इंटरनेट मानक

Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 14343 (1996): Choice of grouting materials for alluvial

grouting - Guidelines [WRD 8: Foundation and Substructures]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS14343:1996
( Reaffirmed 2001 )
*m

=i-FhqT~an-~~~~l-msrRn~~-

TJ-i+frm

Indian Standard
CHOICE OF GROUTING ,MATERIALS FOR
ALLUVIAL GROUTING - GUIDELINES

ICS 91.100

0 BIS 1996

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC
NEW DELHI 110002

A,vril 1996
Foundation and Substructures Sectional Committee, RVD 8

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by the
Foundation and Substructures Sectional Committee had been approved by the River Valley Division
Council.

Grouting in alluvial soils can be resorted to as a temporq measure in case of stabilising the foundation
soil of-any adjoining building during excavation for foundation; and as a permanent measure like stopping
seepage through foundation of a clam. Before commencing any grouting project, it is essential that full
consideration be given to all available grouting materials, in order to choose the most appropriate
materials for a particular application. From a practical point of view grouta are usually divided into two
broad groups namely particulate grouts (suspensions) and non-particulate srouts (solutions). This
division is important in grouting, since the presence of solid particles in a grout immediately places an
absolute limit on the type of ground which the grout can effectively permeate. In other words the pore
size in alluvium must be sufficiently large for the solid particles to pass through.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final
value, observed or calculated, expressins the result of a test or analysis,shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (~eljised)‘. The number of significant -places
retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
 AMENDMENT NO.1 MARCH 2011
TO
IS 14343 : 1996 CHOICE OF GROUTING MATERIALS FOR ALLUVIAL
GROUTING - GUIDELINES

(Page I, clause 3, line 6) - Substitute 'non-particulate (see 6)' for 'chemical (see 6)'.

(Page 2, Table I) - Substitute the following for the existing:

PERMEABILITY GROUTABILITY
K = less than 10.6 em/sec Ungroutable
Groutable with difficulty by grouts having viscosity lower than 5
K= 10-6 em/sec to less than 10.5 em/sec
cP and ungroutable at higher viscosities
Groutable with low viscosity grouts but with difficulty when
K= 10.5 em/sec to less than 10.3 em/sec
viscosity is greater than 10 cP
K = 10.3 em/sec to less than 10. 1 em/sec Groutable with all commonly used chemical grouts
Groutable with suspended solids grout or chemical grout with
K = 10. 1 em/sec or more
filler

(Page 4, Table 2, col heading 3) - Substitute 'Optimum Dosage (percentage by weight of cement)' for
'Optimum Dosage (pe~centage by weight)'

(Page 5, clause 6.3, para 5, line 5) - Substitute' A newly made silica gel will, upon standing, exude
water and shrink and this process is called synersis.' for' A newly made silica gel will, upon standing, exude
water and shrink. '

(Page 6, clause 6.4.2, Title) - Substitute 'Lignosulfonate Grouts' for 'Lingnosulfonate Grouts'.

(Page 7, Fig. 2C) - Delete.

(Page 8, Fig. 2D) - Delete.

(Page 8, clause 6.6.2.2, line 4) - Substitute 'Materials which are highly sensitive, cause difficulty in
handling. Prior knowledge of sensitivity of chemical grout to particular pH is useful. If not, trial experiments
should be conducted.' for 'Materials which are highly sensitive cause difficulty in handling.'

(WRD 8)

Reprography Unit, SIS, New Delhi, India

 IS 14343: 1996

Indian Standard
CHOICE OF GROUTING MATERIALS FOR
ALLUVIAL GROUTING - GUIDELINES
1 SCOPE IS No. Title
12584 : 1989 Specification for bentonite for
1.1 This standard lays down guidelines to cover
grouting in civil engineering
primarily both suspension and solution grouts with works
particular reference to alluvial grouting. Under
suspension grouts, grout materials like cement, 3 GENERAL
clays, bentonite, flyash, etc, are covered, whereas
under solution grouts, chemical grout materials are Grout materials can be broadly classified into two
covered. groups:
1.2 This standard does not cover compaction a) Particulate grouts, and
grouting or grouting for reducing compressibility b) Non-particulate grouts.
of soil which is excluded from the scope of this
The functional difference between particulate
standard.
(see 5) and chemical (see 6) grouts is that the
2 REFERENCES penetrability of the former is a function of particle
size, while in the latter, it is a function of solution
The Indian Standards listed below are necessary viscosities.
adjuncts to this standard: Suspension grouts actually require a small quantity
IS No. Title of water for gellificatiomhydration. However, in
269 : 1989 Specification for 33 grade or- order to increase their flowability, a high propor-
dinary portland cement (fourr!r tion of water is added initially. Most of this excess
revision) water is separated during passage of grout through
383 : 1970 Specification for coarse and fine voids. In solution grouts, on the other hand, the
aggregates from natural sources final water solid ratio is same as the initial.
for concrete
4 CI-IOICE OF A GROUT MATERIAL
1344 : 1981 Specification for calcined clay
pozzolana 4.1 Selection of grout materials involves a balance
1489 Specification for portland between various desirable characteristics of grout
(Part 1) : 1991 pozzolana cement: Part 1 Fly ash materials ai well as requirement of groul slurries
based (third revision) such as particle size, viscosity, gellification lime, gel
1489 Specification for portland poz- strength, stability and permanence coupled with
(Part 2) : 1991 zolana cement: Part 2 Calcined economy. Grout solutions should be non-toxic,
clay based (z/md revision) non-corrosive and non-exploding.
1892 : 1979 Code of practice for sub surface 4.2 Choice of grouting materials and mixtures for
investigations for foundations appropriate field conditions are given in IS 4999 :
(first revision) 1991. Permeability is the soil property most closely
3812 : 1981 Specification for fly ash for use as related to groutability. The general relationship
pozzolana and admixtures (first between these two factors is shown in Table 1.
revision)
4999 : 1991 Recommendations for grouting 5 PARTICULATE GROUTS
of pervious soils (first revision)
5.0 Particulate grouts are suspensions or multi-
5529 Code of practice for in-situ per- phase systems capable of forming subsystems after
(Part 1) : 1985 meability test: Part 1 Test in over- being subjected to natural sieving processes, with
burden chemical properties which must be carefully
11293 Guidelines for the design of grout scrutinized so as to ensure that they do not militate
(Part 1) : 1985 curtains: Part 1 Earth and Rock- against controlled properties of setting or strength.
fill dams

1
IS 14343 : 1996

Table 1 General Relationship Between Permeability and Groutability

(Cfnuse 4.2)
__- ___--__
PERMEABILITY GROUTABILITY
K = lo-” cm/set or less Ungroutable
K = 10-j or low6 cm/set Groutable with difficulty by grouts having viscosity lower than
5 cP and ungroutable at higher viscosities
K = lo-” to lo-’ cm/set Groutable with low viscosity grouLs but with difficulty when-
viscosity is greater than 10 CP
K = 10-l to 10-j cm/set Groutable with all commonly used chemical grouts
K = 10-l cm/set or more Groutable with suspended solids grout or chemical grout with
filler
-..
process. Clay-cement grouts are used primarily for
the treatment of rather coarse alluvial soils and
5.1 Characteristics of Grout Materials
fractured rock strata so fluidity is not 100 sig-
5.1.1 Cement nificant, because the openings available in the
ground are large enough to accept cement particles
Ordinary portland cement suitable for cement con-
without any risk that filtration may occur. The
crete is generally used for grouting, especially for
permeability of such ground will exceed 10-l cm/s.
consolidation grouting. For curtain grouting, how-
ever, portland pozzolana cement can also be used. 5.1.3 Bentonites
Cement for grouting should conform to IS 269 :
Bentonite is a volcanic clay, rich in colloids. It
1989 or 1489 (Part 1) : 1991,1489 (Part 2) : 1991.
tends to hold the cement particles in suspension
5.1.2 Clays and acts as a lubricating material. When mixed with
cement, sodium bentonite (a type of clay) changes
Clays have a special value as a grout constituent.
to calcium bentonite, which then flocculates. The
They are complex comprising of minute mineral floes are gelatinous and large and prevent sedimen-
particles mostly smaller than 2 micron and chemi-
tation of cement particles. Thus it is a common
cal analysis has demonstrated the presence of the
additive for reducing bleeding. Bentonite delays
following essential constituents silicon dioxide, setting of cement and increases penetrability and
aluminium oxide, ferric oxide and water with cal-
workability of grout. For detailed requirements of
cium oxide, magnesium oxide, potassium oxide,
bentonite see IS 12584 : 1989.
sodium oxide and phosphorus oxide. The com-
monest minerals present are kaolinite and 5.1.4 PozzolNna
montmorillonite with silica/alumina ratios of 3 : 6
Pozzolanas as silicates and alumina silicates are not
and 3 : 5 respectively. Not all clay minerals are
cementitious but react with free lime in cement, in
useful in grouting, but sodium and calcium
presence of water, to form cementitious com-
montmorillonites are useful because they have
pounds. Pozzolanas naturally available include
suitable water absorption properties and can
finely ground shale, pumicite and diatomite.
produce gels at low concentrations. Clays have
Flyash, a byproduct of pulverised coal and blast
special value as a grout constituent because of their
furnace slag are examples of artificial pozzolana.
ability to form gels and also their small particlesize.
Since fly ash and slag are waste products they are
As a first guide in selection of clay, particle size
normally used as cheap bulk fillers in low strength
distribution and liquid limit provide useful means
grouts for cavity filling. Fly ash shall conform to
of eliminating the poorer samples. Normally a clay
IS 3812 : 1981 and calcined clay pozzolana shall
having 50 to 60 percent particles smaller than 0.002
conform to IS 1344 : 1981.
mm is preferred. The sand size particles, if present,
in the clay are generally removed through process- 5.1.5 Admtiarres
ing in hydrocyclones. Details of a typical
It is well known that lean cement grouts show high
hydroqclone are shown in Fig. 1. Normally a clay
bleeding percentages, prolonged gel times and low
with liquid limit less than 60 percent is not con-
strengths. Proper use of admixtures can improve
sidered suitable for grouting.
these unfavourable properties to some extent. For
In soils of low permeability, clay-cement grouts example a good accelerator like sodium silicate or
cannot be used because the cement particles would calcium chloride can reduce the gel time, an ex-
be preferentially filtered out during the injection pander like aluminium powder can reduce the

2
 IS 14343 : 1996

EL.BOW PI

id-+ 20 PIPE

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 1 ILLUSTRATIONOFATYPICALHYDROCLONE

bleeding percentage and a fluidifier like calcium

lingnosulfonate can help in increasing the uncon- Sand (4.75 mm to 75 micron) can be added to lean
fined compressive strength of grout. Some admix- cement/water suspensions to form an economical
tures and their dosages as well as effects are given grout where penetrability criteria is satisfied. Sand
in Table 2. shall conform to IS 383 : 1970.
There are, however, certain ~drawbacks in using 5.1.7 Wiuer
admixtures. Addition of a third or even fourth Water used for grouting shall beclean and free from
ingredient complicates the mixing ~procedure, for in,jurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar,
example an admixture may not behave exactly the organic materials or other substances that may be
same way with all cements and its effect could be deleterious. Potable water is generally considered
temperature dependent. satisfactory.

3
IS 14343: 1996

Table 2 Admixtures forGrouting

(C~fruse 5.1.5)

Admixture Chemical 0I)timum Dosage Remarks

(percentage by weight)
Accelerator Calcium l-2 Accelerates set
Chloride and hardening
Sodium silicate 0.5 - 3 Accelerates set
1
Sodium aluminate ) J
Retarder Calcium
Lingnosulphonate 0.2 - 0.3 Also increases
____-- fluidity
Tartaric acid ) 0.1 - 0.5
Sugar
Fluidifier Calcium 0.2 - 0.3
Lingnosulphonate
Detergent 0.05
Expander Aluminium powder 0.005 - 0.02 Up to 15% pre-set
- expansion
Saturated brine 30 - 60 Up to 1% post-set
expansion

5.2 Characteristics of Grout Slurries viscosity to be easily pumped, but not so low as to
travel undesirably long distances without appreci-
Grout slurry should have good penetrability (which
able pressure drop. Viscosity of a grout can be
is based on particle size of grout materials), high
measured in laboratory by a rotational~viscometer.
fluidity, stability, controllable gellification time and
However, this type of instrument is not commonly
high set strength.
used. Therefore some form of funnel viscosity is
5.2.1 Penetrability is the property of the grout usually preferred for giving information about
which mostly controls the selection of a particular fluidity of the grout slurry. A description of meab-
grout for treatment of soil. Penetrabilityofa grout urement of lluidity by Marsh Funnel Test is given
depends mainly on the average particle size of the in Annex A. The Marsh Funnel Test is a good
grout material and the average size of openings in indicator of true viscosity of the grout slurry, it is
the soil. While average particle size of a grout also an important index property for quality control
material can easily be ascertained and controlled, it of field mixes.
is difficult to ascertain the size of average openings
52.3 Stnbiliry
in the alluvium to be treated. Some estimation of
the average opening in the soil can be had from A stable mix will generally maintain its charac-
ilkhi permeability test and grain size curve of soil. teristics during pumping, penetration and final gel-
From these Dis of the soil can be _judged. - As an lification.
Drs (soil)
initial guide should be kept more than Stability of a grout suspension is commonly deter-
Dss (grout) mined by a bleeding (or sedimentation) test. A
25. This will ensure ‘reasonable penetration of stable mix is taken as one having less than 5 percent
grout into the soil to be treated. Table 1 should be bleeding.
referred to for selection of grout on the basis of
permeability. The stability criteria is not applicable to cement
and other cement grouts which would have a
52.2 Viscosity
water/solid ratio considerably smaller than the
Once the grout materials are selected for a par- initial value after deposition and setting.
ticular grouting project based on particle size re-
quirement, the next stage is to decide the
proportion of these materials in the grout mix, such A fundamentvl requirement of a grout is that it
that the resulting grout slurry has sufficiently low shall develop adequate gel strength after a control-

4
 IS 14343 : 1996

lable interval of time. This should be determined 6.3 Silicate Grouts

by relevant test procedures. This requirement is
Alkaline and non-alkaline type of chemical grouts
not applicable to cement grout.
include all alkali silicates with inorganic and or-
5.2.5 Set Strength ganic compounds which may be broadly called
The set strength of a grout is generally determined sodium silicate formulation.
in terms of unconfined compressive strength and Sodium silicate (n-SiO;! NazO) is commercially
laboratory vane shear strength. It is also desirable available as an aqueous solution. The silica/alkali
in certain situations to determine strength of ratio ‘n’, if between 3 to 4, is more suitable for
grouted soil either in the field or in the laboratory. grouting.. When sodium silicate solution and a con-
The strength requirement of a set grout/grouted centrated solution of appropriamorganicand inor-
mass should correspond to the purpose of grouting. ganic salts is mixed, the reaction forming a gel is
6 NON-PARTICULATE GROUTS virtually instantaneous. The commonly used inor-
ganic soils are sodium bicarbonate and sodium
6.0 Non-particulate grouts are solutions or in- bisulphite and sodium and potassium chlorides.
timate one phase systems, retaining an originally Generally used organic salts are acetates and
designed chemical balance until completion of the ketones.
relevant reactions. Solutions in which the solute is
present in the colloidal state are known as colloidal In all silicate based grouts, strength and viscosity
solutions. Chemical grouts fall under this category. are the functions of sodium silicate content and are
directly related to each other. However, a peculiar
6.1 Chemical Grouts characteristic of silicate grout is a reversal in
Some of the widely used chemical grouts are given temperature-gel time relationship at low temper-
in 6.3 to 6.5. atures. When temperature of the grout solution
6.2 Salient Features of Chemical Grouts drops below 15’C, gel-times start getting shorter.
In field work, this could cause unanticipated flash
6.2.1 Chemical grouts should have the following sets when working at temperatures near freezing.
properties to be an ideal grout material:
Portland cement can be used as catalyst. However,
a) A powder readily soluble in water (this the use of normal cement reduces the penetrability
eliminates the expense of transporting a of grout suspension. Sodium silicate solution is
solvent, water being the least expensive
generally considered totally non-toxic and free of
solvent). health hazards and environmental~effects. Sodium
b) Inexpensive and derived from chemicals in salts may sometime cause environmental hazards
abundant supply. in special circumstances. Some of the organics
c) Stable at all anticipated storage con- used for reactions may have toxic, corrosive and/or
ditions. environmental effect.
d) Nontoxic, noncorrosive and nonexplosive.
Although most of the silicate formulations are con-
6.2.2 The grout solution should be: sidered permanent materials the end product is
a) A low-viscosity solution, preferably that of sometimes subjected to a phenomenon called
water. synerisis which often tends to cause doubt about
b) Stable under all normal temperatures. permanence. A newly made silica gel will, upon
c) Catalyzed with common, inexpensive standing, exude water and shrink. The total water
chemicals stable under all normal loss is related to gel properties, generally decreas-
temperatures. ing with increasing silicate content and shorter set-
d) Of stableyH on the positive side (so that it ting times. Syneresis also takes place in the voids
may be used in conjunction with cement). of a stabilized soil mass. In a soil where voids are
e) The end-product should be: completely filled with new gel, the shrinkage
i) permanent gel, accompanying syneresis results in an increase
ii) unaffected by chemicals normally in residual permeability after several weeks.
found in groundwater, and As soils become progressively finer, the practical
iii) of high strength. effect of syneresis becomes smaller. For medium
Ideally, no such chemical exists. However, every and fine sands, effects are generally considered
criterion listed can be found in one or more com- negligible.
mercially available materials. It is important, 6.4 High Polymer Type Chemical Grout
therefore, to determine which grout properties are
critical to a specific project in order to have a sound The groups of compounds classified as high
basis for selecting a grout. polymer type grouts are given at 6.4.1 to 6.4.4.
IS 14343 : 1996

6.4.1 Aclylamide Grouts dehyde and an alkaline base. All three components
A acrylamide grouts consist of a mixture of two are health hazardi and potential environmental
organic monomers, acrylamide (or methanol pollutants. Gels formed are generally inert (non-
acrylamide, methacrylcyanide) and meththylene toxic and non-caustic).
bis-acrylamide, a cross linking agent. The other 6.4.4 Polyurethane Grouts
activators used are TEA (Triethanolamine) and
Polyurethanes are plastics that are used in a wide
DMAPN (Dimethyl amino propionate). The
range of fields as hard or elastic, and unfoamed or
acrylamide grouts are considered to be an ideal
foamed materials. Polyurethanes are formed by the
grout. They can penetrate more readily, mdintain
reaction of two components namely
constant viscosity during the induction period and
polyisocyanates and polyalcohols or with other
have better gel time control and adequate strength
chemicals such as polyethers, polyesters and
for most applications. Acrylamide grouts are more
glycols, which have hydroxyl groups.
costly than silicate grouts and are neurotoxic. The
stiffness of the grouts can be changed by changing The catalysts used are tertiaryamines and tin salts
the acrylamide to methylene ratio. The values of may be used to control the reaction rate. Surface
unconfined compression (UC) and Young’s active agents are used to control bubble size. The
Modulus increase with the increase in percentage foam structure itself is produced by a blowing agent
of methylene bis-acrylamide from 3 to 10. Grout reacting chemically to produce carbon dioxide.
solution with up to 20 percent solids have vis- 6.4.5 Antinoplasts or Urea Resins
cosities well under 2 cP. The gels are considered
The major ingredients of this type of grout are urea
permanent. The minimum concentration of grout
and formaldehyde. In addition to urea, melamine,
from which a gel will form is temperature dependent.
ethjllene and propylene urea, aniline and other
6.4.2 Lingnosulfonate Grouts chemically related materials can be used. These
Lignosulfonates are thewaste liquor by-products of grouts will set only in acidic conditions, therefore,
the wood processing industries. Lignosulfonate they should be used only when it is known that
-grouts consists of lignosulfonate and a hexavalent ground and groundwater pH is below 7. Urea for-
chromium compound. Generally calcium lignosul- maldehyde grouts have viscosities between 10 and
fonate is used with sodium dichromate. Initial vis- 20 cP. Soils stabilised by these grouts have
cosity varies from 3 to 8 cP. The strength of the soils strengths comparable to the phenoplasts. The
grouted with lignosulfonates is of the same order grout is toxic and corrosive. However the gel is
of magnitude, but somewhat less, than that of inert.
acrylamide grouts. Since lignosulfonales are by- 6.5 Other Chemical Grouts
products of other processes, they are relatively
It is possible, to a certain extent, to combine two
cheaper and can compete on cost basis with any
available grouts so as to simultaneously ob,tain the
other chemical grout. Lignosulphonates are con-
optimum properties of each. To do so the materials
sidered to be permanent materials. However, they
must be chemically compatible. The silicates and
are toxic and should be handled with care.
the actylamides can be used together. Polyesters
6.4.3 Phenopfasts and epoxies have been used to anchor rock rein-
Phenoplasts are polycondensates resulting from forcement in drilled holes
the reaction of a phenol or aldehyde. Mostly resor- 6.6 Grout properties
cinol and formaldehyde are used and sodium
Grout properties which are of importance may be
hydroxide is used as a catalyst. The only control of
broadly classified as given in 6.6.1 to 6.6.3.
setting time is the dilution of grout components.
Setting time varies greatly with solutionpH, being 6.6.1 Mechanical Properties
shortest for any given grout concentration at apH 6.6.1.1 Permanence
slightly above 9. Initial viscosities of resorcinol- All grouts which contain water not chemically
formaldehyde grouts range from 1.5 to 3 CP for bound to the grout particles, are prone to mechani-
concentrations normally used for field work. The cal deterioration if subjected to alternate freeze-
viscosity remains constant at those low~levels until thaw and/or wet-dry cycles. The rate of such
gellation starts. Thestrength ofsoil grouted by this deterioration varies with the amount of free water
grout is comparable to high concentration silicates. available in the grout as well as with the dcgrcc of
The strength of soils stabilised by resorcinol for- drying or freezing. Chemical deterioration of
maldehyde grout is directly proportional to the grouts can occur if the grouts react with the soil or
resin content. Resistance to wet-dry cycles is poor groundwatcr, or if the grout itself is soluble in
and can lead to complete disintegration. groundwater or if the reaction products, which
Phenoplasts always contain a phenol, formal- form the grout, are inherently unstable.

6
 IS 14343 : 1996

6.6.1.2 Penembility with viscosities less than 2 cP, such as acrylamide

based materials, can usually be pumped without
The comparative ability of grouts to penetrate a
trouble into soils with permeability as low as lo-”
formation is mainly a function of their relative
cm/s. At 5 cP, grouts such as~the chrome lignin and
viscosities. Thus viscosity is used.as an indicator of
phenoplasts, may be limmited to soils with
penetrability. A rough estimate of penetrability of
permeabilities up to 10T3 cm/s, while silicate based
various chemical grouts in relation to soil grain size
grouts with viscosities of 10 CP may not penetrate
can be had from Fig. 2. Alternatively, penetrability
soils with permeability below 10m2 cm/s.
can also be related with permeability higher than
10” cm/s. 6.6.1.3 Strength
The usable viscosities of various materials depend Chemical grouts have little strength compared to
on the minimum desirable field concentration of cement. However, what is important is thestrength
solids. The penetrability ofvarious chemical grouts of the soil formation grouted with chemical grout.
depends on the soil grain size. In terms of per- In most of the uses strength of grouted soil remain-
meability a conservative criterion is that grouts ing immersed in a saturated formation is more

POLYURETHANE AND POLYACRYLAMIDE

SILICATES HIGH CONCENTRATION

ICATES LOW CONCENTRATION

AMINOPLAS1S

I kOMP$;SSE

FIG. ZA PENETRABILITY
OF VARIOUSGROUTS

WELL POINTS-VACUUM SYSTEM NEEDED IF QUICK

- CONDITIONS EXIST
WELL POINSS-THEORETICAL LIM,TS FOR
- GRAVITY DRAINAGE

B WELL P0INTS~GRAVfT-Y DRAINAGE VERY SLOW

~;ME~-VACUUM

10.0 0.1 0.01 0.001

GRAIN SIZE IN MILLMET‘%%

FIG. 2B EFFECTIVE
RANGEOF GROUNI?WATER CONTROLMEASURES

GROUTS
SANDCEMENTS __
I
PFNCEMENIS c~--.m---- --c---c

CEMENTS
CEMENTSCLAYS
CEUENTISENTCUITES
SENTONITUCEMENTS
_SENTONlTEX.HEMlCAL C----.--w
HIGH CYNCENTRATIQN SblCATES
LOW CCiNCEIJTRATIONSILICATES
CLAR,FIEDSILlCATES ,--- c) -..*
PHENOX RESINS
LlGN!NS
CLARIFIEDUGNINS
ACRYLAMIDES C---c)---)
AMINOPLASTS
PCLYURETWNE

FIG. 2C INDICATIVE
RANGEOF GROUNDWATERTREATMENT

7
 1s 14343 : 1996

F’NE kOARSEi MEDIUM 1 FINE 1 CLAY SOIL

AND F!OLYACRYLAMIDE

1
NTS

TES

ACRYLAMIDE
t,
1 0.1 0.01 0.1
GRAIN IN SIZE mm

FIG.~D GROUTPENETRABILITY

GRAVEL 1 SAND I SILT I CLAY

100

B
z
II

5 50

20

10

P@RTICLE SIZE rn~

FE. 2E GROUTABILITYOFSOILSBY VARIOUS SOLUTION GIWUTS

important. This is termed as wet strength as com- 6.6.2.2 Sensitivity

pared to dry strength generally worked out in
laboratory after air/oven drying. Unconfined com- The degree to which a chemical grout is sensitive to
pression tests arc generally performed to evaluate the pH uf ground water, temperature conditions
strength of grouted mass, however, the triaxial test and chemical activity of dissolved salts in ground
is a better choice. water is termed as its sensitivity. Materials which
are highly sensitive cause difficulty in handling.
66.2 Chemicnl Properties
6.6.2.3 Toxicity
6.6.2.1 Gel time control
Some of the chemical grouts used in the past and/or
The time lag from the mixing of the chemical com- still in use, are classified as neurotoxic, cancer
ponents to the formation of a gel is referred to as causing, tuxic, corrosive, highly irritating, etc.
gel time. With most grouts, the gel time can be There have been a number of incidents of people
changed by varying the concentration of either the adversely affected by exposure to grouts.
activator, the inhibitor or the catalyst. If a wide
range of gel time can be obtained and accurately All chemical grouts should therefore be handled
repeated, gel time control is called good or excel- with care in the field, with safety and cleanliness
lent and if there is only a narrow range of gel time equal to or better than the manufacturer’s recom-
control, then it is termed fair or poor. mendations.
 IS 14343 : 1996

6.6.3 Economic Factors be realistic. When comparing two different grouts,

Cost is a very important factor in selecting the however, the mistake is often made of comparing
construction method best suited to solving a raw material costs rather than in-place costs.
specific field problem. When grouting is compared Selecting the most suitable material for a specific
with other methods such as well pointing or slurry job will generally overcome the possible lower
trenching, chances are that the cost comparisonwill material cost of other products.

ANNEX A
(Chse 5.2.2)
DESCRIPTION OF MARSH FUNNEL AND METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF FLUIDITY OF
GROUT SLURRY

A-l DESCRIPTION OF MARSII FUNNEL Record the time taken for 1000 cc of the slurry to
pass through the funnel into the measuring
A Marsh Funnel as shown in Fig. 3 has a diameter cylinder. The result to the nearest second is the
of 150 mm at the top and a height of 300 mm, the Marsh funnel viscosity. For clear water at 21°C the
bottom orifice’outlet has an inside diameter of Marsh funnel viscosity is 27 seconds. For grout
about 5 mm. The top of the cone has a screen with slurries, the Marsh funnel viscosity has a good
1.5 mm openings, for screening out lumps of poorly relationship with viscosity in centipoise deter-
mixed slurry. mined by a rotational viscometer. The relationship
A-2 METHOD is nearly straight line~in the range of 30-40 seconds.
This can be developed for each individual grout
Pour 2 000 cc of slurry into the funnel. mix.

m hso- 4 r2000 C C MARK

I 4I \ -f -- -1 - - CONE

III I MEASURING CYLINDER

( 1000c C)

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG.3 ILLUSTRATIONOFATYPICALMARSHCONE

Y
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This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. RVD 8 ( 14 ).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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