Department of Physics

Faculty of Science & Mathematics

Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris

LAB REPORT
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

SFE 1023

GROUP B (No. of Group: 8)

GROUP MEMBERS : i. NUR AMIRA BT AZMI

ii. NOR RADZIAHTUN NADIA BT LASRI

iii. HAFIZATUL ZAKIAH BT ROSLI

iv. JULIA BATRISYIA BT ABD RAZAK

EXPERIMENT TITLE : LAB 3 OHM’S LAW

LECTURER : DR NURUL SYAFIQAH BT YAP ABDULLAH

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 21.12.2016

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 4.1.2017

 EXPERIMENT 3 : OHM’S LAW

Azmi, N.Amira

Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak

ABSTRACT : That electricity is handled in circuits: a closed loop of conductors travelling from power plants
to neighborhoods to households and back again. That closed loop, with all of its many parts, forms one huge
electrical circuit. We’ll use the 3 essential parts of a circuit – power supply (or battery), wires, and resistors.

I. OBJECTIVES

To prove Ohm’s Law in series connection, parallel connection, series-parallel connection. Construct a circuit using
resistors, wires and a breadboard from a circuit diagram.

II. INTRODUCTION

Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to

the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the usual
mathematical equation that describes this relationship:
I = V/R
where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the voltage measured across the
conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically,
Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current. The law was named after
the German physicist Georg Ohm, who, in a treatise published in 1827, described measurements of applied
voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing various lengths of wire. He presented a
slightly more complex equation than the one above (see History section below) to explain his experimental
results. The above equation is the modern form of Ohm's law. LED’s are fragile and can only have a certain
amount of current flowing through them before they burn out. In the documentation for an LED, there will
always be a “current rating”. This is the maximum amount of current that can flow through the particular
LED before it burns out. We’ll learn how resistors affect the current of electrons that flows through them,
and how connecting resistors in different ways changes their behavior.
 III. APPARATUS

Resistors (100Ω, 220Ω & 1kΩ), 6V battery, ammeter and voltmeter, switch, breadboard, banana connectors and
crocodile clips.

IV. PROCEDURES

PART A – Colour Coding: select three resistors and determine its resistance value using color coding technique as
in Table 1 of Experiment 1. Observe and record the colour of the bands on resistors P. Q. and R in Table Determine

the resistance value of resistors P. Q, and R and their tolerance.

PART B – Range and Sensitivity of Voltmeter and Ammeter :Observe the ammeter and the voltmeter provided.
State the measuring unit, measuring range, value of the smallest division and the uncertainty for both meters. Record
the data in Table 2.

PART C – Ohm’s Law: Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 1 using resistor P. Close the circuit (switch ON).

Figure 1

Record the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter. Calculate the resistance of resistor P by using Ohm’s law.
Replace resistor P with resistor Q and then resistor R and repeat steps (7) to (9). Complete Table 3.
PART D– Equivalent Resistance: Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 2. Close the circuit (switch ON). Record
the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter. Calculate the equivalent resistance by using Ohm’s law. Calculate the
equivalent resistance by using equation. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 3. Close the circuit (switch
ON).Record the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter. Calculate the equivalent resistance by using Ohm’s law.
Calculate the equivalent resistance by using equation. Complete Table 4.

Figure 2 Figure 3
 V. RESULTS

TABLE 1

Resistors 1st band 2nd band 3rd band Resistance 4th band
Colour Value Colour Value Colour Value Colour Tolerance
P Brown 1 Black 0 Brown 1 100  Gold  5%
Q Red 2 Red 2 Brown 1 220  Gold  5%
R Brown 1 Black 0 Red 2 1000  Gold  5%

TABLE 2

Meter Unit Measuring range Value smallest division Uncertainty

Ammeter A 0-5 A 0.1 ( 0.05) A
0-0.5 A 0.01 ( 0.005) A
Miliameter mA 0-1000 mA 20 ( 10) mA
Voltmeter V 0-30 V 1 ( 0.5) V

TABLE 3

Resistor Reading Resistance,

Voltage, V (…V) Current, I (…mA) R = V/I ()
P ( 4) V ( 36) mA 111 
Q ( 4.5) V ( 20) mA 225 
R ( 5) V ( 5) mA 1 k

TABLE 4

Reading Equivalent Equivalent

Resistors (P= 100 ) (R= 1000 ) Voltage, V Current, I Resistance Resistance,
(…V) (…mA) () Req
(Theoretical
value, )
In series 5.5 V 5 mA 1100  1100
In parallel 4V 40 mA 100  90.9
 VI. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, for part A we got different value of resistance of every three resistors. The value is depends on the colour code that
been given. There’s only less percentage difference in getting the resistance. Some of the resistors used in the experiment changes
when measured using the multi-meter. This is maybe because of its tolerances. For part B, we need to identify range and
sensitivity of voltmeter and ammeter. From that we can conclude that miliammeter has less uncertainty which is ± 0.05 can give
the value more accurates compare to others. For part C, we used ohm’s law which R= V/I. From the series circuit, percentage
difference in getting the resistance quite same with colour coding. In current, there’s zero percentage result in series connection.
For the last part , the theoretical value and the experimental value have match. (in series form, current of all the resistors used are
the same), In parallel and in series-parallel, the percentage difference has a high result. For resistor we are not using P and Q for
experiment because we had change it R and Q. Due to the problems that we had with the circuit, we had different data for last
part experiments.

REFERENCES

[1]. Van Valkenburgh, “Physic Basics”, International Book Service, vol 351, pp. 164-168, Feb. 1982.

[2]. J.M.G Palop, “Electronic instrumentation teaching,” IEEE Transactions on Education, vol 43, issue: 1, Feb. 2000 .

[3]. Purcell, Edward M. “Electricity and magnetism,” McGraw-Hill, 2 nd edition, p.129, 1985.