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REMOTE LEARNING MODULE

APP5 – PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Course Code – Course Title

MODULE 2
Module Number

STUDENT NAME:

ADDRESS:

CONTACT NUMBER: EMAIL:

GRADE LEVEL: STRAND:

SUBJECT TEACHER:

CLASS ADVISER:

SCHOOL YEAR: SEMESTER: _

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Activity 1
LESSON 1: Reviewing Related Literature X
Activity 2
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LESSON 1: REVIEWING RELATED LITERATURES

YOUR OBJECTIVES

Performance Standards:
You are able to:
select, cite, and synthesize judiciously related literature and use sources according to
ethical standards

Content Standards
You are expected to demonstrate your understanding of:
1. the criteria in selecting, citing, and synthesizing related literature
2. the techniques in listing references; and
3. the ethical standards in writing related literature

Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. selects relevant literature;
2. cites related literature using standard style (APA, MLA or Chicago Manual
of Style);
3. synthesizes information from relevant literature;
4. writes coherent review of literature; and
5. follows ethical standards in writing related literature

ACTIVITY 1

Compare the sample literatures.

Literature 1
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Literature 2

1. What was the topic?

2. How did the researchers review the topic?

3. Do both literatures contain a conclusion of the reviewed subject?

4. Do both literatures mention the gaps? How?

5. Do both literatures observe coherence and cohesion? How?

6. Which of the literatures are properly written? Why?

RELATED LITERATURE
Related literature provides direction for the research questions or hypothesis in a
deductive manner. Due to its significance in the research arena, literatures related to
your research topic will allow you to establish the credibility of your study. It would be
very difficult to start a study without reading literatures first, as you might not know
which gap you are trying to fill in, since literatures introduce a problem (through its gaps)
or describe the existing literature in detail. Literature also introduces a theory that will be
used and why it is a useful theory to examine and compare the results of the study with
the existing literatures.
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Cooper (1984) as appeared in Creswell (2009) suggested some models in

reviewing literatures:

1. Integrative Summaries. Summarizes broad themes in the literature. This is actually

the most common and most typical model used in reviewing literatures, as this you
only have to review the literatures related to the themes or variables that you have
identified in your study. For example, in this research title:

Speaking Anxiety and Strategic Competence of Grade 11 Students

in Oral Communication

The following variables in this study are speaking anxiety and strategic
competence. For those researchers who are employing integrative summaries in
reviewing literatures, they would search for literatures related to the identified
variables. As for speaking anxiety, one of the sub-themes could be reasons of
speaking anxiety. Then, for strategic competence, the sub-theme could be
importance of strategic competence in oral communication.

2. Theoretical Review. focuses on extant theory that relates to the problem under
study. According to University of Alabama Libraries (2019), the theoretical literature
review help establish what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to
what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new
hypotheses to be tested. Often this form is used to help establish a lack of
appropriate theories or reveal that current theories are inadequate for explaining
new or emerging research problems. The unit of analysis can focus on a theoretical
concept or a whole theory or framework.

Theory
1

Theory New Theory

4 2
Theory
Theory
3

Figure 1. Concept of Theoretical Literature Review

In this model of reviewing literature, there is pool of theories related to the same
issue/topic and literature that has been accumulated over time. Now, these theories
are bound to be compared as to what areas of interest these theories have been
extensively used, and what features on these theories are underexplored. After
thorough review of the theories, this may be the birth of a new theory that could be
tested through another research.
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3. Methodological Review. This model of literature does not solely focus on the
content of the literatures, but more on its applicability in the study. It also critiques
the strengths and weaknesses if the method sections found in dissertations and
review of related literatures in journal articles (Melegrito & Mendoza, 2016).

STEPS IN CONDUCTING LITERATURE REVIEW

The following steps were suggested by Creswell (2009):

1. Identify the Keywords. It is important to know more about the topic that you wanted
to explore in your research project. Thus, it requires you to be familiar with the big
ideas or the variables of your research.

2. Begin searching the catalog for holdings. If you are utilizing the university library,
then you may ask the assistance of the librarian to help you find the catalogs for
related to your topic – may it be the author, title, or keywords.

3. Locate about 50 reports of research in articles and books. This may sound
overkill but there as always what they say, the more, the better. Gather more
literatures as you can. Exhaust whatever resources you have at hand – libraries,
online journals, databases. Because once you conduct the elimination process, you
may end up very disappointed.

4. Conduct the elimination process. To do this, read the most important sections
such as abstracts in journal articles or chapter summaries in books. These sections
will be very helpful for you in choosing which literature fits in your study. Take note,
always read everything in the abstract or summary. There are instances that the
keywords you are looking for were only mentioned in that particular study and is not
that important. As a researcher, you have to activate your comprehension skills and
keenness to discern whether to include the literature or not.

5. Begin designing a literature map. To do the literature map, you can do the
outlining. From the general idea of the variable, you have to narrow it down.

TOPIC

SUB 1 SUB 2 SUB 3

SST1 SST 2.1 SST 3.1

SST 2 SST 2.2 SST 3.2

Figure 2. Outlining Process
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The example below is taken from Creswell (2009):

Figure 3. An Example of a Literature Map (Creswell, 2009)

The topic is Procedural Justice in Organizations. Then, it was narrowed down

into three subtopics which are Justice Perception Formations, Justice Effects, and
Justice in Organizational Change. In each subtopic, there were several authors whose
studies have contributed in that topic and were arranged in a chronological order. In
reviewing literature, you also have to consider when it was published, as it might already
be very outdated and there are latest researches debunking those who were published
earlier. As suggested by researchers, ten years from the time the research is conducted
is accepted. Then, at the bottom part of the literature map, is the gap of all the
researches
– the least explored among the related literatures that would fill the void in this area.

6. Draft summaries of the most relevant articles. Always remember to write a draft
first. Do not overestimate your capability in writing the literatures. It should be well
thought, as this section in research is considered as your support as to why this topic
needs to be studied.

7. Assemble the literature reviews. In assembling the reviews, mention the problem
being addressed in the study. Then, identify the central theme of the study to easily
categorize your literatures later. After that, state the major conclusions related to the
theme. If the review type is methodological, mention flaws in reasoning, logic, force
of argument, and so forth. If not, mention the gaps. These parts contain the
necessary details in selecting literatures.

8. Summarize major themes at the end of the review. Organize your literature
reviews by classifying them into major themes.
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SOURCES OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES (Reyes, 2014)

 Encyclopedias, books, almanacs, and other similar references
 Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers,
and other publications
 Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters, and diaries
 Unpublished theses and dissertations
 The Constitution, and laws, and statutes of the land
 Bulletins, circulars, memorandum, orders, and official reports for public entities
 Records from different organizations: business entities, civil-society groups,
and NGOs/Pos and reports of their activities
 Account or reports from seminars, fora, trainings, and symposia

ETHICS IN REVIEWING LITERATURE

1. Discuss intellectual property frankly. Always cite the authors and paraphrase
their works. Do not copy everything. You may have the same idea but as to how it
will be expressed, they are different. If found guilty of plagiarism, it is already a
ground for expulsion in the institution. Worst, you might get imprisoned for this act.

2. Be conscious of multiple roles. As a researcher, you have to consider your role to

the participant – you must employ methods that would protect the integrity of your
work such as minimizing the threats to internal and external validity. You also have a
role to the environment – which is to protect the nature by minimizing the use of
paper as much as possible, and carbon footprints. Your role to your study – you
must always be objective to your study. Do not allow your emotions cloud your
sense of judgment on the results of your study. Consider yourself as an agent to
humanity. Your task is to enlighten the people through the result of your study and its
implications. Report what is due to be reported.

3. Follow informed consent rules. Do not coerce your respondents to join your
research project. Always inform them of what are their responsibilities as part of the
project. If the respondent is minor, always seek parental consent. In addition, if the
respondent wants to retract from the study, you must not hinder them. They always
have that right.

4. Respect confidentiality and privacy. Do not tell anyone about the identity of your
respondents, even if they are your family members, especially when dealing with
very sensitive topics. The respondents have trusted you, that is why they share their
thoughts with you, in relation to your research topic. As for evidences such as
recordings, whether audio or video recorded, store it in a secured folder or flash
drives.
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5. Tap into ethics resources. Usually, big universities have their ethics committee. If
there is an available one in your institution, you might as well ask for help to validate
if your research have followed the protocols set by your institution.

ACTIVITY 2

On the space provided, write G if the statement shows a good practice in observing
research ethics and write B if otherwise.

1. Martha is required to cite the author of the scientific idea she lifted, so she
placed the family name of her cousin and her date of birth as year
published.
2. The researcher did not actually conduct the survey.
3. Virgie sought the permission of the company President by writing him a
letter in order to conduct survey amongst the employees of the company.
4. The researcher included the name of the grammar checker as author.
5. The researcher revised and edited the title of his study and published it in
another research journal even if the content is just the same as the original
which was already published.
6. The researcher continued conducting the focus group discussion and
interview with the tribal women even without the permission of the tribal
leader.
7. The researcher checked to see that all survey questionnaires are properly
answered.
8. The researcher kept all the raw data or answered questionnaires safe.
9. The researcher omitted the name of the second co-author in their group
research activity for them to gain more points for the study.
10. The researchers catch 20 live farm rats so that they can cut and
experiment on their ears.

ACTIVITY 3

Using the following data lifted from various references, properly write a reviewed
literature. Make 5-sentence review about the causes of the increase of dropout rates at
the high school level, by following the guide as discussed in previous pages.

1. Holand (2010): One factor that may have caused an increase in the number of
dropouts among high school students is financial difficulties. If the students do not
have sufficient money, they will be unable to pay for their tuition and will have
difficulties in managing their daily schooling expenses. Another factor that may
impact the continuity of the students’ education is the example set by their parents.
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2. Garcia (2006): According to several studies, the most common causes of dropping-
out among high-school students are as follows: (a) financial condition, (b) migration
and transfer of residence, (c) lack of parental support, and (d) peer pressure.

3. Trent (2013): The three main reasons for dropping out of school are parental
engagement, the students’ academic performance, and the family’s economic
needs. Their effects are not immediately seen but are the result of a process.

4. Rosas (2000): the reasons behind the increase in dropout rates can be classified
into school-related and family related factors.

ACTIVITY 4

Review the given literatures through the checklist. Write P if the guideline is present in
the research, and NP if not.

Literature 1

A study conducted by Laginder and Stenöien (2011) proved that personal interest
in dance can lead to commitment thru dance practices over a long time. They also
proved that individuals who pursue an interest, seek activities under that interest but
in different contexts that will provide them with appropriate experiences.
A research conducted by Harackiewicz J. and Hulleman C. (2010) stated that
decline of interest in a certain subject also declines achievement and commitment to
a subject. With their claim about a decrease of interest and its relation with declining
of achievement, this further proves Bengwayan’s (2008) instatement that students’
nowadays have lower skills in cultural vocabulary.

Literature 2

The cognitive interference model suggests that individuals with high levels of test
anxiety perform poorly in large part due to an inability to suppress competing
thoughts during the exam. This theory was derived from findings that individuals with
high levels of test anxiety are more likely to worry about the outcome of the test,
compare their abilities to others, or dwell on the notion that they are not fully prepared
for the exam (Sarason, 1984; Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1992). The interference
explanation is consistent with Easterbrook’s (1959) classic work on cue utilization.
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ues, promoting performance (Easterbrook, 1959). However, it appears that individuals with high levels of test anxiety are eithe

Guidelines for Reviewing the Literatures Literature 1 Literature 2

1. Did the researchers mention the problem being addressed by the research?

2. Did the researchers identify the central theme of the study?

3. Did the researchers state the major conclusion related to the theme?

4. Did the researchers mention the flaws in reasoning or the gaps in the
present study?

If there are guidelines which are not present in the given researchers, how should the
researchers do it?

REFERENCING IN APA FORMAT (7th Edition)

Basic Rules for Most Sources

1. All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented
one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

2. All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).

3. Authors' first and middle names should be written as initials.

o For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith
would begin with "Smith, J. M."
o If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J."

4. Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up
to and including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first
six
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authors). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a
comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or
more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then
add the final author’s name.

5. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author
of each work.

6. For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list
the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.

7. When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or

other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and
subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
o Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules.

8. Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of

newspapers, and so on).

9. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such
as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.

Reference List: Author/Authors

Single Author: Last name first, followed by author initials.

Brown, E. (2013). Comedy and the feminine middlebrow novel. Pickering &
Chatto.

Two Authors:

List by their last names and initials. Separate author names with a comma. Use the
ampersand instead of "and."

Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing
and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth,
fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 113(1), 117-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096

Three to Twenty Authors:

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author
name is preceded again by ampersand. This is a departure from APA 6, which only
required listing the first six authors before an ellipsis and the final author's name.
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Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019).
Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level
construal in goal-relevant task performance. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 117(5), 879-
899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166

More Than Twenty Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names. After the first 19
authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with
the final author's name (do not place an ampersand before it). There should be no more
than twenty names in the citation in total.

Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R.,
Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H.,
Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak,
J., Koster, R., . . . Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A
multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-
2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1

Group Author

Group authors can include corporations, government agencies, organizations, etc; and
a group may publish in coordination with individuals. Here, you simply treat the
publishing organization the same way you'd treat the author's name and format the rest
of the citation as normal. Be sure to give the full name of the group author in your
reference list, although abbreviations may be used in your text.

Entries in reference works (e.g. dictionaries, thesauruses, and encyclopedias) without

credited authors are also considered works with group authors.

Merriam-Webster. (2008). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster’s

Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.

When a work has multiple layers of group authorship (e.g. The Office of the Historian,
which is a part of the Department of State, publishes something), list the most specific
agency as the author and the parent agency as the publisher.

Bureau of International Organization Affairs. (2018). U.S. contributions to

international organizations, 2017 [Annual report]. U.S. Department of
State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-contributions-to-international-
organizations/
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Unknown Author

When the work does not have an author move the title of the work to the beginning of
the references and follow with the date of publication. Only use “Anonymous” if the
author is the work is signed “Anonymous.”

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Merriam-Webster.

NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author
named, use a shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use
quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the
source above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 2003).

Two or More Works by the Same Author

Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes
first). List references with no dates before references with dates.

Urcuioli, P. J. (n.d.).
Urcuioli, P. J. (2011).
Urcuioli, P. J. (2015).

When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first
author of a group, list the one-author entries first.

Agnew, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Social influences on romantic relationships:

Beyond the dyad. Cambridge University Press.

Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.). (2014). Interpersonal relationships and

health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford University
Press.

References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors
are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of
the third if the first and second authors are the same.

Arriaga, X. B., Capezza, N. M., Reed, J. T., Wesselman, E. D., & Williams, K. D.
(2014). With partners like you, who needs strangers?: Ostracism
involving a romantic partner. Personal Relationships, 21(4), 557-569.

Arriaga, X. B., Kumashiro, M., Finkel, E. J., VanderDrift, L. E., & Luchies, L. B.
(2014). Filling the void: Bolstering attachment security in committed
relationships. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 398-
405.
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Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

If you are using more than one reference by the same author—or the same group of
authors listed in the same order—published in the same year, first check to see if they
have more specific dates. Works with only a year should be listed before those with a
more specific date. List specific dates chronologically. If two works have the same
publication date, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the
article or chapter. If references with the same date are identified as parts of a series
(e.g. Part 1 and Part 2), list them in order of their place in the series. Then assign letter
suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your
reference list, e.g.: "Berndt (2004a) makes similar claims..."

Berndt, T. J. (2004a). Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in

perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill Palmer
Quarterly, 50(3), 206-223.

Berndt, T. J. (2004b). Friendship and three A’s (aggression, adjustment, and

attachment). Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88(1), 1-4.

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

Cite the publishing information about a book as usual, but cite Introduction, Preface,
Foreword, or Afterword (whatever title is applicable) as the chapter of the book.

Lang, J. M. (2018). Introduction. In Dujardin, G., Lang, J. M., & Staunton, J. A.

(Eds.), Teaching the literature survey course (pp. 1-8). West Virginia
University Press.

REFERENCE LIST: ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Important Note: Some electronic citations necessitate the use of brackets. APA
style dictates that brackets should directly surround their content without spaces (e.g.,
[bracketed content] should look like this). When possible, include the year, month, and
date in references. If the month and date are not available, use the year of publication.
Additionally, APA 7thedition no longer requires the use of “Retrieved from” before
URLs or DOIs.

Webpage or Piece of Online Content

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist.

Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-
3af27e312d01
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If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the
group/organization as the author. Additionally, if the author and site name are the same,
omit the site name from the citation.

Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019,

November
21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting
victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-
dogfighting-victims

If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a
retrieval date when the page's content is likely to change over time (like, for instance, if
you're citing a wiki that is publicly edited).

Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March
18, 2020, from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/

If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.).

Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health

conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions

Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing DOIs

Please note: Because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA
recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed
to the URL. DOIs are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles.
They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many—
but not all—publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document.

Note also that some online bibliographies provide an article's DOI but may "hide"
the code under a button which may read "Article" or may be an abbreviation of a
vendor's name like "CrossRef" or "PubMed." This button will usually lead the user to the
full article which will include the DOI.

APA 7 also advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the
print source.

Article from an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned

Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of

Periodical, Vol.(Issue), page numbers. DOI
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Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006). Development and

validation of the active empathetic listening scale. Psychology &
Marketing, 23(2), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105

Article from an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned

If an online scholarly journal article has no DOI and is published on a website,

include the URL. If an online scholarly article has no DOI and is published on a
database, do not include a URL or any database information. The only exception is for
databases that publish articles that are in limited circulation (like ERIC) or that are only
available on that particular database (like UpToDate). You should also include the date
that you accessed the article.

Perreault, L. (2019). Obesity in adults: Role of physical activity and

exercise. UpToDate. Retrieved January 12, 2020,
from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-role-of-physical-
activity-and-exercise

Abstract

APA 7th edition does not provide guidance on how to cite abstracts. However, if
you only use information from the abstract but the full text of the article is also available,
we advise you to add "[Abstract]" after the article or source name. If the full text is not
available, you may use an abstract that is available through an abstracts database as a
secondary source.

Online News Article

Note: The format for this type of source depends on whether your source comes
from a site with an associated newspaper. If the source does come from a site with an
associated newspaper, leave the title of the article unformatted, but italicize the title of
the newspaper.

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL

Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings
lullabies about the end of America. Washington
Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best-music-
of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end-of-
america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html

On the other hand, if the source doesn't come from a site with an associated
newspaper, italicize the title of the article, but leave the name of the site unformatted.
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Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Name of publishing website. URL

Jones, J. (2020, May 10). Why flats dominate Spain's housing market.
BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200506-why-do-flats-
dominate-spains-housing-market

Electronic or Kindle Books

It is not necessary to note that you have used an eBook or audiobook when the
content is the same as a physical book. However, you should distinguish between the
eBook or audiobook and the print version if the content is different or abridged, or if you
would like to cite the narrator of an audiobook.

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. URL

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book [eBook edition]. Publisher. URL
Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher.
URL (if applicable)

Dissertation/Thesis from a Database

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral

dissertation or master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree]. Database
Name.

Duis, J. M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and related organic chemistry

conceptions of undergraduate organic chemistry students. (Publication
No. 3348786) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado].
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

Note: An online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia may be continuously

updated and therefore not include a publication date (like in the example below). If
that’s the case, use “n.d.” for the date and include the retrieval date in the citation.

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary.

Retrieved January 13, 2020, from https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/braggadocio

Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an

Individual Author

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work

(edition). Publisher. URL or DOI
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19

Martin, M. (2018). Animals. In L. A. Schintler & C. L. McNeely

(Eds), Encyclopedia of big data. SpringerLink. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-
3-319-32001-4_7-1

Note: If the dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia does not include an edition, simply skip
that step.

Data Sets

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group (Year). Title of dataset (Version No.) [Data set].
Publisher. DOI or URL

Grantmakers in the Arts. (2019). Arts funding trends, United States, 1994-
present (ICPSR 37337) [Data set]. National Archive of Data on Arts &
Culture. https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NADAC/studies/37337

Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps, Infographics, and Other

Graphic Representations of Data)

Give the name of the organization or individual followed by the date and the title.
If there is no title, in brackets, you should provide a brief explanation of what type of
data is there and in what form it appears. Include the URL and the retrieval date if there
is no publication date.

HatchMed. (2017). 8 ways to improve patient satisfaction [Infographic].

HatchMed.com. https://www.hatchmed.com/blog/2017/1/30/8-ways-to-
improve-patient-satisfaction

Google. (n.d.). [Google Map of Purdue University]. Retrieved January 12, 2020,
from https://www.google.com/maps/@40.4237095,-86.9233886,17z

Qualitative Data and Online Interviews

If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in
the text (not in the reference list) and provide the month, day, and year in the text. If the
interview transcript is published in an online periodical, like a magazine, cite the
interview the same way you would cite the medium where it is published, as shown
below:

Schulman, M. (2019, December 8). Peter Dinklage is still punk rock. The
New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-
interview/peter-dinklage-is-still-punk-rock
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20

If it is an audio file or transcript published in a database, credit the interviewee as the

author and use the following model:

Paynter, W. (1970, September 17). Interview with Will Paynter [Interview]. Studs
Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago History
Museum. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/interview-will-paynter

Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides

When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in
brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document).

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint

slides, etc]. Publisher. URL

Smith, C. (2017, October 13). AI and machine learning demystified [PowerPoint

slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/carologic/ai-and-machine-
learning-demystified-by-carol-smith-at-midwest-ux-2017

Visit the following sources for more details:

1. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide
/reference_list_basic_rules.html
2. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide
/reference_list_author_authors.html
3. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide
/reference_list_electronic_sources.html

ACTIVITY 5

A. Rewrite the following using the APA Style of parenthetical citation.

1. Author: unknown
Publication date: n/a
Website name: Losing Weight Naturally
Quote: “To lose one pound, an individual must burn an extra 3500 calories.”
Paragraph number: 6
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21

2. Authors: Sarah Belkins, Ruth DeFone, Samuel Cruz, Dan Smith, Randy
Sonoma, Rich Dunkin
Publication date: 2004
Quote: “Teenager become increasingly susceptible to peer pressure as they
grow older starting at age 12.”
Page number: 237
Volume Number: 5

B. Rewrite the following using the APA Style of Referencing

3. Author: James J. Jones

Publication date: May 16, 1990
Title: Gender differences in math: A study conducted in Tennessee
Journal title: Mathematics Teacher
Volume: 3
Pages: 4-6

4. Authors: Alegria M. Chico and Myrna D. Matira

Publication year: 2016
Book: Practical Research 2 for the 21st Century Learners (Quantitative
Research
Publishing house: St. Augustine Publications
City of Publication: Manila
 22
22

ACTIVITY 6
1. Why is the review of related literature important in one’s study?

2. Why is plagiarism an ethical issue? What is your position on this?

3. Explain the difference of a primary source and secondary source of data.

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ACTIVITY 7
Based on your answers in the previous module, read various articles related to your study
and organize them by creating a literature map. Choose only 1-2 themes from your title.
 24
24

RUBRICS
Learning Tasks 10 pts 7pts 5pts 2pts
(Very Good) (Good) (Satisfactory) (Poor)
There are at least 5
synthesizes
All the literatures of the literatures There are at least 6- Majority of the
information from
and studies cited and studies cited are 10 of the literatures literatures and
relevant literature
contains relevant irrelevant and studies cited are studies cited are
and study, and
information that information that irrelevant and does irrelevant and does
relate it to the
will help in building does help in help in building the not help in building
current study
the argument of the building the argument of the the argument of the
through a literature
study. argument of the study. study.
map
study.

cite related
literature and study
All entries follow 75% of the entries 50% of the entries All entries do not
using the American
the APA format in follows the APA follows the APA follow the APA
Psychological
citation. format in citation. format in citation format in citation
Association (APA)
format

There are at least 3

All citations are There are at least 5 There are at most 5
citations not listed
list the references in listed in the citations not listed citations not listed
in the reference
an alphabetical reference page, and in the reference in the reference
page, and in an
order in an alphabetical page, and in an page, and in an
alphabetical
manner. alphabetical manner alphabetical manner
manner.