çRETURN TO "AVAILABLE TESTS" PAGE IN THE NORWECO LABORATORY

5220 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)*

* Approved by Standard Methods Committee, 1997.

5220 B. Open Reflux Method

1. General Discussion

      a. Principle: Most types of organic matter are oxidized by a boiling mixture of

chromic and sulfuric acids. A sample is refluxed in strongly acid solution with a

known excess of potassium dichromate (K 2Cr2O7). After digestion, the remaining

unreduced K2Cr2O7 is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the

amount of K2Cr2O7 consumed and the oxidizable matter is calculated in terms of

oxygen equivalent. Keep ratios of reagent weights, volumes, and strengths constant

when sample volumes other than 50 mL are used. The standard 2-h reflux time may

be reduced if it has been shown that a shorter period yields the same results. Some

samples with very low COD or with highly heterogeneous solids content may need to

be analyzed in replicate to yield the most reliable data. Results are further

enhanced by reacting a maximum quantity of dichromate, provided that some

residual dichromate remains.

2. Apparatus

      a. Reflux apparatus, consisting of 500- or 250-mL erlenmeyer flasks with

ground-glass 24/40 neck and 300-mm jacket Liebig, West, or equivalent condenser

with 24/40 ground-glass joint, and a hot plate having sufficient power to produce at

least 1.4 W/cm2 of heating surface, or equivalent.

      c. Pipets, Class A and wide-bore.

3. Reagents

      a. Standard potassium dichromate solution, 0.04167M: Dissolve 12.259 g

K2Cr2O7, primary standard grade, previously dried at 150°C for 2 h, in distilled

water and dilute to 1000 mL. This reagent undergoes a six-electron reduction

reaction; the equivalent concentration is 6 X 0.04167M or 0.2500N.

      b. Sulfuric acid reagent: Add Ag2SO4, reagent or technical grade, crystals or

powder, to conc H2SO4 at the rate of 5.5 g Ag2SO4 /kg H2 SO4. Let stand 1 to 2 d to

dissolve. Mix.

      c. Ferroin indicator solution: Dissolve 1.485 g 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate

and 695 mg FeSO4·7H2O in distilled water and dilute to 100 mL. This indicator

solution may be purchased already prepared.*

      d. Standard ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) titrant, approximately 0.25M:

Dissolve 98 g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O in distilled water. Add 20 mL conc H 2SO4, cool,

and dilute to 1000 mL. Standardize this solution daily against standard K 2Cr2O7

solution as follows:

    Dilute 25.00 mL standard K2Cr2O7 to about 100 mL. Add 30 mL conc H 2SO4 and

cool.    Titrate with FAS titrant using 0.10 to 0.15 mL (2 to 3 drops) ferroin

indicator.

Molarity of FAS solution

                                                       Volume 0.04167M K2Cr2O7

                                                            solution titrated, mL          

                                               =                                                            X 0.2500

                                                      Volume FAS used in titration, mL

          e. Mercuric sulfate, HgSO4, crystals or powder.

          f. Sulfamic acid: Required only if the interference of nitrites is to be

eliminated (see 5220A.2 above).

      g. Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standard, HOOCC6H4COOK: Lightly crush

and then dry KHP to constant weight at 110°C. Dissolve 425 mg in distilled water

and dilute to 1000 mL. KHP has a theoretical COD 1 of 1.176 mg O2/mg and this

solution has a theoretical COD of 500 µg O 2/ mL. This solution is stable when

refrigerated, but not indefinitely. Be alert to development of visible biological

growth. If practical, prepare and transfer solution under sterile conditions. Weekly

preparation usually is satisfactory.

4. Procedure

      a. Treatment of samples with COD of >50 mg O2/L: Blend sample if necessary

and pipet 50.00 mL into a 500-mL refluxing flask. For samples with a COD of >900

mg O2/L, use a smaller portion diluted to 50.00 mL. Add 1 g HgSO 4, several glass

beads, and very slowly add 5.0 mL sulfuric acid reagent, with mixing to dissolve

HgSO4. Cool while mixing to avoid possible loss of volatile materials. Add 25.00 mL

0.04167M K2Cr2O7 solution and mix. Attach flask to condenser and turn on cooling

water. Add remaining sulfuric acid reagent (70 mL) through open end of condenser.

Continue swirling and mixing while adding sulfuric acid reagent. CAUTION: Mix

reflux mixture thoroughly before applying heat to prevent local heating of flask

bottom and a possible blowout of flask contents.

      Cover open end of condenser with a small beaker to prevent foreign material

from entering refluxing mixture and reflux for 2 h. Cool and wash down condenser

with distilled water. Disconnect reflux condenser and dilute mixture to about twice

its volume with distilled water. Cool to room temperature and titrate excess
K2Cr2O7 with FAS, using 0.10 to 0.15 mL (2 to 3 drops) ferroin indicator. Although

the quantity of ferroin indicator is not critical, use the same volume for all

titrations. Take as the end point of the titration the first sharp color change from

blue-green to reddish brown that persists for 1 min or longer.  Duplicate

determinations should agree within 5% of their average.  Samples with suspended

solids or components that are slow to oxidize may require additional

determinations.  The blue-green may reappear. In the same manner, reflux and

titrate a blank containing the reagents and a volume of distilled water equal to that

of sample.

      b. Alternate procedure for low-COD samples: Follow procedure of ¶ 4a, with two

exceptions: (i) use standard 0.004167 M K2Cr2O7, and (ii) titrate with standardized

0.025M FAS. Exercise extreme care with this procedure because even a trace of

organic matter on the glassware or from the atmosphere may cause gross errors. If

a further increase in sensitivity is required, concentrate a larger volume of sample

before digesting under reflux as follows: Add all reagents to a sample larger than

50 mL and reduce total volume to 150 mL by boiling in the refluxing flask open to

the atmosphere without the condenser attached. Compute amount of HgSO 4 to be

added (before concentration) on the basis of a weight ratio of 10:1, HgSO 4:Cl¯,

using the amount of Cl¯ present in the original volume of sample. Carry a blank

reagent through the same procedure. This technique has the advantage of

concentrating the sample without significant losses of easily digested volatile

materials. Hard-to-digest volatile materials such as volatile acids are lost, but an

improvement is gained over ordinary evaporative concentration methods. Duplicate

determinations are not expected to be as precise as in 5220B.4 a.

      c. Determination of standard solution: Evaluate the technique and quality of

reagents by conducting the test on a standard potassium hydrogen phthalate

solution.

 
5. Calculation

                                                    (A – B) X M X 8000

                     COD as mg O2/L =                                

                                                            mL sample

where:

      A = mL FAS used for blank,

      B = mL FAS used for sample,

     M = molarity of FAS, and

8000 = milliequivalent weight of oxygen X 1000 mL/L.

6. Precision and Bias

    A set of synthetic samples containing potassium hydrogen phthalate and NaCl

was tested by 74 laboratories. At a COD of 200 mg O 2/L in the absence of

chloride, the standard deviation was ± 13 mg/L (coefficient of variation, 6.5%). At

COD of 160 mg O2/L and 100 mg Cl¯/L, the standard deviation was ± 14 mg/L

(coefficient of variation, 10.8%).

çRETURN TO "AVAILABLE TESTS" PAGE IN THE NORWECO LABORATORY

7. Reference

1. PITWELL, L.R. 1983. STANDARD COD. Chem. Brit. 19:907.

8. Bibliography
 

MOORE, W.A., R.C. KRONER & C.C. RUCHHOFT. 1949. Dichromate reflux method

for determination of oxygen consumed. Anal. Chem. 21:953.

MEDALIA, A.I. 1951. Test for traces of organic matter in water. Anal. Chem.

23:1318.

MOORE, W.A., F.J. LUDZACK & C.C. RUCHHOFT. 1951. Determination of oxygen-

consumed values of organic wastes. Anal. Chem. 23:1297.

DOBBS, R.A. & R.T. WILLIAMS. 1963. Elimination of chloride interference in the

chemical oxygen demand test. Anal. Chem. 35:1064.

©Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Ed.

American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water

Environment Federation.