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Mod1.2 - Del Operators

The document discusses several fundamental operators used to describe spatial variations in electromagnetics: - The gradient operator applies to scalar fields and describes how the scalar changes spatially in three dimensions. - The divergence and curl operators apply to vector fields and describe how the vector field changes in terms of flux and rotation, respectively. - The Laplacian operator is defined as the divergence of the gradient of a scalar field, and can also be applied to vector fields by taking the Laplacian of each component.

Uploaded by

Aman Kumar Trivedi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views

Mod1.2 - Del Operators

The document discusses several fundamental operators used to describe spatial variations in electromagnetics: - The gradient operator applies to scalar fields and describes how the scalar changes spatially in three dimensions. - The divergence and curl operators apply to vector fields and describe how the vector field changes in terms of flux and rotation, respectively. - The Laplacian operator is defined as the divergence of the gradient of a scalar field, and can also be applied to vector fields by taking the Laplacian of each component.

Uploaded by

Aman Kumar Trivedi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operators in Electromagnetics

Three fundamental operators to describe the differential spatial variations of


scalars and vectors are the gradient, divergence, and curl operators.
The gradient operator applies to scalar fields.
The divergence and curl operators applies to vector fields.

• Gradient V

• Divergence E Divergence Theorem

• Curl B Stoke’s Theorem


Combination of scalar and vector fields is a Laplacian operator

• Laplacian Operator
Divergence of the gradient of a scalar

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Gradient of a Scalar
Temperature, Voltage are scalar quantities

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Del Operator

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Directional derivative of a scalar

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Basics of Gradient (V)

1. E is always taken from positive potential (high) to negative potential (low)


2. On the contrary, gradient is always taken from a low value to a high value
(for example, gradient along a hill is in the upward direction
3. Hence, E and Grad(V) are equal in magnitude but opposite in signs (directions)

Gradient(V) due to positive charge Gradient(V) due to negative charge

1. The figure shows the vector plot of a electric field 1. The figure shows the vector plot of a electric field
due to a positive charge due to a negative charge
2. Electric field is directed form the positive charge 2. The electric field is directed from the outermost
to the outermost zero potential surface, since the zero potential surface to the negative potential
charge is at a higher potential surface, since the charge is at a lower potential

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Gradient (V)

Properties of Gradient

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Example 1

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Example 2

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• Divergence of a vector
• Curl of a vector
• Laplacian operator
Divergence of a Vector
The divergence of a vector field is a measure of the net outward flux per unit volume
through a closed surface surrounding the unit volume.

Del operator

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Divergence of a vector Vector with positive divergence

vector field
xax + yay,

diverging

Divergence
+ve, non-zero,

Example - static electric field intensity

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Divergence of a vector Vector with negative divergence

vector field
− (xax + yay)

Divergence
-ve, non-zero,

Example - static electric field intensity

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Divergence of a vector Vector with zero divergence

vector field
xax − yay

Divergence
zero

At every point in the space the resultant of the field vector coming in and going out is zero,
which means the divergence of the vector is zero everywhere.

Example - Magnetic flux density vector (B)

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Divergence of a Vector and Divergence theorem

The divergence theorem transforms


the volume integral of the divergence
of a vector field into a surface integral
of the field’s flux through a closed
surface surrounding the volume.

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Example

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Curl of a vector
Concept of Area vector Curl vector
1. Circulation of a vector over an area tending to zero is defined as its curl and it is a vector
quantity.
2. Direction of the resulting vector is normal to the area that is enclosed by the curve along the
circulation. The direction can also be determined by using the right hand thumb rule.
3. The magnitude of the curl is independent of the direction of circulation, but its direction
depends on the direction of circulation as shown in figure.
4. A vector field is said to be rotational if it has a non- zero curl value.

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Curl of a vector
Rotational field Irrotational field

Irrotational fields do not form closed paths, i.e, they originate


Magnetic field intensity inside and from one point and terminate at some different point
outside a current carrying conductor
field is rotational (it forms closed paths), but
the curl of H inside the condutor is non-zero Example – Electrostatic field (E)
and out side the conductor is zero

Example - magnetic field intensity (H)

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Curl of a vector

The curl of a vector field B describes its rotational property, or circulation.

The circulation of B is defined as


the line integral of B around a
closed contour C;

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Curl Operator

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Curl of a vector and Stokes’s theorem
Next, we consider the magnetic flux density B induced by an
infinite wire carrying a dc current I . If the current is in free
space and it is oriented along the z direction, then,

The field lines of B are concentric circles around the current.

In this case, the circulation is not zero. However, had the contour C been in the x–z or y–z planes, dl
would not have had a φ component, and the integral would have yielded a zero circulation. Clearly, the
circulation of B depends on the choice of contour and the direction in which it is traversed.
Stokes’s theorem converts the
surface integral of the curl of a
vector over an open surface S into a
line integral of the vector along the
contour C bounding the surface S.

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Properties of the Curl

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Example

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Laplacian Operator

The Laplacian of a scalar function is defined as the divergence of the gradient of that function.

The Laplacian of a scalar function is a scalar.

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Laplacian Operator

The Laplacian of a scalar can be used to define the Laplacian of a vector. For a vector E
specified in Cartesian coordinates as

Thus, in Cartesian coordinates the Laplacian of a vector is a vector whose components


are equal to the Laplacians of the vector components.

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Example

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