: MINEROLOGY

Introduction
¢
Mineral
¢
Amineral is a naturally occurring inorganic Granite
(Rock)
substance which has a definite Chemical |

composition, normally uniform throughout its

volume
W
Rock
a”
¢

e In contrast, rocks are collections of one or more

minerals
¢
inorder to understand how rocks vary in composition
and properties, it is necessary to know the variety of
minerals that commonly occur in them, and to identify a
it is necessary to Know which minerals are present “€ wy
rock
In| ne
¢
Rock forming minerals
e Found in abundance in the rocks of the earth’s crust
¢
Ore forming minerals
¢
Which are economic value and which do not occur in pee
common
¢
Two different ways of mineral identification
* Hand specimen
¢
Identifying minerals using a hand lens by,
inferring diagnostic properties (special
their
roperties
. Thin-section (O Ptical Method) Quartz
Hornblende Feldspar
(Mineral) (Mineral) (Mineral)
¢
Employing a optical microscope to investigate a
thin layer of mineral/rock mounted in
transparent resin on a glass slide
 MINEROLOGY
Physical Properties of Minerals Colour
*
tals
Acrystal is a defined arrangement of elaments due to the cooling of
magma, either complete or incomplete
Physical Streak
In other words, a crystal is a solid which possess a regular geometrical Properties
+
shape
Lustre
Physical Properties
Determined readily by inspection or by simple tests
Hardness
*

Important in recognition of minerals in the field

Chemical Properties
Habit
>

Each mineral will have a definite crystalline structure and chemical

composition
Based on the variation in the chemical relation, they can be broadly
dassitied as
Cleavage
lsomorphism
+ When the chemical composition varies, but not the chemical
Fracture
structure of the mineral
* These minéral show continuous variation in their chemical Odour
composition
+ Ex: Plagioclase Feldspar
Polymorphism
Tenacity
» Whena group of mineral has different crystal structure
+ Ex: Carbon group of minerals such as Diamond, graphite Fluorescence
Pseudomerphism
»
When mineral structure resembles that of other, with different Magnetism
composition
= Ex: Quartz and Fluorite
Specific Gravity
 MINEROLOGY
Physical Properties of Minerals
¢
Colour of a mineral is due to absonption of certain wavelengths of Physical Streak
¢
light by atoms making up the crystals
Some minerals possess characteristic and fairly constant colour
Pp ro pe rtieSs
>
_F@wW other
minerals vary due to the presence ofadditional elements Lustre
in structure, termed impurities which can give a variety of
colour
their
¢ x: varieties of Quartz Hardness
¢
Play of Colour — minerals exhibiting different colours from different directions
H abit
Opalescence — Minerals with milky appearance
Iridescence — Prismatic colours seen on the surface of the mineral
Cleavage
¥- “has 7
a7
Fracture
~~ xf, 4 és a «

Rutuiated Quartz HBB Prasiolit Dinghy qu LZ

[Milky Quarts Odour

a &.
2

Tene
Rose Quartz Lye Chalcedony Hi Cit he Mtorol : Fluorescence

22
-

OX — agnetism
FO Ametyst Specific Gravity
 Major Varieties of Quartz

Rutilated Quartz Prasiolite Carnelian Smoky Quartz Milky Quartz

Rose Quartz Tiger’s Eye Chalcedony Citrine Mtorolite

Aventurine Onyx Agate Amethyst Jasper

 MINEROLOGY
Physical Properties f Minerals Colour
*

The colour of the mineral powder

Streak
Physical
¢
Obtained by rubbing a mineral against an unglazed porcelain plate
called, “streak plate”
P ro pe rt ies
¢ Most characteristic when a dark coloured mineral gives a lighter
Lustre
coloured streak
Hardness
Habit
Cleavage
Fracture
Odour
Tenacity
Fluorescence
Magnetism
Specific Gravity
 MINEROLOGY
Physical Properties f Minerals Colour
¢
Luster
¢
Characteristic and useful property of mineral
Physical Streak
¢

¢
Measure of the reflectivity of the mineral surface
General appearance of a mineral surface in reflected light
Properties
¢ -
Metallic appearance of metal
Sub-metallic — feebly displayed metallic luster
¢«

Hardness
¢ Adamantine — hard, brilliant like a diamond
¢
Vitreous — like a broken glass Habit
«
Pearly — resemblance like of a pearl
¢
Silky — like a silky fibrous Cleavage
e Resinous — looks like a resin
¢
Greasy — light reflected by grease Fracture

_
Dud Lanter

@
¢
Dullor Earthy — no luster
Odour

& ve @| &
Earthy Luster Luster Resinous Luster
Tenacity
Fluorescence
&

@
Magnetism

he Specific Gravity
 Dull luster
➢ Microcline Vitrous luster
➢ Feldspar Aurichalcite Silky luster
Actinolite

Metallic luster Earthy luster Greasyluster

Greasy luster Resinous luster
Pyrite Azurite Chrysocolla
Chrysocolla Amber

Adamantine luster
Waxy luster Pearly luster
➢ Herkimer
Chalcedony Barite
➢ Diamond
➢ Quartz
 MINEROLOGY
Physical Properties _f Minerals Col
orour
*
Hardness
Characteristic and useful property of mineral
Physical Streak
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one
natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly.
P ro pe rties
So, can be defined as ability of the mineral to resist abrasion or
Lustre
scratching
Determined by rubbing a mineral of unknown mineral against known H ardness
mineral
Habit
Mohs Hardness Scale Cleavage
ry Fracture
9
Odour
?
Tenacity
Fluorescence
Magnetism
A
Specific Gravity
 Mohs Hardness Scale
Mineral Name Scale Number Common Object

2 Diamond 10
M
3
—P— Corundum 85) Drill
mel Bit

2 .
Topaz
Quartz
Steel Nail
Lory (6.5)
wo Orthoclase
oD Knife/Glass Plate
(5-5)
om Apatite
Y)
Fluorite Copper Penny
sS Vy. (3.5)
O Calcite
Kiingernail
.

jammed
Gypsum (2.5)

ail —p- Talc

 MINEROLOGY
Physical Properties _f Minerals
Colour
¢
Habit Physical Streak
Size and shape of the crystals, especially their orientation
Properties
Granular — Equidimensional grains
Lustre
Lamellar / Foliated — sheet like arrangements Hardness
Bladed — occurring as small knife blades
Fibrous
crystal aggregations
Habit
Acicular
bo
Radiating and Globular Cleavage
Dendritic
Botryoidal
Fracture
Colloform
Geode in marble micaceous
acicular
Odour
as in milerite
Oolitic
quartz and Tenacity
Fluorescence
opening

Magnetism
mammiliated

pyrotusite
hematite © Encyclopada Britannica,
Specific Gravity
Common crystal aggregations and habits

WAMEWI }

granular, lamellar, foliated, bladed, fibrous, acicular radiating and

as in marble micaceous, as in actinolite as in (needlelike) globular,
as in mica asbestos and radiating, as in wavellite
as in millerite

quartz and
hematite
chalcedony cement
wn,
4

opening
ool
large
crystals
denaritic, mammillated colloform geode oolitic, as in
as in and botryoidal, and stalactitic, oolitic iron ore
pyrolusite as in as in Cave
hematite deposits © Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
 MINEROLOGY
Physical Properties _f Minerals
Col our
*
Cleavage
Characteristic and useful property of mineral
Physical. Streak
P ro pert les
*

*
Tendency of a mineral to break in a pre-existing or flat plane with
smooth surfaces along planes of weak bonding
Lustre
¢
Related to atomic arrangement within the mineral
Classified as Hardness
* Perfect

Good
QOS
Habit

Fracture

Prismatic matic
Odour
cleavage) (2 cleavages
at right angles) (2 not at right angles)

Tenacity
/\
Fluorescence
Magnetism
Cubic
cleavages (3 cleavages, (6 cleavages
(3 at right angles) none at right angles) (4 — 8 faces) 12 —-

Specific Gravity
 MINEROLOGY
Physical Properties f Minerals Colour
Fracture
* Minerals which do not exhibit cleavage, bréak in a irregular surface
Physical Streak
In case of fracture, the breaking should be in any other direction
than the claavage
Properties Lustre
Does not produce smooth surface
Common types of fracture are
Conchoidal
Hardness
Curved fracture sundace showlng concentric lines Ike shell
Ex: Quartz Habit
Even
Fractuine surface which is almost flat
Ex: Flint
Cleavage
Uneven Fracture
Irregular and rough surface
Many minerals show uneven fracturing
Hackly
Odour
Fracture surface which is rough with sharp and jagged points
Ex: Native metals
Tenacity
Fluorescence
Magnetism
he.
Specific Gravity
1) Fluorite UK
2) Dolomite Sweden
3) Calcite India
4) Svabite Sweden
5) Mangananosite Peru
6) Wernerite Canada
7) Calcite and Willemite
USA
8) Pink Calcite Mexico
 MINEROLOGY
Physical Properties f Minerals Colour
¢
Tenacity ~—~ Physical Streak
¢

¢
The degree or character of
Classified as
cohesiqn Properties
¢
Sectile — cut by knife but cannot be flattened
Lustre
Malleable — minerals flatten under hammer impact Hardness
Flexible — minerals which may bent
Elastic — regaining original shape after bending Habit
Brittle —
breaking easily
Friable minerals which crumble easily
—
Cleavage
Pulverulent — powdery with little or no cohesion
e
_agnetism
Fracture
e The ability of minerals to get attracted by magnet can be a good
indicator of mineral identification Odour
¢
Mostly iron bearing minerals have good magnetic property
¢ Ex: Hematite and magnetite (minerals which give iron metals) Fluorescence
¢
Specific Gravity Tenacity
¢
Ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume
of water
¢
Arough estimate about the specific gravity of minerals can be
Magnetism
made by lifting them in our hand
Specific Gravity
Igneous rock

Sedimentary rock

Metamorphic rock
 PETROLOGY ROCK CYCLE
Viewed vec lang tmem spans,
reckhs are constanily forming,

Rock Cycle
thanging, aod reformude,

tees or ve
Eatusirs
Ignegus Ror k
* The rock cycle is a web of processes that outlines how each of Lay
COMME eel an Hecht

the three major rock tyoes—igneous, metamorphic, and Po

sedimentary—form and break down based on the different

a\
applications of heat and pressure over time.
:
=
-
a oa

*
How each rock type interacts with each other and resutts in
maintaining the crustai equilibrium fWagma
Ibusive
*
Both Sedimentary rock and metamorphic rocks are the product of Igneous
Rack
igneous rocks which are acted upon by many external agents We bowel
such as temperature, weathering, pressure and tectonic forces dee ech Be be
Mb
oll

resulting in changes in their physical and sometimes complete Ht pH Ee

chemical characters
1
« Each of these rocks are formed by ohysical changes—such Sediment

as melting, cooling, eroding, compacting, or deforming—that are

part of the rock cycie.

Categorizing Rocks aA

*
Rocks are classified or named based on difference
in the grain characters defined by af Thee
Se
CoH, heal
BRercore [sires chance
rocie.

Grain Size
Be
*
Sedimentary
«
Composition
«
Texture
«
Layering
Magma forms when rock melts
deep beneath Earth’s surface
A) Molten rock may
crystallize at depth or at
Earth’s surface

B) When magma crystallizes at depth, intrusive

igneous rocks form. When magma solidifies on
Earth’s surface, extrusive rocks form
> Composition
Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic
> Phaneritic
( Coarse grained ) Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridolite
> Aphanitic
( Fine grained ) Rhyolite Andesite Basalt Komatite (rare)

Percent by
volume

Increasing silica (SiO2)

Increasing Potassium and Sodium

Increasing Iron, Magnesium and Calcium

Temperature at which melting begins
 Crystal texture is illustrated by the
interlocking crystals in a granite

B. Basalt is a fine grained mafic

A. Granite is a felsic, coarse grained igneousigneous rock containing substantial
rock composed of light coloured silicates – dark coloured silicates and plagioclase
quartz and potassium feldspar feldspar
Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us?
oo ate
oor Ly,

aor

A. Glassy GC, Wesicular

Composed af unordered and resembles Extrusive rock containing voids leh by
dark mangQlactured glass. (Obsidian is 7 as bubbies thal escape as lava
hakural glass that usually forms when faghiy solidifies. (Pumice is 2 fiothy volcanic
Silica-rich magmas solidify.
- .
glacs thal displays a vesicular texture.}
saps AP
Hig

E. Pyrectastic (fragrienta|) bey per

hat al Produced by the consolidation ol
B. Porphywitic texture fragments thal may ingiude ash, once
Composed of hwo distinctly dilferceni moasien blobs, or large angular blocks
crysial sires. thal wers spacted during an explosive
wolcanic eruplian.

5°

C. PHarneriicc (coarse -pramed) lenure F. Aphanitre (fine-geaaied} lexiure

Composed of mineral giains that are Composed of corstals Lhal are leo
lage enough te be Weantifed withuut a smalt for ne individual minerals to
microscope. he idenlified without a micrmnscope.
 PETROLOGY
Description of Igneous Rocks - Size of grains
¢
Types of Igneous Textures * Phaneritic Texture — mineral grains seen through naked eye
*
Textures in igneous rocks are classified Coarse Grained - Diameter of grains > 5mm
based on four broad schemes *
Mostly plutonic intrusive rocks
¢
Degree of Crystallization
* Medium Grained - Grain size between 1-5 mm
*
Holocrystalline
¢
Aphanitic Texture — Fine Grained - Grain size < 1 mm -
* Rock made completely of minerals— Mostly extrusive igneous rocks - minerals too small for
complete crystallization naked eye
¢
Holohyaline
©
Microcrystalline — mineral grains distinguished under
+ Rocks made completely of glass — no microscopic
Investigations
crystallization
*
Cryptocrystalline — mineral grains that can not be
distinguished or identified under microscopic investigations
Merocystalline
the intermediate type, Le. when some
*

minerals are crystallized and others e

are of glassy character Phanearitic
(coarse-grained)

Aphanitic
(fine-grained)
Andesite
 Anhedral Subhedral Euhedral

I- Allotriomorphic ( gabbro )
 PETROLOGY
Description of Igneous Rocks
¢
Directive — resultant of flow of m3
*

lave during consolidation

*
Trachytic — arrangement of
particular minerals in direction
parallel to lava flow in volcanic
rocks as in Trachyte
¢
Hyalopilitic — when feldspar
mineral found mixed with glassy
matrix
¢
Intergrowth —
Graphic like
pattern due to the intergrowth
of two minerals like, quartz
and feldspar (orthoclase) in a
type of granite, graphic
granite
 PETROLOGY
Description of Igneous Rocks
* Structures of Igneous Rocks
Structures of Igneous Rocks
Large visible structural features formed
along with the crystallization of volcanic
igneous rocks
Flow Structure i?
ti
* Rocks showing parallel or sub-paraliel bands to lava ‘4
flows during cooling “he

Reaction Rims aad

* Caused by incompiete reaction of new and early alan
formed minerals ta
* Laoks like a boundary of the mineral grain
Xenoliths Le
* Massive foreign rock fragments undigested by magma
Vesicular
Large gas or voids left by escaping of gas during
*

magma crystallization at surface

Amyzdaloidal
*
Filling of vesicular voids by foreign minerals after
crystallization due to precipitation
Pegmatitic
Larger grains exceeding several centimetres with
*

irregular shape PEGMATITIC STRUCTURE (IN GRANITE]

*
Pegmatite Rock
 PETROLOGY
Vode ante

Forms of igneous Rocks Lm

¢
Extrusive lgneous body — Lava flows
¢
Intrusive igneous Body
¢
Formed by consolidation of magma at certain
depth below the surface
*
Discordant bodies — cut through overlying
layers of rocks
*
Batholiths
lL Bevin © Ply

igneous Rocks
Large igneous intrusive bodies more than
* —

cryslal wane

(owed)
Fir

2
2
g
Lava flows.

Ly
100s of km long

rates:
& Pyroclashe deposits

\
X

ffif
\
* The exposure at surface will be circular or oval

Tatas, Medium
* Bottomless structures — direct connection with

orpstal aes
magma source Laccolith
*
Stocks

Intrusive |Photonic)
Slock

Rois
*
lrregular or packets of batholithic exposure

Sow cooling nvtan;

Larga crevia sizes

hgreeous.
*
Dykes weit
* Vertical or very steep wall like igneous Bath

intrusions cutting across many layers mt

#
“i Lt af Pe
* Extend from few to 100 kms in length
=
 Keanetit 4. Bevis © 2023

Buyoos prey
SSCS Eps AIS

{a1uedjoq}
SU (Saye

PAISNIERA
Lava

snocauB,
Moderate cooling Rapid cooling
Slow cooling rates; & Pyroc. de
rates; Medium rates; Fine
Large crystal sizes
crystal sizes crystal sizes
I I

BUyoos sperepoyy
nPop
Sazi5 jeyefuo
Laccolith

fH UOPN
l|

syooy Saoaudy
TY)
ke

PSseyeu
Sag1s jeysfus abe]
ay
E Pyroctastic deposits
Lava flows

ft 4

Buypoos
rs
Kenneth 4. Bevis

Viton Batholith
iam
LeRoy

=
=

/
BHF

|
Extrusive
Infrusive (Plutonic)
{¥olcanic}
Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks
 PETROLOGY
Forms of Igneous Rocks
¢
Intrusive Igneous Body
*
Concordant bodies — spreads in between the
pre-existing rock layers
Sills Liecalth

* Sheet like igneous body running parallel to the

layers of rocks
*
Vary in thickness and ve generally thin
Remierh 4. fevin 0
comparted to enclosed rock layers

crystal sizes

[¥ckcanic)
rates: Fire

Extrusive
Lava flaws
¢
Laccoliths & Pyroclastic deposits

* Lens shaped intrusive structures having flat

base with dome top

Moderate cooling
rates: Medkim
crystat sizes
* Causes overlying rocks to arch upwards
Laccolith
« Smaller than batholith with known floor level

Intrusive (Phitondc|
*

Igneous Rocks
Lopoliths

Slow cooling rates;

Large crystal sizes
* Sauser shaped structure bending downwards
like a basin
Generally, much larger in size than laccoliths
¢«
 PETROLOGY
Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks
¢
Formed by consolidation and
cementation of sediments deposited
chiefly under water
¢
Also include rocks formed by HOLOcENE cme vtans
accumulation of chemically PLEIEW I EHE a]
precipitated or organically derived «PLIOCENE 9.gy
|
veans |

os
materials MIQCENR
| beommet.
OLIGOCENE - 33.4
Occur in layers and frequently consist z
of fossils (remains of ancient v EOCENE
as
4-555
organisms) CRETACEOUS
*
Formation of Sedimentary rocks
Pretty simple as compared to both 3 ) JURASSIC“ (V9.6
igneous and metamorphic rocks
an
[ay
3

DiGautic TRIASS JG net

*
Stages involved are a ep cron
PERMIAN oo,
*
Weathering Seok 4
o| DRENNSYLVANIAE 314
Ra i MISSI 55 1F FIEH 354.2
=

"
Sedimentation | DEVONIAN. 7:
Consolidation (Lithification and ges
=

*
yb SILURIAN 443
Diagenesis)
* GQ: fie = < LORDOVae
AN 1883 we eo,
Compaction . aie Te a -
*
Cementation ARCHEANcn
*
Recrystallization ait se ween xe arse SEE
 PETROLOGY
Sedimentary Rocks Formation of Sedimentary rocks
¢
Lithification Fatal
Siw
ATES
honing i

¢
Soft and loose materials are converted to Seo pas ad
hard and firm rocks ves: are Trinaported
io
mn
ser water (a anal Vane
«
Diagenesis apt an

Ce
Eston WHE of
creedden
oF
*
Physical and chemical changes that takes
place within sediment

SIV WP
=
*
Compaction ‘

*
Weight imparted due to overlying strata
* Grains become closer with reduction in pore long ang anspor soap
space and volume 10 Seer in pa)
ne gab tint
CaMeC Tenor Gout
Qrounchvaler
* Cementation |

afd
Cal Weathering cles rot oe (bh) the process ot
* The dissolved load settles between the left Theat Ti De ate ag! epost iuswived fakes uke Soy Goral
out pores and voids OS Tay geet aly WACO TE Caer

+ Silica and calcium carbonate, iron oxides and

Name of Size Range Loose Consolidated Rock
clay are more common
Particle Sediment
*
Cementing materials defines the hardness of
the rocks Boulder >256 mm Gravel |

or Breccia (depends on
|

* Cobble 64.256 mm Gravel |Conglomerate

Recrystallization Jrounding}
Pebble 2 - [Gravel
*
Change in nature of the constituents due 64mm _
to complete dissolving of minerals Sand -
116 2mm | Sand | Sandstone
Rocks mainly formed by minerals that Sut - 16 Sultstone
dissolved and are very fine in nature
1236 L rom Silt |

Clay <1 256 mm Clay Claystone, mudstone, and shale

+ Ex: Limestone
 PETROLOGY
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
¢
Classified based on the nature of origin Clastic Sediments

—
¢
(Clastic mechanical accumulation — classified
based on size of the grains ¥

°*
Rudaceous
*
Rocks with larger fragments of
transported materials
Conglomerate — rounded grains
*
Breccia — angular grains ®
« Arenaceous |
GhECCOUL
ee et,
Ke
be
ald;

*
Rocks composed entirely of sand grains
Sandstone — well sorted
|

*
Gritangular grains
-—

*
Argillaceous
¢ Rocks made of very fine grained materials
such as clay
Example are shale and mudstone important
*« —

in hydrocarbon production
 PETROLOGY
Classification f Sedimentary Rocks Formation of Sedimentary r_cks
¢
Non-clastic — either by chemical precipitation
or accumulation of fossil remains — classified based
on chemical constituents
¢
Organically formed rocks from plants
*
Chemically formed rocks due to precipitation and animal remains
and deposition of chemicals ¢
Biochemical rocks
Carbonate Rocks
* Formed by chemical precipitation of
¢ Rocks formed from shells of dead marine or
calcium carbonate from sea water fresh water organisms
* Dolomites and Limestaones *
Sometimes, the shell or hard parts of
Salt rocks organisms are replaced partially or fully by
* Formed principally by action of molecule to molecule replacement
evaporation of sea water leaving salt as
residue
«
Organic rocks
* Salt rock and Gypsum ¢
Chiefly contains carbon as main source of
Ferruginous rocks rock formation and hence are also called as
*
Principle chemical precipitant will be iron carbonaceous rocks
oxides *
They are chiefly derived from plants
Siliceous ¢
Example are coal
*
Precipitation of silica from water
—_ [mportant ornamental stones
*
 PETROLOGY
Textures in Sedimentary Rocks of grains
e The texture and mineral composition _Amrangement oust:
of sedimentary rocks are of great
importance in determining the
environmental conditions during the
formation
(a) cles tend fo
oo ao,
become mone rounded ang pmoother

Wary sored Moedaraualy sartacl ‘veil wend

ff
.

¢
Unassorted wl

a
a .
tated po
al
Be

¢
Rocks having grains with varies sizes gus

cg area
Well assorted tie atthe
[hd grim, tata gare. ic a
denier eric der
¢ He nate ined boeing Commer bo bob thoy nies

Rocks with similar grains such as Loose

— Name of Size Range | |

Particle Sediment
sandstone >7356 om Gravel
64. ~56 Conglomerate or Breccia (depends on
|Cobble mam Gravel
jroundsne)
Chemically formed rocks may contain
¢ -
Pees. 2
64 mm Gravel
Sand 1:46 - 2mm Sand Sandstone
concretions Silt 1-256 - 1°16 mm [Silt Siltstone
Clay <1.256 mm [Clay |Claystone, mudstone, and shale
 PETROLOGY
Structures in Sedimentary Rocks Arrangement of grains
*
Stratification
*
Deposition of sediments into layers or
Te
a
i
Cort
=~
“L you
. It 1

'
bey
ae?
Vo

fsfie wt
Py
Pi
me. :

beds . Beets;
booa | |
|

.
Bedding planes — dividing individual beds
ti.
+
a.
ti
RELATIVE
© Tey tae
hg po
. Variation may be in mineral composition seat Medium
|
GRAIN
dEO
size of grains — colour and thickness BED
aft wae ii a
di.pe,
*
Graded bedding is arrangement of grains CS Mire 3.

in sequential order based on grain size

from coarser to finer with age
Bottom
*
Lamination —a small / thin layer less than
a centimetre in thickness
a”
Current Bedding — principally due to the
action of wind or wave with changes in
deposition direction
‘Zs
*
Ripple marks — The undulations in rock
surface due to the action of wind or waves
SS
ain he's

ne
 PETROLOGY
Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism and Agents
«*
Racks formed either from igneous or sedimentary
rocks, subjected ta temperature, pressure and shearing
stress at considerable depths wa
CS

Increasing
a AY

*
Agents of metamorphism
*
The physical components which induce alterations in metamorphism:
rocks (hast rock) either partial melting or dissolving of
by
minerals which results in formation of new rocks aan
. Heat
«Intrusion of hot igneous bodies dissipates heat to
the surrounding rock Magma “a
« This induces changes in their structure such as Ing of
texture and sametimes, mineral characteristics
. Pressure Pa ee ee
aE Contin
* Uniform Pressure caused by deep burial due te
— —

weight of overlying rocks — Usually associated with

higher temperature
* —
Directive Pressure Operates during structural Par gy
deformation in rocks such as mountain building —
important in earth's near surface — decreases with Hew ren ep
depth . A
Chemically active fluids and gases
* .-

beeing secre
* Hot water in subsurface or gases trapped in magma at
and interact surrounding rack (host
|

ee
:

may escape
roc ;
. Interactions will change the characteristics of geo
These
rox
 PETROLOGY
Metamorphic Rocks
*
Processes of Metamorphism Pest il .
ibe HI}
ye :

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* Various processes act together in combination the 7"

Aegon of
affected rock to induce chnges in rock Structure Lot preety
4

Geode Alea
ee
*
Granulation ut

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. Pressure shatters the rock and friction so great that of oe

iL, sore
the rock are partially melted qrecde
of i
. Crushing of rocks takes place without losses of 4 ~a
BIAS Shiner ee
coherence realities
a
fal dustnd
« Plastic Deformation CHG “an
the eran Ad

Netting
Change in the shape of rock grains of pre-existing 12 “Wy

rocks induced due to metamorphic agents ade ‘ara Al

“ The cha that is permanent and hence mineral may
not be able to regain its original shape after
nge
Metamorphic Versus Sedimentary and Igneous Environments
withdrawal of acting forces
Sedimentary Metamorphic Keieous
. Recrystallization environments oa elrviranmeants ral arvironmrent:
. Fitner formation of new minerais or formation of new cureace conditions 200°C + TO". f200°C
crystals of the pre-existing minerals
‘ Mainly influenced by pore fluid within the rocks
Causes mineralogical and textural changes in rocks

Complete making
Sadiment
converted tH
a
Metasomatism sacdimentary
. Griginal composition of rocks changes by addition or rock
removal of minerals
. Chiefly influenced by hydrothermal fluids movement
in rocks under high temperature and pressure
conditions
 PETROLOGY
Types of Metamorphism
Metamorp hic Rocks Metamorphism is classified based on the dorninance of agents and the impact on the host rock
"
Cataclastic Metamorphism *
Dynamic Metamorphism
©
Only the directed pressure or lateral stress plays dominant rola * Combined action of pressure and minimal temperature effect
*
Sbress ane caused by earth movements such as folding — faulting
* Rocks are formed partially by mechanical effect and partially by effect
Operate main in upper crust with low temperature conditions
of melting minerals
* Rocks are crushed and deformed — mainly mechanical crushing

Shear Shear
zone
La
ail
ge

vos

=i T
7

Mylene
Mylonie has
MEY Tiny GRAS
| Orig nal rock
 PETROLOGY
Metamorphic Rocks
*
" Contact Metamorphism Regional Metamorphism
* Aliso called “Dynamo thermal Metamoarphism”
*
Also called “Thermal Metamorphism”
«
Caused by local heating due to intrusion of hot Igneous magma
+ Allthe three agents act together over wider areas
into the country rock
Takes place at greater depths such as roots of gold mountains
+
° —
the zane of contact between the intrusion and host with high temperature and pressure
Aurole
Fac
Rate or grade of metamorphism decrease moving away from
Aurole

Contact Metamorphism
he
Regional Metamorphism
am.

Ci Gi rai TK
-
MAM
FE

Lontact
metamapanism ithosphere Liosohere

Andesitic owT High P

ih Magma —
Metamarphism
Asthenosphere
det
Asthenosphere
 |
PETROLOGY
M eta Mm oF p hi c Ro cks Types of Metamorphisrn
Metamorphism is classified based on the dominance of agents and the impact on the host rock
"=
Plutonic Metamorphism * Metasomatism
" Influence of high temperature with static (uniform) The process by which a rock's overall chemical composition changes during metamorphism
because of reactions with hot water that bringin of remove eemants
pressure at greater depths
. High static pressure imparts reduction .in volume
; When the intruding magma has higher fluid or gas content, they result in complete
alteration af the chemical constituents
" Rocks will have even grained texture with denser mineral Can be referred a5 type of contact metamorphism, where the bulk material is added to the
Rest fock structure with complete change dn composition
associated

Hauck-are setting Continental are

ambient mantle
wedge

Pthosphere
f fluid fluid-dominated
mclasomatism
derive Te

Asthenosphere aa
sediments-
domingted
melasamaetism
 PETROLOGY
Metamorphic Rocks Structure of Metamorphic Rocks
Greatly defined by the overall or regianal alignment of the mineral grains after metamorphic changes

=
Cata-clastic Structure =
Maculose Structure " Granulose Structure
=
Formed mainly under the influence of * Rocks displaying spots or dots, each spot *
Bominantly composed of equigranultar
stress during cata-clastic metamorphism representing a find grained aggregate of minerals
* bess or absent of flaky minerals
* Bue to shearing, harder parts are minerals
*
Predominantly related to contact metamorphic. Eyample is Marble
fragmented while lighter materials are activities and form as a result of temperature
powered influence with oartial melting of pre-existing
rack

af hy

"ELGG
YMA *

Granulose
nat aT
or a are
Structure (Marble)
 PETROLOGY
|

Metamorphic Rocks Structure and Textures of Metamorphic Rocks

Greatly defined by the overall or regional alignment of the rminaral grains after metamorphic changes with the type of
metamorphism

«
Slaty Structure *
Schistose Structure *
Gneissose Structure
Also called a5 “slaty cleavage” « Most obvious feature of many metamorphic * Wher the schistose structure is further
Commonly develops in shale rack rocks with medium grade metamorphism metamorphosed at high grade, the
undergoing slight metamorphism at ©
Individual foliated minerals are further minerals arrange as altemative dark and
replonal scale {regional meta morphisir} light colour layers showing banded
recrystallized to patches pointing towards a
Caused due to parallel arrangement f preferred orientation apped mance
orientation of flaky minerals *
Typical is Gneiss rock
*
Typical is a Schist rock

a
Typical is Slate rock

Crientathen
of piaty
high-grade 4

Plates eres put

ee
ner ©: ORE
eAhit! 1

manag
such
ral
we
b he
JX [eg 1X mag bonnblende

adn (S67. tock) state achiat

suo-mcroscopec Clays TCTOSCOPNC micas. Weide (TCH viele & mons
bedding plana Baty nein