 3.5 GHz for the lower bands of WLAN, WiMAX and
fig. 1(a) and specifications of the design have been given in Bluetooth. If seen from the top, element 2 seems to surround
Table I. A microstrip feed line of width 1.8 mm has been element 1 with a gap ‘g’ between them. Together they occupy
used in order to achieve a characteristic impedance of 50 Ω. an area of around 15.9 mm x 7.4 mm. The ground plane is
A layout of the radiator has been given in fig. 1(b). The patch around 40 mm x 20 mm in size and the overall dimensions
antenna consists of an L-shaped patch (element 1) which is of the antenna are 40 x 30 x 0.8 mm3 . The antenna has been
fed directly by the microstrip feed line and is placed on the designed on a dielectric substrate with a relative permittivity
top section of the dielectric substrate and a parasitic resonator of 3.5 and a loss tangent of 0.02. The antenna dimensions have
(element 2) placed on the bottom and is directly connected to been optimized using computer simulations. The optimized
the ground. Element 1 is responsible for generation of the wide dimensions have been stated in Table II.

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TABLE II. VALUE OF VARIOUS DIMENSIONS IN THE ANTENNA DESIGN
( IN MM )

e0 0.8 e1 3.4 e2 8.9 e3 1.0

e4 4.8 e5 4.4 e6 1.1 e7 1.1
e8 5.8 e9 3.2 e10 4.9 e11 1.6
e12 5.4 e13 0.6 e14 5.4 e15 1.6
e16 4.5 e17 1.0 e18 7.2 e19 1.4
l1 3.0 l2 4.7 l3 2.0 l4 6.2
l5 5.0 w 1.8 g 0.5 W 30.0
L 40.0 W1 20.0

III. PARAMETRIC S TUDY

In order to study the effect of various parameters on
the resonant frequencies, a detailed parametric study was
performed on the antenna. Initially, effect of varying the Fig. 2. Return loss plot for variation in the number of elements
number of elements was studied. When only element 1 is
present, a single wide band centred at around 6.2 GHz is
generated as shown in fig. 2. Upon the insertion of element fig. 6. Thus, this length helps in simultaneous tuning of the
2, the higher frequency wideband shifts downwards with its two lower bands while maintaining the higher band fixed.
centre frequency becoming 5.5 GHz. In addition to this change, The length e2 helps in tuning the higher 5 GHz band as
two new bands in the lower frequency range are generated- well. As this dimension is varied, all the bands shift in a
one around 2.3 GHz and another around 3.5 GHz. Thus, the coarse manner as can be seen in fig. 7. This dimension helps
insertion of element 2 not only affected the higher band but to achieve the tuning of the higher band. However, in this
also gave rise to two new bands in the lower frequency range process, the other two bands are also affected.
leading to a multiband performance. From the above parametric study, a general method for
The operation of the antenna was further studied by using designing a tri-band antenna with the same design for appli-
the current distributions at 2.3, 3.5 and 5.5 GHz. At 2.3 and 3.5 cations operating in adjacent frequencies can be realized:
GHz the current was mainly on element 2, though on different
sections of it, which contributed to resonance. Fig. 3(a) and 1) In the first step, the element 1 would have to be
fig. 3(b) show the current distributions at these two operating inserted while maintaining its dimensions nearly the
frequencies. At 5.5 GHz, the current on element 1 was quite same as the one in the design. This will create a single
large, as shown in fig. 3(c), thus contributing to resonance at resonant band centred at a higher frequency.
the higher frequency. 2) Then element 2 would have to be inserted such that
Further, the effects of varying various dimensions of the its dimensions are in the vicinity of the optimized
antenna was studied. It was confirmed from this study that the dimensions used for the current design. This will give
resonant frequencies of the antenna were sensitive to variations rise to a tri-band performance in which the lower, the
in dimensions such as e2, e11, e15 and g. The effect of varying middle and the upper frequency bands will be close
the values of these dimensions is presented in the following to the ones achieved by our optimized design.
paragraphs. 3) Following this, the higher frequency band would
When the value of e15 was varied from 2.1mm to 2.2mm have to be fine tuned by varying the value of the
and finally 2.25mm, the resonant frequency of the two bands dimension e2. This will help in achieving the desired
at 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz remained almost constant while the higher resonant frequency. However, the other two
lower band shifts from 2.26 GHz to 2.22 GHz and finally 2.19 frequencies will be affected during this process.
GHz. This implies that e15 can be used for fine tuning of the 4) Then, the values of e15, e11 or g may be adjusted
lower band without affecting the two higher bands. Further, such that the upper two bands also achieve the desired
as shown in fig. 4, as the length of this dimension increases centre frequencies. During this process, the upper
the resonant frequency of the lower 2 GHz band of operation band will remained fixed and thus all the three bands
decreases. will have the expected centre frequencies.
Next, the value of e11 was changed from 1.7mm to 1.8mm
and 2mm. Consequently, the centre frequency of the second IV. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
band (3.5 GHz) changed from 3.45 GHz to 3.625 GHz and
finally to 3.66 GHz as shown in fig. 5. The second band, thus, The simulated and measured return loss plots and the
shifted rightwards towards higher frequencies as this length radiation pattern for the antenna have been shown in fig. 8 and
was changed. During this change, the first and the third band fig. 9 respectively. It can be clearly seen from the simulated
nearly remained fixed. Thus, this band can be used to fine tune results that antenna has three bands of operation. The lowest
the second band while keeping the first and the third bands frequency band is centred at 2.3 GHz and has a bandwidth (S11
nearly unaffected. < -10dB) of 315 MHz (2.19-2.505 GHz). This band covers
Following this, the length of the gap g, was increased and the frequency bands for Bluetooth (2.4-2.4835 GHz), 2.3 GHz
it was noticed as the gap increased from 0.5mm to 0.6mm WiMAX (2.3-2.4 GHz) and the lower 2.4 GHz frequency band
and 0.7mm, the first and the second band shifted rightwards of WLAN (2.4-2.484 GHz).
whereas the third band was almost unaffected as shown in The middle band is centred at 3.5 GHz and has a bandwidth

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 (a)

Fig. 5. Return Loss with variation in the length of e11

(b)

(c)
Fig. 6. Return Loss with variation in the length of g
Fig. 3. Simulated current distribution at (a) 2.3 GHz (b) 3.5 GHz (c) 5.5
GHz

Fig. 7. Return Loss with variation in the length of e2

Fig. 4. Return Loss with variation in the length of e15

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 TABLE IV. VARIOUS WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTED
is nearly three times in area as compared to that of the
Band 1 Bluetooth, 2.3 GHz WiMAX, 2.4 GHz WLAN proposed design. The bandwidth of the tri-band antenna [15]
Band 2 3.5 GHz WiMAX for the lower, middle and higher bands of operation are 400
Band 3 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN, 5.5 GHz WiMAX MHz (2.38-2.78 GHz), 480 MHz (3.28-3.76 GHz) and 1000
MHz (4.96-5.96 GHz) respectively. Although for the lower
and middle band, the bandwidth is slightly higher than that
of the proposed design, the additional frequencies does not
increase the number of supported wireless applications. Also,
in case of the higher band, the frequencies supported by this
antenna are also supported by the proposed design. Gains for
the lower, middle and higher operation bands in [15] are 2.5
dBi, 2.5 dBi and 3.7 dBi respectively which are higher as
compared to design in this paper. In case of [16], the antenna
radiator size is 20 mm x 20 mm which is again nearly four
times that of the antenna proposed in this paper but has nearly
the same bandwidth and peak gains of around 1.2 dBi, 2.6
dBi and 2.3 dBi respectively which are again slightly higher.
However, the gains achieved by our design are reasonable
and suitable for practical applications. This can be concluded
from [17], [18] which mention acceptable gains as low as
0.71 dBi for WLAN and 1.95 dBi for WiMAX. Thus, it can
be clearly concluded that in situations wherein a compact
Fig. 8. Return Loss of the antenna design is needed and the associated reductions in gains can be
tolerated, the proposed design provides considerable advantage
over the existing designs.
of 430 MHz (3.3-3.73 GHz). Thus, it satisfactorily covers
the 3.5 GHz (3.3-3.6 GHz) WiMAX band of operation. The
wide band in the 5 GHz range has a centre frequency of VI. C ONCLUSION
5.5 GHz and a bandwidth of 1890 MHz (4.64-6.53 GHz). A novel patch antenna with a compact radiator has been
It covers the 5.5 GHz (5.25-5.85 GHz) WiMAX as well as proposed and studied in this paper. The proposed antenna
the 5.2 GHz (5.15-5.35 GHz), 5.8 GHz (5.725-5.875 GHz) resonates at 2.3 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz with wide
higher frequency WLAN bands of operation. Although there bandwidths of 315 MHz (2.19-2.505 GHz), 430 MHz (3.3-
has been a slight deviation in the measured centre frequency of 3.73 GHz) and 1890 MHz (4.64-6.53 GHz) to cover Bluetooth,
the middle band, it still covers most of the WiMAX operation 2.3/3.5/5.5 GHz-WiMAX and 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz-WLAN bands
band. of applications. Main parameters such as the return loss,
The xy, yz and xz plane radiation patterns for these three impedance bandwidth, and far-field characteristics at operating
bands have been shown in fig. 9. It can be seen that the bands have been studied. Therefore, the proposed antenna has
radiation pattern is omni-directional in nature. Besides the peak satisfactory characteristics and is a promising design for use
gains in the 2.3 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz bands are 1.3dBi, as a multiband communication antenna.
1.89dBi and 1.96dBi respectively. The gains remain nearly the
same throughout their respective band of operation. Table III
summarizes the information associated with the performance R EFERENCES
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 TABLE III. S UMMARY OF ANTENNA PERFORMANCE
Band Centre frequency Bandwidth Peak Gain
Simulated (GHz) Measured (GHz) Simulated(MHz) Measured(MHz) (dBi)
Lower 2.3 2.23 315 425 1.3
Middle 3.5 3.73 430 455 1.89
Upper 5.5 5.45 1890 1715 1.96

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

Fig. 9. Radiation pattern in XY plane for (a) 2.3 GHz (b) 3.5 GHz (c) 5.5 GHz; Radiation pattern in YZ plane for (c) 2.3 GHz (d) 3.5 GHz (e) 5.5 GHz;
Radiation pattern in ZX plane for (f) 2.3 GHz (g) 3.5 GHz (h) 5.5 GHz

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