LABORATORY REPORT

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY I (SKF 3013)

Semester 2 Session 2017/2018

ID NUMBER AND NAME 1.HAZWANI SAFURA BINTI MOHAMAD YAZID

LECTURER Dr. Norlaili binti Abu Bakar

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
TITLE PHASE DIAGRAM OF 2 COMPONENT SYSTEM

DATE & DAY

CHECK LIST (Please tick) Marks

Title 5
Objective(s) 5
Methods 10
Results (Observation, Data, 30
Calculation, etc.)
Discussions and questions & 35
answers (if appropriate)
Conclusion(s) 10
References (at least 2) 5
TOTAL MARKS 100

Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Science and Mathematics
UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS
EXPERIMENT 4: PHASE DIAGRAM OF 2 COMPONENT SYSTEM
Objectives
1. To construct the phase diagram of the system containing naphthalene and
diphenylamine.
2. To determine the heat of fusion of naphthalene and diphenylamine.

Procedure
1. 2 g of naphthalene was weighed and put in a boiling test tube.
2. The test tube was immersed in hot water bath in 75-85 °C.
3. The temperature was recorded when the solid in test tube melts. The
temperature bulb must be completely immersed in the liquid naphthalene.
4. The test tube was removed from the hot water when the temperature of the
liquid in test tube was above 5-10 degrees above the melting point of the
solid.
5. The outer surface of test tube was dried and the liquid was stir while allowing
the liquid to cool.
6. The temperature of liquid was recorded immediately after removal from the
water and the temperature readings were continued taking in every 30 second
until it reaches equilibrium for 5 minutes. Stir the sample before taking the
temperature readings in every 30 second.
7. 0.5 g of diphenylamine was added to the naphthalene and the steps 2 to 6 was
repeated.
8. Another 0.5 g of diphenylamine was added and steps 2 to 6 was repeated
again.
9. Continue repeating steps 2 to 8 until a total of 2 g of diphenylamine has been
added to the 2 g naphthalene placed in the test tube in step 1.
10. 2 g of diphenylamine was weighed and put in clean test tube. Steps 2 to 8
were repeated. Substituting naphthalene for diphenylamine in these steps.
Results
i. Solid naphthalene + diphenylamine
Time (s) Temperature (°C)
𝑋𝑛𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒

1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

0 60.0 50.0 50.0 49.0 37.0
30 59.0 49.0 49.0 48.0 37.0
60 59.0 48.0 49.0 48.0 36.5
90 58.0 48.0 48.0 46.0 36.5
120 57.0 48.0 47.0 45.5 35.0
150 56.0 44.0 45.0 44.0 35.0
180 55.0 42.0 45.0 41.0 34.0
210 53.0 40.0 44.0 39.5 34.0
240 53.0 37.0 44.0 39.0 32.0
270 52.0 35.0 35.0 38.0 32.0
300 52.0 34.5 32.0 36.0 31.0

Mole fraction of naphthalene, 𝑋𝑛𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 Freezing point (°C)

1.0 58.0
0.8 48.0
0.7 44.0
0.6 41.0
0.5 35.0

Mole fraction of naphthalene, Log X Freezing point 1/T

𝑋𝑛𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 (°C)

1.0 0 58.0 0.0172

0.8 -0.0969 48.0 0.0208
0.7 -0.1549 44.0 0.0227
0.6 -0.2218 41.0 0.0244
0.5 -0.3010 35.0 0.0286

ii. Solid diphenylamine + naphthalene

Time (s) Temperature (°C)
𝑋𝑑𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒

0.0 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

0 48.0 43.0 40.0 39.0 38.0
30 45.0 41.0 33.5 38.0 37.0
60 42.0 40.0 33.5 37.0 36.0
90 42.0 37.0 33.0 36.0 35.0
120 42.0 37.0 32.5 35.0 34.0
150 41.0 37.0 32.0 35.0 33.5
180 41.0 35.0 32.0 33.5 32.0
210 40.0 35.0 31.5 32.0 31.0
240 40.0 33.0 31.5 31.0 30.0
270 39.0 32.0 31.0 30.0 29.0
300 38.0 31.0 31.0 29.0 29.0

Mole fraction of Freezing point (°C)

diphenylamine, 𝑋𝑑𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒

0.0 42.0
0.4 37.0
0.5 35.5
0.6 35.0
0.7 33.5

Mole fraction of Log X Freezing point 1/T

diphenylamine, 𝑋𝑑𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 (°C)

0.0 - 42.0 0.0231

 0.4 -0.3979 37.0 0.0270
0.5 -0.3010 35.5 0.0282
0.6 -0.2218 35.0 0.0286
0.7 -0.1549 33.5 0.0299

Calculation
Naphthalene + diphenylamine: Diphenylamine + naphthalene:
The gradient from graph is -26.17 The gradient from graph is
83.79
−∆ H ° 1 −∆ H ° 1
Since log X = 2.303 R (T) Since log X = 2.303 R (T)
−∆ H ° −∆ H °
= gradient = gradient
2.303 R 2.303 R
−∆ H ° −∆ H °
= -26.17 = 83.79
2.303 ×8.314 2.303 ×8.314

∆ H° = 0.501 kJ mol-1 ∆ H° = 1.604 kJ mol-1

Discussion
The freezing point depression is a phenomenon that the freezing point of pure
substance falling to lower the temperature caused by the existence of other impurities.
In other words, the freezing temperature of the solution is lower than the freezing point
of pure solvent. This is known as colligative properties of a substance. In this
experiment, diphenylamine is added as a solute to solvent naphthalene. The addition
of diphenylamine caused the freezing point of naphthalene to go down. When the
solution freezes, the naphthalene solvent and the diphenylamine solidify separately
and hence this producing a relatively ordered state. Therefore more energy must be
expended to take the solution of a highly disordered state of the liquid to the solid state
ordered from doing the same for pure naphthalene. Therefore, the solvent with
impurities always freezes at a lower temperature than the pure solvent.
From the data obtained, the cooling curve of pure naphthalene showed that the freezing
point of this solvent is around 58°C and the freezing point for the pure diphenylamine
is 42.0°C. The pure naphthalene and diphenylamine was heated in the water bath at
75-85°C to melt. From 75-85°C, the temperature of this solvent kept on dropping until
a constant temperature at 58°C. This is known as the freezing point of the solvent. This
is because the heat of solvent released is equals to the amount of heat lost to the
surrounding. That is why the temperature remained at 58°C. After the solvent is
completely solidified (after freezing point), the temperature continues to decrease and
stop until room temperature is reached.
Based on the data obtained, the freezing point of the solution for naphthalene-
diphenylamine after first addition, second addition, third addition and forth addition
of diphenylamine are 48.0°C, 44.0°C, 41.0°C and 35.0°C. For the freezing point of
the solution for diphenylamine-naphthalene after first addition, second addition, third
addition and forth addition of diphenylamine are 37.0°C, 35.5°C, 35.0°C, and 33.5°C.
The precaution of this experiment which is the solution must be kept stirred
continuously to avoid super cooling effect. The experiment must be performed out of
the presence of moving air. The other precaution is when we take the reading of
temperature must be taken parallel to the observer’s eyes to avoid parallax error and
also do not dispose naphthalene waste into sinks.

Conclusion
As a conclusion, the objectives of the experiment were achieved. The phase diagram
of the system containing naphthalene and diphenylamine has been constructed by
using the freezing point of naphthalene and diphenylamine and the composition of
naphthalene and diphenylamine. The heat of fusion of naphthalene and
diphenylamine has been determined by formula which is 0.501 kJ mol-1 and 1.604 kJ
mol-1.

References
Prof. Stephen A. Nelson, Experimental Determination of 2-Component Phase
Diagrams. Retrieved at 25 November from
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens211/2compphasdiag.html
Leonid Zhigilei, Binary phase diagrams. Retrieved at 25 November from
http://people.virginia.edu/~lz2n/mse305/notes/PD-Binary.pdf
Chapter 10: Phase Diagrams. Retrieved at 25 November from
http://people.clarkson.edu/~isuni/Chap-10.pdf
Phase diagrams. Retrieved at 25 November from
http://www2.fiu.edu/~mebela/chm3410_chapter8.pdf
Physical Chemistry Lab, 2-Component Solid/Liquid Phase Diagram. Retrieved at 25
November from http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/robertsonr/chem3610-20/sol-liq.pdf