Power Quality Improvement Technique

Power Quality Improvement Technique
Lecture 1
Introduction
Dr. Avik Bhattacharya
Assistant Professor
Room No. 227, Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Phone: 01332285375
Email: bavikfee@iitr.ac.in
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Power Quality-syllabus
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2
Problem Of Poor Power Quality
• Power quality refers to maintaining a sinusoidal waveform of

bus voltages at rated voltage and frequency.
• The waveform of electric power at generation stage is purely
sinusoidal and free from any distortion.
• Many devices that distort the waveform.
• These distortions may propagate all over the electrical network.
3
Modern Power System
Fig . 1. Classical model of the power system
Fig . 2 . Modern model of power system
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Modern Utility System
1. Deregulation of electricity market
2. Customer demand
3. Distributed generations
• Wind Energy
• Solar Energy
• Co-generation plants
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PQ Problems
Fig.3 Voltage waveform during sag and impulse
6
Types of Liner load
Resistive Elements Inductive Elements Capacitive Elements
• Incandescent lighting • Induction motors • Power factor correction

capacitor banks
• Electric heater • Current limiting reactors • Underground cables
• Induction generators (wind mills ) • Insulted cables
• Damping reactors used to attenuate • Capacitors used in harmonic
harmonics filter
• Tuning reactors in harmonic filters
Table 1 Examples of linear loads .
Other linear loads , such as electrical motors driving fans, water pumps, oil pumps,
cranes, elevators, etc., not supplied through power conversion devices like variable
frequency drives or any other form or rectification/inversion of current will incorporate
magnetic core losses that depend on iron and copper physical characteristics.
7
Digital Devices
Heart monitor
Fig.4 . Examples of microprocessor controlled equipment
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Non linear load
Fig .5 . Examples of nonlinear loads

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Example of power quality problem
Fig. 6. A typical voltage sag

Voltage sags are by far the most common power disturbance
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Source of Power Quality Problem
• Classification of power quality areas may be made
according to the source of the problem such as,
• Converters
• Magnetic circuit non linearity
• Arc furnace or by the wave shape of the signal
such as harmonics,
• Flicker or by the frequency spectrum (radio
frequency interference).
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Source of Power Quality Problem -2
• The wave shape phenomena associated with power
quality may be characterized into synchronous and
non-synchronous phenomena.
• Synchronous phenomena refer to those in
synchronism with A.C waveform at power
frequency.
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CAUSES OF POWER QUALITY
DETERIORATION
1. Natural causes :
• Faults or lighting strikes on transmission lines or
distribution feeders
• Falling of trees or branches on distribution
feeders during stormy conditions, equipment
failure etc.
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2. Due to load or transmission line /
feeder operation :
• Transformer energisation
• Capacitor or feeder switching
• Power electronic loads (UPS, ASD, converters
etc.)
• Arc furnaces and induction heating systems
• Switching on or off of large loads etc
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FOUR MAJOR REASONS FOR THE
INCREASED CONCERN:
1. Newer-generation load equipment
2. Increasing harmonic levels on power systems
3. End users have an increased awareness of power
quality issues.
4. Many entities are now interconnected in a
network . Integrated processes mean that the
failure of any component has much more
important consequences.
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Increased concern about the quality of electric
power is the continued push for increasing
productivity for all utility customers.
• Utility customers - always want to
increase productivity
• Manufacturers - want faster, more
productive, more efficient machinery
• Utilities - encourage this effort because it
helps their customers become more
profitable
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POWER QUALITY DEFINITION
Whole of power engineering, in one way or other is related
to power quality.
There is no universal agreement for the

definition of power quality.
• A Utility may define power quality as
reliability and show statistics demonstrating
that its system is 99.98 percent reliable.
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POWER QUALITY DEFINITION
• A manufacturer of load equipment may define

power quality as those characteristics of the power
supply that enable the equipment to work properly.
These characteristics can be varied for different
criteria.
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• Power quality is ultimately a consumer-driven
issue, we define power quality as,
• Any power problem manifested in voltage,
current, or frequency deviations that result in
failure or misoperationof customer equipment.
Fig 7 Power Quality Definition ( courtesy- of Bounneville Power Administration)
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Power Quality Improvement Technique

• Power quality refers to maintaining a sinusoidal waveform of

Fig . 1. Classical model of the power system

Fig . 2 . Modern model of power system

Fig.3 Voltage waveform during sag and impulse

• Incandescent lighting • Induction motors • Power factor correction

Fig .5 . Examples of nonlinear loads

Fig. 6. A typical voltage sag

There is no universal agreement for the

• A manufacturer of load equipment may define

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