a0

n m
b0
a0 x n a1 x n 1
an
lim 0 n m 0
x b0 x m b1 x m 1
bm
n m

sin x 1
1 lim 1 2 lim 1 x x e 3 lim n a (a o) 1
x 0 x x 0 n

4 lim n n 1 5 lim arctan x 6 lim arc tan x

n x 2 x 2
x
7 lim arc cot x 0 8 lim arc cot x 9 lim e 0
x x x

10 lim e x 11 lim x x 1
x x 0

x 0
1 2
sin x x tan x x arcsin x x arctan x x 1 cos x x
2
ln 1 x x ex 1 x a x 1 x ln a 1 x 1 x

u u v uv
u v u v uv u v uv
v v2

1
c 0 x x sin x cos x

cos x sin x tan x sec2 x cot x csc2 x

sec x sec x tan x csc x csc x cot x

1
ex ex ax a x ln a ln x
x
1 1 1
log a x arcsin x arccos x
x ln a 1 x2 1 x2

1 1 1
arctan x arc cot x x 1 x
1 x2 1 x2 2 x
 n n n n
1 u x v x u x v x 2 cu x cu n x

n
n n
3 u ax b a n u n ax b 4 u x v x cnk u n k
x v(k ) x
k 0

n
n n n
1 xn n! 2 e ax b
a n e ax b
(3) a
x
a x ln n a

n
(4) sin ax b a n sin ax b n
2

n
(5) cos ax b a n cos ax b n
2
n
1 n an n! n n 1 an n 1 !
(6) 1 n 1
(7) ln ax b 1 n
ax b ax b ax b

1
d c 0 d x x dx d sin x cos xdx

d cos x sin xdx d tan x sec 2 xdx d cot x csc 2 xdx

d sec x sec x tan xdx d csc x csc x cot xdx

1
d ex e x dx d ax a x ln adx d ln x dx
x
1 1 1
d log a x dx d arcsin x dx d arccos x dx
x ln a 1 x2 1 x2
1 1
d arctan x dx d arc cot x dx
1 x2 1 x2

d u v du dv d cu cdu

u vdu udv
d uv vdu udv d
v v2
 1
x dx
kdx kx c x dx c ln x c
1 x

ax
a x dx c e x dx ex c cos xdx sin x c
ln a
1
sin xdx cos x c 2
dx sec 2 xdx tan x c
cos x
1 1
csc2 xdx cot x c dx arctan x c
sin 2 x 1 x2
1
dx arcsin x c
1 x2

1 u ax b
f ax b dx f ax b d ax b
a
1 1
f x x dx f x d x u x

1
f ln x dx f ln x d ln x u ln x
x
f e x e x dx f ex d ex u ex
1
f a x a x dx f ax d ax u ax
ln a
f sin x cos xdx f sin x d sin x u sin x
u cos x
f cos x sin xdx f cos x d cos x

u tan x
f tan x sec 2 xdx f tan x d tan x

u cot x
f cot x csc 2 xdx f cot x d cot x

1
f arctan x dx f arc ta n x d arc ta n x
1 x2 u arctan x
1 u arcsin x
f arcsin x dx f arcsin x d arcsin x
2
1 x
 tan xdx ln cos x c cot xdx ln sin x c

sec xdx ln sec x tan x c csc xdx ln csc x cot x c

1 1 x 1 1 x a
2 2
dx arctan c 2 2
dx ln c
a x a a x a 2a x a

1 x 1
dx arcsin c dx ln x x2 a2 c
a 2
x 2 a x 2
a 2

x n e ax dx u xn dv eax dx

x n sin xdx u xn dv sin xdx

x n cos xdx u xn dv cos xdx

x n arctan xdx u arctan x dv x n dx

x n ln xdx u ln x dv x n dx

e ax sin xdx e ax cos xdx u e ax ,sin x, cos x

2
(1) a x2 x a sin t (2) a2 x2 x a tan t (3) x
2
a2 x a sec t

1 3
1 sin 0 0 2 sin 3 sin 4 sin 1 5 sin 0
6 2 3 2 2

3 1
1 cos 0 1 2 cos 3 cos 4 cos 0 5 cos 1
6 2 3 2 2

3
1 tan 0 0 2 tan 3 tan 3 4 tan 5 tan 0
6 3 3 2

3
1 cot 0 2 cot 3 3 cot 4 cot 0 5 cot
6 3 3 2
1.

sin( A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B sin( A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B

cos( A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B cos( A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B tan A tan B
tan( A B) tan( A B)
1 tan A tan B 1 tan A tan B
cot A cot B 1 cot A cot B 1
cot( A B) cot( A B)
cot B cot A cot B cot A

2.

sin 2 A 2sin A cos A cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A 1 2sin 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1

2 tan A
tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A

3.

A 1 cos A A 1 cos A
sin cos
2 2 2 2

A 1 cos A sin A A 1 cos A sin A

tan cot
2 1 cos A 1 cos A 2 1 cos A 1 cos A

4.
a b a b a b a b
sin a sin b 2sin cos sin a sin b 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2
a b a b a b a b
cos a cos b 2 cos cos cos a cos b 2sin sin
2 2 2 2
sin a b
tan a tan b
cos a cos b

5.
1 1
sin a sin b cos a b cos a b cos a cos b cos a b cos a b
2 2
1 1
sin a cos b sin a b sin a b cos a sin b sin a b sin a b
2 2
 6.
a a a
2 tan 1 tan 2 2 tan
sin a 2 cos a 2 tan a 2
a a a
1 tan 2 1 tan 2 1 tan 2
2 2 2

7.

sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 sec2 x ta n 2 x 1 csc2 x cot 2 x 1

8.
tan x cot x 1 sec x cos x 1 cs c x sin x 1
9.
sin x cos x
tan x cot x
cos x sin x

dy
1. f x g y f1 x g1 y dx f 2 x g 2 y dy 0
dx
dy y
2. f
dx x

dy
3. p x y Q x
dx
p x dx p x dx
y e Q x e dx c

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