MSY Lecture1 - Introduction To EC

15/3/2020
PUSAT PEMBANGUNAN KEMAHIRAN SARAWAK (PPKS)

SARAWAK SKILLS DEVELOPMENT CENTRE (SSDC)
AN INTRODUCTION TO
EUROCODES
By:
Ir. Mohamad Salleh Yassin
School of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Structural Eurocodes are a set of

harmonized European standards
for the design of buildings and civil
engineering structures.
Developed over
twenty-five years
(Started since 1975)
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March 2010 they have effectively

replaced the British Standard as
the primary basis for designing
buildings and civil engineering
structures in the UK
Eurocodes have been developed

to improve the competitiveness of
the European construction industry
both within and outside the
European Union
A design framework plus detailed

implementation rules valid across
Europe and likely to find significant
usage worldwide
Claimed to be the most

technically advanced
structural design codes
available internationally
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The most advanced technical

views prepared by the best
informed groups of experts in their
fields across Europe
The most comprehensive

treatment of the subjects, with
many aspects not previously
codified now being covered by
agreed procedures
Provide common design criteria

and common understanding
regarding the design of structures
between owners, operators and
users, designers.
Eurocode is actually a
performance code which has
more advantages over British
Standard, which is a descriptive
code.
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The utilisation of the Eurocode will

be beneficial in the long term. It is
a state-of-the art code and
contains many improvements
which one cannot fine in the British
Standard.
Eurocodes lead to a modest
but significant improvement
in economy compared to
existing British Standards
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THREE PILLARS OF EUROPEAN

STANDARDISATION
Product Standards
EN 206 Concrete
EN 13369 Precast Concrete Products
EN 10025 Hotrolled Structural Steel Products
EN 10080 Steel for Reinforcement
EN 1317 Road Restraint System
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Execution Standards
EN 1090 Execution of Steel and Aluminium Structures
EN 13670 Execution of Concrete Structures
EN 1536 Execution of Special Geotechnical Works: Bored Piles
EN 1537 Execution of Special Geotechnical Works: Ground Anchors
The Structural Eurocodes

The Eurocode Family (58 all together)
EN 1990 Eurocode Basis of structural design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4 Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5 Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 1999 Logi Rawatan
EurocodeAir 9 Design of aluminium alloy structures Jambatan
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Organization and link between Eurocodes
Structural safety, serviceability

and durability
Actions on structures
Design and detailing
Geotechnical and seismic

design
Logi Rawatan Air Jambatan
EUROCODE 1 : ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES

EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self weight and imposed loads
EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads
EN 1991-1-4 Wind loads
EN 1991-1-5 Thermal loads
EN 1991-1-6 Actions during execution
EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions
EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges
EN 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks Jambatan
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EUROCODE 2 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
EN 1992-1-1 General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1992-1-2 General rules – Structural fire design
Concrete bridges – design and detailing

EN 1992-2
rules
Liquid retaining and containment
EN 1992-3
structures
EUROCODE vs BS
Eurocodes Title Superseded standards
EN 1990 Basis of structural design BS 8110: Part 1- Section 2
EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self-weight and imposed BS 6399: Part1 and BS 648
loads
EN 1991-1-2 Action on structures exposed to -
fire
EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads BS 6399: Part 2
EN 1991-1-4 Wind loads BS 6399: Part 3
EN 1991-1-5 Thermal actions -
EN 1991-1-6 Actions during execution -
EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions -
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Eurocodes Title Superseded standards

EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges BD 37/88
EN 1991-3 Actions induced by -
crane and machinery
EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks -
EN 1992-1-1 General rules for BS 8110: Parts 1, 2 and 3
buildings
EN 1992-1-2 Fire resistance of BS 8110: Part 1 Table 3.2
concrete structures BS 8110: Part 2 Sect. 4
EN 1992-2 Bridges BS 5400: Part 4
EN 1992-3 Liquid-retaining and BS 8007
containment structures
Format of the Eurocodes

 Each Eurocode contains:
- National Fowarded
- Main text and Annexes
- National Annex
 National annex gives Nationally

Determined Parameters (NDPs)
 NDPs have been allowed for reason of

safety, economy and durability
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Two types of annex
Normative annexes are part of

the requirements of the code.
Informative annexes provide

guidance that can be adopted
or not on a country by country
basis.
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 The family of Eurocode is

based on principles rather than
methods
 Format of all codes is: principles,

materials, ultimate, service,
detailing
 All materials are subjected to

the same limit state regime Jambatan
 Eurocodes used different terminology:

Eurocode British Standard
Action Force or imposed displacement
Verification Check
Resistance Capacity
Execution Construction
Permanent action Dead load
Variable action Live load or imposed load
Isostatic Primary
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 Eurocodes used subscripts extensively:
“Ed” = design internal effect

e.g. NEd = design axial force
“Rd” = design resistance

e.g. NRd = design resistance to
axial force
Logi Rawatan Air
THANK YOU
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EN 1990 :EUROCODE
Basis of structural
design
by :
EN 1990
Contents
Section 1 General
Section 2 Requirements
Section 3 Principles of Limit State Design
Section 4 Basic variables
Structural analysis and design assisted by
Section 5
testing
Section 6 Verification by the partial factor method
Annex A1 Application for buildings

Annex A2 Application for bridges
Management of structural reliability for
Annex B
construction works
Basis for partial factor design and
Annex C
reliability analysis
Annex D Design assisted by testing
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1.1 Scope
(1)EN 1990 establishes Principles and

requirements for safety,
serviceability and durability of
structures, describes the basis for
their design and verification and
gives guidelines for related
aspects of structural reliability.
(2) EN 1990 is intended to be used in

conjunction with EN 1991 to 1999
for the structural design of
buildings and civil engineering
works, including geotechnical
aspects, structural fire design,
situations involving earthquakes,
execution and temporary
structures
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(3) EN 1990 is applicable for the design of

structures where other materials or other
actions outside the scope of EN 1991 to 1999
are involved.
(4) EN 1990 is applicable for the structural

appraisal of existing construction, in
developing the design of repairs and
alterations or in assessing changes of use.
1.3 The general assumption of EN 1990 are:
- the choice of the structural system and the design of

the structure is made by appropriately qualified and
experienced personnel;
- execution is carried out by personnel having

appropriate skill and experience;
- adequate supervision and quality control is provided

during execution of the work, i.e. in design office,
factories, plant, and on sites;
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1.4 Distinction between Principles and

Application Rules
(1) Depending on the character of the individual clauses,
distinction is made in EN 1990 between Principles and
Application Rules.
(2) The Principles comprise:

- general statements and definitions for which there is no
alternatives, as well as;
- requirements and analytical models for which no
alternative is permitted unless specifically stated.
(3) The Principles are identified by letter P following the

paragraph number
(4) The Application Rules are generally recognised rules

which comply with the Principle and satisfy their
requirements.
(5) It is permissible to use alternative design rules different

from Application Rules given in EN 1990 for works,
provided that it is shown that the alternative rules accord
with the relevant Principles and are at least equivalent
with regard to the structural safety, serviceability and
durability which would be expected when using the
Eurocodes.
(6) In EN 1990, the Application Rules are identified by a

number in bracket.
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Section 2: Requirements
2.1 Basic Requirements
(1)P A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way

that it will, during its intended life, with appropriate degrees of
reliability and in an economical way
- sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during
execution and use, and
- remain fit for use for which it is required.
(2)P A structure shall be designed to have adequate:

- structural resistance
- serviceability, and
- durability
2.3 Design working life

Design working Indicative design Examples
life category working life
(years)
1 10 Temporary structures
2 10 to 25 Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry
girders, bearing
3 15 to 30 Agricultural and similar structures
4 50 Buildings structures and other common
structures
5 100 Monumental building structures, bridges,
and other civil engineering structures
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Section 3 : Principle of limit states design

3.2 Design situations
Persistent : - Design situation during a period of the

same order as he design working life of
the structure.
- Represents normal use
Transient: - Design situation during a period much

shorter than the design working life
of the structure.
- e.g. during execution or repair
Accidental: - Design situation involving exceptional

conditions for structure.
- e.g. Fire, explosion, impact etc
Seismic: - Design situation involving exceptional

conditions for structure during seismic
event.
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3.3 Ultimate limit states
(1)P The limit states that concern;

- the safety of people, and/or
- the safety of the structure.
3.4 Serviceability limit states
(1)P The limit states that concern;

- the functioning of the structure or structural
members under normal use;
- the comfort of people
- the appearance of the construction works.
Section 4 : Basic variables

4.1 Actions and environmental influences
4.1.1 Classification of actions
(1)P Actions shall be classified by their variations in time as follows:
- permanent actions (G), e.g. Self-weight of structures, fixed

equipment and road surfacing, and indirect actions caused
by shrinkage and uneven settlements;
- variable actions (Q), e.g. Imposed loads on building floors,

beams and roofs, wind actions or snow loads;
- accidental action (A), e.g. Explosion, or impact from

vehicles.
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For each variable actions there are four representative

values:
1. Characteristic value, (Qk) – an upper value with an

intended probability of not being exceeded or a
lower value with an intended probability of being
achieved, during some specific reference period
2. Combination value, (oQk) – value intended to take

account of a reduced probability of the
simultaneous occurrence of two or more variable
actions.
3. Frequent value, (1Qk) – value such that it should be

exceeded only for a short period of time and is used
primarily for the serviceability limit states and also
accidental limit state.
4. Quasi-permanent value, (2Qk) – value may be

exceeded for a considerable period of time;
alternatively it may be considered as an average
loading over time. It is used for a long term affects at
the SLS and also accidental and seismic ULS.
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Recommended values of  factors for buildings
Action 0 1 2
Imposed loads in buildings (see EN 1991-1-1)

Category A: domestic, residential areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B: office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C: congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D: shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E: storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F: traffic area, vehicle weight < 30 kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G: traffic area, 30 kN < vehicle weight < 160 kN 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H: roof (see EN 1991-1-1: Cl. 3.3.2) 0.7 0 0
Wind loads on buildings (see EN 1991-1-4) 0.5 0.7 0.7
Temperature (non-fire) in buildings (see EN 1991-1-5) 0.6 0.7 0.7
Representative values of variable actions
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Combination of actions
“Combination of action” is specifically used for the definition of
the magnitude of actions to be used when a limit state is under the
influence of different actions.
“Load cases” is concerned with the arrangement of the variable

actions to give the most unfavourable conditions.
Where there is only one variable actions (e.g. Imposed load) in a

combination, the magnitude of the actions can be obtained by
multiplying them by the appropriate factors.
Where there is more than one variable actions in combination, it is

necessary to identify the leading action(Qk,1) and other
accompanying actions (Qk,i). The accompanying actions is always
taken as the combination value.
6.4 Ultimate Limit State

The ultimate limit states are divided into the following categories;
EQU Loss of equilibrium of the structure
STR Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or

structural member
GEO Failure due to excessive deformation of the ground
FAT Fatigue failure of the structure or structural member
For persistent and transient design situation under the STR limit
state, the Eurocode defines three possible combination as follows;
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Table A1.2(B) : Design values of actions- Ultimate limit states for

persistent and transient design situation
Accompanying variable
Permanent actions Leading
Combination actions
variable
Expression Main
Unfavourable Favourable actions Others
(if any)
Exp. (6.10) Gj,sup Gkj,sup Gj,inf Gk,j,inf Q,1Qk,1 Q,i 0,i Qk,i
Exp. (6.10a) Gj,sup Gkj,sup Gj,inf Gk,j,inf Q,1 0,1 Qk,1 Q,i 0,i Qk,i
Exp. (6.10b) Gj,sup Gkj,sup Gj,inf Gk,j,inf Q,1Qk,1 Q,i 0,i Qk,i
Notes:
1. The choice between 6.10, or 6.10a and 6.10b will be in the National annex.
2. The  and  values may be set by the National annex. The following values for 
and  are recommended when using 6.10, 6.10a and 6.10b. Gj,sup = 1.35,
Gj,inf = 1. 0 Q,1 = 1.50 where Unfavourable (0 where favourable)
Q,i = 1.50 where Unfavourable (0 where favourable)  = 0.85
Design values of actions, ultimate limit state-persistent and transient design situations
Accompanying variable
Permanent actions Leading
Combination actions
variable
Expression
actions
Main
Unfavourable Favourable Others
(if any)
Exp. (6.10) 1.35Gk 1.0Gk 1.5Qk 1.50,iQk,i
Exp. (6.10a) 1.35Gk 1.0Gk 1.50,1Qk 1.50,iQk,i
Exp. (6.10b) 0.925x1.35Gk 1.0Gk 1.5Qk 1.50,iQk,i
Note:
1. Design for either Exp.(6.10) or the less favourable of Exp. (6.10a) and (6.10b)
2. The terms favorable and unfavorable refer to the effect of the action on the design situation under consideration.
For example, if a beam, continuous over several spans, is to be designed for largest sagging bending moment it
will have to sustain any action that has the effect of increasing the bending moment will be considered unfavorable
whilst any action that reduces the bending moment will be considered to be favourable.
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Table A1.4 : Design values of actions- Serviceability limit states
Permanent actions, Gd Variable actions, Qd

Combination
Unfavourable Favourable Leading Others
Characteristic Gkj,sup Gk,j,inf Qk,1 0,i Qk,i
Frequent Gkj,sup Gk,j,inf 1,1 Qk,1 2,i Qk,i
Quasi-
Gkj,sup Gk,j,inf 2,1 Qk,1 2,i Qk,i
permanent
Design values of actions, serviceability limit states
Permanent actions Variable actions

Combination Example of use
Unfavourable Favourable Leading Others
Characteristic 1.0Gk 1.0Gk Qk,1 0,iQk,i

Cracking –
Frequent 1.0Gk 1.0Gk 1,1Qk,1 2,1Qk,i prestressed
concrete
Quasi-
1.0Gk 1.0Gk 2,1Qk,1 2,1Qk,i Deflection
permanent
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EN 1991 :EUROCODE 1
Actions on Structures
By :
EN 1991
EUROCODE 1 : ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES
EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self weight and imposed loads
EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads
EN 1991-1-4 Wind loads
EN 1991-1-5 Thermal loads
EN 1991-1-6 Actions during execution
EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions
EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges
EN 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks
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EN 1991-1-1
Contents
Section 1 General
Section 2 Classification of actions
Section 3 Design situations
Densities of construction and stored
Section 4
materials
Section 5 Self-weight of construction works
Section 6 Imposed load on buildings
Tables for nominal density of construction

Annex A materials, and nominal density and angle of
repose of stored materials
Annex B Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks

Jambatan
Logi Rawatan Air
Density of construction materials
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Density of construction materials
Density of stored materials
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Imposed load
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Category of loaded area
A1: All usages within self-contained dwelling units

A
Area for domestic and residential A2: Bedrooms and dormitories
activities
A3 : Bedrooms in hotels, hospital
B B1: General use

Office area B2: At or below ground floor level
C11: Areas with tables – dining rooms
C
Areas where people may C13: Areas with tables -Classrooms
congregate
C22: Area with fixed seat – Assembly areas
D
D1: Areas in general retail shops
Shopping areas
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Load values with various

intensities of people loading
Imposed load
1.5 kN/m2 : 8 persons in a space 4m2 2.0 kN/m2 : 11 persons in a space 4m2
3.0 kN/m2 : 17 persons in a space 4m2 4.0 kN/m2 : 22 persons in a space 4m2
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5.0 kN/m2 : 28 persons in a space 4m2
THANK YOU
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EN 1992:
EUROCODE 2: Design of
Concrete Structures
By:
EN 1992
EUROCODE 2 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
EN 1992-1-1 General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1992-1-2 General rules – Structural fire design
EN 1992-2 Concrete bridges – design and detailing rules
EN 1992-3 Liquid retaining and containment structures
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EN 1992-1-1
Contents:
1 General
2 Basis of design
3 Materials
4 Durability and cover to reinforcement
5 Structural analysis
6 Ultimate limit states (ULS)
7 Serviceability limit states (SLS)
8 Detailing of reinforcement & prestressing
tendons -General
9 Detailing of members and particular rules
10 Additional rules for precast structures
11 Lightweight aggregated concrete
structures
12 Plain and lightly reinforced concrete
structures
Key differences of EC2

 EC2 is generally laid out to give advice on the
basis of phenomena (e.g. bending, shear etc)
rather than by member type as in BS 8110 (e.g.
beams, slabs, columns etc).
 Design is based on characteristic cylinder
strength not cube strength.
 EC2 does not provide derived formulae (e.g.
for bending only the details of the stress block
are expressed)
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Table 1.4: Concrete strength classes and modulus of elasticity
Concrete Characteristic Characteristic Modulus of

strength class cylinder strength cube strength elasticity E cm
f ck (N/mm2) f ck,cube (N/mm2) (kN/mm2)
C20/25 20 25 30
C25/30 25 30 31
C30/37 30 37 33
C35/45 35 45 34
C40/50 40 50 35
C45/55 45 55 36
C50/55 50 60 37
C55/67 55 67 38
C60/75 60 75 39
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 Units for stress are mega pascals, MPa
(1 MPa = 1 N/mm2)
 EC2 uses comma for a decimal point.
 One thousandth is represent by %.
 The partial safety factor for steel reinforcement is
1.15. The characteristic yield strength is 500 Mpa.
 There is no guidance on plain steel bar or mild
steel reinforcement.
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 The effects of geometric imperfection are
considered in addition to lateral loads.
 Minimum concrete cover is related to bond
strength, durability and fire resistance. There
is allowance for deviations due to variations
in execution.
 Higher strengths of concrete are covered
by EC 2, up to class C90/105.
 The “variable strut inclination” method is used for the assessment

 of the shear capacity of a section.
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 Serviceability checks can still carried out

using ‘deemed to satisfy’ span to effective
depth rules similar to BS 8110.
 The rules for determining the anchorage

and lap length are more complex than the
simple tables in BS 8110.

The punching shear checks are carried out at 2d from the
face of the column and for a rectangular column, the
perimeter is rounded at the corners.
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MALAYSIAN
NATIONAL ANNEXES
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 Technical Committee (IEM-SWO) for Standards in

Design of Concrete Structures, recommends
the adoption of EC2 in totality with national annex
& NCCI and the relevant parts of EC0, EC1 and EC2.
 Eurocodes allow for country to make their national

choices where standard gives values with notes.
 The committee have prepared Malaysian National

Annexes to MS EN 1990: 2009, MS 1991-1-1: 2009
and MS EN 1992-1-1: 2009.
 Hence we have these National Annexes which

contain Malaysia Determined Parameters for use
in design of buildings and civil engineering works.
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The following sub-clauses in MS EN1990: 2009 where

national choice are made,
A1.2.1(1) on Combination of actions

A1.2.2 Table A1.1 Values of ψ factors for buildings
A1.3.1(1) Tables A1.2(A) to (C) on Design values of
actions
A1.3.1(5) on Design of structural members (footings,
piles, basement wall etc.
A1.3.2 Table A.1.3 on Design values of seismic &
accidental actions
Table A1.1: Recommended values of  factors for buildings
Action 0 1 2
Imposed loads in buildings (see EN 1991-1-1)
Category A: domestic, residential areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B: office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C: congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D: shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E: storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F: traffic area, vehicle weight < 30 kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G: traffic area, 30 kN < vehicle weight < 200 kN 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H: roof (see EN 1991-1-1: Cl. 3.3.2) 0.7 0 0
Wind loads on buildings (see MS 1553: 2002) 0.5 0.7 0.7
Temperature (non-fire) in buildings (see EN 1991-1-5) 0.6 0.7 0.7
* See also MS EN 1991-1-1: Clause 3.3.2(1)
Jambatan
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DESIGN OF RC BUILDINGS WITH EUROCODES

MS EN 1990
EN 206 Basis of Structural Design MS EN 1991
Specifying Concrete Action on Structures
Part 1-1-1: Densities,
MS EN 1992 selfweight, imposed load
Design of Concrete Structures Part 1-1-2: Fire
EN 10080 Part 1-1-4: Wind
Reinforcing Steels
EN 13670
Execution of Structures Part 1-1: General & Buildings National Annexs
Part 1-2: Fire Design
PD 6687-1 (Part 1)
MS EN 1998 MS EN 1997 PD 6687-2 (Part 2)
Seismic design Geotechnical design
DESIGN OF CONCRETE BRIDGES WITH EUROCODES

MS EN 1990
EN 206 Basis of Structural Design MS EN 1991
Specifying Concrete Action on Structures
Part 1-1-1: Densities,
MS EN 1992 selfweight, imposed load
Design of Concrete Structures Part 1-1-4: Wind
EN 10080 Part 2: Traffic loads
Reinforcing Steels
EN 13670
Part 2: Bridge design
MS EN 1998 MS EN 1997 PD 6687-1 (Part 1)

Seismic design Geotechnical design PD 6687-2 (Part 2)
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DESIGN OF RC WATER TANKS WITH EUROCODES

MS EN 1990
EN 206 Basis of Structural Design
Specifying Concrete MS EN 1991
Action on Structures
MS EN 1992 Part 1-1-1: Densities,

Design of Concrete Structures selfweight, imposed load
EN 10080
Part 4: Silo & Tank
Reinforcing Steels
EN 13670
Part 3: Liquid retaining structures
PD 6687-1 (Part 1)
MS EN 1998 MS EN 1997
PD 6687-2 (Part 2)
Seismic design Geotechnical design
End of Lecture 1
Thank You
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15/3/2020

PUSAT PEMBANGUNAN KEMAHIRAN SARAWAK (PPKS)

Structural Eurocodes are a set of

March 2010 they have effectively

Eurocodes have been developed

A design framework plus detailed

Claimed to be the most

The most advanced technical

The most comprehensive

Provide common design criteria

The utilisation of the Eurocode will

THREE PILLARS OF EUROPEAN

EN 13369 Precast Concrete Products

EN 10025 Hotrolled Structural Steel Products

EN 10080 Steel for Reinforcement

EN 1317 Road Restraint System

EN 1090 Execution of Steel and Aluminium Structures

EN 13670 Execution of Concrete Structures

EN 1536 Execution of Special Geotechnical Works: Bored Piles

EN 1537 Execution of Special Geotechnical Works: Ground Anchors

The Structural Eurocodes

Organization and link between Eurocodes

Structural safety, serviceability

Design and detailing

Geotechnical and seismic

EUROCODE 1 : ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES

EUROCODE 2 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

EN 1992-1-1 General rules and rules for buildings

EN 1992-1-2 General rules – Structural fire design

Concrete bridges – design and detailing

Eurocodes Title Superseded standards

Format of the Eurocodes

 National annex gives Nationally

 NDPs have been allowed for reason of

Logi Rawatan Air Jambatan

Two types of annex

Normative annexes are part of

Informative annexes provide

 The family of Eurocode is

 Format of all codes is: principles,

 All materials are subjected to

 Eurocodes used different terminology:

 Eurocodes used subscripts extensively:

“Ed” = design internal effect

“Rd” = design resistance

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PUSAT PEMBANGUNAN KEMAHIRAN SARAWAK (PPKS)

Section 6 Verification by the partial factor method

Annex A1 Application for buildings

(1)EN 1990 establishes Principles and

(2) EN 1990 is intended to be used in

(3) EN 1990 is applicable for the design of

(4) EN 1990 is applicable for the structural

1.3 The general assumption of EN 1990 are:

- the choice of the structural system and the design of

- execution is carried out by personnel having

- adequate supervision and quality control is provided

1.4 Distinction between Principles and

(2) The Principles comprise: