Short Course Short Course: Modeling of Infill Frame Structures Modeling of Infill Frame Structures
Short Course Short Course: Modeling of Infill Frame Structures Modeling of Infill Frame Structures
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PULCHOWK CAMPUS
Short Course
On
Non--linear Seismic Analysis
Non y & Strengthening
g g of Buildings
g
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Lateral Deformation
Hh 3 kHh
d= + Deformation of a fixed ended wall
subjected to lateral loading
12 EI w GAw
Where,
d = the displacement of the
wall,
h = the height of the wall,
3
Iw =
tl
12
= the moment of inertia of the wall's cross-section,
Aw = t.l
t l = the
th area off the
th wall's
ll' horizontal
h i t l cross-section
ti
k = 1.2 = the shear coefficient for rectangular cross-section.
Effective stiffness of a masonry- wall:
GAw
Ke =
⎧⎪ G ⎛ h ⎞ ⎫⎪
2
1.2h⎨1 + α ' ⎜ ⎟ ⎬
⎪⎩ E ⎝ l ⎠ ⎪⎭
Where,
Where
α' =coefficient determining the position of the bending moment's inflection point along the
height of the wall. α' = 0.83 in the case of a fixed -ended and α’ = 3.33 in the case of a
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cantilever wall.
• In the case of bilinear idealization, stiffness K is determined from:
de
K= Ke
d
• The shape of stiffness degradation as a function of lateral displacements in a
non-dimensional form is quite similar for all types of masonry walls
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MASONRY INFILLED REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES
• Masonry infill walls or panels have significant influence on stiffness and strength
of the building as a whole
• The complex
comple interaction bet between
een infill and ssurrounding
rro nding str
structural
ct ral frame was
as
identified in earlier studies conducted during 1950s and 1960s
• The influence of infill depends on the connection between the infill and the
frame
– Confined Masonry Infill
– Unconfined Masonry Infill
– Reinforced Masonry Infill with or without Shear Connector
– Unreinforced Masonry Infill
• The filler walls are often rigidly connected to the frame to impede the
deformation of the structure. In such a case, interaction forces develop in the
contact zone
• Basically, there are two approaches to control the seismic behavior of a
reinforced concrete frame structure with the masonryy infill:
– Masonry infill is constructed as a secondary, non-structural part of the main structural
system.
– Masonry infill is constructed as a resisting part of the structural system
• In general masonry walls are constructed only after the completion of the frame
members,
b masonry filler
fill walls
ll are nott designed
d i d ffor vertical
ti l loads
l d
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INFILL is a Part of Continued Research
13
M d l Analysis
Model A l i
Researcher Area Identification Not Covered
14
Lateral Load
Researcher Job Description Identification Not Covered
15
Proper Model is Always Expensive!!
Strut
*Wall-frame and wall- Model
element interactions not
Brick Masonry completely covered
*B
*Boundary
d condition
diti nott
Infilled RC Frame accurate
*Requires large
computational effort
Shell
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Model
Improper models can invite unexpected damages!!
Concrete Frame
Mr Mr
Actual
Column
L0 Moments
Mm
Lc
Assumed
Column
MB M
Moments
Masonry In-fill
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Responses of different models for same system may differ!!!
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Mortar
1:3 1:4 1:6
50x50x50 50x50x50 50x50x50
Ultimate Strength (MPa) 11.3 5.4 4.3
T
Tensile
il Strength
St th (MPa)
(MP ) 18
1.8
21
PLP Fit Non Linear Model
σ σ
σu 4 (σ − σ y )( ε u − ε )
σcr E =
u
σy (ε u − ε y ) 2
ε Ε
εy εu εcr e Ε
cr Ε0 2
c ⎛ εu − ε ⎞
r σu −σ σ = σ u − ⎜⎜ ⎟
(σ u − σ y )
Between σy to σu ε = ε u − ( ε u − ε y ) ⎝ εu − ε y ⎠
(σ u − σ y )
σu −σ
Between σu to σcr ε = ε u + ( ε u − ε y )
(σ u − σ y )
4(σ u − σ y )(ε u − ε cr )
E cr =
σ u (1 − α )
(ε u − ε y ) 2
ε cr = ε u + ( ε u − ε y )
(σ u − σ y ) 22
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SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR AND MECHANISMS
• In the case where a flexible reinforced concrete structure is connected with rigid
filler walls, the dynamic properties of the building change. Short periods of
vibration in many cases result in increased seismic actions
actions.
• If masonry filler walls are damaged before the development of high shear forces,
which might possibly damage the main structural system
• Interaction forces, which develop at the contacts between the masonry infill and
reinforced concrete elements of the main system, cause unexpected behavior of
the structure
• Basically, the failure mechanism is of shear type and depends on the masonry
filler wall to reinforced concrete frame rigidity ratio, the quality of materials, and
contact between the filler wall and reinforced concrete frame.
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Typical failure mechanisms of masonry infill frames
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Typical
yp failure modes of masonry
y walls,, subjected
j to in-plane
p seismic load
(a) infill frame under lateral load (b) shear slip (bed joint sliding) (c) Crack propagation (d) Diagonal tension
(diagonal crack) (e) Corner compression (corner crushing) (f) Cracks in frame member
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MASONRY WALL STRUCTURES
• Highly vulnerable to damage occurring due to an earthquake ground motion.
• First Point:
– Distribution of masonry masses and consequently, the distribution of inertia forces along the
height of the structure
structure.
– Floor level masses are relatively small, which is opposed to the other type of structures like RCC
and steel, where masses can generally be considered lumped at the floor levels, while masses of
vertical elements can generally be ignored.
• S
Second
dPPoint
i t
– Low stress capacity of masonry structures, due to its low shear and tensile strengths, as well as
its brittle mode of failure.
– Although in the design for vertical loads compressive strength is the predomi-nant factor, for the
earthquake resistant design tensile and shear strengths govern the behavior of a masonry
structure.
t t
– Masonry stress capacity is generally expressed through the stress capacity of units (blocks) and
mortar.
• Third point
p
– The type and quality of connections among various bearing ele-ments of the structure.
– The geometric characteristics of the walls play an important role in the masonry structure's
response (type and extent of failures).
– Bending failure could be observed for high values of the height to length ratio (hw/lw>2), while for
low values of the ratio hw/lw< 1)) shear failure appears.
pp
– For the case of low friction coefficient values, sliding of the wall may be observed.
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Horizontal
i l an vertical
i l mechanisms
h i of tensile
il strengthh
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METHODS OF ANALYSIS
• The selection criteria are based on three factors, which are to be simulated
properly in the analysis:
– the type
yp of the external actions
– the material behavior
– the type of the structural model
• Depending on the type of the external actions the analysis procedure could be
– Static
• Regular structures with limited height
– Dynamic
• irregular
g structural configuration
g in p
plan and/or in height
g
• Modes of vibration and the natural periods
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MASONRY COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
• A proper computational model
• Tassios-Chronopoulos:
⎡⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎤ 2
f wc = ξ ⎢⎜ f bc − α ⎟ + β f mc ⎥ f wt = f mt
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦ 3
Where,
α is a factor describing the influence of the blocks' shape and the type of the construction
β is a factor describing the kind of the masonry (stone or brick)
ξ is a factor describing the bed joint width and the volume of the included mortar
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Broker f wc = 0.7 f bc .3 f mc
Brenner f wc = 1.4 2.5 f bc .4 f mc
Kirtching f wc = 1.59.0.205. f mc + 0.189 f bc
Hendry f wc = f bc f wc = 3 f mc f wc = 4 f mc
Mann
f wc = 0.83. f bc0.66 . f mc0.18
f bc f bc . f wc f mc
Tassios f wc = b
+ − + 1.4
6 4 20
Wh the
Where h factor
f α is
i a shape
h factor
f
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