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Database Command

SQL commands are used to communicate with the database and perform tasks like creating tables, adding data, modifying tables, and querying data. There are five main types of SQL commands: DDL for defining data structures, DML for manipulating data, DCL for controlling access, TCL for transaction control, and DQL for querying data. DDL commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP permanently change the structure of tables, while DML commands like INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE modify data but changes are not committed until COMMIT is called.

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Madhu Bisht
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62 views

Database Command

SQL commands are used to communicate with the database and perform tasks like creating tables, adding data, modifying tables, and querying data. There are five main types of SQL commands: DDL for defining data structures, DML for manipulating data, DCL for controlling access, TCL for transaction control, and DQL for querying data. DDL commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP permanently change the structure of tables, while DML commands like INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE modify data but changes are not committed until COMMIT is called.

Uploaded by

Madhu Bisht
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Commands

o SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the


database. It is also used to perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of
data.

o SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop
the table, modify the table, set permission for users.

Types of SQL Commands


There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL.
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
o DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table,
altering a table, etc.

o All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save
all the changes in the database.

Here are some commands that come under DDL:

o CREATE

o ALTER

o DROP

o TRUNCATE

a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.

Syntax:

1. CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);  

Example:

1. CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(Name VARCHAR2(20), Email VARCHAR2(100), DOB D

ATE);  

b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the
table.

Syntax

1. DROP TABLE ;  

Example

1. DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;  
c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change
could be either to modify the characteristics of an existing attribute or
probably to add a new attribute.

Syntax:

To add a new column in the table

1. ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;    

To modify existing column in the table:

1. ALTER TABLE MODIFY(COLUMN DEFINITION....);  

EXAMPLE

1. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));  

2. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARCHAR2(20));  

d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the
space containing the table.

Syntax:

1. TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;  

Example:

1. TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;  
2. Data Manipulation Language
o DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all
form of changes in the database.

o The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently


save all the changes in the database. They can be rollback.

Here are some commands that come under DML:

o INSERT
o UPDATE

o DELETE

a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data


into the row of a table.

Syntax:

1. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME    

2. (col1, col2, col3,.... col N)  

3. VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);  

Or

1. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME    

2. VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);    

For example:

1. INSERT INTO javatpoint (Author, Subject) VALUES ("Sonoo", "DBMS");  

b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a


column in the table.

Syntax:

1. UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [

WHERE CONDITION]   

For example:

1. UPDATE students    

2. SET User_Name = 'Sonoo'    

3. WHERE Student_Id = '3'  

c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.

Syntax:
1. DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];  

For example:

1. DELETE FROM javatpoint  

2. WHERE Author="Sonoo";  
3. Data Control Language
DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any
database user.

Here are some commands that come under DCL:

o Grant

o Revoke

a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.

Example

1. GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;  

b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

Example

1. REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;  
4. Transaction Control Language
TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and
UPDATE only.

These operations are automatically committed in the database that's why


they cannot be used while creating tables or dropping them.

Here are some commands that come under TCL:

o COMMIT

o ROLLBACK
o SAVEPOINT

a. Commit: Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the


database.

Syntax:

1. COMMIT;  

Example:

1. DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS  

2. WHERE AGE = 25;  

3. COMMIT;  

b. Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not


already been saved to the database.

Syntax:

1. ROLLBACK;  

Example:

1. DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS  

2. WHERE AGE = 25;  

3. ROLLBACK;  

c. SAVEPOINT: It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain point


without rolling back the entire transaction.

Syntax:

1. SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;  
5. Data Query Language
DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.

It uses only one command:


o SELECT

a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of relational


algebra. It is used to select the attribute based on the condition described by
WHERE clause.

Syntax:

1. SELECT expressions    

2. FROM TABLES    

3. WHERE conditions;  

For example:

1. SELECT emp_name  

2. FROM employee  

3. WHERE age > 20;  

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