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    Control System Components 205

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    Rohit Shrestha
    Controllers are proportioning devices that control dampers or valves to maintain temperature, humidity, or pressure. There are two types of controllers: direct acting controllers increase branch line pressure as the sensed condition increases, while reverse acting controllers decrease branch line pressure as the sensed condition increases. Thermostats are controllers used for temperature that can be either direct or reverse acting. A single pressure thermostat can be either a one-pipe bleed type or a two-pipe relay type controller.

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    Control System Components 205

    Uploaded by

    Rohit Shrestha
    16 views2 pages
    Controllers are proportioning devices that control dampers or valves to maintain temperature, humidity, or pressure. There are two types of controllers: direct acting controllers increase branch line pressure as the sensed condition increases, while reverse acting controllers decrease branch line pressure as the sensed condition increases. Thermostats are controllers used for temperature that can be either direct or reverse acting. A single pressure thermostat can be either a one-pipe bleed type or a two-pipe relay type controller.

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    Controllers are proportioning devices that control dampers or valves to maintain temperature, humidity, or pressure. There are two types of controllers: direct acting controllers increase branch line pressure as the sensed condition increases, while reverse acting controllers decrease branch line pressure as the sensed condition increases. Thermostats are controllers used for temperature that can be either direct or reverse acting. A single pressure thermostat can be either a one-pipe bleed type or a two-pipe relay type controller.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views2 pages

    Control System Components 205

    Uploaded by

    Rohit Shrestha
    Controllers are proportioning devices that control dampers or valves to maintain temperature, humidity, or pressure. There are two types of controllers: direct acting controllers increase branch line pressure as the sensed condition increases, while reverse acting controllers decrease branch line pressure as the sensed condition increases. Thermostats are controllers used for temperature that can be either direct or reverse acting. A single pressure thermostat can be either a one-pipe bleed type or a two-pipe relay type controller.

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    Control System Components 205

    Chapter 12

    Control
    System Components

    C ontrollers

    • Direct acting
    An increase in sensed temperature (pressure or humid-
    ity) is an increase in branch pressure (pneumatic or
    electric)
    • Reverse acting
    An increase in temperature, etc., is a decrease in branch
    pressure

    CONTROL COMPONENTS

    Controllers
    A controller is a proportioning device designed to control
    dampers or valves to maintain temperature, humidity, or pres-
    sure. Types of controllers are thermostats for temperature, humi-
    distats for humidity, pressurestats for pressure, master controllers
    to control submaster controllers, and receiver-controllers. A con-
    troller may be direct acting (D/A) or reverse acting (R/A). A di-
    rect acting controller increases its branch line pressure as the
    condition it is sensing increases. A reverse acting controller de-
    creases its branch line pressure as the condition it is sensing in-
    creases. Some other important terms you’ll need to know are
    throttling range and setpoint. Throttling range is the change in the
    controlled condition necessary for the controller output to change

    205
    206 HVAC Fundamentals

    over a certain range. For example, a 4 degree throttling range (TR)


    means that the thermostat’s branch line output will vary from 3
    to 15 psig over a 4 degree change in temperature. “Setpoint” is the
    point at which the controller is set and the degree of temperature,
    or percent relative humidity, or pressure which is to be main-
    tained. An example of a DDC controller’s output signals for both
    direct acting and reverse acting operation for a 6 degree throttling
    range is that the electrical signal will vary from 6 to 9 vdc over a
    6 degree change in temperature. You’ll understand these terms
    better when we describe the various controllers, controlled de-
    vices and relays.

    Single Pressure Thermostat


    A single pressure thermostat may be a one-pipe, bleed-type
    or a two pipe, relay-type controller. The bleed-type thermostat has
    only one pipe connection. The main air is introduced through a
    restrictor into the branch line between the thermostat and the
    controlled device. The two-pipe thermostat has two connections,
    branch and main, and receives main air directly. The two-pipe
    thermostat will provide a greater volume of air to the controlled
    device which produces a faster response to a change in tempera-
    ture. Thermostats may be either direct or reverse acting. The stan-
    dard thermostat has a temperature range of 55°F to 85°F and a 3
    to 15 psig output range. Generally, the throttling range may be
    adjusted between 2 and 12 degrees. As an example, a room has a
    direct acting thermostat set for 72°F and a 4 degree throttling
    range is selected (70°F to 74°F). A direct acting thermostat means
    that a rise in space temperature causes a rise in the branch pres-
    sure output of the thermostat. Therefore, when the room tempera-
    ture is at or below 70°F the thermostat will put out 3 psig branch
    pressure. When the room is 72°F the output will be 9 psig. At 74
    degrees or above the branch output will be 15 psig. Another ex-
    ample would be a room that has a reverse acting thermostat with
    a 6 degree throttling range and a setpoint of 72°F. The control
    sequence is: at 75°F, the branch output would be 3 psig (a rise in
    space temperature is a decrease in pressure output), at 72°F the

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