Tutorial 2-Questions (Air-Craft ARC) : Simple Gas Refrigeration Cycle

Tutorial 2-Questions (Air-Craft ARC)
Q1. An aircraft moving with speed of 200 km/h uses simple gas refrigeration cycle for
air-conditioning. The ambient pressure and temperature are 0.36 bar and -12 oC respectively. The
pressure ratio of compressor is 5, the heat exchanger effectiveness is 0.94, the isentropic
efficiencies of compressor and expander are 0.82 each. The cabin pressure and temperatures are
1.05 bar and 27oC. Determine (i) the temperatures and pressures at all the points of the cycle; (ii)
the volumetric flow rates through the compressor inlet and expander outlet for 90 tons
refrigerator. Take R = 287 J/kg K.
Q2. A bootstrap air refrigeration system is used for an aeroplane to take 10 tonnes of
refrigeration load. The ambient air conditions are 15oC and 0.9 bar. This air is rammed
isentropically to a pressure of 1.1 bar. The pressure of the air bled off the main compressor is
3.5 bar and this is further compressed in secondary compressor to a pressure of 4.5 bar. The
isentropic efficiency of both the compressors is 90% and that of cooling turbine is 85%. The
effectiveness of both the heat exchangers is 0.6. If the cabin is to be maintained at 25oC and
pressure in the cabin is 1 bar, find: (i) mass of air passing through the cabin, (ii) power used for
the refrigeration system, and (iii) C.O.P. of the system.
Q3. A regenerative air-refrigeration system for an aircraft has to take 30 ton of load,
while the ambient condition is 0.85bar and 50C. The ramming action leads to a pressure rise from
0.85bar to 1.2 bars at constant entropy. The air is bled off the main compressor at 4.8 bars. The
primary heat exchanger is 60% effective. The air from the heat exchanger passes to the cooling
turbine via the regenerative heat exchanger. Some portion of the air after expanding in the
cooling turbine passing onto the regenerative heat exchanger reducing the main compressed air
temperature to 500C and in the process the cooling air from the turbine gets heated to 100 0C
before it is discharged. The isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and the turbine is 90% and
80% respectively. The cabin is pressurized to 1 bar and maintained at 250C. i) Draw the system
schematically and represent the processes on T-S plane, ii) Determine the percentage of air
extracted from cooling turbine for regenerative cooling, iii) Find the power required for maintain
the cabin at required condition. The power developed by the cooling turbine runs the ram air
exhaust fan.
Q4. Ambient conditions for an aircraft cruising at 1000 km/h are 0.35 bar and -15oC. The cabin
temperature is 25oC and turbine exit pressure is 1.06 bar. The pressure ratio of compressor is 3.0.
Assuming 100% efficiency for ram effect, compressor and turbine and ideal heat exchanger,
determine for simple gas refrigeration cycle of 18 tonnes capacity: (i) Temperatures and
pressures at all points of cycle, (ii) Mass flow rate and volume flow rates at compressor inlet and
turbine outlet, (iii) Work requirement and (iv) COP (v) Make schematic and t-s diagram. Assume
Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K, Rair =0.287 kJ/kg K.
Q5. A boot-strap air–refrigeration system is used to take 20 tonnes of refrigeration load

of an aircraft cabin. The ramming of the air increases the pressure of air from atmospheric
pressure to 1.1 bar. The air required for refrigeration is taken from main compressor at 3.5 bar
and it is further compressed to 4.5 bar in the secondary compressor run by the cooling turbine.
Take ηc1 and ηc2 is equal to 0.9 and ηt = 0.8. ε1 (for HE-1) = ε2 (for HE-2) = 0.6. The ambient
conditions are 0.85 bar and 5oC. The cabin is maintained at 1 bar and 25oC. Assuming the
ramming action as isentropic, find (i) Power required to run the refrigeration system (ii) COP of
the system (iii) Power used to run the exhaust fan. The excess power of the cooling turbine is
used for blowing out the ram cooling air to the atmosphere with the help of fan.
Q6. A boot-strap evaporative air-refrigeration system is employed in an aero-plane,

moving with a Mach number of 1.3, to take 18 tonnes of refrigeration load of the cabin. The
cooling air is taken from the main compressor at 4.2 bar and further compressed to 5.2 bar which
is run by cooling turbine. The ambient conditions are 0.52 bar and -12oC. Isentropic efficiency of
main and secondary compressor is 88% and 82%. Isentropic efficiency of cooling turbine is
80%. Efficiencies of both heat exchangers = 0.42. Ramming efficiency = 90%. The temperature
of air coming out of evaporative cooler = 100oC. The pressure and temperature maintained in the
cabin are 1 bar and 27oC. (i) Make schematic and t-s diagram, determine (ii) Temperatures and
pressures at all points of cycle, (iii) Mass taken from the main compressor for cabin cooling, (iii)
Power required and (iv) COP.
Q7. A regenerative air-refrigeration system is designed to take 18 tonnes of

refrigeration load of an air craft cabin. The ambient air at pressure 0.82 bar and temperature 12
o
C is rammed isentropically till the pressure rises to 1.22 bar. The air bled off the main
compressor at 4.4 bar is cooled by the ram air in the heat exchanger whose effectiveness is 0.62.
The air from the heat exchanger is further cooled to 64oC in the regenerative heat exchanger with
a portion of the air bled after expansion in the cooling turbine. The cabin is to be maintained at a
temperature of 22oC and a pressure of 1 bar. If the isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and
turbine are 88% and 82% respectively. Determine (i) Mass of air bled from cooling turbine to be
used for regenerative cooling (ii) Power required for maintaining the cabin at the required
condition, (iii) COP of the system and (iv) Schematic diagram of the system. Assume that the
temperature of air coming out of regenerative heat exchanger is 100oC.

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Tutorial 2-Questions (Air-Craft ARC)

Q5. A boot-strap air–refrigeration system is used to take 20 tonnes of refrigeration load

Q6. A boot-strap evaporative air-refrigeration system is employed in an aero-plane,

Q7. A regenerative air-refrigeration system is designed to take 18 tonnes of

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