436 Part 2 Traffic Operations

Table 9.1 Level-of-Service Criteria for Two-Lane Highways in Class I

Percent Average Travel
LOS Time-Spent-Following Speed (milh)
A ::=; 35 > 55
B > 35-50 > 50-55
C > 50-65 > 45-50
D > 65-80 > 40-45
E > 80 ::=; 40

Note: LOS F applies whenever the flow rate exceeds the segment capacity.

Table 9.2 Level-of-Service Criteria for Two-Lane Highways in Class II

Percent
LO Time-Spent-Following
S
::=; 40
A 40 < PTSF ::=; 55
B 55 < PTSF ::=; 70
C 70 < PTSF ::=; 85
D > 85
E

Note: LOS F applies whenever the flow rate exceeds the segment capacity.
Table 9.3 Adjustment (fd/npl for Combined Effect of Directional Distribution ofTraffic and Percentage
of No-Passing Zones on Percent Time-Spent-Following on Two-Way Segments

Increase in Percent Time-Spent-Following(%)

No-Passing Zones(%)
Two-Way Flow
Rate, vP (pc!h) 0 20 40 60 80 100
Directional Split = 50/50

::::::: 200 0.0 10.1 17.2 20.2 21.0 21.8

400 0.0 12.4 19.0 22.7 23.8 24.8
600 0.0 11.2 16.0 18.7 19.7 20.5
800 0.0 9.0 12.3 14.1 14.5 15.4
1400 0.0 3.6 5.5 6.7 7.3 7.9
2000 0.0 1.8 2.9 3.7 4.1 4.4
2600 0.0 1.1 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.4
3200 0.0 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4

Directional Split = 60/40

::::::: 200 1.6 11.8 17.2 22.5 23.1 23.7
400 0.5 11.7 16.2 20.7 21.5 22.2
600 0.0 11.5 15.2 18.9 19.8 20.7
800 0.0 7.6 10.3 13.0 13.7 14.4
1400 0.0 3.7 5.4 7.1 7.6 8.1
2000 0.0 2.3 3.4 3.6 4.0 4.3
2: 2600 0.0 0.9 1.4 1.9 2.1 2.2

Directional Split = 70/30

::::::: 200 2.8 13.4 19.1 24.8 25.2 25.5

400 1.1 12.5 17.3 22.0 22.6 23.2
600 0.0 11.6 15.4 19.1 20.0 20.9
800 0.0 7.7 10.5 13.3 14.0 14.6
1400 0.0 3.8 5.6 7.4 7.9 8.3
2: 2000 0.0 1.4 4.9 3.5 3.9 4.2

Directional Split = 80/20

::::::: 200 5.1 17.5 24.3 31.0 31.3 31.6

400 2.5 15.8 21.5 27.1 27.6 28.0
600 0.0 14.0 18.6 23.2 23.9 24.5
800 0.0 9.3 12.7 16.0 16.5 17.0
1400 0.0 4.6 6.7 8.7 9.1 9.5
2: 2000 0.0 2.4 3.4 4.5 4.7 4.9

Directional Split = 90/10

::::::: 200 5.6 21.6 29.4 37.2 37.4 37.6
400 2.4 19.0 25.6 32.2 32.5 32.8
600 0.0 16.3 21.8 27.2 27.6 28.0
800 0.0 10.9 14.8 18.6 19.0 19.4
2: 1400 0.0 5.5 7.8 10.0 10.4 10.7

437
438 Part 2 Traffic Operations

Table 9.4 Grade Adjustment Factor (Gf ) to Determine Percent Time-Spent-Following on

Two-Way and Directional Segments
Type of Terrain
Range of Two-Way Range of Directional
Flow Rates (pclh) Flow Rates (pclh) Level Rolling

0-600 0-300 1.00 0.77

> 600-1200 > 300-600 1.00 0.94
> 1200 > 600 1.00 1.00

Table 9.5 Passenger-Car Equivalents for Trucks ( Erl and RVs (ER) to Determine
Percent Time-Spent-Following on Two-Way and Directional Segments
Type of Terrain

Range of Two-Way Range of Directional

Vehicle Type Flow Rates (p c!h ) Flow Rates (pc!h) Level Rolling
Trucks, Er 0-600 0-300 1.1 1.8
> 600-1,200 > 300-600 1.1 1.5
> 1,200 > 600 1.0 1.0
RVs,ER 0-600 0-300 1.0 1.0
> 600-1,200 > 300-600 1.0 1.0
> 1,200 > 600 1.0 1.0
Table 9.6 Adjustment (fnp) for Effect of No-Passing Zones on Average Travel
Speed on Two-Way Segments

Reduction in Average Travel Speed

(milh) No-Passing Zones(%)
Two-Way
Demand Flow
Rate, vP (pclh) 0 20 40 60 80 100

0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

200 0.0 0.6 1.4 2.4 2.6 3.5
400 0.0 1.7 2.7 3.5 3.9 4.5
600 0.0 1.6 2.4 3.0 3.4 3.9
800 0.0 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.7 3.0
1000 0.0 1.1 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.6
1200 0.0 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.1
1400 0.0 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.7
1600 0.0 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.5
1800 0.0 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.3
2000 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1
2200 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.9 1.1
2400 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1
2600 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0
2800 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
3000 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8
3200 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7

Table 9.7 Grade Adjustment Factor ( f6 ) to Determine Average Travel Speeds on Two-
Way and Directional Segments
Type of Terrain
Range of Two-Way Range of Directional
Flow Rates (pclh) Flow Rates (pclh) Level Rolling

0-600 0-300 1.00 0.71

> 600-1200 > 300-600 1.00 0.93
> 1200 > 600 1.00 0.99
Table 9.8 Passenger-Car Equivalents for Trucks (E rl and RVs (ER) to Determine Speeds
on Two-Way and Directional Segments
Type of Terrain
Range of Two-Way Range of Directional
Vehicle Type Flow Rates (pclh) Flow Rates (pclh) Level Rolling

Trucks, ET 0-600 0-300 1.7 2.5

> 600-1,200 > 300-600 1.2 1.9
> 1,200 > 600 1.1 1.5
RVs, ER 0-600 0-300 1.0 1.1
> 600-1,200 > 300-600 1.0 1.1
> 1,200 > 600 1.0 1.1

Table 9.9 Adjustment (Lf sl for Lane Width and Shoulder Width
Reduction in FFS (milh)
Shoulder Width (ft)
Lane Width (ft) "?:. 0 <2 "?:.2<4 "?:. 4 < "?:. 6
6
2.2
9 < 10 6.4 4.8 3.5
"?:.10<11 5.3 3.7 2.4 1.1
"?:.11 < 12 4.7 3.0 1.7 0.4
"?:. 12 4.2 2.6 1.3 0.0

Table 9.10 Adjustment ( Af ) for Access-Point Density

Access Points per mi

Reduction in FFS (milh)
0
10 0.0
20 2.5
30 5.0
40 7.5
10.0
442 Part 2 Traffic Operations

Table 9.11 Adjustment ( fnpl to Percent Time-Spent-Following for Percentage of No-

Passing Zones in Directional Segments
No-Passing Zones(%)
Opposing
Demand Flow
Rate, v0 (pc/h) -:::;. 20 40 60 80 100
FFS = 65 milh

-:::;. 100 10.1 17.2 20.2 21.0 21.8

200 12.4 19.0 22.7 23.8 24.8
400 9.0 12.3 14.1 14.4 15.4
600 5.3 7.7 9.2 9.7 10.4
800 3.0 4.6 5.7 6.2 6.7
1000 1.8 2.9 3.7 4.1 4.4
1200 1.3 2.0 2.6 2.9 3.1
1400 0.9 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.1
:::::: 1600 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4
FFS = 60 milh

-:::;. 100 8.4 14.9 20.9 22.8 26.6

200 11.5 18.2 24.1 26.2 29.7
400 8.6 12.1 14.8 15.9 18.1
600 5.1 7.5 9.6 10.6 12.1
800 2.8 4.5 5.9 6.7 7.7
1000 1.6 2.8 3.7 4.3 4.9
1200 1.2 1.9 2.6 3.0 3.4
1400 0.8 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.3
:::::: 1600 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.5
FFS = 55 milh

-:::;. 100 6.7 12.7 21.7 24.5 31.3

200 10.5 17.5 25.4 28.6 34.7
400 8.3 11.8 15.5 17.5 20.7
600 4.9 7.3 10.0 11.5 13.9
800 2.7 4.3 6.1 7.2 8.8
1000 1.5 2.7 3.8 4.5 5.4
1200 1.0 1.8 2.6 3.1 3.8
1400 0.7 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.4
:::::: 1600 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.5

(Continued)
Table 9.11 Adjustment ( fnpl to Percent Time-Spent-Following for Percentage of No-Passing
Zones in Directional Segments (continued)
No-Passing Zones(%)
Opposing
Demand Flow
Rate, v0 (pc/h) "'5c. 20 40 60 80 100
FFS = 50 milh

"'5c. 100 5.0 10.4 22.4 26.3 36.1

200 9.6 16.7 26.8 31.0 39.6
400 7.9 11.6 16.2 19.0 23.4
600 4.7 7.1 10.4 12.4 15.6
800 2.5 4.2 6.3 7.7 9.8
1000 1.3 2.6 3.8 4.7 5.9
1200 0.9 1.7 2.6 3.2 4.1
1400 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.1 2.6
:::::: 1600 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.6
FFS = 45 milh

"'5c. 100 3.7 8.5 23.2 28.2 41.6

200 8.7 16.0 28.2 33.6 45.2
400 7.5 11.4 16.9 20.7 26.4
600 4.5 6.9 10.8 13.4 17.6
800 2.3 4.1 6.5 8.2 11.0
1000 1.2 2.5 3.8 4.9 6.4
1200 0.8 1.6 2.6 3.3 4.5
1400 0.5 1.0 1.7 2.2 2.8
:::::: 1600 0.4 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.7

Table 9.12 Values of Coefficients (a, b) Used in Estimating Percent Time-Spent-

Following for Directional Segments
Opposing Demand
Flow Rate, V 0 (pc/h) a b

"'5c.200 -0.013 0.668

400 -0.057 0.479
600 -0.100 0.413
800 -0.173 0.349
1000 -0.320 0.276
1200 -0.430 0.242
1400 -0.522 0.225
:::::::1600 -0.665 0.119
 Chapter Capacity and Level of Service for Highway Segments 443
9

Table 9.13 Adjustment (fnpl to Average Travel Speed for Effect of Percentage of No-Passing
Zones in Directional Segments
No-Passing Zones(%)

Opposing
Demand Flow
Rate, V 0 (pclh) -S.20 40 60 80 JOO
FFS = 65 milh

-S.100 1.1 2.2 2.8 3.0 3.1

200 2.2 3.3 3.9 4.0 4.2
400 1.6 2.3 2.7 2.8 2.9
600 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0
800 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5
1000 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.2
1200 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
1400 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9
1600 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8
FFS = 60 milh
:::=;lQO 0.7 1.7 2.5 2.8 2.9
200 1.9 2.9 3.7 4.0 4.2
400 1.4 2.0 2.5 2.7 2.9
600 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.0
800 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.4
1000 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2
1200 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.1
1400 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9
1600 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7
FFS = 55 milh

-S.100 0.5 1.2 2.2 2.6 2.7

200 1.5 2.4 3.5 3.9 4.1
400 1.3 1.9 2.4 2.7 2.8
600 0.9 1.1 1.6 1.8 1.9
800 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.4
1000 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1
1200 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.0
1400 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9
1600 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7

(Continued)
Table 9.13 Adjustment ( fnpl to Average Travel Speed for Effect of Percentage of No-
Passing Zones in Directional Segments (cont inued )
No-Passing Zones(%)
Opposing
Demand Flow
Rate, V 0 (pc/h) -5c.20 40 60 80 100
FFS = 50 milh

-5c.l00 0.2 0.7 1.9 2.4 2.5

200 1.2 2.0 3.3 3.9 4.0
400 1.1 1.6 2.2 2.6 2.7
600 0.6 0.9 1.4 1.7 1.9
800 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.3
1000 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.1
1200 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.0
1400 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8
:::::1600 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6
FFS = 45 milh

-5c.l00 0.1 0.4 1.7 2.2 2.4

200 0.9 1.6 3.1 3.8 4.0
400 0.9 0.5 2.0 2.5 2.7
600 0.4 0.3 1.3 1.7 1.8
800 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.2
1000 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.1
1200 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.0
1400 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.7
:::::1600 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6
Table 9.14 Grade Adjustment Factor (Gf ) for Estimating Percent Time-Spent-Following
on Specific Upgrades
Grade Adjustment Factor, fc
Range of Directional Flow Rates, vd (pclh)

Grade(%) Length of Grade (mi) 0-300 > 300-600 > 600

:::::: 3.0 < 3.5 0.25 1.00 0.92 0.92
0.50 1.00 0.93 0.93
0.75 1.00 0.93 0.93
1.00 1.00 0.93 0.93
1.50 1.00 0.94 0.94
2.00 1.00 0.95 0.95
3.00 1.00 0.97 0.96
:::::: 4.00 1.00 1.00 0.97
:::::: 3.5 < 4.5 0.25 1.00 0.94 0.92
0.50 1.00 0.97 0.96
0.75 1.00 0.97 0.96
1.00 1.00 0.97 0.97
1.50 1.00 0.97 0.97
2.00 1.00 0.98 0.98
3.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
:::::: 4.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
:::::: 4.5 < 5.5 0.25 1.00 1.00 0.97
0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
:::::: 4.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
:::::: 5.5 < 6.5 0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
:::::: 4.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
:::::: 6.5 0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
:::::: 4.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Table 9.15 Passenger-Car Equivalents for Trucks (E rl and RVs (ER) for Estimating
Percent Time-Spent-Following on Specific Upgrades

Passenger-Car Equivalent for Trucks, ET

Range of Directional Flow Rates, vd (pclh)
Grade(%) Length of Grade (mi) 0-300 > 300-600 >600 RVs, ER

2: 3.0 3.5 0.25 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

<
0.50 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.00 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.50 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2.00 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
3.00 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0
2: 4.00 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
2: 3.5 4.5 0.25 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
<
0.50 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.00 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.50 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
2.00 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0
3.00 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.0
2: 4.00 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.0
2: 4.5 5.5 0.25 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
<
0.50 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.00 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.50 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0
2.00 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.0
3.00 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.0
2: 4.00 3.3 2.1 1.8 1.0
2: 5.5 6.5 0.25 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
<
0.50 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.00 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0
1.50 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.0
2.00 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.0
3.00 3.3 2.5 2.0 1.0
2: 4.00 4.3 3.1 2.0 1.0
2: 0.25 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
6.5
0.50 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.75 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0
1.00 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.0
1.50 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.0
2.00 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.0
3.00 4.0 3.1 2.2 1.0
2:4.00 4.8 3.5 2.3 1.0
Table 9.16 Grade Adjustment Factor (Gf ) for Estimating Average Travel Speed on Specific Upgrades
Grade Adjustment Factor, fc
Range of Directional Flow Rates, vd (pc/h)

Grade(%) Length of Grade (mi) 0-300 > 300-600 > 600

:::::: 3.0 < 3.5 0.25 0.81 1.00 1.00
0.50 0.79 1.00 1.00
0.75 0.77 1.00 1.00
1.00 0.76 1.00 1.00
1.50 0.75 0.99 1.00
2.00 0.75 0.97 1.00
3.00 0.75 0.95 0.97
:::::: 4.00 0.75 0.94 0.95
:::::: 3.5 < 4.5 0.25 0.79 1.00 1.00
0.50 0.76 1.00 1.00
0.75 0.72 1.00 1.00
1.00 0.69 0.93 1.00
1.50 0.68 0.92 1.00
2.00 0.66 0.91 1.00
3.00 0.65 0.91 0.96
:::::: 4.00 0.65 0.90 0.96
:::::: 4.5 < 5.5 0.25 0.75 1.00 1.00
0.50 0.65 0.93 1.00
0.75 0.60 0.89 1.00
1.00 0.59 0.89 1.00
1.50 0.57 0.86 0.99
2.00 0.56 0.85 0.98
3.00 0.56 0.84 0.97
:::::: 4.00 0.55 0.82 0.93
:::::: 5.5 < 6.5 0.25 0.63 0.91 1.00
0.50 0.57 0.85 0.99
0.75 0.52 0.83 0.97
1.00 0.51 0.79 0.97
1.50 0.49 0.78 0.95
2.00 0.48 0.78 0.94
3.00 0.46 0.76 0.93
:::::: 4.00 0.45 0.76 0.93
:::::: 6.5 0.25 0.59 0.86 0.98
0.50 0.48 0.76 0.94
0.75 0.44 0.74 0.91
1.00 0.41 0.70 0.91
1.50 0.40 0.67 0.91
2.00 0.39 0.67 0.89
3.00 0.39 0.66 0.88
:::::: 4.00 0.38 0.66 0.87
Table 9.17 Passenger-Car Equivalents for Trucks (Erl for Estimating Average Travel Speed on
Specific Upgrades

Passenger-Car Equivalent for Trucks, ET

Range of Directional Flow Rates, vd (pclh)
Grade(%) Length of Grade (mi) 0-300 > 300-600 > 600
2: 3.0 < 3.5 0.25 2.5 1.9 1.5
0.50 3.5 2.8 2.3
0.75 4.5 3.9 2.9
1.00 5.1 4.6 3.5
1.50 6.1 5.5 4.1
2.00 7.1 5.9 4.7
3.00 8.2 6.7 5.3
2: 4.00 9.1 7.5 5.7
2: 3.5 < 4.5 0.25 3.6 2.4 1.9
0.50 5.4 4.6 3.4
0.75 6.4 6.6 4.6
1.00 7.7 6.9 5.9
1.50 9.4 8.3 7.1
2.00 10.2 9.6 8.1
3.00 11.3 11.0 8.9
2: 4.00 12.3 11.9 9.7
2: 4.5 < 5.5 0.25 4.2 3.7 2.6
0.50 6.0 6.0 5.1
0.75 7.5 7.5 7.5
1.00 9.2 9.0 8.9
1.50 10.6 10.5 10.3
2.00 11.8 11.7 11.3
3.00 13.7 13.5 12.4
2: 4.00 15.3 15.0 12.5
2: 5.5 < 6.5 0.25 4.7 4.1 3.5
0.50 7.2 7.2 7.2
0.75 9.1 9.1 9.1
1.00 10.3 10.3 10.2
1.50 11.9 11.8 11.7
2.00 12.8 12.7 12.6
3.00 14.4 14.3 14.2
2: 4.00 15.4 15.2 15.0
2: 6.5 0.25 5.1 4.8 4.6
0.50 7.8 7.8 7.8
0.75 9.8 9.8 9.8
1.00 10.4 10.4 10.3
1.50 12.0 11.9 11.8
2.00 12.9 12.8 12.7
3.00 14.5 14.4 14.3
2: 4.00 15.4 15.3 15.2
Table 9.18 Passenger-Car Equivalents for RVs ( ER ) for Estimating Average Travel Speed on
Specific Upgrades

Passenger-Car Equivalent for RVs, ER

Range of Directional Flow Rates, vd (pclh)
Grade(%) Length of Grade (mi) 0-300 > 300-600 > 600
2: 3.0 < 3.5 0.25 1.1 1.0 1.0
0.50 1.2 1.0 1.0
0.75 1.2 1.0 1.0
1.00 1.3 1.0 1.0
1.50 1.4 1.0 1.0
2.00 1.4 1.0 1.0
3.00 1.5 1.0 1.0
2: 4.00 1.5 1.0 1.0
2: 3.5 < 4.5 0.25 1.3 1.0 1.0
0.50 1.3 1.0 1.0
0.75 1.3 1.0 1.0
1.00 1.4 1.0 1.0
1.50 1.4 1.0 1.0
2.00 1.4 1.0 1.0
3.00 1.4 1.0 1.0
2: 4.00 1.5 1.0 1.0
2: 4.5 < 5.5 0.25 1.5 1.0 1.0
0.50 1.5 1.0 1.0
0.75 1.5 1.0 1.0
1.00 1.5 1.0 1.0
1.50 1.5 1.0 1.0
2.00 1.5 1.0 1.0
3.00 1.6 1.0 1.0
2: 4.00 1.6 1.0 1.0
2: 5.5 < 6.5 0.25 1.5 1.0 1.0
0.50 1.5 1.0 1.0
0.75 1.5 1.0 1.0
1.00 1.6 1.0 1.0
1.50 1.6 1.0 1.0
2.00 1.6 1.0 1.0
3.00 1.6 1.2 1.0
2: 4.00 1.6 1.5 1.2
2: 6.5 0.25 1.6 1.0 1.0
0.50 1.6 1.0 1.0
0.75 1.6 1.0 1.0
1.00 1.6 1.0 1.0
1.50 1.6 1.0 1.0
2.00 1.6 1.0 1.0
3.00 1.6 1.3 1.3
2: 4.00 1.6 1.5 1.4
450 Part 2 Traffic Operations

Table 9.19 Passenger-Car Equivalents (Ere) for Estimating the Effect on Average
Travel Speed ofTrucks that Operate at Crawl Speeds on Long Steep

Downgrades
Passenger-Car Equiva lent for Trucks at Crawl Speeds, ETc
Range of Directional Flow Rates, vd (pclh)
Difference Between
FFS and Truck Crawl
Speeds (milh) 0-300 > 300-600 > 600
::; 15 4.4 2.8 1.4
25 14.3 9.6 5.7
2: 40 34.1 23.1 13.0

Table 9.20 Factors ( fp for Estimating the Average Travel Speed

1
)

and Percent Time-Spent-Following within a Passing

Lane
Directional Flow Average Travel Percent
Rate (pclh) Speed Time-Spent-Following
0-300 1.08 0.58
> 300-600 1.10 0.61
> 600 1.11 0.62

Table 9.21 Optimal Lengths (LP of Passing Lanes

)
1

Directional Optimal Passing

Flow Rate (pclh) Lane Length (mi)
100 ::; 0.50
200 > 0.50-0.75
400 > 0.75-1.00
2: 700 > 1.00-2.00

Table 9.22 Downstream Length (Ld el of Roadway Affected by Passing Lanes

on Directional Segments in Level and Rolling Terrain
Downstream Length of Roadway Affected Ld e (mi)

Directional Flow Percent Time-Spent- Average

Rate (pclh) Following Travel Speed
::; 200 13.0 1.7
400 8.1 1.7
700 5.7 1.7
2: 1000 3.6 1.7
 Table 9.23 Factors ( fp1) for Estimating the Average Travel Speed and Percent
Time Spent-Following within a Climbing Lane
Directional Flow Average Percent Time-Spent-
Rate (pclh) Travel Speed Following
0-300 1.02 0.20
> 300-600 1.07 0.21
> 600 1.14 0.23

Table 9.24 Level-of-Service Criteria for Basic Freeway Segments

LOS
Criteria A B C D E
FFS = 75 milh

Maximum density (pc/mi/ln) 11 18 26 35 45

Maximum speed (mi/h) 75.0 74.8 70.6 62.2 53.3
Maximum v/c 0.34 0.56 0.76 0.90 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/ln) 820 1350 1830 2170 2400

FFS = 70milh

Maximum density (pc/mi/ln) 11 18 26 35 45

Maximum speed (mi/h) 70.0 70.0 68.2 61.5 53.3
Maximum vie 0.32 0.53 0.74 0.90 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/ln) 770 1260 1770 2150 2400

FFS = 65 milh

Maximum density (pc/mi/ln) 11 18 26 35 45

Maximum speed (mi/h) 65.0 65.0 64.6 59.7 52.2
Maximum v/c 0.30 0.50 0.71 0.89 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/ln) 710 1170 1680 2090 2350

FFS = 60milh

Maximum density (pc/mi/ln) 11 18 26 35 45

Maximum speed (mi/h) 60.0 60.0 60.0 57.6 51.1
Maximum v/c 0.29 0.47 0.68 0.88 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/ln) 660 1080 1560 2020 2300

FFS = 55 milh

Maximum density (pc/mi/ln) 11 18 26 35 45

Maximum speed (mi/h) 55.0 55.0 55.0 54.7 50.0
Maximum v/c 0.27 0.44 0.64 0.85 1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/h/ln) 600 990 1430 1910 2250
 Table 9.25 Passenger-Car Equivalents for Trucks and Buses (Erl and RVs ( ER ) on
General Highway Segments : Mult ilane Highways and Basic Freeway

Sections
Type of Terrain

Factor
Level Rollin Mountainous
ET (trucks and buses) g
ER (RVs) 1.5 4.5
1.2 2.5 4.0
2.0

Table 9.26 Passenger-Car Equivalents for Trucks and Buses (Erl on Upgrades, Multilane
Highways, and Basic Freeway Sections

ET
Percentage of Trucks and Buses
Upgrade Length
(%) (mi) 2 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 25
<2 All 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.00-0.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.25-0.50 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
2:: 2-3 > 0.50-0.75 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.75-1.00 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 1.00-1.50 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 1.50 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 0.00-0.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.25-0.50 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 3-4 > 0.50-0.75 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 0.75-1.00 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 1.00-1.50 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5
> 1.50 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5
> 0.00-0.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.25-0.50 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 4-5 > 0.50-0.75 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
> 0.75-1.00 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
> 1.00 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0
> 0.00-0.25 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.25-0.30 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 5-6 > 0.30-0.50 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
> 0.50-0.75 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
> 0.75-1.00 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
> 1.00 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
> 0.00-0.25 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 0.25-0.30 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5
>6 > 0.30-0.50 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5
> 0.50-0.75 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0
> 0.75-1.00 6.0 5.5 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5
> 1.00 7.0 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.0
452
 Chapter Capacity and Level of Service for Highway Segments 45
9

Table 9.27 Passenger-Car Equivalents for RVs (ER ) on Uniform Upgrades, Multilane
Highways, and Basic Freeway Segments
ER
Percentage of RVs

Grade Length
(%) (mi) 2 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 25
::=; 2 All 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
> 2- 3 > 0.00-0.50 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
> 0.50 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2
> 0.00-0.25 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
> 3-4 > 0.25-0.50 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 0.50 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5
> 0.00-0.25 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 4-5 > 0.25-0.50 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
> 0.50 4.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0

> 0.00-0.25 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5
>5 > 0.25-0.50 6.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0
> 0.50 6.0 4.5 4.0 4.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.0

Table 9.28 Passenger-Car Equivalents for Trucks ( Erl on Downgrades, Multilane

Highways, and Basic Freeway Segments
Er
Percentage of Trucks

Downgrade (%) Length (mi) 5 10 15 20

< 4- 6 All 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
4-5 ::=; 4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
4-5 >4 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5
> 5-6 ::=; 4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
> 5-6 >4 5.5 4.0 4.0 3.0
>6 ::=; 4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
>6 >4 7.5 6.0 5.5 4.5

Table 9.29 Adjustment (Lfw l for Lane

Width
Lane Width (ft) Reduction in FFS, Aw
(milh)
12 0.0
11 1.9
10 6.6
Table 9.30 Adjustment (fLcl for Right-Shoulder Lateral Clearance
Reduction in Free-Flow Speed, Ac (milh)
Lanes in One Direction

Right-Shoulder
Lateral Clearance (ft) 2 3 4 "2::. 5

"2::. 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1
4 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.2
3 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.3
2 2.4 1.6 0.8 0.4
1 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.5
0 3.6 2.4 1.2 0.6

Table 9.31 Adjustment (fN) for Number of

Lanes
Reduction in Free-
Number of Lanes
Flow Speed, fN (milh)
(One Direction)
0.0
"2::. 5
1.5
4
3.0
3
4.5
2

Table 9.32 Adjustment (fi0) for Interchange Density

Interchange
Reduction in Free-
s per Mile
Flow Speed frn (milh)
::=; 0.50
0.0
0.75
1.3
1.00
2.5
1.25
3.7
1.50
5.0
1.75
6.3
2.00
7.5
Table 9.33 Level-of-Service Criteria for Multilane Highways
LOS
Free-Flow
Speed Criteria A B C D E

60 mi / h Maximum density 11 18 26 35 40
(pc/mi/ln)
Average speed 60.0 60.0 59.4 56.7 55.0
(mi/h)
Maximum volume- 0.30 0.49 0.70 0.90 1.00
to-capacity ratio (v/c)
Maximum service 660 1080 1550 1980 2200
flow rate (pc/h/ln)

55 mi / h Maximum density 11 18 26 35 41
(pc/mi/ln)
Average speed (mi/h 55.0 55.0 54.9 52.9 51.2
Maximum v/c 0.29 0.47 0.68 0.88 1.00
Maximum service 600 990 1430 1850 2100
flow rate (pc/h/ln)

50 mi / h Maximum density 11 18 26 35 43
(pc/mi/ln)
Average speed 50.0 50.0 50.0 48.9 47.5
(mi/h)
Maximum vie 0.28 0.45 0.65 0.86 1.00
Maximum service 550 900 1300 1710 2000
flow rate (pc/h/ln)

45 mi/h Maximum density 11 18 26 35 45

(pc/mi/ln)
Average speed 45.0 45.0 45.0 44.4 42.2
(mi/h)
Maximum v/c 0.26 0.43 0.62 0.82 1.00
Maximum service 480 810 1170 1550 1900
flow rate (pc/h/ln)
Table 9.34 Adjustment (Lf cl for Lateral Clearance
Four-Lane Highways Six-Lane Highways

Total Lateral Reduction in Total Lateral Reduction in

Clearance (ft) FFS (milh) Clearance (ft) FFS (milh)

12 0.0 12 0.0
10 0.4 10 0.4
8 0.9 8 0.9
6 1.3 6 1.3
4 1.8 4 1.7
2 3.6 2 2.8
0 5.4 0 3.9

Table 9.35 Adjustment (fM) for Median Type

Reduction in FFS
Median Type (milh)
Undivided highways
1.6
Divided highways (including TWLTLs)
0.0

Table 9.36 Adjustment (fA) for Access-Point Density

Reduction in FFS
Access Points/Mile (milh)

0 0.0
10 2.5
20 5.0
30 7.5
$40 10.0