Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Background of the Study

Garlic is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the

onion, shallot, leek, chive, and Chinese onion. It is native to Central Asia and

northeastern Iran and has long been a common seasoning worldwide, with a history of
several thousand years of human consumption and use. It was known to ancient

Egyptians and has been used as both a food flavoring and a traditional medicine. China

produces some 80% of the world's supply of garlic.

Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses transmitted by infected

mosquitoes. It is an acute illness of sudden onset that usually follows a benign course

with symptoms such as headache, fever, exhaustion, severe muscle and joint pain,

swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), and rash. The presence of fever, itchy rash,

and headache (the "dengue triad") is characteristic of dengue. Other signs of dengue

fever include bleeding gums, severe pain behind the eyes (retro-orbital), and red palms

and soles. (Cunha, 2019)

Sustainable vector control is one technical element of the Global Strategy for Dengue

Prevention and Control, 2012–2020. Considering limited therapeutic strategies and

unavailability of dengue vaccine in most endemic countries, effective vector control

methods are an essential component of the strategic direction to reduce dengue-

associated mortality and morbidity. Residence in proximity to waste dump sites

represents an environmental determinant and increase the risk of DENV infection.

Vectors of DENV in the urban cycle lay eggs in artificial water containers that could be

found in many homes and waste dump sites. This practice encourages vector
population and expansion and invariably places people who reside in such communities

at high risk of contracting dengue. (Nasir et al., 2018)

Findings from dengue studies could provide policy-makers with information needed for

rational decision-making regarding dengue preventive and control efforts. The focus of

dengue research may vary widely. This could include basic laboratory research, the

estimation of dengue seroprevalence and incidence; the assessment of risk factors for

severe disease; the quantification of its economic burden; the elucidation of local

transmission and epidemiology; the development of improved diagnostic tests or the

We reviewed published studies on dengue research in the Philippines during the past

60 years. The objective of the review is to better understand the trends in dengue

research and the findings from these studies. The results of the review could provide an

impression of local capacity and infrastructure for dengue research and help determine

important knowledge gaps. These gaps need to be identified since research interest

and support for funding can only be achieved if scientists, decision makers and other

stakeholders are able to understand developments related to the disease and recognize

areas where more information is needed. (Agrupis et al.,2019)

One cannot exclude the possibility that though young children under the age of four

years are exposed to the virus, either their cases were asymptomatic or family members

infected during this period had potentially more serious symptoms leading to

hospitalization. This result could thus explain by budget-related health choices made by

this population which do not favor small children. Educational programs should target

housewives to improve their impact, as they are the ones mostly responsible for water

storage and cleanliness of the house and its neighborhood. Even with a Dengue

experience and potentially an acute perception of the risk and its factors, a proper

management of environmental conditions lacking. This along with the fact that word-of-
mouth is the main source of information quoted should be a message for municipality

health workers to give door-to-door information on how to prevent breeding sites and

Dengue infection. (Daude, 2017)

Research Objectives

This study aims to quantify the effectiveness of Allium Sativum also known as Garlic as
a repellent spray to repel mosquitoes from hatching and to prevent individuals from

getting Dengue.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study is to determine the effectivity of Allium Sativum

also known as Garlic in as repellent spray for mosquitoes.

Specifically, it attempts to answer the following:

1. Is it possible to utilize Allium Sativum also known as Garlic as repellent for

mosquitoes to prevent dengue?

2.Does Allium Sativum also known as Garlic have particular property that is why it is

tend to utilize as a repellent?

Statement of the Hypothesis

Established from the introduced statement of the problems, the following null

hypotheses are derived:

H01. It is impossible to utilize Garlic (Allium Sativum) as a repellent for mosquitoes.

H02. There is no particular property of Garlic (Allium Sativum) that can be yield as a

repellent

H03. Garlic (Allium Sativum) as a repellent has no potency.

Theoretical Framework

The theory of this study which is the smell theory is that the Garlic is well known to repel

bloodsucking insects because it acts as a form of deodorant, many bloodsuckers track

their prey smell, garlic covers up the scent of blood that they so crave. Some insect

repellents are made from blended Garlic extracts exclusively, so powerful is the stinking

rose at keeping insects away. (Abdeljalil, 2017)

The thought originated from realizing that taking Garlic (Allium Sativum) capsules repels

mosquitoes. It is suggested that they don’t like the smell of it. Therefore, Garlic (Allium
Sativum) can prevent individuals from getting Dengue.

Conceptual Framework

The independent variable of this study is the Garlic (Allium Sativum), while the

dependent variable is the survival rate of mosquitoes. On the other hand the intervening
variables are the temperature and the exposure of mosquitoes to their prey.

Figure 1. Variables of the study

Research Paradigm

Figure 2. The Research Paradigm of the Study

Scope and Limitations

This study focuses only on repelling mosquitoes to prevent individuals from

getting Dengue. The primary needed material that will be used in the experiment such

as Garlic and tap water, the Garlic will be obtained from Langihan Market. The
researchers will buy 45g of Garlic for the extraction, 500mL of tap water. Thus container,

heat and filter will be used in the experimentation. The whole duration process will be

conducted inside the Butuan City only.

Significance of the Study

This research is intended to validate the efficacy of the natural organic substance,
Garlic (Allium Sativum) as a Potential Repellent for Mosquito. The researchers assumed

that this analysis would benefit the following:

People. This research can help people more organically than by purchasing

consumer brands. This study can also benefit individuals living in rural areas and places

that can not be reached by modern products.

Teachers. This study may serve as a source of idea on educating students about

the issue Dengue and the methods that could be utilized on preventing it.

Community. This research would support the community by providing them with

affordable and effective mosquito repellant and by leaning them some knowledge of

important value of Garlic extract.

Government. The result of this study would help the government to minimize

expenses on the eradication of Dengue cases.

Future Researchers. This study may serve as their guide and cross-reference

that will give them an overview in conducting new researches.

Definition of Terms
 For the convenience of understanding the study, the following terms were identified

and operationally defined.

Garlic (Allium Sativum). A strong-smelling pungent-tasting bulb, used as a

flavoring in cooking and in herbal medicine.

Dengue. Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the

dengue virus. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. These
may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a

characteristic skin rash. Recovery generally takes two to seven days. In a small

proportion of cases, the disease develops into severe dengue, also known as dengue

hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma

leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure

occurs.

Review of Related Literature

Allicin and Sulfuric Abilities of Garlic

The folklore behind garlic is long and celebrated. From vampires to demons to

werewolves, garlic is suspected to do everything without exception. While those

accounts may simply be legends, garlic is both an extraordinary plant to fill in your

garden, and an incredible plant to use on your garden. It's a typical plant used to

repulse insects in the garden also.

Garlic bulbs comprise of various sections called cloves, which can be isolated and

planted. A biennial normally developed as a yearly, garlic flaunts numerous anti-

burned-through.

In my opinion, the greatest advantage of garlic spray is that it implies you are NOT

utilizing other, more poisonous pesticides in your garden. It's an eco-accommodating,

green approach to treat bug and illness issues.

The pungent smell that garlic is notable for will execute or repulse a large number of the

all the more irritating beneficial insects, however it might drive off some gainful insects

also.

However, what makes it function admirably against pest? The appropriate response lies

in the sulfur mixes found in garlic cloves. You may perceive sulfur as a ground-breaking

independent fungicide, however when combined with allicin, a compound inside garlic, it

confuses insects by meddling with their sensory receptors. (Espiritu, 2019)

Garlic isn't only a delightful and nutritious fragrant to use in the kitchen, and you can

likewise utilize it in the gardens. Since garlic contains sulfur mixes, it goes about as a

characteristic anti-agents for some insects. This implies you can transform garlic into a

modest and safe pesticide. You can make an essential garlic splash to control aphids,

slugs, and different bugs, or you can make an onion, bean stew, and garlic spray that

will help fend off ladybugs, caterpillars, deer, and different insects and other animals as

well. (Moran, 2019)

The Manifestation of Mosquito-Borne Diseases in the Philippines

Mosquito borne-diseases in a tropical country such as the Philippines is widely known to

be common. A recent study asserted that increasing global weather caused by climate

crisis could see mosquitos that transmit diseases; chikungunya, dengue, zika, and
yellow fever. (Messina et al., 2019)

In the first six months of 2019, about 100,000 dengue cases were registered across the

Philippines, an increase of 85 percent over the same period last year. This epidemic

had been recorded in four regions of the country, which include Mimaropa, Western

Visayas, Central Visayas, and Northern Mindanao, which are home to more than 20

million people, or approximately 20% of the population of the Philippines (Dayaram,

2019). According to the WHO Epidemiological Overview 2019 survey, the number of

cases of dengue in the Philippines increased significantly in 2019 compared with

the Department of Health (DOH) announced a national dengue warning on 15 July

2019. On August 6, 2019, the alert threshold1 was exceeded by Regions III, X, XII and

Autonomous Zone of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), while the epidemic threshold2 was

exceeded by Regions IVA, V, VI, VIII and IX.

Mosquitoes Olfactory Sensitivity

Mosquitoes are considered as parasitic creepy crawlies and vectors of destructive

illnesses such as Dengue, Malaria and Zika. (Alaspa,2017)

Mosquitoes are drawn to potential hosts through smelling the carbon dioxide they

exhale. Mosquitoes have the capacity to multiply fast. They can live everywhere even in

our homes. Mosquitoes are very risky insects. (Arnasson et al., 2012)

Mosquitoes rely on their sense of smell (olfaction) for many of their lifestyle choices, as

they have strong sense of smell this is also the cause of their weakness. (Potter, 2014)

As stated by Mosquito Squad (2019) there are a few scents that mosquitoes love,
however similarly as they have smells they love, there are others that they disdain and

will try to evade and that includes citronella, garlic, lemongrass, etc. The fragrance of

garlic has for some time been known to have repellent impacts to numerous insects

such as mosquitoes. (Reinagel,2010)

An article composed by Mosquito Barriers (2020) expressed that Mosquitoes can't

endure garlic. Garlic has a natural sulfur which repulses mosquitoes, the act of utilizing

garlic as repellent has been accomplished for some ages by farmers and master
gardeners. Mosquitoes are delicate bodied bugs; the garlic juice are often extremely

poisonous to them in expanded fixation therefore the scent that it radiates keeps

mosquitoes from coming nearer. And this has been agreed upon by Maia & Moore

(2011) who stated that garlic juice can be very toxic to mosquitoes in an increased

concentration but does not harm a human. The odor drives mosquitoes away for as long

as mosquitoes can detect it because garlic contains Allicin as its defense mechanism

against the attacks of pest. Allicin has a powerful property, which repels mosquitoes.

Some literature strongly suggests that garlic oils and/or vapors are specifically harmful

to insects (Park et al., 2013)

Substance Properties of Garlic

Fresh garlic is 70% dampness. (Palani et al. 2014)

The physical and chemical properties for solid garlic are of the dry weight. The chemical
and physical properties of garlic oil and garlic extract rely on how it's prepared. (Lawson

1996)

Particularly, the concentration of biologically active secondary metabolites will vary by

the strategy accustomed process and store the garlic. (Brandi et al., 2016)

Cloves of garlic (Allium sativum) accommodates between 0.1 to 0.36% oil (Merck 2015),

averaging about 0.2%. (Khan et al., 2010)

Different constituents incorporate sugars, proteins, amino acids, nutrients, minerals,

The principal normal and viable approach to apply garlic as a pesticide is to separate

the oil—which is that the most commonly utilized structure as a bug spray, fungicide,

and herbicide.

As indicated by Upadhyay and Singh (2012) The lectins or lectin-like mixes (ASAL) in

garlic may meddle with different parts of the insect’s life cycle. Lectins function as

insect, virus, fungal, bacterial and mite plant defenses. (Peumans et al,.2009)

These garlic compounds are toxic to many insects and can be an effective deterrent to

the action of feeding and egg laying. (Michiels et al. 2010)

Within the digestive tract of insects, they bind and damage sensory

receptors, midgut receptor proteins, intracellular proteins, and other essential proteins.

An Article written by Savatree (2002) further indicates that Garlic bulbs contain an

amino acid that converts into a substance called allicin when squashed, mixed or

hacked. The trademark scent delivered because of this cycle has incredible properties.

Insects are naturally spurned by the presence of botanical extract. Thus, they don’t

develop a protection from garlic medicines.

insecticidal, nematicidal and repellent properties. Garlic is supposedly viable against a

decent scope of sickness causing microbes and bugs at various stages throughout their

life cycle (egg, hatchlings, grown-up). This includes ants, aphids, armyworms,

diamondback moth and other caterpillars like the false tortricid, pulse beetle, whitefly,

wireworm, khapra beetle, mice, mites, moles, Epilachna beetles, and

termites additionally as fungi bacteria and nematodes.