Department of Chemistry

Physical Chemistry Lab I

CHEM 355

Fall 2020

Solid-Liquid Equilibrium in Binay

Student name:

Lulua Al Janahi 201600103

Date of experiment: 23/9/2020

Section: 52

Instructor: Joanna Pajak

component A to pure component B, is the way a complex phase binary

diagram is formed. These various quantities are then heated up until the

mixture is a homogeneous liquid, then cooling is required very slowly

and phase changes are tracked either by visual inspection or temperature

measurements most commonly. When the first solid precipitates, which is

the beginning of the phase boundary, leading to the mixed solid and

liquid region, the final phase is reached when the last of the liquid

disappears, where each of the components are solids. The slope of the

temperature vs. time plot will change as the first component switches

phases, but during that interval of time the temperature will not be

constant unless it is one of the pure components, so when one component

is undergoing a change in phase, the other is always decreasing in

temperature. The temperature must remain constant as the second

component switches phases, while the other component is now in the

solid phase, which is considered an arrest. There will be one run in which

all the liquid solidifies instantly and the difference at the start of

solidification will not be distinguished from the end of solidification. This

is achieved with minor variations in the composition. This point is

referred to as the eutectic point, and all phases, solid A, solid B and

liquid, are present at this point.

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The purpose of this experiment is to study binary systems (Solid-Liquid).

Three variables, which are temperature, pressure, and concentration,

describe the state of binary components in equilibrium. For solid-liquid

equilibrium, however, the gas phase is typically absent and the influence

of pressure on the equilibrium is very small, so the other two components,

temperature and concentration, need to be weighed. This system is called

a condensed system, and under atmospheric pressure, the experiment will

be carried out. The theory of Gibb 's law is used to identify heterogeneous

mixtures of systems as follows:

F=C−P+2…………………. Equation 1

where;
 F :number of degrees of freedom
 C :number of components
 P :number of phasesof the system

Determination of heat of fusion

Per the heat of fusion equation if the liquid solution behaves ideally, the
solubility of each component in the liquid depends on temperature
(Equation 2 &3)

∆ H fus, A 1 1
ln x A = ( − )…………………Equation 2
R TA T

∆ H fus, B 1 1
ln x B = ( − )……………Equation 3
R TB T

x A + x B =1

where;
 x A∧x B :the mole fractionof components A∧B
 ∆ H fus, A & ∆ H fus, B :heat of fusion of components A∧B
 T A& T B :the melting points of pure components

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Experimental Method:
Equipment and materials :

 Large test tubes

 Temperature sensor

 300 mL beaker

 hot plate

 stirring bar

 naphthalene

 biphenyl

Procedure:

1. Place the test tube into a hot water bath and heat until the solid is

completely melted.

2. Remove the tube from the water bath and fix it in a holder on the bench

top.

3. Turn on the magnetic stirrer to ensure that the sample is continually

stirring.

4. Start data acquisition using a Logger Pro device. This will provide a

real time plot of the changing temperature in the sample.

5. Continue until you observe a distinct arrest or break in the pattern, then

you may terminate the acquisition.

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6. To the test tube containing naphthalene add the first sample of

biphenyl and start a new run.

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 Results & Calculations:
Table 1

m naph (g) m biph (g) n naph (moles) n biph (moles) x naph x biph T (C)
5.0 0 0.0390 0.0000 1 79.38
5.0 0.5 0.0390 0.0032 0.923 76.17
3
5.0 1.5 0.0390 0.0097 0.800 66.28
4
5.0 2.5 0.0390 0.0162 0.706 60.67
4
5.0 5.0 0.0390 0.0324 0.546 41.63
1
0 5.0 0.0000 0.0324 0 1 67.97
0.5 5.0 0.0039 0.0324 0.107 0.892 61.90
4 6
1.5 5.0 0.0117 0.0324 0.265 0.734 51.71
2 8
2.5 5.0 0.0195 0.0324 0.375 0.624 40.19
6 4

90

80
phase diagram
70

60

50
T

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Xnaph

Figure 1:phase diagram 1/ T (°c) vs. Xnaphthalene

CE: 0.49
TE: 30°C

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Freezing point of naphthalene: 79.38C
Freezing point of biphenyl: 67.97C

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Table 2
ln X n ln X b 1 1
T K( )
0 0.002837
-0.0798 0.002863
-0.2226 0.002946
-0.3476 0.002996
0.003177
0 0.002932
-0.1136 0.002985
-0.3082 0.003078
-0.4710 0.003191

1/T vs. lnXn

-0.1

-0.15
1/T

-0.2

-0.25

-0.3

-0.35

-0.4
lnXn

Figure 2:1/T vs. lnx for naph

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 1/T vs. lnXb
0
0 0 0 f(x)0= − 1825.91
0 x + 5.340 0 0 0 0
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
1/T

-0.25
-0.3
-0.35
-0.4
-0.45
-0.5
lnXb

Figure 3: 1/T vs. lnx for biph

Calculations:

Table 1 sample calculations:

m naph 0.5 g
n naph= = =0.0039 mol naph
M naph 128.1705 g /mol

mbiph 5.0 g
n biph= = =0.0324 mol biph
M biph 154.21 g /mol

nnaph 0.0039
x naph= = =0.1074
n naph +nbiph 0.0039+0.0324

nbiph 0.0324
x biph= = =0.8926
nnaph +nbiph 0.0039+0.0324

Calculate ∆ H fus :

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 ∆ H fus , A 1 1
ln Χ A = ( − )
R TA T

−∆ H f
Slope =
R

From figure 2:

Slope: -2084.6

J
(
∆ H fus, naph=− −2084.6 × 8.314 )
mol . K
=17331.3644 J /mol

From figure 3:

Slope: -1825.9

J
(
∆ H fus, biph=− −1825.9 ×8.314 )
mol . K
=15180.5326 J /mol

Discussion:

In this experiment, the object was achieved successfully by calculating

the heat of fusion of components naphthalene and biphenyl by

constructing the solid-liquid temperature-composition phase diagram for

the naphthalene-biphenyl system.

Figure 1 shows the phase diagram of naphthalene with a eutectic point at

a composition of C E = 0.49 and a temperature of T E = 30 C. Figure 3 and

linear relationship. For naphthalene the slope = - 2084.6, and the

calculated ∆H =17331.3644 J /mol , while for biphenyl the slope = −1825.9,

J
calculated ∆H =15180.5326 mol .

Most of the error in this experiment is random error from trying to keep

the stirring at a constant speed and the super-cooling jumps in the

temperature vs. time curves .

Reference:
Physical Chemistry Lab I Manual “CHEM 355”

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