Power System
Power System
Power System
Learning Outcomes:
Pre-Test:
Instructions: Answer the each question/problem quietly and encircle the letter of
the correct answer.
1. At a lower temperature, transmission cables may be coated with ice. What will
happen to its resistance?
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) the same (d) increase slightly
Content:
IS Zφ IR
ES I S = IR = I ER
ES
IX
α ER
θS θR
IR
I
2. Line losses:
3 I2 Rφ
PL - - - - - - - - kW (3-phase) Eq. 2.2a
1000
2 I2 Rφ
PL - - - - - - - - kW (1-phase) Eq. 2.2b
1000
(See also Eq. 2.1)
Where:
ER - is the effective vector/phasor (receiving end voltage).
ER = ER /0o Volts (Taken as reference).
I Zφ = Impedance voltage drop (line voltage drop)
I Rφ = Resistance voltage drop
I XL φ = Reactance voltage drop
ES ER I CosθR jSin θR Rφ j XLφ Volts Eq. 2.5b
IS Zφ 3 j9Ω IR
Load: 80kVA
@ 0.85 p.f. lagging
ES E R =7,621.024 V
I S = IR = I
Given Data:
Refer to Figure 2.1 for the representation of 3-phase short-transmission line
Zφ 3 j 9 Ω 9.487 /71.565 Ω
0
3
Load:
SR = 80kVA
P.F.R = 0.85 Lagging (θR = -Cos-1 0.85 = -31.790)
Required:
(a) Efficiency of transmission
Transmission efficiency ( T ):
PR
From Eq. 2.6 ηT x 100%
PS
Where: From Eq. 1.7c
PR SR Cos θR 80 0.85 68kW
From Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase
3 ES IS CosθS kW
PS
1000
Note: IS IR I since short T.L.
From Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase
3 ER IR CosθR kW
PR
1000
Hence,
3 7,621.024IR 0.85
68
1000
Thus,
68 1000
IR / 31.79
0
3 7,621.024 0.85
3.50 / 31.79
0
Amp.
E S=7646.57V
IX
=0.1590 E R
θS R =31.79
0
IR
I
3 7,621.024IR 0.85
68
1000
Thus,
68 1000
IR / 31.79
0
3 7,621.024 0.85
3.499 / 31.79 Amp.
0
Thence,
3 3.499 3 kW
2
PS 68
1000
68.110 kW
Therefore, the efficiency of transmission in Eq. 2.6
68
ηT x 100%
68.107
99.84 %
30
o ES
o
3.04 ER
θS θR
I
Figure 2.5 Phasor diagram of the line with ER taken as reference.
o
Note: ESL leads ES by 30
Line Impedance:
o
Zφ 2 j10 = 10.2 /78.69 Ω
Receiving end voltage per phase:
13,800
ER 7967.43/0 Volts
o
Efficiency of transmission:
NT = PR x 100% Note: PR and PS from Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase
PS
= 3 7967.4357.970.866 = 98.38 %
x 100%
3 8369.5557.970.838
IS Z φ 1 j3 Ω IR
Load: 20MW
@ 0.866 p.f. lagging
ES ER
I S = IR = I Eff. =92%
Given Data:
Load:
PR = 20MW
P.F.R = 0.866 Lagging (θR = -Cos-1 0.866 = -300)
Required:
(a) Sending end voltage and power factor.
20 x 1000 000
0.92
20 x 1000000 Line Losses
so,
Line Losses = 1,739,130.43 W
= 3 I2 R = 3 I2(1)
thus,
I = 761.36 A
( θR = Cos-1 0.866 = 30o )
From Receiving end power:
PR 3 ER I CosθR
hence, the receiving end voltage (ER) is
P 20 x 1000000
E R
R 3 I Cos θ 3 761.36 0.866
R
20 x 1000000
1,011.15 Volts
3 761.36 0.866
Direction. Analyze and identify data given on the following problems and employ
related equations to determine the corresponding required data of each.
Given Data:
3-phase short-transmission line
Zφ 4 j 7 Ω 8.062 /60.255 Ω
0
3
Load:
Capacitive Load : IC 60 Amp.
P.F.C 0.0 θ C 900
Inductive Load : IL 120 Amp.
P.F.L 0.80 θ L 36.870
I C = 60 A
C = 900
E R = 2,302.47 V
R =36.870
I L = 120 A
Required:
Voltage regulation of the line (%V.R.)
Efficiency of transmission:
NT = PR x 100% Note: PR and PS from Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase
PS
= 3 2,302.4731200.80 = 85.307 %
x 100%
3 2,83796.750.944
Given Data:
Load:
Capacitive Load : IC 0 Amp.
IC = 0 A
C = 900
E R = 2,302.47 V
R =36.870
I L = 120 A
Required:
Voltage regulation of the line (%V.R.)
Efficiency of transmission:
NT = PR x 100% Note: PR and PS from Eq. 1.7c for 3-phase
PS
= 3 2,302.4731200.80
x 100% = 79.272 %
3 3,213.471200.723
Note: Without the capacitor bank, voltage regulation increases to 39.57%.from 23.35%
with the capacitor bank.
Hence: Capacitor bank plays significant role in increasing the efficiency (lower
line losses) and decreasing voltage regulation (voltage drop) of the system.
V-V
INDUCTIVE LOAD
3,000 kVA, 0.71 p.f.
CAPACITOR BANK
600 kVARS
Solution:
Given Data:
Supply: Open-Delta Transformer bank
3-phase short-transmission line
Z φ 2 j 5 Ω 5.39 /68.20 Ω
0
ER = 8,000 Volts
Load:
Capacitive Load : 600 kVARs
P.F.C 0.0 θ C 900
Inductive Load : 3,000 kVA
P.F.L 0.71 θ
L 44.7650
IS Zφ 2 j 5 Ω IR
x
IC IL
ES I S = IR = I Cap. Ind. E R = 8,000 V
Load Load
Required:
(a) the voltage and power factor at the sending end
Currents: From Eq. 1.7c
Inductive Load:
kVA x 1000
IL / Cos 1
P.F . R
3 ER
3000 x1000
/ Cos 1
0.71 125 / 44.765
0
Amp.
3 8,000
Capacitive Load:
kVA x 1000
IC / Cos 1
P.F . R
3 ER
600 x1000
/ Cos 1
0.0 25 / 90
0
Amp.
3 8,000
I C = 25 A
C = 900
E R = 8,000 V
R =44.7650
I L = 125 A
At junction x by KCL:
IS IR I IL IC
(Referring to Phasor diagram in Figure 2.10, by Phasor addition)
For sending end voltage (ES) using Eq. 2.5a (Phasor addition with ER taken as
reference)
ES ER I Zφ
= 8,000 /0 o + (108.85 /-35.38o)(5.39 /68.20o)
= 8,499.0 /2.144o Volts
I C = 25 A
ES
C = 900 0
2.144
35.38 0 E R = 8,000 V
I = IS
I L = 125 A
3 I2 R
PL kW
1,000
3 108.852 2
71.09 kW
1,000
= S R Cos θ R
x 100%
S R Cos θ R Line Losses PL
(d) the apparent power in kVA delivered (kVAS = kVAL) by the transformer bank;
From Eq. 1.7b for 3-phase
3 ES IS
kVA S kVA L kVA
1,000
3 8,499.0108.85
2,775.348 kVA
1,000
A 3-phase transmission line 20 mi long has a resistance of 0.06 ohm per mile and a
reactance of 0.27 ohm per mile. The line delivers 1000 kW, 0.80 power factor lagging at
11000 volts. Determine the total rating in kVARs of a capacitor bank to be placed at the
receiving end which will make (increase) the power factor at that end to 0.90 lagging.
Solution:
Given Data:
Refer to Figure 2.14 for the representation of 3-phase short-transmission line
Length = 20 mi.
Z φ 20 * (0.06 j 0.27 Ω) 1.2 j5.4 5.58 /77.47 Ω
0
3
Load:
PR = 1,000kW
-1 0
P.F.R = 0.80 Lagging (θR = -Cos 0.80 = -36.87 )
IS Zφ 1.2 j 5.4 Ω IR
Load: 1,000kW
@ 0.80 p.f. lagging
ES E R =6,350.853 V
I S = IR = I
Power Triangle:
(a) Without capacitor bank (b) With the capacitor bank (c) Resultant Power Triangle
New QNew
R 36.87 0 R R kVANew
QR
QCap.
QR QR QR
kVALoad kVALoad kVALoad
New 25.840
QR = 750kVARs
Where:
QNew PR tan θ New
1,000 tan 25.8420 484.324 kVAR Ind.
Substituting QR and QNew in Equation 1,
kVAR Cap. Q Cap.
750 484.324 265 .676 kVAR Capacitive
Direction. Analyze and identify data given on the following problems and employ
related equations to determine the corresponding required data of each.
Problem 2.2.1
Referring to the diagram below, an 80-kilometers long three-phase three wire
transmission line has an impedance of (0.025 + j0.0625) ohms per km per wire. At the
receiving end, a balanced 3-phase load and capacitor bank drawing 2,250 kW, 0.75
power factor lagging and 640 kVARs respectively @ 14,200 Volts. Determine: (a) the
voltage and power factor at the sending end; (b) power loss of the transmission line; (c)
the apparent power in kVA delivered by the transformer bank; (d) determine the
apparent power in kVA delivered by each transformer.
V-V
INDUCTIVE LOAD
2,250 kW, 0.75 p.f.
CAPACITOR BANK
640 kVARS
Problem 2.2.2
A 3-phase transmission line 30 mi long has a resistance of 0.06 ohm per mile and a
reactance of 0.27 ohm per mile. The line delivers 1200 kW, 0.80 power factor lagging at
11000 volts. Determine the total rating in kVARs of a capacitor bank to be placed at the
receiving end which will make (increase) the power factor at that end to 0.90 lagging.
Problem 2.2.3
In Problem 2.2.2, determine and compare: (a) voltage regulation of the line with and
without capacitor bank; (b) efficiency of the line with and without capacitor bank.
Direction. Analyze and identify data given on the following problems and employ
related equations to determine the corresponding required data of each.
(See attached Wire Table)
Assessment
Just comply Learning Activities 2.1 through 2.3. Enjoy Learning guys……
Answer Key
Pre-Test
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. d
5. b
Practice Problem 2.1.1 10,685.8 Volts per phase (18.5 kV line to line)
Practice Problem 2.1.2 1.58 + j 8.52 Ω ( Z 8.67 / 79.5 )
0