1

DESIGN OF TANKS FOR STORING INVENTORY FOR THE

MANUFACTURING OF 12.5 TONNE/DAY OF LACTIC ACID

TEAM MEMBERS

MITALI SHARMA BT19CME072

NIKITA JOSHI BT19CME059
PRABUDDHA GOPE BT19CME045
RASHMI HEGDE BT19CME050

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

VISVESVARAYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NAGPUR
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CONTENTS

1. About
a. Lactic Acid
i) Introduction
ii) Occurrence
iii) Industrial Role and Manufacturing
iv) Applications
v) Material Safety Data Sheet
vi) Physical Properties
b. Whey
c. Lactobacillus

2. The Process Flow

3. Storage Tank Calculations

4. 3-D Simulations of the Storage Tanks

5. Results

6. References
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ABOUT THE CHEMICAL

Lactic Acid

Lactic acid​ is an ​organic acid​. It has the molecular formula ​CH​3​CH(OH)COOH​.

It is white in solid state and it is ​miscible with water.While in liquid state (dissolved state) it is a
colorless solution. Production includes both artificial synthesis as well as natural sources. Lactic
acid is an ​alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). It is used as a synthetic intermediate in many ​organic
synthesis industries and in various ​biochemical industries. The ​conjugate base of lactic acid is
called ​lactate​.

Occurrence
In animals, L(+)-lactate is constantly produced from ​pyruvate via the ​enzyme ​lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process of ​fermentation during normal ​metabolism and ​exercise​. It
does not increase in concentration until the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate
removal, which is governed by a number of factors, including ​monocarboxylate transporters​,
concentration and isoform of LDH, and oxidative capacity of tissues.The concentration of ​blood
lactate is usually 1–2 ​mM at rest, but can rise to over 20 mM during intense exertion and as high
as 25 mM afterward​.

3D Structure: Molecular Structure:

Industrial Role and

Manufacturing
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In industry, ​lactic acid fermentation is performed by ​lactic acid bacteria​, which convert simple ​carbohydrates
such as ​glucose​, ​sucrose​, or ​galactose to lactic acid. These bacteria can also grow in the ​mouth​; the ​acid they
produce is responsible for the ​tooth decay known as ​caries​. In ​medicine​, lactate is one of the main components
of ​lactated Ringer's solution and ​Hartmann's solution​. These ​intravenous fluids consist of ​sodium and ​potassium
cations along with lactate and ​chloride ​anions in solution with distilled ​water​, generally in concentrations
isotonic with ​human ​blood​. It is most commonly used for fluid ​resuscitation after blood loss due to ​trauma​,
surgery​, or ​burns​.

Lactic acid is produced industrially by bacterial ​fermentation of ​carbohydrates​, or by chemical synthesis from
acetaldehyde​. In 2009, lactic acid was produced predominantly (70–90%) by fermentation. Production of
racemic lactic acid consisting of a 1:1 mixture of d and l stereoisomers, or of mixtures with up to 99.9% l-lactic
acid, is possible by microbial fermentation. Industrial scale production of d-lactic acid by fermentation is
possible, but much more challenging.

Fermentative production
Fermented milk products are obtained industrially by fermentation of ​milk or ​whey by ​Lactobacillus bacteria.
As a starting material for industrial production of lactic acid, almost any carbohydrate source containing ​C​5 and
C​6 sugars can be used. Pure sucrose, glucose from starch, raw sugar, and beet juice are frequently used. Lactic
acid producing bacteria can be divided in two classes: homofermentative bacteria like ​Lactobacillus casei and
Lactococcus lactis​, producing two moles of lactate from one mole of glucose, and heterofermentative species
producing one mole of lactate from one mole of glucose as well as ​carbon dioxide​ and ​acetic acid​/​ethanol​.
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Applications

1. Polymer Precursor

Two molecules of lactic acid can be dehydrated to the ​lactone ​lactide​. In the presence of ​catalysts lactide
polymerize to either atactic or ​syndiotactic ​polylactide (PLA), which are ​biodegradable ​polyesters​. PLA is an
example of a plastic that is not derived from ​petrochemicals​.

2. Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics

Lactic acid is also employed in ​pharmaceutical technology to produce water-soluble lactates from
otherwise-insoluble active ingredients. It finds further use in topical preparations and ​cosmetics to adjust acidity
and for its ​disinfectant​ and keratolytic properties.

3. Food

Lactic acid is found primarily in sour ​milk products, such as ​koumiss​, ​laban​, ​yogurt​, ​kefir​, and some ​cottage
cheeses​. The ​casein in fermented milk is coagulated (curdled) by lactic acid. Lactic acid is also responsible for
the sour flavor of ​sourdough​ bread.

In lists of ​nutritional information lactic acid might be included under the term "carbohydrate" (or "carbohydrate
by difference") because this often includes everything other than water, protein, fat, ash, and ethanol. If this is
the case then the calculated ​food energy may use the standard 4 kilocalories (17 kJ) per gram that is often used
for all carbohydrates. But in some cases lactic acid is ignored in the calculation. The energy density of lactic
acid is 362 kilocalories (1,510 kJ) per 100 g.

4. Forgery

Lactic acid has historically been used to assist with the erasure of inks from official papers to be modified
during ​forgery​.

5. Cleaning Products

Lactic acid is used in some liquid cleaners as a ​descaling agent for removing ​hard water deposits such as
calcium carbonate​, forming the ​lactate​, ​Calcium lactate​. Owing to its high acidity, such deposits are eliminated
very quickly, especially where boiling water is used, as in kettles. It also is gaining popularity in antibacterial
dish detergents and hand soaps replacing ​Triclosan​.
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Significance of Lactic Acid amidst the current Pandemic

Lactic acid prominently used across food and beverage, cosmetics, production of polylactic acid, which in turn
is used for food packaging and medical implants & devices. A sudden increase in demand for ventilators and
supporting medical equipment, has triggered the demand for bioplastics during the pandemic. PLA being a
prominent bioplastic, is expected to provide traction to lactic acid consumption. However, as the coronavirus
crises entail significant ramifications in the agriculture industry, the supply of raw material for producing lactic
acid might observe an adverse impact. The updated report will account for COVID-19 as a key market
contributor.

Global Production of Lactic Acid

The global market for lactic acid was 750.00 kilo tons(680388.555 tonnes) and is projected to reach 1,844.56
kilo tons by 2022 growing at a CAGR of 12.9% from 2015 to 2022.

Lactic Acid Production per day: 12.5 tonnes

Therefore, Lactic Acid Production for this plant = 12.5*365 = 4562.5 tonnes per annum
% of Global Contribution to Global Lactic Acid Production= (4562.5/680388.555)*100 = 0.67%
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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

Lactic acid

Section 1 - Chemical Product and Company Identification

Catalog Numbers:​ S93271, A159-500, A162-1, A162-500, S80046, S80046-1

Synonyms: 1-Hydroxyethanecarboxylic acid; 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid; 2-Hydroxypropionic acid; Milk acid;
DL-Lactic acid; Racemic lactic acid; alpha-Hydroxypropionic acid; 2-Hydroxy-2-methylacetic acid.
Company Identification:
Fisher Scientific
1 Reagent Lane
Fair Lawn, NJ 07410
Emergency Number:​ 201-796-7100

Section 2 - Composition, Information on Ingredients

EINECS/ELIN
CAS# Chemical Name Percent
CS

50-21-5 Lactic acid 85-90 200-018-0

97-73-4 Lactic anhydride 10-15 202-604-1

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Section 3 - Hazards Identification

Emergency overview

● Appearance: colorless to slight yellow liquid.

● Danger!​ Causes eye and skin burns. Causes digestive and respiratory tract burns.
● Target Organs: ​Eyes, skin, mucous membranes.

Potential Health Effects

● Eye: Causes eye burns. Causes redness and pain. May cause chemical conjunctivitis and corneal
damage.
● Skin:​ Causes skin burns. Causes redness and pain.
● Ingestion:​ Causes gastrointestinal tract burns.
● Inhalation:​ Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. May cause systemic effects.
● Chronic:​ Chronic exposure may cause effects similar to those of acute exposure.

Section 4 - First Aid Measures

Eyes: Get medical aid immediately. Do NOT allow the victim to rub eyes or keep eyes closed. Extensive
irrigation with water is required (at least 30 minutes).

Skin: Get medical aid immediately. Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while
removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse.

Ingestion: Get medical aid immediately. Do NOT induce vomiting. If conscious and alert, rinse your mouth
and drink 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water.

Inhalation: Get medical aid immediately. Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If
breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Do NOT use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. If breathing has ceased apply
artificial respiration using oxygen and a suitable mechanical device such as a bag and a mask.

Notes to Physician:​ Treat symptomatically and supportively.

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Section 5 - Fire Fighting Measures

General Information: As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand,

MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During a fire, irritating and highly toxic gases
may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers
cool. Containers may explode when heated.

Extinguishing Media: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Use water
spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or appropriate foam.

Flash Point:​ > 112 deg C (> 233.60 deg F)

Autoignition Temperature:​ Not available.

Explosion Limits, Lower: ​Not available.

Upper:​ Not available.

NFPA Rating:​ (estimated) Health: 3; Flammability: 1; Instability: 1

Section 6 - Accidental Release Measures

General Information:​ Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8.

Spills/Leaks: Absorb spill with inert material (e.g. vermiculite, sand or earth), then place in a suitable
container. Avoid runoff into storm sewers and ditches which lead to waterways. Clean up spills immediately,
observing precautions in the Protective Equipment section. Provide ventilation.
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Section 7 - Handling and Storage

Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. Use with
adequate ventilation. Do not breathe dust, vapor, mist, or gas. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. Keep
the container tightly closed. Do not ingest or inhale. Discard contaminated shoes.

Storage: Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible
substances. Corrosives area. Store protected from moisture.

Section 8 - Exposure Controls, Personal Protection

Engineering Controls: Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility
and a safety shower. Use adequate ventilation to keep airborne concentrations low.

Exposure Limits

Chemical Name ACGIH NIOSH OSHA - Final PELs

Lactic acid none listed none listed none listed

Lactic anhydride none listed none listed none listed

OSHA Vacated PELs: Lactic acid: No OSHA Vacated PELs are listed for this chemical. Lactic anhydride: No
OSHA Vacated PELs are listed for this chemical.

Personal Protective Equipment

Eyes:​ Wear chemical splash goggles.

Skin:​ Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure.

Clothing:​ Wear appropriate protective clothing to minimize contact with skin.

Respirators: A respiratory protection program that meets OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.134 and ANSI Z88.2
requirements or European Standard EN 149 must be followed whenever workplace conditions warrant
respirator use.
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Section 9 - Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical State:​ Liquid

Appearance:​ colorless to slight yellow

Odor:​ odorless

pH:​ <1

Vapor Pressure:​ 0.0813 mm Hg @ 25 deg C

Vapor Density:​ Not available.

Evaporation Rate: ​Not available.

Viscosity:​ Not available.

Boiling Point:​ 122 deg C @ 15 mm Hg

Freezing/Melting Point:​17-33 deg C

Decomposition Temperature: ​Not available.

Solubility:​ Soluble.

Specific Gravity/Density:​1.2

Molecular Formula:​C3H6O3

Molecular Weight:​90.08

Section 10 - Stability and Reactivity

Chemical Stability: Stable at room temperature in closed containers under normal storage and handling
conditions. Hygroscopic: absorbs moisture or water from the air.

Conditions to Avoid:​ Excess heat, exposure to moist air or water.

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Incompatibilities with Other Materials: Metals, strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, strong bases,
nitric acid, iodides.

Hazardous Decomposition Products:​ Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.

Hazardous Polymerization:​ Will not occur.

Section 11 - Toxicological Information

CAS#​ 50-21-5: OD2800000

CAS#​ 97-73-4 unlisted.

LD50/LC50:

CAS# 50-21-5:

Draize test, rabbit, eye: 750 ug Severe;

Draize test, rabbit, skin: 5 mg/24H Severe;

Draize test, rabbit, skin: 100 mg/24H Moderate;

Oral, mouse: LD50 = 4875 mg/kg;

Oral, rat: LD50 = 3543 mg/kg;

Skin, rabbit: LD50 = >2 gm/kg;

CAS# 97-73-4:

Carcinogenicity:

CAS# 50-21-5: Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65.

CAS# 97-73-4: Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65.

Epidemiology:​ No information found

Teratogenicity:​ No information found

Reproductive Effects:​ No information found

Mutagenicity:​ Mutation in bacteria.

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Neurotoxicity:​ No information found

Other Studies:

Section 12 - Ecological Information

Ecotoxicity:​ Fish: Pseudomonas putida:

Section 13 - Disposal Considerations

Chemical waste generators must determine whether a discarded chemical is classified as a hazardous waste. US
EPA guidelines for the classification determination are listed in 40 CFR Parts 261.3. Additionally, waste
generators must consult state and local hazardous waste regulations to ensure complete and accurate
classification.

RCRA P-Series:​ None listed.

RCRA U-Series:​ None listed.

Section 14 - Transport Information

US DOT Canada TDG

Shipping Name: CORROSIVE LIQUID, ACIDIC, CORROSIVE LIQUID, ACIDIC,

ORGANIC, N.O.S. ORGANIC,

Hazard Class: 8 8

UN Number: UN3265 UN3265

Packing Group: III II

Additional Info: N.O.S.

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Section 15 - Regulatory Information

US FEDERAL

TSCA

CAS# 50-21-5 is listed on the TSCA inventory.

CAS# 97-73-4 is listed on the TSCA inventory.

Health & Safety Reporting List

None of the chemicals are on the Health & Safety Reporting List.

Chemical Test Rules

None of the chemicals in this product are under a Chemical Test Rule.

Section 12b

None of the chemicals are listed under TSCA Section 12b.

TSCA Significant New Use Rule

None of the chemicals in this material have a SNUR under TSCA.

CERCLA Hazardous Substances and corresponding RQs

None of the chemicals in this material have an RQ.

SARA Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances

None of the chemicals in this product have a TPQ.

SARA Codes

CAS # 50-21-5: immediate.

Section 313​ No chemicals are reportable under Section 313.

Clean Air Act:

● This material does not contain any hazardous air pollutants.

● This material does not contain any Class 1 Ozone depletors.
● This material does not contain any Class 2 Ozone depletors.
 15

Clean Water Act:

● None of the chemicals in this product are listed as Hazardous Substances under the CWA.
● None of the chemicals in this product are listed as Priority Pollutants under the CWA.
● None of the chemicals in this product are listed as Toxic Pollutants under the CWA.

OSHA:

None of the chemicals in this product are considered highly hazardous by OSHA.

STATE

CAS# 50-21-5 is not present on state lists from CA, PA, MN, MA, FL, or NJ.

CAS# 97-73-4 is not present on state lists from CA, PA, MN, MA, FL, or NJ.

California Prop 65

California No Significant Risk Level: None of the chemicals in this product are listed.

European/International Regulations

European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives

Hazard Symbols: ​C

Risk Phrases:​ R 34 Causes burns.

Safety Phrases:

● S 26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of

● water and seek medical advice.
● S 36/37/39 Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face pr
● otection.
● S 45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice
● immediately (show the label where possible).

WGK (Water Danger/Protection)

CAS# 50-21-5: 0
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CAS# 97-73-4: No information available.

Whey

Whey is the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained. It is a byproduct of the manufacture of
cheese or casein and has several commercial uses.
Spray-dried, microparticulate WP (MWP) powders were produced from 7% (wt/wt) WP dispersions at pH 3,
acidified with citric or lactic acid, and micro fluidized with or without heat denaturation. Non -
Microparticulate, spray-dried powders produced at neutral pH or pH 3 served as controls. The powders were
examined for their functional and physicochemical properties. Denatured MWP had an approximately 2 orders
of magnitude reduction in particle size compared with those produced at neutral pH, with high colloidal stability
indicated by substantially improved solubility. The detection of monomeric forms of WP in PAGE also
confirmed the particle size reduction. Microparticulate WP exhibited enhanced heat stability, as indicated by
thermograms, along with better emulsifying properties compared with those produced at neutral pH. However,
MWP powders created weaker heat-induced gels at neutral pH compared with controls. However, they created
comparatively strong cold acid-set gels. At low pH, a combination of heat and high hydrodynamic pressure
produces WP micro-aggregates with improved colloidal stability that affects other functionalities.

LactoBacillus:
Lactobacillus are generally non-motile and can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic ​environments​. ​L.
delbrueckii,​ the type species of the ​genus​, is 0.5 to 0.8 micrometre (μm; 1 μm = 10​−6 metre) across by 2 to 9 μm
long and occurs singly or in small chains. Examples of other well-characterized ​Lactobacillus Species include
L. acidophilus,​ ​L. brevis,​ ​L. casei​, and ​L. sanfranciscensis.​

The amount of lactic acid produced by different ​Lactobacillus organisms varies. In several species, including ​L.
acidophilus,​ ​L. casei​, and ​L. plantarum,​ glucose metabolism is described as homofermentative, since lactic acid
is the primary byproduct, representing at least 85 percent of end metabolic products. However, in other species,
such as ​L. brevis and ​L. fermentum​, glucose metabolism is heterofermentative, with lactic acid making up about
50 percent of metabolic byproducts and ​ethanol​, ​acetic acid​, and ​carbon dioxide making up most of the other 50
percent. Certain other heterofermentative ​Lactobacillus organisms are relatively inefficient in their metabolism
 17

of glucose and must derive energy from other types of organic ​compounds​, such as ​galactose​, malate, or
fructose​.
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THE PROCESS FLOW

Part A: Upstream Processing- Batch process

Step 1: Inoculum Development

The Starter Culture for ​Lactobacillus Casei is prepared. ​The bacterial culture was grown in 50 mL of MRS
medium in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. After sterilization, the medium was inoculated with a loopful of cells
from agar slant and incubated at 37°C for 20- 24 h under stationary conditions.

Step 2: Medium Preparation

Whey permeate was procured from an outside source, having the following specifications: Whey powder is
reconstituted (6%, w/v) with water to prepare liquid whey having lactose concentration of 4% (w/v). Whey
clarification was carried through protein precipitation induced by heating the whey at 90°C for 20 min.
Precipitated proteins were removed by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 15 min. The treated whey permeate
obtained was supplemented with yeast extract (0.75%, w/v), manganese sulphate (20 mg/L), and calcium
carbonate (1.5%, w/v). The whey medium was sterilized at 121°C for 20 min. This medium was allowed to
stand for 36h at stationary conditions.
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Step 3: Fermentation
Inoculum and whey medium is added to the fermentation tank. The fermentation tank is maintained under the
following conditions, which give an optimum yield:
● Temperature: 37°C
● pH: 6.5
Anaerobic Fermentation takes place, which is homolactic in nature (we follow path a. in the comprehensive
biochemical reaction figure) The following reactions take place in the fermentation tank:

Chemical Reactions
Pyruvate​−​ production from neutral glucose that generates H​+​:

C​6​H​12​O​6​ + 2 NAD​+​ + 2 ADP​3− → 2 CH3COCO​2​-- + 2 H​+ + 2 NADH + 2 ATP​4− +

+ 2HPO​4​2-- 2H​2​O

Subsequent lactate​−​ production absorbs these protons:

2 CH​3​COCO​2​--​ + 2H​+ ​ + 2NADH → 2 CH3CH(OH)CO​2​--​ + 2 NAD​+

Overall:

C​6​H​12​O​6 + 2 NAD​+ + 2 ADP​3− + → 2 CH3COCO​2​-- ​+ 2 H​+ + 2 NADH + 2 ATP​4− +

​
2HPO4 2-- 2H​2​O

→ 2 CH3CH(OH)CO​2​-- + 2 NAD​+ + 2 ATP​4− +

2H​2​O

Although  the  reaction  glucose  →  2  lactate​− + 2 H​+ releases two H​+ when viewed on its own, the H​+ are
absorbed in the production of ATP. On the other hand, the absorbed acidity is released during subsequent
hydrolysis of ATP: ATP​4−​ + H​2​O → ADP​3−​ + HPO4 2-​​ + H​+​.

So once the use of ATP is included, the overall reaction is

C​6​H​12​O​6 → 2 CH3COCO−2 + 2 H​+

The generation of CO​2​ during respiration also​ ​causes an increase in H+

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​Comprehensive Biochemical Reaction

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Part B: ​Downstream Processing- Continuous process

The lactic acid (approximately 95% w/w) obtained from the fermentation tank is purified and concentrated
using membrane separation and electrodialysis. The final lactic acid obtained is approximately 98% (w/w) and
is sent directly for packaging.
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PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

Figure 1 : Process flow diagram for fermentation and subsequent purification of lactic acid
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MATERIAL BALANCE CALCULATIONS

We know that the final amount of lactic acid that we have is ​25 tonnes ​(per batch).

We know, during fermentation, ​33.73 g of lactic acid​ is obtained from ​1L of fermentation broth​.

Therefore, for obtaining 25 tonnes of lactic acid,

we need volume of fermentation broth = L = 744.8 kL = ​744.8 m​3

And, weight of whey permeate = 744.8 m​3​ ｘ1100 kg/m​3​ = ​819.28 tonnes

STORAGE TANK CALCULATIONS

1. For storage of whey permeate

All calculations are made with ​h/d = 1.5.

We know, volume of whey to be stored = 744.8 m​3

So, volume of storage tank of whey = 744.8 m​3

Therefore, m​3

Or, m​3

Hence, d = 8.58 m ≈ ​9 m ​(rounding off to a higher number for safety reasons)

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And, h = ​13.5 m

a. Thickness of walls

For this, we need to find the maximum pressure, i.e. the pressure at the bottom of the storage tank.

Therefore, P = ​145628.75 Pa

Now, from the known formula, thickness t is given as:

where,
P - maximum pressure in tank
d - internal diameter of tank
σ - yield stress of construction material
J - joint efficiency

P and d are known in our case. ​J is usually taken as ​85%​. And taking the construction material as SAE 304
stainless steel, ​σ = 205 MPa

Hence, putting the values in the expression for thickness, we get ​t = 4.89 mm
For compliance with safety norms we need to take 30% extra thickness. Therefore, new thickness = 4.89 + 0.30
* 4.89 = ​6.36 mm

Rounding the thickness of the plate to a standard thickness of steel sheet, we have our final thickness,​ t = 7 mm.

b. Thickness of circular flat base

For the thickness of flat base of storage tank, we have the formula: t =

where,
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ρ​f​ - density of fluid stores

h - height of storage tank
A - cross sectional area
σ - yield stress of construction material
J - joint efficiency

Here, we take the base as S500MC high yield steel with σ = 500 MPa.

Putting the values in the equation, we have, t =

Therefore, ​t = 32 cm

2. For storage of final product (lactic acid solution)

Lactic acid production = ​25 tonnes

Volume = m​3

= ​20.73 m​3

Taking​ h/d = 1.5 ​for all calculations.

We have, volume of tank = 20.73 m​3

Or,

d = 2.6 m

Rounding off, we have ​d = 3 m

And, ​h = 4.5 m
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a. Thickness of walls

For finding the thickness of the side walls, we first need to find the maximum pressure at the bottom of the tank,
i.e. at a height of 4.5 m.

P = ​53220.69 Pa

Now, putting the values in the known formula for thickness of cylindrical walls:

Hence, t = 0.46 mm.

Considering extra 30% for compliance with safety norms, ​t = 0.6mm

b. Thickness of flat circular base

Putting the values in the equation for calculating thickness of base, we have:

Therefore t = 3.4 cm.

Taking an extra 30%, we have t = 4.42 cm.
Rounding it off, we take our final thickness of base as ​t = 5 cm.
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3D SIMULATIONS OF THE STORAGE TANKS

Tank Number 1:​ Whey permeate with MnSO​4 ,​ CaCO​3 and

​ yeast Extract
Please Click on this link to view an interactive model of the storage tank for whey permeate

Front View:
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Bottom View:

Top View:
 29

Tank Number 2:​ Lactic Acid Solution Storage

Please click on this link to view an interactive model of the final storage tank for lactic acid solution

Front View: Bottom View:

Top View:
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RESULTS

Sr Tank No. Chemical stored Capacity Dimensions Thickness

No.
1. 1 Whey permeate 744.8 m​3 H = 13.5m Wall 7mm
(Fermentation medium) D = 9m Base 32cm

2. 2 Lactic Acid Solution 20.73 m​3 H = 4.5m Wall 0.6mm

(Final Product) D = 3m Base 5cm

Applications/Software Used
Blender​ for creating 3D Simulations of Storage Tanks

SmartDraw-Engineering ​for the Process Flow Diagram

MathType ​for simplifying the digital writing of the math expressions used

References
Production of L(+) lactic acid using Lactobacillus casei from whey

Separation and purification technologies for lactic acid – A brief review :: BioResources

PubChem- Lactic Acid

(PDF) Industrial production of lactic acid and its applications

Agricultural and Biological Sciences- Whey Permeate

Design Recommendations for storage tanks and their supports with emphasis on seismic designs

MSDS: Lactic Acid

Lactic acid - Wikipedia

(PDF) Biotechnological Approaches for Valorization of Whey