CE Correl 4

Structural Engineering
Module 4
CE Department – College of Engineering

Compiled
Compiled
by: by:
Engr.
Engr.
Marbel
Marbel
Perez
Perez Engineering Correlation
Bulacan State University
CE Department – College of Engineering Compiled by: Engr. Marbel Perez
Chapter 4 Structural Engineering
4.1 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
4.2 Structural Theory
4.3 Reinforced Concrete Design
4.4 Steel Design
Duration: 42 hours
Introduction
This module will serve as a reviewer for the Civil Engineering Licensure Examination. It
contains a compilation of useful formulas and principles for the subjects of Mechanics of
Deformable Bodies, Structural Theory, Reinforced Concrete Design and Steel Design. It
is worth noting that this module will only contain a summarized style of presentation as
this subject, CE Correlation, contains all the topic discussed in the whole Civil
Engineering course, therefore the sheer amount of topics will make this unnecessarily
long.
Objectives
1. To be able solve problems in the Civil Engineering Licensure Examination in the
subjects of;
2. Mechanics of Deformable Bodies;
3. Reinforced Concrete Design;
4. And Steel Design
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Pre-Test
SITUATION 1: The actual detail section of a concrete beam designed for positive
bending is as shown in Figure RC1B – RKCT . If f’c = 21 MPa and Fy = 276 MPa.
1. Which of the following gives the design classification of the cross section?
a. Under reinforced , singly
b. Over reinforced , singly
c. Doubly, compression steel yield
d. Doubly, lower the compression steel strength
2. Which of the following gives the nominal strength of the section?
a. 211 kNm b. 280 c. 320 d. 362
3. Which of the following gives the ultimate strength of the section?
a. 190 kNm b. 252 c. 288 d. 326
Figure RC1B – RKCT
SITUATION 2: In the Figure STCA – HAS shown,

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4. Calculate the force BC.
a. 83 lbs b. 46.7 lbs c. 88.1 lbs d. 72.9 lbs
5. Calculate the force CD.
a. 83 lbs b. 46.7 lbs c. 88.1 lbs d. 72.9 lbs
6. Find the total length of the cable.
a. 13.7 ft b. 16.8 ft c. 19.3 ft d. 20.2 ft
Figure STCA – HAS
4.1 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
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Simple Stresses
There are three types of simple stress namely; normal stress, shearing stress,
and bearing stress.
Normal Stress
The resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force, thus normal. There are
two types of normal stresses; tensile stress and compressive stress. Tensile stress
applied to bar tends the bar to elongate while compressive stress tends to shorten the
bar.
where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm 2. The maximum
stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load.
Shearing Stress
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Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile
and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on
which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes which passes through the centroid
of the area A being sheared.
Bearing Stress
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Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces,
which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.
TANGENTIAL STRESS (Circumferential Stress)
Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The length of the
tank is L and the wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half of the tank:
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If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be
expressed as:
LONGITUDINAL STRESS, σL
Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:
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The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total longitudinal stress
on the wall PT = σL Awall. Since t is so small compared to D, the area of the wall is
close to πDt
If there exist an external pressure p o and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be
expressed as:
It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.
σt =2 σL
SPHERICAL SHELL
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If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p, the
stress at the wall can be expressed as:
Strain
Simple Strain
Also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the
applied force, to the original length.
where δ is the deformation and L is the original length, thus ε is dimensionless.
Stress-Strain Diagram
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Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression testing machine. As
the axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gage
length is measured at each increment of the load and this is continued until failure of the
specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area and length of the
specimen, the normal stress σ and the strain ε can be obtained. The graph of these
quantities with the stress σ along the y-axis and the strain ε along the x-axis is called
the stress-strain diagram. The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials.
The diagram shown below is that for a medium carbon structural steel.
Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials. A
ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture like
structural steel and aluminum, whereas
brittle materials has a relatively small strain
up to the point of rupture like cast iron and
concrete. An arbitrary strain of 0.05
mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing
line between these two classes.
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE'S LAW)
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From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a
straight line. This linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first
noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the
proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or
The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's
Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then
ELASTIC LIMIT
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its
original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e
developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is
entirely removed.
ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES
The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range. The region
from P to R is called the plastic range.
YIELD POINT
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Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase in load.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile
strength.
RAPTURE STRENGTH
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the
breaking strength.
MODULUS OF RESILIENCE
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to P, in Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under
the stress-strain curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E (the shaded area in
the figure). The resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a
permanent distortion.
MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS
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Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to R, in Nm/m3. This may be calculated as the area under
the entire stress-strain curve (from O to R). The toughness of a material is its ability to
absorb energy without causing it to break.
WORKING STRESS, ALLOWABLE STRESS, AND FACTOR OF SAFETY
Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading. The
maximum safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress. The
allowable stress should be limited to values not exceeding the proportional limit.
However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable tress
is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety. The
ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called the factor
of safety.
AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is proportional to strain and is
given by
σ =Eε
since σ = P / A and εe = δ / L, then P / A = E δ / L. Solving for δ,
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To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional
area, and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit. If however, the cross-
sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a
differential length and applying integration.
where A = ty and y and t, if variable, must be expressed in terms of x.
For a rod of unit mass ρ suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation due to
its own weight is
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where ρ is in kg/m3, L is the length of the rod in mm, M is the total mass of the rod in kg,
A is the cross-sectional area of the rod in mm2, and g = 9.81 m/s2.
STIFFNESS, k
Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting
displacement. It has the unit of N/mm.
k =P/δ
Torsion
Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at one end and twisted at the other end by a torque
or twisting moment T equivalent to F × d, which is applied perpendicular to the axis of
the bar, as shown in the figure. Such a bar is said to be in torsion.
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TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS, τ
For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment T, the torsional shearing
stress τ at a distance ρ from the center of the shaft is
where J is the polar moment of inertia of the section and r is the outer radius.
For solid cylindrical shaft:
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For hollow cylindrical shaft:
ANGLE OF TWIST
The angle θ through which the bar length L will twist is
where T is the torque in N·mm, L is the length of shaft in mm, G is shear modulus in
MPa, J is the polar moment of inertia in mm4, D and d are diameter in mm, and r is the
radius in mm.
POWER TRANSMITTED BY THE SHAFT
A shaft rotating with a constant angular velocity ω (in radians per second) is being acted
by a twisting moment T. The power transmitted by the shaft is
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where T is the torque in N·m, f is the number of revolutions per second, and P is the
power in watts.
4.2 Structural Theory
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4.3 Reinforced Concrete Design
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4.4 Steel Design
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Post Test
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SITUATION 1: The mass of the boat and its passengers is 1180 kg. The boat moves on
a circular path of R = 24 m. at a constant speed of 6m/s.
What is the tangent component of the total force acting on the boat?
a. 6 kN b. 3.5 kN c. 2.5 kN d. 0 kN
What if the normal component of total force acting on the boat?
a. 1.77 kN b. 2.35 kN c. 3.7 kN d. 0.98 kN
If the boat is moving at a speed of 6 6 m/s at current instant and is increasing its speed
at 2 m/s^2 , what is the magnitude of the sum of the external forces acting on the boat
that includes its weight?
a. 2.84 kN b. 2.95 kN c. 3.17 kN d. 1.48 kN
Steel rails 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of 15°C. Use α
= 11.7 x 10^-6 per degree centigrade and modulus of elasticity of steel is 200000 MPa.
Determine the temperature of steel so that rails will just touch.
a. 31.55°C b. 40.44°C c. 40.64°C d. 38.57°C
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A cubical section has E = 200000 MPa and Poissons ratio = 0.30. Determine the
compressive stress acting on each side of its faces if the volume of the cube is reduced
by 0.15%.
a. 275 MPa b. 315 MPa c. 250 MPa d. 200 MPa
A thin walled cylinder shell has an internal diameter of 2 m is fabricated from plates 20
mm thick. Which of the following gives the ratio of the hoop stresses over the
longitudinal stress of the cylinder?
a. 2 b. 10 c. 1 d. 3
A cantilever beam, 60 mm wide by 200 mm high and 6 m long , carries a load that
varies uniformly from zero at the free end to 1000 N/m at the wall. Calculate the
maximum flexural stress.
a. 20 MPa b. 15 MPa c. 18 MPa d. 22.5 MPa
SITUATION 2: The boards ABC and BCD are loosely bolted together as shown. The
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Find the max. shear for board ABC.
a. 17.65 kN b. 10.38 kN c. 13.21 kN d. 19.12 kN
Find the location of the maximum shear from left support on board ABC.
a. 2.642 m b. 3.065 m c. 1.854 m d. 2.631 m
Find the Maximum moment of the board BCD.
a. 17.34 kN m b. 21.57 kN m c. 16.33 kN m d. 13.55 kN m
SITUATION 3: The state of plane stress shown is expected in a cast iron base. Using
Mohr’s circle,
Determine the maximum shear stress.
a. 87.3 MPa b. 95.5 MPa c. 84.6 MPa d. 106.7 MPa
Determine the minimum normal stress.
Determine the maximum normal stress.

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It refers to the deformation of the member per unit length.
a. Stress b. Strain c. Torsion d. Shear
This refers to the stresses much lower than the static breaking strength.
a. Rupture b. Deformation c. Deflection d. Fatigue
SITUATION 4: The cross section shown in the figure is 50 x 200 mm and point A is 50
mm above the center of the beam. Assume the 100 kN load acts at the centroid of the
cross section. Hint: Be sure to include the shearing stresses caused by the applied load.
Compute the normal stress at A.
Compute the shearing stress at A.
Compute the principal stresses direction from x-y plane that makes with the horizontal.
a. 7.78° b. 9.61° c. 8.51° d. 10.99°
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Which of the following is NOT an assumption in deriving a formula δ = PL/AE ?
a. constant cross sectional area
b. material is linearly elastic
c. small strain
d. stresses must be tensile
A welded steel cylindrical drum made of a 10 mm plate has an internal diameter of 1.20
m. It is filled with gas producing an internal pressure of 1.5 MPa. Assume that Poisson’s
ratio is 0.30 and E = 200 GPa. Determine the tangential stress developed in the thin
walled cylinder.
A cantilever hollow cylinder bar is 1.5 m long , 5 mm thick and with outside diameter of
75 mm. it is subjected to a torque of 3 kN m at its free end. What is the resulting angle
of twist of the bar? Use G = 78 000 MPa
a. 5.6° b. 2.4° c. 3.7° d. 4.8°
SITUATION 5: A 2 m length of an aluminium pipe of 240 mm outer diameter and 10 mm
wall thickness is used as a short column and carries a centric axial load of 640 kN.
Knowing that E = 73 GPa and v = 0.33,
Determine the change in length of the pipe.

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a. 2.77 mm b. 2.43 mm c. 3.48 mm d. 3.64 mm
Determine the change in its outer diameter.
a. 0.0961 mm b. 0.0475 mm c. 0.0764 mm d. 0.0823
mm
Determine the change in its wall thickness.
a. 0.004 mm b. 0.007 mm c. 0.001 mm d. 0.010 mm
Is is determined merely by dividing either the stress at yield or the ultimate stress by a
number termed the safety factor.
a. Normal stress b. Shear Stress c. Flexural stress d. Working stress
Laboratory tests on human teeth indicate that the area effective during chewing is 0.25
sq cm and that the tooth length is about 1.1 cm. If the applied load in the vertical
direction is 880 N and the measured shortening is 0.004 cm, determine Young’s
modulus.
SITUATION 6: Consider the bolted joint shown in the figure. The force P is 30 kN and
the diameter of the bolt is 10 mm.
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Determine the average value of the shearing stress existing across either of the planes
a-a or b-b.
If the maximum allowable working stress in shear is 93 MPa, determine the required
diameter of the bolt.
a. 20 mm b. 22 mm c. 25 mm d. 16 mm
SITUATION 7: A hollow shaft of outer radius 140 mm and inner radius 125 mm is
subjected to an axial force and a torque as shown in the figure.
Determine the torsion in the shaft.
a. 29.8 MPa b. 26.1 MPa c.22.3 MPa d. 20.6 MPa
Calculate the axial stress in the shaft.
Calculate the maximum shear stress in the shaft.
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It is the angular change between two perpendicular faces of a differential element.
a. Modulus of rigidity c. Shearing strain
b. Allowable stress d. Rupture strength
Structural Theory
SITUATION 1: A 9 m high retaining wall is laterally supported at the top and fixed at the
base. The wall resists active earth pressure increasing from 0 at the top to 52 kN/m at
the base of the per meter length along the longitudinal axis.
Determine the design moment at the base. Apply the fixed end moment equation
wL^2/30 at the top and wL^2/20 at the base. Assume the EI is constant.
The lateral support at the top of the wall was removed, determine the design moment at
the base.
a. 567 kN m b. 854 kN m c. 702 kN m d. 66 kN m
Determine the resulting base shear if the wall is free at the top.
a. 234 kN b. 316 kN c. 481 kN d. 607 kN
Which of the following that is not described for wind loads?
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a. When structures block the flow of wind, its kinetic energy is converted to potential
energy of pressure.
b. The effect of wind on a structure depends upon the density and velocity of the
air. c. For high rise buildings, static approach is used to determine wind loadings.
d. The pressure effects of the wind on the building can be determined from pressure
transducers attached to the model.
SITUATION 2: In the complex truss shown in the figure, (Hint: Substitute member AD
with one placed between E and C)
Determine the force AF.
a. 1428 lb (C) b. 1166 lb (C) c. 646 lb (C) d. 580 lb (C)
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a. 1593 lb (C) b. 820 lb (T) c. 1593 lb (T) d. 473 lb (T)
Determine the force EF.
a. 473 lb (T) b. 473 lb (C) c. 1166 lb (T) d. 1166 lb
(C)
The cross sectional area of each member of the truss shown in the figure is 400 sq mm
and E = 200 GPa. Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 4 kN force is
applied to the truss at C.
a. 0.205 mm b. 0.079 mm c. 0.186 mm d. 0.133 mm
SITUATION 3: In this determinate frame shown,
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Determine the maximum shear of the entire structure.
a. 825 lb b. 750 lb c. 765 lb d. 805 lb
Determine the maximum shear of member BC.
a. 290 lb b. 320 lb c. 350 lb d. 480 lb
Find the maximum moment of member AB.
a. 2500 lb ft b. 3000 lb ft c. 3100 lb ft d. 4400 lb ft
SITUATION 4: In the given cantilever beam shown,
Determine the moment reaction of this beam.
a. 3150 N m b. 2750 N m c. 3680 N m d. 2250 N m
Determine the slope at point B in N m^2 / EI.
a. 3150 b. 2750 c. 3680 d. 2250
Determine the deflection at point B N m^3 / EI.
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a. 6437.5 b. 5844.1 c. 6637.5 d. 5478.6
SITUATION 5: Answer the following terms in structural theory.
This method relates the moments at the ends of a member to the rotations and
displacements of its ends and the external loads applied to the member.
a. Virtual Work b. Slope Deflection c. Three Moment d. Conjugate Beam
It refers to loading that is congruent to an axis in its plane if the deflection of the loading
about the axis is identical to the loading itself.
a. Indeterminate b. Prismatic c. Symmetric d. Unsymmetric
These are points that undergo unknown displacements of the structure.
a. Determinancy b. Joints c. Nodes d. Sections\
SITUATION 6: A simply supported beam having a span of 6 m carries a triangular load
which varies at 12 kN/m at the center to zero at the supports.
Which of the following gives the reaction at B?
a. 24 kN b. 20 kN c. 36 kN d. 18 kN
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Which of the following gives the moment at midspan?
Which of the following gives the deflection at midspan in 1/EI?
a. 130 b. 250 c. 315 d. 95
SITUATION 7: A simply supported beam is supported at both ends. E = 200 GPa, I = 60
x 10^6 mm^4 . It has a span of 12 m and subjected to a concentrated load of 8 kN at a
distance of 3 m from the right support.
Which of the following gives the angle of rotation at A in radians.
a. 0.00844 b. 0.00561 c. 0.00284 d. 0.00375
Find the location of the maximum deflection.
a. 4.78 m b. 5.17 m c. 4.64 m d. 6.71 m
Find the maximum deflection of the beam.
a. 16.8 mm b. 11.3 c. 14.9 d. 19.4
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SITUATION 8: The bridge truss shown in the figure is to carry a uniform load of 2 kN/m
and a concentrated load of 20 kN. It is required to determine the maximum tensile and
compressive force on member BG by constructing the influence line for axial force on
member BG.
Determine the coordinate of the reaction if the unit load is at 12 m from the left support.
a. 0 b. 0.25 c. 0.5 d. 0.75
Determine the maximum tensile stress on member BG.
a. 8.55 kN b. 9.9 kN c. 11.8 kN d. 10.6 kN
Determine the maximum tensile stress on member BG.
a. 25.456 kN b. 28.311 kN c. 35.479 kN d. 30.144 kN
The relative stiffness of a beam or a frame in moment distribution method is the ratio of:
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a. Area to moment of inertia c. Modulus of elasticity to area
c. Length to modulus of elasticity d. Moment of inertia to length
He proposed the consistent deformation method that involves removing restraints from
indeterminate structures to render the structures determinate.
a. Otto Mohr c. James Maxwell
b. Hardy Cross d. Alberto Castigliano
Compute the vertical reaction of this system.
a. 300 kN b. 250 kN c. 230 kN d. 175 kN
It refers to the representation of the variation of any structural parameters at a specific
point in a member as a concentrated force moves over the member.
a. Shear diagram b. Moment diagram c. Influence lines d. Moment distribution
A flexible wire cable weighing 60 N/m over two frictionless pulleys 100 m apart and
carrying one 10 kN weight at each end. The weight of the cable is assumed to be
uniformly distributed horizontally. The cable extends 5 m beyond each pulley to the
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point where they are attached to the weights. Compute the sag of the flexible wire
cable.
a. 7.61 m b. 5.35 m c. 8.77 m d. 6.84 m
SITUATION 9: A pin connected circular arch supports a 50 kN vertical load as shown in
the figure. Neglect the weights of the members.
Compute the bending moment that act on the cross section at 1-1.
What is the shear force that act on the cross section at 1-1?
a. 5.11 kN b. 9.84 kN c. 6.23 kN d. 3.66 kN
What is the axial force that act on the cross section at 1-1?
a. 13.66 kN b. 14.04 kN c. 18.47 kN d. 16.23 kN
RCD
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NOTE: For code provisions, prefer to NSCP 2010 and some review books.
SITUATION 1: A 450 mm square interior column carries a dead load of 825 kN and a
live load of 668 kN. A rectangular footing is required to carry the column loads such that
the length of the long side must be equal to twice the width of the short side. Assume
base of footing is 1.5 m below the ground surface. Allowable bearing pressure is 192
kPa. fc' = 27.6 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, γsoil = 15.74 kN/m^3, γconc = 23.5 MPa and
thickness of footing is 0.60 m.
Calculate the ultimate upward soil pressure.
a. 224.76 MPa b. 196 MPa c. 207.78 MPa d. 245.51 MPa
Calculate the ultimate punching shear.
a. 1533 kN b. 1845 kN c. 1988 kN d. 2157 kN
Determine the dimensions of the footing in meters.
a. 2.44 x 1.22 x 0.6 c. 2.14 x 4.28 x 0.60
b. 2.00 x 4.00 x 0.60 d. 2.57 x 5.14 x 0.60
SITUATION 2: A doubly reinforced concrete beam section has an effective depth of 625
mm and a width of 350 mm. It is reinforced with a compressive bars at the top having an
area of 1500 sq mm and 4970 sq mm tension bars at the bottom with a steel covering of
62.5 mm both on top and bottom bars. Balanced steel ratio = 0.0285, fc’ = 27.58 MPa
and fy = 413.4 MPa.
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Compute the compression block.
a. 188.64 mm b. 181.35 mm c. 174.83 mm d. 190.55
mm
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
Compute the safe concentrated live load that the beam could carry at its midspan if it
has a service dead load of 30 kN/m on a span of 6 m.
a. 244.7 kN b. 352.5 kN c. 281.3 kN d. 300.2 kN
According to NSCP, the development length of the individual bars within a bundle,
tension, or compression shall be that for individual bar and increased by how much for 3
bar bundles?
a. 20% b. 25% c. 33% d. 40%
A rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 437.50 mm. It is
reinforced with 4 –28 ϕ bars. fc'= 41.47 MPa and fy = 414.70 MPa. Determine the
tension reinforcement index.
a. 0.218 b. 0.157 c. 0.188 d. 0.255
SITUATION 3: Define the following terms in reinforced concrete.
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These are the slabs are suitable for spans 9 to 15 meters and live loads of 3.84 to 5.8
kPa but expensive due to addition of formworks.
a. One way b. Flat c. Two way d. Waffle
These are cracks that are too fine and seen by the naked eye.
a. Microcrack b. Honeycomb c. Swelling d. Creep
It refers to the protective layer of concrete over reinforcing bars to protect them from fire
and corrosion.
a. Cover b. Mortar c. Filler d. Grout
SITUATION 4: A reinforced concrete beam had a width of 280 mm and an effective
depth of 520 mm. It is reinforced with 4 – 28 ϕ bars at the bottom. If fc’ = 21 MPa and fs
= 140 MPa, n = 9.
Which of the following gives the distance in mm from neutral axis to the top of the
beam?
a. 318.45 b. 218.49 c. 177.84 d. 211.58
Which of the following gives the moment of inertia of the beam.
a. 2988.7 x 10^6 mm^4 c. 3158.19 x 10^6 mm^4
b. 3564.79 x 10^6 mm^4 d. 2568.99 x 10^6 mm^4
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Which of the following gives the moment carried by the beam.
Determine the effective flange width for a symmetrical T beam with a span of 6 m. the
width of the web is 250 mm. the slab thickness is 120 mm, and the clear distance to
adjacent beams is 3 m
a. 2170 mm b. 1200 mm c. 2150 mm d. 1500 mm
The nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate specified in NSCP should be of the
depth of slabs.
a. ¼ b. 2/5 c. 1/3 d. ½
SITUATION 5: A reinforced concrete beam having a width of 300 mm and an overall
depth of 600 mm has a spacing of 2.5 m on centers supports a slab 100 mm in
thickness. The super imposed dead load = 3 kPa (includes floor finish, ceiling, fixtures,
etc…) Live load = 4.8 kPa. Columns E and H are omitted such that the girder BEHK
support beams DEF at E and GHI at H. Use NSCP 2001 Specs.
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Compute the ultimate load in kN at E induced by the beam DEF.
a. 288.77 kN b. 264.51 kN c. 308.75 kN d. 313.53 kN
Compute the ultimate load in kN at H induced by the beam GHI.
a. 288.77 b. 264.51 c. 308.75 d. 313.53
Compute the maximum positive moment of girder BK assuming full fixity a B and K. use
FEM = Pab^2/L^2.
SITUATION 6: A decorative tubular concrete beam is simply supported on a span of 4.5
m. Concrete weighs 24 kN/m.
Compute the cracking moment of the tubular section if it has on outside diameter of 600
mm and an inside diameter of 300 mm if its allowable cracking stress is 3.22 MPa.
a. 69.11 kN.m b. 66.18 kN.m c. 64.01 kN.m d. 62.16 kN.m
In addition to its own weight, what concentrated load at midspan can the beam safely
carry before it cracks.
a. 45.4 kN b. 55.7 kN c. 61.7 kN d. 68.3 kN
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If the 300 mm diameter hollow core was replaced by the 300 mm hollow square section,
calculate the cracking moment.
SITUATION 7: A typical flat – plate panel is shown in the figure. The four system
consists of four panels in each direction with a panel size of 7.3 m by 6 m. All panels are
supported by 500 x 500 mm column, 3.6 long. The slab without beams carries a service
live load of 3.84 kPa and a service dead load that consists of 1.15 kPa of floor finish in
addition to the slab weight. Thickness of slab = 225 mm. Fc’ = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414.7
MPa.
Determine the spacing of 16 mm ϕ bars at the column strip in the long direction with a
static moment of Mo = 485.52 kN m
a. 165 mm b. 180 mm c. 160 mm d. 150 mm
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Determine the number of 12 mm ϕ bars required at the column strip in the long direction
with a static moment of 485.52 kN m.
a. 15 b. 11 c. 10 d. 18
Determine the spacing in mm of 12 mm ϕ bars required at the column strip in the long
direction with a static moment of 485.52 kN m.
a. 275 b. 300 c. 200 d. 175
SITUATION 8: The hollow box beam in the figure must carry a factored moment of 540
kN m. Fc’ = 28 MPa, fy = 345 MPa, and Es = 200000 MPa.
Calculate the location of the neutral axis from the top of the beam for a balanced
condition. a. 488.19 mm b. 512.64 mm c. 429.56 mm d.
462.77 mm
Calculate the balanced steel area Asb.
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a. 9471 sq mm b. 10073 sq mm c. 11257 sq mm d. 13101 sq
mm
Which of the following gives the maximum area permitted by the code?
a. 7028.25 sq mm b. 9825.75 sq mm c. 7554.75 sq mm d. 8442.75
sq mm
SITUATION 9: A rectangular concrete beam and an effective depth of 600 mm. It is
reinforced for compression at the top with two 25 mm ϕ bars placed of 62.5 mm from
the compression face of the beam. Fc’ = 34.6 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa.
Compute the factor β based on NSCP 2010 specs.
a. 0.85 b. 0.836 c. 0.817 d. 0.802
Compute the depth of compression block in mm for a balanced condition.
a. 279.18 b. 289.89 c. 280.77 d. 246.23
Determine the resisting moment using the maximum steel required for a balanced
condition.
This method is used to control the deflection of reinforced concrete with long span
members.
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a. Curing b. Steel Reinforcing c. Cambering d. Reducing dimensions
He was able to analyse correctly the stresses in a reinforced concrete beam
a. William Ward b. Thaddeus Hyatt c. E.L. Ransome d. Joseph Monier
SITUATION 10: The section of a reinforced concrete T beam is shown in the figure. The
beam is reinforced with 10 – 32 ϕ tension bars with fy = 415 MPa. Concrete strength f’c
= 32 MPa. If the total service dead load moment on the beam is 330 kN-m,
Compute the factor β based on 2010 NSCP.
a. 0.821 b. 0.845 c. 0.810 d. 0.85
Determine the area of steel reinforcement in sq mm.
a. 7018 b. 6645 c. 6212 d. 6813
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Calculate the moment live load carried by the T beam
SITUATION 11: For the column section shown, fc’ = 21 MPa, fy = 275 MPa, the column
is reinforced with 4– 28 mm ϕ and 10 mm ϕ tie wires.
Find the nominal strength of the column at zero eccentricity.
a. 3655 kN b. 3874 kN c. 4025 kN d. 4144 kN
Find the location of plastic centroid.
a. 242.18mm b. 276.60mm c. 288.16mm d. 300.15mm
Find the moment due to load Pu = 1200 kN at (580,0).
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Steel Design
NOTE: For the code provisions refer to NSCP 2001/2010.
SITUATION 1: A W 420x85 steel beam is fully restrained with a uniformly distributed
super imposed load of 25 kN/m. The beam has a span of 10 m.
Properties of W 420 x 85:
A = 10839 sq mm bf = 180 mm tf = 18 mm
Tw = 11 mm d = 420 mm Ix = 310 x 10^6 mm^4
Compute the bearing stress in MPa.
Compute the maximum web shear stress in MPa.
a. 12.88 b. 16.77 c. 15.79 d. 18.26
Compute the maximum horizontal shearing stress in MPa.
a. 19.41 b. 22.56 c. 25.76 d. 28.10
SITUATION 2: A W 8 x 27 steel column 6 m long is connected at the top and the bottom
and is part of a frame subjected to joint translation (side sway). It carries an axial load of
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800 kN and a counter clockwise moment at the top and a clockwise moment at the
bottom which is only 90% of the moment at top.
Properties of W 8 x 27:
A = 0.013 m^2 r = 194 mm Sx = 0.00099 m^3
Fy = 248 MPa Es = 200000 MPa K = 1.0
Which of the following gives the total axial compressive stress if axial load existed?
Find the allowable axial compressive stress.
If the allowable bending stress is 149 MPa, what is the value of the moment at the top?
For a transverse shear, there is a tendency of the left section of the beam to with
respect to the right section of the beam.
a. Crack downwards b. crack upwards c. slide downwards d. slide upwards
SITUTATION 3: The figure shows a plate having a width of 400 mm and thickness of 12
mm is to be connected to another plate 34 mm ϕ bolts as shown in the figure. Assume
that diameter of holes to be 2 mm larger than the diameter of the bolts. Use A 36 steel
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plate with yield strength of Fy = 248 MPa and a minimum tensile strength Fu = 400
MPa. If a = 60 mm, c = 150 mm, and d = 100 mm,
Find the nearest value of b so that the net width along the bolts 1-2-3-4 is equal to the
net width of the bolts 1-2-4.
a. 15.55 mm b. 19.71 mm c. 22.56 mm d. 28.16 mm
Find the nearest net area for tension in the plates.
a. 3318.48 m^2 b. 3815.99 m^2 c. 3107.54 m^2 d. 3623.65 m^2
Find the value of P so that the allowable tensile stresses will not be exceeded.
a. 724.73 kN b. 776.55 kN c. 844.56 kN d. 853.68 kN
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SITUATION 4: A built up beam is made up of 1250 mm x 9 mm web section and two
flange sections of 620 x 20 mm plate. It has a span of 14 m and carries a uniform load
of 40 kN/m including the self weight. Use A 36 steel Fy = 248 MPa.
Compute the section modulus of the given beam in mm^3.
a. 12188.6 b. 18195.31 c. 17776.7 d. 19145.9
Compute the allowable bending stress in MPa using NSCP Specifications
a. 188.45 b. 124.66 c. 159.45 d. 138.15
Compute the safe concentrated load that it could carry at its mid span besides the
uniform load.
a. 353.14 kN b. 381.79 kN c. 366.20 kN d. 321.37 kN
SITUATION 5: The propped cantilever beam is 10 m long is required to carry a load of
100 kN at misdpan. If the yield stress of mild steel is 300 MPa,
Compute the plastic section modulus in mm^3
a. 80000 b. 75318 c. 64248 d. 83333
Compute the elastic section modulus of the beam given that the shape factor is equal to
1.69.
a. 52217.6 b. 49309.5 c. 54616.0 d. 43217.8
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SITUATION 6: A plate girder shown in the figure is made up of an A 572 Grade 50 (Fy =
345 MPa). Assuming tension field action is included.
Determine the adequacy of the web depth to thickness ratio of the plate girder.
a. 279.55 b. 286.23 c. 222.16 d. 242.21
Compute the stiffener spacing required in the end panel if it has a shear stress of 83
MPa. a. 816 mm b. 844 mm c. 890 mm d. 935 mm
Compute the allowable panel aspect ratio. Hint: APAR = (260tw/h)^2
a. 1.79 b. 1.86 c. 2.12 d. 2.09
The minimum tensile strength for the electrodes of E 70 is:
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For the pure compression member, the axial load at which the column begins to bow
outward is called:
a. Ultimate Load c. Allowable Load
b. Flexural Load d. Euler’s Critical Buckling Load
SITUATION 7: A circular shaft having a radius of 30 mm is welded by a fillet weld at its
fixed end and is subjected to an eccentric load of P = 20 kN and e = 100 mm.
Determine the size of the fillet weld so that it will not exceed a cross shear stress of 18
MPa.
a. 10 mm b. 12 mm c. 9 mm d. 15 mm
Compute the moment reaction of the fillet weld so as to not exceed a torsional shear
stress of 80 MPa.
a. 353.68 N mm b. 475.59 N mm c. 518.24 N mm d. 218.23 N mm
Compute the maximum shearing stress of the weld using t = 8 mm.
SITUATION 8: Define the following terms in steel design.
It is generally used for the members carrying tensile, compressive or bending stresses
for welds.
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a. Base plate b. Groove welds c. Fillet welds d. Slot welds
The failure of the members may occur along a path involving tension on one plane and
shear on a perpendicular plane is also known as:
a. Net force b. Gross force c. Block shear d. None of these
Which of the following rivets have bearing areas to develop sufficient strength?
a. Countersunk b. Chipped flush c. Button heads d. All of these
SITUATION 9: An eccentrically loaded connection shown in the figure has an eccentric
load of 180 kN. A325 bolts is used with threads excluded from shear planes. Using
elastic method,
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Compute the resultant load on the most stressed bolt in the eccentrically loaded
connection.
a. 118.67 kN b. 234.79 kN c. 312.15 kN d. 121.49 kN
Compute the diameter of the A 325 bolts for a bearing type connection having an
allowable shear stress of 207 MPa.
a. 22 mm b. 16 mm c. 20 mm d. 28 mm
Compute the shearing stress of bolt A.
a. 137.80 b. 151.25 c. 167.40 d. 160.88
SITUATION 10: In the figure shown using effective length of 3.5 m and Fy = 248 MPa,
Determine the radius of gyration on x direction.
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a. 130 mm b. 135 mm c. 150 mm d. 165 mm
Compute the allowable buckling stress, Fa.
Compute the allowable axial load.
a. 923 kN b. 956 kN c. 1008 kN d. 1076 kN
SUGGESTED READINGS AND WEBSITES
Tiongson, J. R., & Rojas, R. A., Jr. (2006). 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering
Mathematics (Second ed.). Cebu City: First Benchmark Publisher,Inc.
Padilla, P. B., Jr. (2001). Board Exam Guide in Engineering Mathematics. Manila:
Padilla Civil Engineering Review School and Publishing.
Google. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/google
References
Hibbeler, R. C. (2020). Structural analysis. Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education
Limited.
Tiongson, J. R., & Rojas, R. A., Jr. (2006). 1001 Solved Problems in Engineering
Mathematics (Second ed.). Cebu City: First Benchmark Publisher,Inc.
Padilla, P. B., Jr. (2001). Board Exam Guide in Engineering Mathematics. Manila:
Padilla Civil Engineering Review School and Publishing.
Google. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/google
87 | P a g e
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Various Engineers. (2019). Civil Engineering Board Exam Review Group. Retrieved
2020, from https://www.facebook.com/CEBoardExamPH/.
De Guma, NT. (2019). Civil Engineering Board Exam Review Group. Retrieved 2020,
from https://www.facebook.com/CEBoardExamPH/.
Answer Key (Post Test)
Answer will be provided later, the post test part of this module will serve as your Plate
no. 1, to be submitted to an agreed upon date. The plate shall contain the full solution
to the problems given in the Post Test. For more information kindly contact Engr Marbel
Perez.
Email: marbel.perez@bulsu.edu.ph
88 | P a g e
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Structural Engineering

CE Department – College of Engineering

Chapter 4 Structural Engineering

4.1 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

4.2 Structural Theory

4.3 Reinforced Concrete Design

4.4 Steel Design

1. To be able solve problems in the Civil Engineering Licensure Examination in the

2. Mechanics of Deformable Bodies;

3. Reinforced Concrete Design;

4. And Steel Design

a. Under reinforced , singly

b. Over reinforced , singly

c. Doubly, compression steel yield

d. Doubly, lower the compression steel strength

2. Which of the following gives the nominal strength of the section?

a. 211 kNm b. 280 c. 320 d. 362

3. Which of the following gives the ultimate strength of the section?

a. 190 kNm b. 252 c. 288 d. 326

Figure RC1B – RKCT

SITUATION 2: In the Figure STCA – HAS shown,

4. Calculate the force BC.

a. 83 lbs b. 46.7 lbs c. 88.1 lbs d. 72.9 lbs

5. Calculate the force CD.

a. 83 lbs b. 46.7 lbs c. 88.1 lbs d. 72.9 lbs

6. Find the total length of the cable.

a. 13.7 ft b. 16.8 ft c. 19.3 ft d. 20.2 ft

Figure STCA – HAS

4.1 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

of the area A being sheared.

compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.

TANGENTIAL STRESS (Circumferential Stress)

stress at the wall can be expressed as:

applied force, to the original length.

where δ is the deformation and L is the original length, thus ε is dimensionless.

Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression testing machine. As

Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials. A

structural steel and aluminum, whereas

brittle materials has a relatively small strain

up to the point of rupture like cast iron and

concrete. An arbitrary strain of 0.05

mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing

line between these two classes.

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE'S LAW)

proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or

The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's

ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES

from P to R is called the plastic range.

yielding without any increase in load.

absorb energy without causing it to break.

WORKING STRESS, ALLOWABLE STRESS, AND FACTOR OF SAFETY

since σ = P / A and εe = δ / L, then P / A = E δ / L. Solving for δ,

differential length and applying integration.

where A = ty and y and t, if variable, must be expressed in terms of x.

its own weight is

A is the cross-sectional area of the rod in mm2, and g = 9.81 m/s2.

displacement. It has the unit of N/mm.