Fluids Mechanics

Is the branch of mechanics

whose primary concern is to analyze
the behavior of forces in fluids under
the condition of equilibrium and
acceleration.
 Systems of Units
1.) Metric System
The official system of measurement in almost every country in
the world

Common Quantities used with their respective

Units

Quantity Base Unit Standard Unit S.U. Symbol

distance meter meter m
Area square meter square meter m2
Volume cubic meter cubic meter m3

mass gram kilogram kg

time second second s

force newton newton N
work energy joule joule J
power watt watt W
velocity meter/second meter/second m/s
 Systems of Units
2.) English System
The US English System of measurement grew out of the manner
in which people secured measurements using body parts and familiar
objects

Common Quantities used with their respective

Units
Quantity Base Unit Symbol
distance Foot ft
Area Square foot ft 2
Volume Cubic foot ft 3

mass slug slug

time second s
force pound # or lbs
work /energy foot-pound ft(lbs)
foot. pound ft(lbs)
power
second s
velocity foot/second ft/s
 English Unit Conversion
Equivalence

Quantity: Length
1 foot (ft) = 12 inches (in)
1 yard (yd) = 3 feet
1 mile (mi) = 5280 feet
1 mile = 1760 yards

Quantity: Weight
1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz)
1 ton = 2000 pounds

Quantity: Temperature
1 °R = 1℉ + 460
 Metric to English/English to Metric
Conversion:
1.) Quantity: Length/distance: 3.) Quantity: Work, Energy and Power:
1 inch=2.54 cm 1 joule=1 N.m
1 km=0.621 mile 1 watt=1 joule/sec
1 m=3.28 ft 1 HP=746 watts
1 m=39.4 inches
1 mile=1.61 km 4.) Quantity: Forces, Mass and Weight:
1 mile=5280 ft 1 N=1 (kg.m)/s2
1 nautical mile=6,080 ft 1 kg=9.81N
1 yard= 3 ft 1 pound=4.45 N
1 N=100,000 dyne

2.) Quantity: Volume: 5.) Quantity: Pressure/ Stress:

1 cubic meter (m3) =1000 liter 1 Pascal=1 N/m2
1 cubic meter=35.5 cubic feet (ft3) 1 kPa=1 kN/m2
1 cubic foot=7.481 gallons 1 MPa=1 N/mm2
1 atmosphere (atm) =14.7 lbs/in2 (psi)
1 atm=760 mm.Hg
 Properties of Fluids
Where:
𝑤 =weight
1.) Unit Weight 𝑉 =volume
𝑤 𝑚 =mass
𝛾= 𝛾 =unit weight
𝑉 𝜌 =mass density
2.) Mass Density for Liquid 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 =Absolute pressure
𝑚 𝑅 =Constant Gas
𝜌=
𝑉 𝐽 𝑙𝑏−𝑓𝑡
= 287 𝑘𝑔 = 1716 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
3.) Mass Density for Gas ൗ°𝐾 ൗ°𝑅

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑇 =Temperature in °𝐾 𝑜𝑟 °𝑅
𝜌= °𝐾 = ℃ + 273
𝑅𝑇 °𝑅 = ℉ + 460
4.) Specific Volume 𝑉𝑠 =Specific Volume
1 𝐺 =Specific Gravity
𝑉𝑠 = 𝛾𝑓 =Unit weight of the fluid
𝜌
5.) Specific Gravity 𝛾𝑤 =Unit weight of water
𝛾𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝛾𝑤 = 9.81 𝑘𝑁ൗ 3 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏ൗ 3
𝑚 𝑓𝑡
𝐺= =
𝛾𝑤 𝜌𝑤 𝜌𝑓 =mass density of the fluid
𝜌𝑤 =mass density of water
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝜌𝑤 = 1000 ൗ 3 = 1.94 ൘𝑓𝑡 3
𝑚
 Properties of Fluids
Problem 1
The specific gravity of certain oil is 0.82. Calculate
its
a.) specific weight in Lb/ft3 and kN/m3
b.) mass density in slugs/ft3 and kg/m3
Ans.) a.) 51.168 lb/ft3 & 8.044 kN/m3; b.) 1.59
slugs/ft3 & 820 kg/m3

Problem 2
A lead cube has a total mass of 80 kg. what is the
length of its side? Sp. Gr. Of lead=11.3.
Ans.) 19.2 cm
 Properties of Fluids
Problem 3
If the specifc volume of a certain gas is 0.7848
m3/kg, what is its specific weight/
Ans.) 12.5 N/m3

Problem 4
Air is kept at a pressure of 200 kPa absolute
and a temperature of 30˚C in a 500-liter
container, what is the mass of air?
Ans.) 1.15 kg
 Properties of Fluids
Where:
6.) Viscosity
𝜇 =absolute viscosity
a.) Absolute Viscosity 𝜏 =shearing stress
𝜏
𝜇= 𝑣 =velocity
𝑑𝑣ൗ 𝑦 =distance between two plates
𝑑𝑦
b.) kinematic Viscosity 𝜈 =kinematic viscosity
𝜇 𝜌 = mass density
𝜈=
𝜌

𝑑𝑣

𝜏
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑦
 Properties of Fluids
Problem 5
Two large plane surfaces are 25 mm apart and the space
between them is filled with a liquid of viscosity =0.958
Pa-s. Assuming the velocity gradient to be a straight
line, what force is required to pull a very thin plate of
0.37 m2 area at a constant speed of 0.3 m/s if the plate
is 8.4 mm from one of the surfaces?
Ans: 19.08 N
 μ=0.958 Pa-s
A=0.37 sq.m.
V=0.3 m/s
16.6 mm

R1
P=19.08 P
N
25 mm

R2
8.4 mm
 Properties of Fluids
Problem 6
A cylinder of 125 mm radius rotates
concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of
130 mm radius. Both cylinders are 300
mm long. Determine the viscosity of the
liquid which fills space between the
cylinders if a torque of 0.88 N-m is
required to maintain an angular
velocity of 2π radians/sec. Assume the
velocity gradient to be a straight line.
Ans: 0.19 Pa-sec
 Properties of Fluids

Where:
𝑑𝑝 =Change in pressure
7.) Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
𝑑𝑉 =Change in volume
𝑑𝑝 𝐸 =bulk modulus of elasticity
𝐸=−
𝑑𝑉ൗ 𝛽 =compressibility
𝑉
8.) Compressibility
1
𝛽=
𝐸
 Properties of Fluids
Problem 6
Water in a hydraulic press, initially at
137 kPa absolute, is subjected to a
pressure of 116,280 kPa absolute.
Using EB=2.5 Gpa, determine the
percentage decrease in the volume of
water.
Ans.) 4.65% decrease
 Properties of Fluids

Where:
7.) Surface Tension 𝜎 =surface tension in N/m
𝑃𝑔 𝑑 𝑃𝑔 =gage pressure
𝜎= ℎ =capillary rise/capillary depression
4 𝜃 =angle between L.S. and side of the
8.) Capillarity/capillary Action conduits
4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜃 = 140° − 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦
ℎ=
𝛾𝑓 𝑑 𝜃 = 0° − 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑑 =diameter of the tube
 Properties of Fluids
Problem 7
What is the value of the surface tension of a small drop of
water 0.3 mm in diameter which is in contact with air if the
pressure within the droplet is 561 Pa?
Ans; 0.042 N/m

Problem 8
Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube
of diameter 3 mm. Use 𝜎=0.0728 N/m and 𝛾=9810 N/m3 for
water.
Ans; 9.9 mm
 Principles of Hydrostatics
Problem 9
In the figure shown, determine the
weight W that can be carried by the 1.5
kN force acting on the piston.
Ans; 150 kN
 W=150
kN

W =?

1
2
 Principles of Hydrostatics
Problem 10
The hydraulic press shown is filled with oil with
sp. gr. 0.82. Neglecting the weight of the two
pistons. What force F on the handle is
required to support the 10 kN weight?
Ans; 65.29 N
 65.29
N

2
1

1.11 kN

R
 Principles of Hydrostatics
Problem 11
Find the absolute pressure in kPa at a depth
of 10 m below the free surface of oil of sp.
gr. 0.75 if the barometric reading is 752
mmHg.
Ans; 173.90 kPa
 Principles of Hydrostatics
Problem 12
If atmospheric pressure is 95.7 kPa and
the gage attached to the tank reads 188
mm-Hg vacuum, find the absolute
pressure within the tank.
Ans; 70.62 kPa abs
 Principles of Hydrostatics
Problem 8
Assuming specific weight of air to be
constant at 12 N/m3, what is the
approximate height of Mount Banahaw
if a mercury barometer at the base of
the mountain reads 654 mm and at the
same instant, another barometer at the
top of the mountain reads 480 mm.
Ans; 1934.53
 Principles of Hydrostatics
Problem 13
In the figure shown, if the atmospheric
pressure is 101.03 kPa and the absolute
pressure at the bottom of the tank is
231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity
of olive oil?
Ans; 1.38
Pabs=231.3 kPa

Patm=101.3 kPa
1

4
5
 Principles of Hydrostatics
Problem 14
Assuming normal barometric pressure,
how deep in the ocean is the point
where an air bubble, upon reaching the
surfaces, has six times its volume than
it had at the bottom?
Ans; 50.13 m
 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟔𝑽𝟏

𝑽𝟏
 Principles of Hydrostatics
Problem 15
For a gage reading of -17.1 kPa, determine the a.)
elevations of the liquids in the open piezometer
columns E, F, and G and b.) the deflection of the
mercury in the U-tube manometer neglecting the
weight of air.
Ans; a.) 12.5 m; 12.357 m; 10.72 m;
b.) 0.614 m
A.1.)
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆
El =? 1
2
Y1

𝟏𝟓
𝟏𝟐.−𝟓𝒎
𝒀𝟏
A.2.)
𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟐.+𝟑𝟓𝟕
𝒀𝟐

1
El=? 3
Y2
2
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆

3m
A.3.)
3m
1
𝟏𝟎.
8+𝒀𝟕𝟐𝟑 𝒎
2
El=? 4
Y3
4m 3
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆
B.)

1
3m
2

4m

4m

3 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟒 𝒎
 Principles of Hydrostatics
Problem 16
The pressure at point m in the figure shown was
increased from 70 kPa to 105 kPa. This causes the
top level of mercury to move 20 cm in the sloping
tube. What is the inclination,?

Ans; 23
A.)
P1=70 kPa

Y1
Y2
3
2

Mercury
 P1= 70 kPa
B.)
P2=105 kPa

Y1 3’
Ө
3
2 0.20sinӨ
0.20 2’ 0.2

Y2

Mercury
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 17
A vertical rectangular gate 1.5 m wide
and 3 m high is submerged in water
with its top edge 2 m below the water
surface. Find the total pressure acting
on one side of the gate and its location
from the bottom.
Ans; 154.51 kN; 1.286 m
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 18
A vertical rectangular plate is submerged
half in oil (sp. gr.=0.8) and half in water
such that its top edge is flushed with
the oil surface. What is the ratio of the
force exerted by water acting on the
lower half to that by oil acting on the
upper half?
Ans; 3.25
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 19
A closed cylindrical tank 2 m in diameter
and 8 m deep with axis vertical contains 6
m deep of oil (sp. gr. = 0.8). The air above
the liquid surface has a pressure of 0.8
kg/cm2. Determine the total normal force
in kg acting on the wall and its location
from the bottom of
the tank.
Ans; 156,800π kg; 3.63 m
 Pressure Diagram

π(2)
F1=128000π

Ft=156800π

F2=28800π
8

6
𝒀𝟏 =4
ഥ
𝐘
𝒀𝟐 =2

P1=8000
P1 P2
P2=4800
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 20
Determine the magnitude and location of the total
hydrostatic force acting on the 2 m x 4 m gate shown in
the figure.
Ans: 733.16 kN; 1.84 fr. The bottom
 Real L.S.

Ft=733.16
kN

hr=7.41
e
e=0.156

Yr=8.5
2m
Ft 6

YY=2-e
Y=1.8
4
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 21
Determine the magnitude of the force on the inclined
gate 1.5 m by 0.5 m shown in the figure. The tank of
water is completely closed and the pressure gage at
the bottom of the tank reads 90,000 N/m2. Use 9800
N/m3 for water.
Ans; 48,022.5 N
 F=24013.02N
c.g.
P2

P1=90,000
N/m^2 F
0.65
0.75sin60

0.75

P2=64030
Pa
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 22
A vertical circular gate in a tunnel 8 m diameter has oil
(sp. gr. 0.8) on one side and air on the other side. If
oil is 12 m above the invert and the air pressure is 40
kPa, where will a single support be located (above
the invert of the tunnel) to hold the gate in position?
Ans; 2.62 m
𝒀 =?
 𝑭𝒂 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝒌𝑵
𝐞 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒎
𝑹𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵
8m

𝑭𝒂
e 𝑭𝒐
𝑹𝒙 4m
𝒀
O
𝟑. 𝟓𝒎
𝒀 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐
𝑭𝒐 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟕𝒌𝑵
 Total hydrostatic force on curve surfaces
Case 1: fluid is above the curved surface

L.S.
Fv
V
𝑭𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

Fh
𝒆
 Total hydrostatic force on curve surfaces
Case 2: fluid is below the curved surface

L.S.

Fh
𝒆
𝑭𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

Fv
 Total hydrostatic force on curve surfaces
Case 3: fluid is above and below the curved surface

L.S.

Fv2
V1 V2

Fh1
𝒆

Fh2 𝑭𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

Fv1
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 23
The crest gate shown consists of a cylindrical surface of which AB
is the base supported by a structural frame hinged at O. the
length of the gate is 10 m. compute the magnitude and location
of the horizontal and vertical components of the total pressure
on AB.
Ans; Fh=3678.53 kN; 2.89; Fv=1235 kN; 8.6
 X=8.6 m
x
Fv = 1235
Fv
10 m

V
V=125.90
Fh = 3678.54
Fh 8.66
𝒆 𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒

𝒀 𝒀 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟗

5 5
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 24
Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force per meter
length due to water acting on the radial tainter gate
shown in the figure.
𝑭𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝑵

V=?cu.m.
V= 3.25 1m

3m 𝑭𝒉 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑵
30°
H=?
H=6
Fh
Fv=31.88
kN
Fv
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 25
In the figure shown, the 1.20 m diameter cylinder. 1.20
m long is acted upon by water on the left and oil
having sp. gr. Of 0.80 on the right. Determine the
components of the reaction at B if the cylinder
weighs 19.62 kN.
 Vw
Vw=0.679 Fhw=16.95
cu m kN
1.2 m
1.2

Fhw

Fvw Fvw=6.657
kN
 1.2 m V=0.679
V=?cu m

Fho

Fvo Fvo=5.326
kN
Fho=6.781
kN
Rx=10.17 Ry=7.637
kN kN

Fhw= 16.95 W=19.62 kN

kN

Rx

Fvw= 6.657 Fho= 6.781 kN

kN
Ry
Fvo= 5.326 kN
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 26
Determine the magnitude of the horizontal and
vertical components of the total force per meter
length acting on the three-quarter cylinder gate
shown.
 Horizontal forces

1m

4m

4m
Fh1

Fh1=156.96
kN
 Horizontal forces

5m
1m

Fh2 2m

Fh2=98.1 kN
 Vertical forces
4m Fv1=218.57
V= 22.28 kN
cu m
V=?
Fv1
4m
 V =4.86
V =? cu m

4m

Fv2 Fv2=47.68
kN

2m
 Rx=58.86 kN Ry=170.89 kN

Fh1= 156.96
kN Fh2= 98.1 kN

Fh2= 218.57
kN

Fh2=47.68 kN
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 27

An inverted conical plug 400 mm diameter and 300 mm

long closes a 200 mm diameter circular hole at the
bottom of a tank containing 600 mm of oil having sp. gr.
Of 0.82. determine the total vertical force acting on the
plug.
Ans; 63.5 N downward
𝑭𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝑽 =?
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟖 𝒄𝒖 𝒎

𝟎. 𝟒𝟓

𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
𝑭𝒗𝟏

𝟎. 𝟑
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓

𝟎. 𝟐𝒎

𝟎. 𝟒 𝒎
 𝑭𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵

𝑽 =?𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟔𝟓 𝒄𝒖 𝒎

𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒎 𝑭𝒗𝟐

𝟎. 𝟒 𝒎
 𝑭𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑵

𝑭𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟔
𝒌𝑵
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 28
A 2 m diameter horizontal cylinder 2 m long plugs a
1 m by 2 m rectangular hole at the bottom of a
tank. With what force is the cylinder pressed
against the bottom of the tank due to the 4 m
depth of water?
Ans; 18.62 kN
 V1=1.23
V1=? Fv3=42.77 V2=4.36
V2=?
cu m 𝑭𝒗𝟑 kN cu m

60° 𝟐𝒎
𝟐. 𝟐𝟕 60°
120°
𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔
𝟏. 𝟕𝟑 𝟐𝒎
𝟏𝒎
Fv2=12.07
kN

Fv1=12.07
𝑭𝒗𝟏 𝑭𝒗𝟐
kN 30°

1m
0.5m
 Fv3=42.77
kN

Ry=18.62
Fv2=12.07
kN kN

Fv1=12.07
kN
 Total Hydrostatic Force
Problem 29
Pressurized water fills the tank shown in the
figure. Compute the net hydrostatic force acting
on the hemispherical surface.
Ans; 804.7 kN
 Real Liquid Surface

h=10.19 V=81.875
V=?
m
h=? cu m

Fv=804.17
kN

Fv