University of Antique

Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs

Instructional Materials Development Committee
Sibalom, Antique

MODULE

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 3

Course Information

Course Code: PE 3
Course Title: Individual, Dual and Team Sports
Course Description: Physical Education 3 includes individual, dual and team sports with the
integration of sports management. It deals with the acquisition of knowledge
and skills in sports, develop positive values, and encourage healthy lifestyle
through active participation and leadership in sports related activities not
only in the school’s setting but in the community as well.
Pre-requisite: None
Co-requisite: None
Credit: 2 units (2 lecture hours/week)
Lecture: 1 hour per session (twice a week)
Online Discussion: 2 hours per week (8 hours per month)
(Blended Learning)

I. A. General Objectives:
The students should be able to acquire skill and knowledge of the different individual sports,
selected dual and team sports the concept of sport management and officiating.

B. Specific Objectives:

At the end of the semester, the students should be able to:

1. Learn the history, rules and regulation of the game, the mechanics
of athletics and selected dual and team sports;
2. Acquire knowledge and ideas on the concepts of Sports Management and Officiating;
3. Perform basic skills to play the different sports suggested in this course; and
4. Conduct management and actual officiating techniques of the sports included.

UA VISION

Leading University in Science and Technology by 2022

UA MISSION

The University shall provide quality, relevant and responsive scientific, technological and
professional education and advance training in different areas of specialization and shall undertake
research and extension services in support to the socio-economic development of antique, the
Filipino nation and global community.

1
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
Module 1 Sports Management

Some love sports some love taking chances and other challenges, these traits, together,
make a winning combination for a career in sports management, which includes any and every
business aspect of sports and recreation
The field of sports management encompasses a wide range of business related careers
involved in sports and recreation. Sports management jobs might involve balancing a team’s
finances, managing the logistics of a sporting event or working as a liaison between coaches,
players and the media.

o Chapter 1

 Sports Management will give us the clear view on how a Sports Tournament runs and
considering the factors that greatly affects to the success of the tournament.

Learning Objectives:

- Explain the definition of Sports Management

- Describe the different types of Sports
- Explain the importance of Sports Management.
- Discuss the types of tournament system used in sports tournament.

 Why do people need sports?

Sports are one of the most popular leisure time activities, Sports help us to keep our body fit, nice
and attractive, it can help us to lose weight and build muscles,and at the same time it is good for
active relaxation and very important for our physical and mental health.

Before we proceed to our lesson proper let us have our review quiz to measure how much
we know about sports.

A. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if not.

_____1. Games are for physical development.

_____2. Deception is true in games.
_____3. Games can be played in different strategies.
_____4. Each player has his own goals base in a goal game.
_____5 .Basketball is an example of team sports.
_____6. Team games are games of high organization.
_____7. Sprinting is another term for short distance run.
_____8. Start in running event starts with firing gun.
_____9. Good leaders will result success in organization.
_____10. Single elimination is also known as the knock out system.

2
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
 SPORTS MANAGEMENT

Management

The process of planning, executing and evaluating any particular job or project to achieve
optimum quality output. It is an act of doing the right thing at the time, at the right place, by the
right people designed to achieve the best result.

3Ms of Management
 Material
 Manpower
 Methods Used

What is Sports Management?

Sports Management is an act or manner of planning, organizing, lleading,
controlling and coordinating of many diverse efforts so that at the end effective progress be
made toward the achievement of the goals and purposes of an organization or institution
assigned to conduct a sport competition.

The Trends of Sports Management Theories

Autocratic Theory

An Autocratic sports manager is a person who is vested with the

absolute power and final authority. Such person believes in strict
obedience to a command, authority is delegated from the top
without due regards to the opinions of the subordinate.

Laissez Faire (Anarchic)

Theory

Complete freedom is given to set the goals, make decisions, and do

as pleased. It is a “leadership Social
situation.”

3
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
Democratic theory

It is that direction and oversight of an organization which assures that aims are shared in the
making, that policies and methods are agreed by those involved, that all participants feel both
free and eager to contribute their best creative effort, that stimulating personal leadership is
assured and in consequence the total outcome maximizes the aims of the organization.

Behavioristic Theory

This theory emphasizes group dynamics, human motivation, and

interpersonal relationship. The emphasis is on the promotion and
maintenance of human effectiveness thru meeting needs of the individuals
challenging them with lofty ideals.

System Theory

A system is a group of interrelated and inter-dependent elements

operating together and interacting in an orderly manner to achieve a
desired effect. In system theory, there are sub systems and supra system
or cluster of system. In system theory, each system has its own
environment and functions within it.

Eclectic Theory

Each theory has its own strength and weakness, the eclectic system
expounds the theory that there are many theories that may be applied
to a situation and not one theory alone.

THE ACTIVITIES OF SPORTS MANAGEMENT

The management of sports requires good relationship. Effective leadership is a process of the
interaction, and inter-relatedness as well as interdependence of the following elements as a
whole, namely;

The Personality
The Syntality of the Group
The Goal and Objective, and
The situation or the climate of the environment.

THE FUNCTION OF MANAGEMENT

Planning- This involves establishing of goals and

arranging in logical order from immediate to long
range. It includes deciding what needs to happen in
the future and generating plans for action. It also
includes assessments, estimates of the situations,
resources, special needs, etc.

4
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
 Organizing- This involves identifying the responsibilities to be
performed, grouping the responsibilities into departments of
division, and specifying organizational relationships. making
optimum use of the resources
require to enable the
successful carrying out of plans.

Staffing- Job analysis, recruitment, and hiring for appropriate

jobs. Effective staffing means filling the position with the right
people. It prevents duplication of work and identifies individual
responsibilities.

Directing- Determining the needs to be done in a situation

are and getting people to do it. This involves motivating
and leading employees to work for the achievement of the
goals of organization.

Controlling-. It involves the setting and achieving

Checking progress against plans of performance
standards and application of policies and procedures.

Activity 1. Matching Type.

Set A. Choose what type of trends of sports management theories are being used.
Column A Column B
____1. Alvin conducts a sports tournament and a. Laissez Fair
as a leader, he always asked ideas on his b. Behavioristic
subordinates. c. Democratic
____2. When Christine makes decision, she d. Eclectic
always want to be done as soon as possible. e. Autocratic
f. System
____3. Aila is elected as SK Chairman and as
a young leader she always give liberty to her
constituents when planning and making
decision.
____4. Mr. Alex pushes his subordinate to
work with courage and passion, he always
motivate others to succeed in their goals.
____5. Greg strictly follows his plans orderly
when managing the tournament.

5
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
Set B. Indentify what function of management is being used.
Column A Column B
____1. Jeson was assigned as the new a. Controlling
budgeting officer because he has a license in b. Organizing
accountancy. c. Staffing
____2. When I please someone, I always d. Directing
make sure that my instruction is clear and e. Planning
understandable to a specific person while
motivating them to achieve goals.
____3. Kris called up for a meeting to discuss
and innovate matters into upcoming intramural
meet.
____4. Marlou dispenses each group to make
specific assignment in every area of work.
____5. The head of sports committee
evaluates and assess the performance of his
subordinates.

ORGANIZATION IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT

Organization

A band of living organism grouped together aimed at achieving a goal or a mission.

VALUES OF ORGANIZATION

 More people do the thinking

 More shoulders carry the task that makes it lighter
 Promotes cooperation, division of labor and unity
 Develops leadership and fellowship
 Prevents or controls abuse of ruling power.

PLANS AND MANAGEMENT OF SPORTS PROGRAM

The success and failure of any sports program rest on the following factors:

1. How well it is planned.

2. How systematic ones plans, implement and execute.
3. How qualified are the personnel who will implement the plan selected and formulated.
4. The quality and quantity of the guidance extended to plan implementers.
5. How resourceful are the person involved in the program
6. How valid and reliable are the measuring instruments used to evaluate the achievement of
the program to institute corrective and enrichment measures.

6
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
 REQUISITES OF A GOOD SPORTS PROGRAM
 Clear
 Specific
 Simple
 Flexible

Failure in Management may result to;

 Unnecessary waste of effort and time

 Wastage in material resources
 Frustrations on the part of the leaders and the participants
 Withdrawal of moral and financial support from the program
sponsors
 Unfinished projects or programs.

Activity 2. Simple Recall.

Multiple Choice.
Direction: Choose the correct answer on the questions, write your answer on the space
provided each number.

_______1. A leader wherein he believes in the strict obedience to command.

a. behavioristic theory
b. system theory
c. eclectic theory
d. authocratic theory
_______2. All are requisites of a good sports program except one.
a. simple
b. flexible
c. material
d. specific
_______3. What type of trend of sports management will be applicable when you want to use
multiple ideas and theories?
a. authocratic theory
b. eclectic theory
c. democratic theory
d. laissez faire
_______4. Mr. Kervin do not want to have a repetitive type of work in his supervision he hires
someone who must be qualified in the specific job. What type of function of management must he
use?
a. planning
b. organizing
c. controlling
d. staffing
_______5. A group of individual having the same goal.
a. sports management
b. organization
c. management
d. none of the above

True or False.
Direction: Write “T” if the statement is correct and “F” if otherwise, write your answer on the
space provided each number.

_______6. Failure in management may result to negative feedback from the sponsors.
_______7. Being a sports manager requires enough knowledge and understanding.
7
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
_______8.A resourceful leader can finish the sports tournament without the help of others.
_______9.Good relationship is a process of the interaction and interrelatedness as well as
interdependence of sports management.
_______10. Qualification of the personnel is important in determining the person qualified in such
position.

Sports Tournament
Is the meat of the sports development programs? It gives life and color plus additional thrill to
physical and social development of people in the society.

Tournament:
 A meeting for contest in athletics or other sports.
 A trial of skill in some game in which competitors play a series of contest
 Meeting at an appointed time and place for the performance of exercise and sports.

Objectives of Tournament

 Improves the physical qualities of its personnel

 Provides recreational activities for each members
 Promotes closer relationship among personnel members
 Reduces the wide gap between the superior and the followers.
 Minimizes undesirable activities within the organization
 Strengthen the feeling of belongingness to a group
 Provides desirable and pleasant topics for discussion during leisure and
 Facilitates business of official transaction within or outside the office

Tournament System

The type of tournament to be used depends on some factors namely:

 Available funds
 Available Space
 Available Supplies and Equipment
 Objective of the Organizer
 The Number of Entries

The Elimination Tournament

The first step in arranging single and double elimination tournament is to know the number
competing or participating in the event. When the number of teams competing is not an
even (power of two) (example 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc) some teams become “byes”

Byes must be arranging as to avoid having an uneven numbers of teams left to complete in
the semi-final or final rounds.

Remember:” All the Byes” must be placed in the second round”

Determining the number of Byes

Formula: -N

Bye=nearest power of 2-Number of teams participating

Ex. -N (8 next power of two to 6)

Bye = 8 – 6 (- minus 6 total number of teams)
Bye = 2 (equals to 2 byes)
8
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
Seeding- is a process employed to place the competitors who by virtue of previous performance
and reputation are considered superior, in separate brackets in order to minimize their chances of
meeting in early round Usually, “byes” are assigned to seeded teams (as you can see on the
diagram below, with two seeded entries, one should be placed on the top of the upper bracket and
the other at the bottom of the lower bracket) and should play on the second round.
Example Diagram of 6 (six) teams Single elimination:

Round 1 Round 2 Round 3

(Bye) A
Game 3
B winner 3

Game 1 winner 1

C
Game 4 (finals) CHAMPION

D
Game 2 winner 2

E winner 4

Game 4
(Bye) F

SINGLE ELIMINATION TOURNAMENT

This type of tournament eliminates one half of the competitors after their first defeat. A single
defeat eliminates a team. This is also called the “knock out system”.

Advantages:

 The tournament can be finished within a short period of time

 Less expensive and needs less equipment, facilities and officiating officials
 It is interesting to watch which team remains in the championship
 Taking everything equal, the last game will be among the best competing teams

Disadvantages:

 The championship may not be the best team

 It Emphasizes elimination
 There is not enough time to select the best players due to few numbers of games
played
 It is not commensurate to the time, effort and expenses.

Formula G=N-1

Example: 7 Teams
Formula: G=N-1
G=7-1
G=6 (number of games)

Number of BYES = 8 -7= 1 Bye

9
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
Example Diagram of 7 (seven) teams Single elimination:
(Bye)A
Game 4 winner 4

B
Game 1 winner 1

C
Game 6 (finals) CHAMPION

D
Game 2 winner 2

E
Game 5 winner 5

F
Game 3 winner 3

DOUBLE ELIMINATION TOURNAMENT

This type of tournament is superior to the single elimination as it gives a chance for a team to play
at least two games. a Team with two loses either consecutively or not is eliminated. A good team,
however, losing its first game has still a chance to win the championship.

Advantages:

 It permits each team to play at least two games

 more games are involved and greater interest is engendered
 It is more interesting to watch or wait for the surviving teams
 The last game will really decide the championship between two best teams
 There is enough time in selecting the best players as more games are played by
winning teams.

Disadvantages:

 Not all teams play the same number of games.

 Not all teams have a chance to play against each other
 It is hard to follow the schedule
 A team’s next opponent will not be known immediately after the first pairing

Formula G=2 (N-1)

Example: 4 teams
G=2(N-1)
G=2(4-1)
G=2(3)
G=6 (number of games)

Number of BYES = 4 - 4 = 0 Bye

10
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
 Loser’s Bracket TEAM Winner’s Bracket

L1 A
G1 W1
W4 G4 B
G3 W3
L2 C
W5 G5 G2 W2
D

W5 G6 W3

Note:
 If Winner - 5 wins in game 6, there shall be play off (winner 3 has no loss which means, winner 3 is twice to beat).
 All letter “G” with numbers i.e. G1, G2, G3 etc. stands for game numbers.
 All alphabets in Capital Letters like A,B,C, etc. stands for team.
 “W”- stands for winner and “L” stands for loser. W1- means winner of the game number 1, L2 means loser of game
number 2.
 All teams going towards the right side of the diagram are on the winning bracket, those who go to the left are on the
loser’s bracket.
 In the Championship game the team from the left side of the bracket has to defeat the team from the winning bracket
(right side of the diagram) twice. The team on the left side has a loss while that on the right has no right.
 For team pairings, when seeding is not used, draw lots for letter assignment of each team.

ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT

If sufficient time and facilities are available, the round robin tournament is the best tournament to
employ.

Advantages:

 It produces the true champion

 All teams have a chance to play against each other
 All teams play an equal number of games
 It is easy to determine the best player
 It is easy to prepare the schedule and definitely know one’s next opponent
 It commensurate to the time, effort and expenses

Disadvantages

 Needs more financing, facilities, equipment, supplies, etc

 It takes a longer time to finish the tournament
 some games are found to be dull and uninteresting
 Some weak teams may default their games especially when their opponent is strong

Formula G= N(N-1)
2

Example G= 8(8-1)
2
G= 8(7)
2
G= 56
2
G= 28 (Number of Games)

Number of Byes = 8-8 = 0

11
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
 Determining the Number of Rounds

Formula : No. of Games

No. of Teams
2

Example = Number of Teams = 8 Number of Games=28

Number of Rounds =28

8
2
=28
4
= 7 (Number of Rounds)

Determining the number of rounds is important to plot schedule of the game. There is
another easy way to determine the number of rounds. If the number of teams are add the number
of rounds will be the same to the number of teams (example: 7 teams = 7 rounds), but if the
number of team is even, minus the number of team to one (1), (example: 8 teams -1 = 7 rounds).

Eight (8) Teams Entries

Round 1 Round2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7

1 vs 8 1 vs 7 1vs 6 1 vs 5 1 vs 4 1vs 3 1 vs 2
2 vs 7 8 vs 6 7 vs 5 6 vs 4 5 vs 3 4 vs 2 3 vs 8
3 vs 6 2 vs 5 8 vs 4 7 vs 3 6 vs 2 5 vs 8 4 vs 7
4 vs 5 3 vs 4 2 vs 3 8 vs 2 7 vs 8 6 vs 7 5 vs 6

To draw up a round-robin schedule, place as many numbers as there are teams in two
vertical columns. The number should be arranged consecutively down the first column and up to
the second. With each number representing a team, this arrangement provides pairing for the first
round. Thus, Team 1 plays Team 8; Team 2 plays Team 7; Team 3 plays Team 6; and Team 4
plays Team 5 in the first round. To obtain pairings for subsequent rounds, rotate the numbers
counter-clockwise around one of the numbers which remains fixed. In the following examples,
number one (1) is fixed with the other number rotated around it.
In a Double Round- Robin Tournament the above is also used, however, the cycle from
Round 1 to 7 is repeated. Before the start of the Round-Robin each team should draw lots for their
assigned number for pairing purposes. It is also suggested that in a Double Round-Robin after one
cycle is completed that another drawing of lots (number) be made to have another sequence of
pairings of teams.

Example: Seven (7) Teams Entries (with BYE)

G= 7(7-1)
2

G= 7(6)
2
G=
2
G= 21 (Number of Games)

Number of Byes = 8-8 = 0

12
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
 Number of Rounds =21
8
2
=28
4
= 7 (Number of Rounds)

Seven (7) Teams Entries

Round 1 Round2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7

Bye vs 1 Bye vs 7 Bye vs 6 Bye vs 5 Bye vs 4 Bye vs 3 Bye vs 2
7 vs 2 6 vs 1 5 vs 7 4 vs 6 3 vs 5 2 vs 4 1 vs 3
6 vs 3 5 vs 2 4 vs 1 3 vs 7 2 vs 6 1 vs 5 7 vs 4
5 vs 4 4 vs 3 3 vs 2 2 vss 1 1 vs 7 7 vs 6 6 vs 5

When an uneven number of teams are entered, the above plan is used. However, in this
case the “Bye” should be placed in one of the positions and the other numbers rotate around it.
The number opposite the “bye” signifies the team which receives the bye in that particular round. In
the following example the bye is placed in the upper left hand corner and the other numbers are
rotated clockwise around it.
Normally when there is a 2-way tie, the winner of the game where the 2 tied competitors
played against each other is awarded the higher final standing. When 3 or more are tied within the
division, it goes to games won minus games lost. In sports where several games are in match,
winning in a smaller amount of games as opposed to having to go to a tiebreaker awards the
player winning quicker the higher standing. When it is still tied, it usually goes by total points scored
minus total points scored against.

Activity 3

Multiple Choice

_______1. How many Byes are there in 5 teams?

a. 4
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1
_______2. What is the other term for single elimination?
a. knockout system
b. system knockout
c. sudden death
d. technical knockout
_______3. Bye should be place in?
a. second round
b. third round
c. first round
d. last round
_______4. One of the advantages on round robin is to?
a. you could finish the game as fast as possible
b. less budget are needed
c. determine the true champion
d. none of the above
_______5.What is the formula in getting the number of games using the round robin system.
a. G=N (N-1)/2
b. G=N-1
c. G=N(-2)/1
d. G=N -1/2
13
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)
Post-Test

A. Multiple Choice: Please encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. All of these are the M’s of management except one?

a. Material b. Manage c. Method d. Manpower
2. How many Byes are there if you have 8 competing teams in a sports tournament?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 0 d. 3
3. What function of management which includes assessing and estimating of the situations?
a. planning b. organizing c. staffing d. evaluating
4. Failure in management may result to_____________?
a. Unnecessary waste of effort and time
b. Frustrations on the part of the leaders
c. Wastage in material resources
d. all of these
5. It is group of living organism joined together aimed for achieving a goal or a mission. What is it?
a. Tournament b. Organization c. Management d. Sports Management
6. What do we call to a process employed to place the competitors who by virtue of previous
performance and reputation are considered superior?
a. Bye b. Bracket c. Rounds d. Seeding
7. In 2, 4,____, 16,32, … what is the next perfect power of 2 number after 4?
a. 6 b. 8 c. 10 d.12
8. In this theory, human motivation, and interpersonal relationship is being observe for the
effectiveness of the group. What is it?
a. Autocratic b. Democratic c. System d. Behavioristic
9. What do we call for the trial of skill in some game in which competitors play a series of contest?
a. Tournament b. Meet c. League d. Elimination
10. G= N-1 is the formula for Single Elimination Tournament, “N” represents for?
a. number of games b. number of byes c. number of teams d. number of players

B. True or False: Write “T” if the statement is true and “F” if otherwise, write on the space provided
each number.

___1. In a long-term season for a sports competition, round robin is the best type of tournament
system to be applied.

___2. Bye team/s is/are being placed in the second round of elimination.

___3. To promote cooperation, division of labor and unity is one of the values of tournament.

___4. Effective staffing means filling the position with the experienced people for a specific job.

___5. Double Elimination is also known as” Knock out System”.

___6. Tournament has its own objectives, and one of these is to minimize undesirable activities
within the organization.

___7. There are 14 games in 7 competing teams using Round Robin Format.

___8. Some weak teams may default their games especially when their opponent is strong is one
of the disadvantages of Double Elimination.

___9. You can determine the winner in Round Robin by counting the total number of points each
game.

___10. In Double Elimination, all teams don’t have a chance to play against each other.
14
Physical Education 3 (Individual, Dual, & Team Sports)