1.The Application Procedure for the Civil Services Examination is pretty simple.

Electronically scannable Application Forms along with the Information Brochure can be
obtained from the designated Head Post Offices / Post Offices throughout the country. The
duly filled in Application Form with the acknowledgement card should be sent to - Secretary,
Union Public Service Commission, Dholpur House, New Delhi - 110011. For more details
regarding Syllabi, Examination Centres and other clauses, interested candidates are advised
to check UPSC's Notification issued during December in 'Employment News' and all major
newspapers.

Tamil Nadu Circle : Chennai GPO, Anna Road, St. Thomas Mount, T. Nagar, 

All India Services

 Indian Administrative Service

 India Foreign Service
 Indian Police Service 

Group A Services
 Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service
 Indian Audit and Accounts Service
 Indian Customs and Central Excise Service
 Indian Defence Accounts Service
 Indian Revenue Service
 Indian Ordnance Factories Service (Assistant Works Manager, non-technical)
 Indian Postal Service
 Indian Civil Accounts Service
 Indian Railway Traffic Service
 Indian Railway Accounts Service
 Indian Railway Personnel Service
 Posts of Assistant Security Officer in Railway Protection Force (RPF)
 Indian Defence Estates Service
 Indian Information Service (Junior Grade) 

Group - B Services
 Railway Board Secretariat Service (Section Officer's Grade)
 Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service (Section Officer's Grade)
 Customs Appraisers' Service
 Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra &
Nagar Haveli Civil Service and Police Service
 Pondicherry Civil Service

Academic Eligibility for IAS Exams

o A degree of any of the Universities incorporated by an Act of the

Central or State Legislature in India or other educational institutions
established by an Act of Parliament or declared to be a Deemed
University under the UGC Act, 1956, or an equivalent qualification.
 o Candidates who have appeared or intend to appear for the qualifying
examination and are awaiting results are also eligible to appear for the
Preliminary Examination. All such candidates who qualify to appear for
the Civil Services Main Examination must produce proof of having
passed the said examination along with their application for the Main
Examination.
o The UPSC may in exceptional cases treat a candidate without the
foregoing requisite qualification as an eligible candidate if he / she has
passed an examination conducted by other institutions, the standard of
which justifies his / her admission in the opinion of the Commission.
o Candidates with professional and technical qualifications recognised by
the Government as equivalent to professional and technical degrees.
o Candidates who have passed the final year of MBBS or any Medical
Examination but are yet to complete the internship can also appear for
the Main Examination. However they must submit along with their Main
Examination application, a certificate from the concerned authority of
the University / Institution that they have passed the final professional
medical examination. At the Interview stage they must then produce a
certificate from a competent authority that they have completed
(including internship) all the requirements for the award of the Medical
Degree.

Other Eligibility Conditions for IAS Exams

(1) Nationality
i. Only Indian nationals are eligible for IAS and IPS. 
ii. For other services a candidate can be either of the following: 
a. a citizen of India, 
b. a subject of Nepal, 
c. a subject of Bhutan, 
d. a Tibetan refugee who came over to India before January 1, 1962
with the intention of permanently settling in India, or 
e. a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Burma, Ethiopia,
Kenya, Malawi, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Uganda, United Republic of
Tanzania, Vietnam, Zaire or Zambia with the intention of permanently
settling in India. Candidates belonging to either categories of b., c., d.
or e., must produce an eligibility certificate issued by the Government
of India. Those who belong to either of b., c., or d., categories are not
eligible for appointment to the Indian Foreign Service.

(2) Age Limit 

i. A candidate must have attained 21 years and not be over 30 years on
August 1 of the year of examination. 
ii. The upper age limit is relaxed in specific cases as mentioned below: 
a. upto a maximum of 5 years if the candidate belongs to SC/ST.
b. upto a maximum of 3 years if the candidate belongs to Other
Backward Classes.
c. upto a maximum of 5 years if the candidate had been domiciled in
 Jammu & Kashmir during the period between January 1, 1980 and
December 31, 1989.
d. upto a maximum of 3 years in the case of Defence Services
personnel disabled during hostilities with foreign countries or in a
disturbed area and consequently released.
e. upto a maximum of 5 years in the case of ex-servicemen including
Commissioned Officers and ECOs / SSCOs who have rendered at
least five years Military Service as on August 1 of the year of
examination and have been released:

 on completion of assignment (including those whose assignment

is due to be completed within one year from August 1 of the year
of examination) otherwise than by way of dismissal or discharge
on account of misconduct or inefficiency, or
 on account of physical disability attributable to Military Service,
or
 on invalidment.

f. upto a maximum of 5 years in the case of ECOs / SSCOs who have

completed an initial period of assignment (5 years Military Service) as
on August 1 of the year of examination and whose assignment has
been extended beyond 5 years. Such candidates will have to provide a
certificate from the Ministry of Defence stating that they can apply for
civil employment and they will be released on a notice of 3 months,
upon selection, from the date of receipt of offer of appointment.
g. upto a maximum of 10 years in the case of blind, deaf-mute and
orthopaedically handicapped candidates.

A maximum of 4 attempts is permitted to every candidate and 7 to those

belonging to Other Backward Classes. There is no restriction on the number
of attempts in the case of SC/ST candidates. All this provided you are still
under the age limit. Also it is wiser to be mentally ready for several attempts
as cracking the Civil Services Exams is a tough nut to crack the first time
around; and if you do qualify you may want to attempt again to improve your
ranking and therefore your service allotment. 

Preliminary Exam
The Preliminary Examination is one of the toughest exams in India and you should not take it
lightly even though it is meant to serve as a screening test. This examination is conducted
according to the following pattern:

PAPER SUBJECT DURATION MARKS QUESTION TYPE

I General Studies 2 hrs 150 Objective Type
II Optional Subject 2 hrs 300 Objective Type

General Studies includes the following: General Science, Current Events of national and
international importance, History of India and Indian National Movement, India and World
 Geography, Indian Polity and Economy and General Mental Ability. 

Optional Subjects for Preliminary Examination: Agriculture, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary
Science, Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Commerce, Economics, Electrical
Engineering, Geography, Geology, Indian History, Law, Mathematics, Mechanical
Engineering, Medical Science, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Public
Administration, Sociology, Statistics and Zoology. 

Main Exam
The Main Examination is to assess the overall intellectual traits and depth of understanding of
the candidates. The Written Examination in the Main Examination consists of 9 papers and is
conducted according to the following pattern:

QUESTION
PAPER SUBJECT DURATION MARKS
TYPE
* Languages are:
One Indian Assamese, Bengali,
language from Gujarati, Hindi,
those included in Kannada, Kashmiri,
I 3 hrs 300 Essay Type
the Eighth Konkani, Marathi,
Schedule* of the Malayalam, Manipuri,
Constitution Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi,
Conventional Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil,
II English 3 hrs 300 Telugu, Urdu. 
Type
III Essay 3 hrs 200 Essay Type
300 for ** Optional Subjects for
IV&V General Studies 3 hrs Essay Type
each the Main Examination:
Two papers in each Agriculture, Animal
VI,VII,VIII 300 for Husbandry & Veterinary
of two Optional ** 3 hrs Essay Type
& IX each Science, Anthropology,
Subjects
Botany, Chemistry, Civil
Engineering,
Commerce & Accountancy, Economics, Electrical Engineering, Geography, Geology, History, Law,
Management, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science, Philosophy, Physics,
Political Science & International Relations, Psychology, Public Administration, Sociology, Statistics,
Zoology, Literature of one of the following languages: Arabic, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi,
Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Marathi, Malayalam, Manipuri, Nepali, Oriya, Pali, Persian, Punjabi,
Russian, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu. 

Civil Services Interview

Even though the interview carries 300 marks with no minimum qualifying marks, it is the
deciding factor at many times of your being within the services or out of it and in the least
matters in which service you get.However since the interview is so personal and variable it
is most desirable to do very well in the written mains. But an Interview can make or break
you so take your personality development rather seriously and make sure to attend some
mock interviews at leading institutes. 

UPSC Interview Questions

UPSC Interview questions range from questions about your choice of subject to why you want
to join the civil services. It is good to answer honestly but at the same time avoid cliches like
wanting to do service to the nation etc. Questions on your hobbies are imperative so prepare
well as they expect some indepth knowledge on that. Questions relating to your name, your
college or school name are also a big posibility. If someone well-know shares one of these
names please also prepare on that. Also learn up about important events on the year or date
of your birth. As you can see, UPSC Interview questions are mainly from what you have filled
in your form including your subject but here it is more a test of logic and presentation and
awareness rather than pure subject knowledge. In the UPSC interview many questions are
situational like what will you do if a Tsunami strikes your district and you are the
DM/Collector/SP. Questions on your choice of service preference also need to be prepared.
Current affairs analysis is important too.
Tips to improve your performance at the UPSC Interview

o There are generally 5 members at the board with the Chairperson seated at the
center. Enter confidently and greet the Chairperson, who will probably welcome you,
and pleasantly nod at other members. Wait till you are asked to sit.
o Intelligent listing is the mantra, and for this maintaining eye contact is very important.
You should not glare but all the same appear attentive and do not glance at other
members, it can be very distracting for the interviewer. However if some other
member asks you anything, look at that member and answer and turn back to the first
- this is what we do in normal attentive listening.
o Do not fidget or throw your hands around, or shake your head. Less amount of
movement does not mean you should sit unnaturally stiff. Your posture should be
attentive and relaxed at the same time. Do not crouch/bend forward or place your
hands on the table.
o Cut your answer short to the required patience shown by the member talking to you.
They usually like to talk more, so listen carefully and think for a few seconds before
you start answering the question. This will show that you are organising your thoughts
in mind before starting to speak.
o Leave some room for difference in opinion. Do take a stand, but do not look adamant
or unwilling to appreciate the board's opinion.
o Use couple of words from the question while answering any question. It shows you
have listened to the question carefully. But at the same time limit the use the
technical jargon.
o Listen very carefully. Come to the central issue of the enquiry immediately. Wild
guessing or speculation are a complete no no.
o Do not start evaluating your performance while still inthe interview. Even if you have
committed mistakes in the beginning, do not think that you have already lost the
game. They are looking for warm, sensitive respectful and attentive youngsters. They
know you are good or you would not have come so far.
o Talk humbly about your achievements and hobbies. You may have mentioned some
hobbies in the form without serious background in them, but before the interview it
would be useful to pick up some basic info on the hobby.
o Say less to convey more. Less is more these days as per the minimalist creed. Argue
logically and generalise correctly. Do not try to read too much between the lines.
o Remember, while answering any question, what is easy to see is easy to miss. We
often tend to miss the obvious and go for some non-crucial aspect of the subject.
o Get up to leave only when the chairperson asks you to, not because you think
everyone has asked a question. Similarly, even if someone has not asked a question
and the chairperson asks you to leave then please leave. Some members do not ask
questions at all, due to various reasons like limited time.
o Before leaving politely thank the chairperson and nod at the others politely. Avoid
saying "Have a good day sir". A "Thank you Sir/Madam" is enough.
Job Prospects :
Depending upon his rank, a candidate is recruited to services such as the Indian Administrative
Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS) and other departments
including Finance, Post and Telegraph, Revenue, Secretariat and so on. The appointment offers
executive power. Promotions are time bound and increase in privileges are automatic. Selected
candidates are first put through a training session for a short period. He is usually sent to an
academic staff college associated with the service to which he is allocated. The greatest thing
about civil service is the job security. Special facilities include subsidised accommodation,
telephone and transport facilities, medical benefits, leave travel concession, etc. After retirement,
there are very good social welfare facilities. Last but not the least is the immense satisfaction one
derives at being able to participate in the development process of the country.
Remuneration :
The Government of India has fixed salary grades for Civil Servants. Approximately the range of
salaries drawn at various levels is as follows:
Junior Officers: Rs. 8000-275-13500 
Senior Officers: Rs. 10650-325-15200 
Junior Administrative Grade: Rs. 12,750-375-16,500 
Selection Grade: Rs. 15,100-400-18,300 
Additional Secretary: Rs. 22400-525-24500 
Secretary/Cabinet Secretary: Rs. 26,000/30,000 
(The above scales only provide an idea of the pay scales. Different branches of the service have
different scales of pay.) 

In addition to the salary civil servants receive various allowances such as Dearness Allowance,
City compensatory Allowance, Leave Travel Allowance, Medical and subsidised housing.

Cut Off Marks for Prelims Exams

The following marks were when there was no negative marking. Now with the system of -ve marking
for the IAS exams the cut-off has gone down further. So the trick is not to guess unecessarily and
reduce your marks. Concentrate on the correct answers and make no guesses. That should take you
far.

Minimum number of Minimum number of

questions need to be questions need to be
Optional subject
correct for optional correct for General
subject Studies

Geography 84-95 90+

Indian History 95-98 95

Mathematics 68 95

Political Science 90+ 95+

Public 84-98 90
 Administration

Sociology 94-100 95

Toppers' Marks - Civil Service Mains Examination 2003

Maximum
Subject 1stRank1 3rdRank2 6thRank3 7thRank4
Marks

Essay 200 125 132 119 108

General
Studies - 300 192 197 179 154
Paper I

General
Studies - 300 147 164 180 127
Paper II

Optional
I - Paper 300 173 173 165 174
I

Optional
I - Paper 300 180 171 180 183
II

Optional
II - Paper 300 190 166 181 205
I

Optional
II - Paper 300 157 191 200 185
II

Interview 300 230 180 174 201

Total
2300 1394 1374 1338 1337
marks

Percentage of marks obtained by Toppers:

Maximum
Subject 1stRank1 3rdRank2 6thRank3 7thRank4
Marks

Essay 100 62.50 66.00 59.50 54.00

 General
Studies - 100 64.00 65.67 59.67 51.33
Paper I

General
Studies - 100 49.00 54.67 60.00 42.33
Paper II

Optional
I - Paper 100 57.67 57.67 55.00 58.00
I

Optional
I - Paper 100 60.00 57.00 60.00 61.00
II

Optional
II - Paper 100 63.33 55.33 60.33 68.33
I

Optional
II - Paper 100 52.33 63.67 66.67 61.67
II

Interview 100 76.67 60.00 58.00 67.00

Total
100 60.61 59.74 58.17 58.13
marks

List of centers of Examination - UPSC

The UPSC has a list of centers where candidates can appear. Most state capital cities have a center,
so choosing a Upsc center near your place of study or residence should not be difficult. Changing of
centers once filled is a difficult proposition, so be very careful as to what you fill as your center of
examination. 

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The IAS (Indian Administrative Service) was formally constituted in 1947, and is
the premier service in India. It offers an attractive and challenging career. Fame
and glamour are also associated with this service. Even though most people tend
to think being the DM or Collector is the most powerful and glamorous post, The
IAS holds power at all levels. It is the service that is meant to place people straight
at the top of any government organization and not the district alone. inspite of all
the political interference if you are a determined person and diplomatic you can
achieve anything for your country.
The IAS or the Indian Administrative Service, handles affairs of the government. At
the central level, this involves the framing and implementation of policy. At the
district level, it is concerned with district affairs, including development functions.
At the divisional level, the IAS officers look after law and order, general
administration and development work. Members of the Indian Administrative
Service hold various administrative posts like District Collector, Heads of
Departments, Heads of Public Enterprises at the state level etc. They can also be
posted on deputation to the Central Government to various posts.
Being an 'All India Service', it follows the Cadre system. In this system officers are
allotted to various state cadres and your service is allotted to that state. So for all
practical purposes you belong to that state service and may be deputed elsewhere
but you'll always be recognized by your parent cadre. These systems though very
useful tend to positively and negatively affect careers. The cadre system is allotted
on a basis of lottery and the toppers of each state may get a chance to get their
home states if they have opted for such a preference.
 Part A - Preliminary Examination - Optional Subjects
Scheme of CS (Preliminary) Examination

The Preliminary Examination consists of two papers of objective

type (multiple-choice questions) carrying a maximum of 450
marks. The Question Papers (Test Booklets) are set in English &
Hindi

Civil Services Aptitude Test

There is a proposal that there shall be no Civil Services (Preliminary)
Examination from 2011 and its place will come a new Recruitment
Process of Civil Services Exam called the CSAT or the Civil Services
Aptitude Test. The CSAT is expected to come into effect from Civil
Services Examination, 2011. CSAT will not only enable us to choose
civil servants with right aptitudes but also end the use of scaling
system for varying subjects that has been a matter of concern for
many.

The existing pattern for UPSC IAS Prelims is as follows:- 

150
Paper - I General Studies
Marks

One of the optional subjects to be selected

Paper - 300
from the 
II Marks
prescribed optional subjects

 General Studies  Mathematics Syllabus

 Agriculture Syllabus  Mechanical Engineering

Syllabus
 Animal Husbandry & Veterinary
Science  Medical Science Syllabus

 Botany Syllabus  Philosophy Syllabus

 Chemistry Syllabus  Physics Syllabus

 Civil Engineering Syllabus  Political Science Syllabus

 Commerce Syllabus  Psychology Syllabus

 Economics Syllabus  Public Administration Syllabus

 Electrical Engineering Syllabus  Sociology Syllabus

 Geography Syllabus  Statistics Syllabus

 Geology Syllabus  Zoology Syllabus

 Indian History Syllabus

 Law Syllabus

 General Science.
 Current events of national and international importance
 History of India and Indian National Movement
 Indian and World Geography
 Indian Polity and Economy
 General Mental Ability

Questions on General Science will cover general appreciation and understanding of science
including matters of everyday observation and experience, as may be expected of a well educated
person who has not made a special study of any particular scientific discipline. In current events,
knowledge of significant national and international events will be tested. In History of India,
emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic and political
aspects. Questions on the Indian National Movement will relate to the nature and character of the
nineteenth century resurgence, growth of nationalism and attainment of Independence.
In Geography, emphasis will be on Geography of India. Questions on the Geography of India will
relate to physical, social and economic Geography of the country, including the main features of
Indian agricultural and natural resources. Questions on Indian Polity and Economy will test
knowledge of the country’s political system and Constitution of India, Panchayati Raj, Social
Systems and economic developments in India. On general mental ability, the candidates will be
tested on reasoning and analytical abilities.

Agriculture its importance in national economy.Factors determining agroecological zones

and geographic distribution of crop plants.
Importance of crop plants, cultural practices for cereal, pulses, oilseed, fibre, sugar, tuber and
fodder crops and scientific basis for these crop rotations, multiple and relay cropping, intercropping
and mixed cropping.
Soil as medium of plant growth and its composition, mineral and organic constituents of the soil
and their role in crop production; chemical, physical and microbiological properties of soils.
Essential plant nutrients (macro and micro)–their functions, occurrence, cycling in soils Principles
of soil fertility and its evaluation for judicious fertilizer use. Organic manures and bio-fertilizers,
inorganic fertilizers, integrated nutrient management.
Principles of plant physiology with reference to plant nutrition, absorption, transactions, and
metabolism of nutrients.
Diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies and their amelioration photosynthesis and respiration, growth and
development, auxins and hormones in plant growth.
Cell and cell organelles. Cell division. Reproductive cycle, Principles of genetics, gene-interaction,
sex determination, linkage and recombination, mutation, extra chromosomal inheritance,
polyploidy. Origin and domestication of crop plants. Genetic resources-conservation and utilization.
Floral biology in relation to selfing and crossing.
Genetic basis of plant breeding pureline selection, mass selection, male sterility and incompatibility
and their use in plant breeding. Pedigree selection, back-cross method of selection. Heterosis and
its exploitation. Development of hybrids, composites and synthetic, Important varieties, hybrids,
composites and synthetic of major crops. Seeds and seed-production techniques.
Important fruit and vegetable crops of India, method of propagation–Sexual and asexual. Package
and practices and their scientific basis. Crop rotation, intercropping, companion crops, role of fruits
and vegetables in human nutrition, post-harvest handling and processing of fruits and vegetables.
Landscaping and ornamental horticulture, commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aromatic plants.
Serious pests and diseases affecting major crops. Principles of control of crop pests and diseases,
integrated management. Proper use and maintenance of plant protection equipment.
Principles of economics as applied to agriculture. Farm planning and optimum resource–use
efficiency and maximising income and employment. Farm systems and their spatial distribution,
their significant roles in regional economic development.

Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science

1. General : Role of Livestock in Indian Economy and human health. Mixed
farming. Agroclimatic zones and livestock distribution. Socioeconomic aspects of
livestock enterprise with special reference to women.
2. Genetics and Breeding : Principle of genetics, chemical nature of DNA and
RNA and their models and functions. Recombinant DNA technology, transgenic
animals, multiple ovulation and embryo-transfer. Cytogenetics, immunogenetics
and biochemical polymorphic and their application in animal improvement. Gene
actions. Systems and strategies for improvement of livestock for milk, meat, wool
production and drought and poultry for eggs and meat. Breeding of animals for
disease resistance. Breeds of livestock, poultry and rabbits.
3. Nutrition : Role of nutrition in animal health and production. Classification of
feeds, Proximate composition of feeds, feeding standards, computation of rations.
Ruminant nutrition. Concepts of total digestible nutrients and starch equivalent
systems. Significance of energy determinations. Conservation of feeds and fodder
and utilization of agro by-products. Feed supplements and additives. Nutrition
deficiencies and their management.
4. Management : Systems of housing and management of livestock, poultry and
rabbits. Farm record. Economics of livestock, poultry and rabbit farming. Clean
milk production. Veterinary hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation.
Sources of water and standards of potable water. Purification of water. Air
changes and thermal comfort. Drainage systems and effluent disposal. Biogas.
5. Animal Production : (a) Artificial insemination, fertility and sterility.
Reproductive physiology, semen charcteris-tics and preservation. Sterility its
causes and remedies.
(b) Meat eggs and wool production. Methods of slaughter of meat animals, meat
inspection, judgement, carcass characteristics, adulteration and its detection
processing and preservation.; Meat products, quality control and nutritive value,
By-products. Physiology of egg production, nutritive value, grading of eggs
preservation and marketing.
Types of wool, grading and marketing.

6. Veterinary Science : (i) Major contagious diseases affecting cattle, buffaloes,

horses, sheep and goats, pigs, poultry, rabbits and pet animals-Etiology,
symptoms, pathogenicity, diagnosis, treatment and control of major bacterial, viral,
rickettsial and parasitic infections.
(ii) Description, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the following :—
(a) Production diseases of milch animals, pig and poultry.
(b) Deficiency diseases of domestic livestock and birds.
(c) Poisonings due to infected/contaminated foods and feeds, chemicals and
drugs.
7. Principles of immunization and vaccination : Different types of immunity,
antigens and antibodies. Methods of immunization. Breakdown of immunity,
Vaccines and their use in animals.
Zoonoses, Foodborne infections and intoxications, occupation hazards
8. (a) Poisons used for killing animals euthanesia.
(b) Drugs used for increasing production/performance efficiency, and their adverse
effects.
(c) Drugs used to tranquilize wild animals as well as animals in captivity.
(d) Quarantine measures in India and abroad. Act, Rules and Regulations.
9. Dairy Science : Physicochemical and nutritional properties of milk.
Quality assessment of milk and milk products, Common tests and legal standards.
Cleaning and sanitation of dairy equipment. Milk collections, chilling, transportation
processing, packaging, storage and distribution. Manufacture of market milk,
cream butter, cheese, ice-cream, condensed and dried milk, by products and
Indian Milk products.
Unit operations in dairy plant.
Role of micro organisam in quality of milk and products physiology of milk
secretion.

BOTANY

1. Cell Biology : Structure and function of cell wall (extracellular matrix or ECM),
cell membrane and cell organelles. Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex
(NPC), chromosome and nucleosome. Mitosis, meiosis, molecular control
involving checkpoints in cell division cycle. Differentiation, cellular senescence.
2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology : Laws of inheritance.
Concept of gene and allelomorph. Linkage, crossing over and gene mapping.
Structural and numerical changes in chromosomes and gene mutations. Sex
determination and differentiation. Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and
proteins. Genetic code. Regulation of gene expression. Genetic engineering and
crop improvement. Protoplast, cell, tissue and organ cultures. Somatic
hybridization. Biofertilizers and biopesticides. Biotechnology in agri-horticulture,
medicine and industry.
3. Tissue Systems : Origin, development, structure and function of primary and
secondary tissues.
4. Plant Diversity and Systematics : Structure and function of plant forms from
evolutionary aspects (viruses to Angiosperms including fossils). Principles of
nomenclature, classification and identification of plants. Modern approaches in
plant taxonomy. Recent classification of living organism into three groups
(bacteria, archaea and eukarya).
5. Plant Physiology: Water relations. Mineral nutrition. Photosynthesis.
Respiration. Nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes and coenzymes. Dynamics of
 growth, growth movements, growth substances, photomorphogenesis. Secondary
metabolites. Isotopes in biological studies. Physiology of flowering.
6. Methods of Reproduction and Seed Biology : Vegetative, asexual and
sexual methods of reproduction. Pollination and fertilization. Sexual
incompatibility. Development, structure, dormancy and germination of seed.
7. Plant Pathology : Diseases of rice, wheat, sugarcane, potato, mustard,
groundnut and cotton crops. Factors affecting infection (host factors, pathogen
factors, biotic factors like rhizosphere and phyllosphere organisms). Chemical,
biological and genetic methods of disease control (including transgenic plants).
8. Plant and Environment : Biotic and abiotic components. Ecological
adaptation. Types of vegetational zones and forests of India. Deforestation,
afforestation, social forestry and plant introduction. Soil erosion, wasteland,
reclamation. Environmental pollution and its control (including phytoremediation).
Bioindicators. Global warming.
9. Biodiversity, Plant Genetic Resources: Methods of conservation of plant
genetic resources and its importance. Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD).
Endangered, threatened and endemic taxa. Role of cell/tissue culture in
propagation and enrichment of genetic diversity. Plants as sources of food,
fodder, forage, fibres, oils, drugs, wood and timber, paper, rubber, beverages,
spices, essential oils and resins, gums, dyes, insecticides, pesticides and
ornamentation. Biomass as a source of energy.
10. Origin of Life and Evolution: Basic concepts of origin of earth and origin of
life. Theories of organic evolution, molecular basis of evolution.

CHEMISTRY

Section-A
Inorganic Chemistry
1.1 Atomic structure : Schrodinger wave equation, significance of and 2quantum numbers and their
significance, radial and angular probability, shapes of orbitals, relative energies of atomic orbitals as a functi
of atomic number. Electronic configurations of elements; Aufbau principle, Hund's multiplicity rule, Pauli
exclusion principle.

1.2 Chemical periodicity : Periodic classification of elements, salient characteristics of s,p,d and f block
elements. Periodic trends of atomic radii, ionic radii, ionisation potential, electron affinity and electronegativit
the periodic table.

1.3 Chemical bonding : Types of bonding, overlap of atomic orbitals, sigma and pi bonds, hydrogen and
metallic bonds. Shapes of molecules, bond order, bond length, V.S.E.P.R. theory and bond angles. The con
of hybridization and shapes of molecules and ions.

1.4 Oxidation states and oxidation number : Oxidation and reduction, oxidation numbers, common redox
reactions, ionic equations. Balancing of equations for oxidation and reduction reactions.

1.5 Acids and bases : Bronsted and Lewis theories of acids and bases. Hard and soft acids and bases. HS
principle, relative strengths of acids and bases and the effect of substituents and solvents on their strength.

1.6 Chemistry of elements :

(i) Hydrogen: Its unique position in the periodic table, isotopes, ortho and para hydrogen, industrial producti
heavy water.

(ii) Chemistry of s and p block elements : electronic configuration, general characteristics properties, inert
effect, allotropy and catenation. Special emphasis on solutions of alkali and alkaline earth metals in liquid
ammonia. Preparation, properties and structures of boric acid, borates, boron nitrides, borohydride (diborane
carboranes, oxides and oxyacids of nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur and chlorine; interhalogen compounds,
polyhalide ions, pseudohalogens, fluorocarbons and basic properties of halogens. Chemical reactivity of nob
gases, preparation, structure and bonding of noble gas compounds.

(iii) Chemistry of d block elements: Transition metals including lanthanides, general characteristic properti
oxidation states, magnetic behaviour, colour. First row transition metals and general properties of their
compounds (oxides, halides and sulphides); lanthanide contraction.

1.7 Extraction of metals : Principles of extraction of metals as illustrated by sodium, magnesium, aluminium

iron, nickel, copper, silver and gold.

1.8 Nuclear Chemistry : Nuclear reactions; mass defect and binding energy, nuclear fission and fusion. Nuc
reactors; radioisotopes and their applications.

1.9 Coordination compounds : Nomenclature, isomerism and theories of coordination compounds and the
role in nature and medicine.

1.10 Pollution and its control : Air pollution, types of air pollutants; control of air and water pollution;
radioactive pollution.

Section-B
(Organic Chemistry)
2.1 Bonding and shapes of organic molecules : Electronegativity, electron displacements-inductive,
mesomeric and hyperconjugative effects; bond polarity and bond polarizability, dipole moments of organic
molecules; hydrogen bond; effects of solvent and structure on dissociation constants of acids and bases; bo
formation, fission of covalent bonds : homolysis and heterolysis; reaction intermediates-carbocations,
carbanions, free radicals and carbenes; generation, geometry and stability; nucleophiles and electrophiles.

2.2 Chemistry of aliphatic compounds: Nomenclature; alkenes-synthesis, reactions (free radical

halogenation) -- reactivity and selectivity, sulphonation-detergents; cycloalkanes-Baeyer's strain theory; alke
and alkynes-synthesis, electrohilic addition reactions, Markownikov's rule, peroxide effects, 1- 3-dipolar addt
nucleophilic addition to electron-deficient alkenes; polymerisation; relative acidity; synthesis and reactions of
alkyl halides, alkanols, alkanals, alkanones, alkanoic acids, esters, amides, nitriles, amines, acid anhydrides
ß-unsaturated ketones, ethers and nitro compounds.

2.3 Stereochemistry of carbon compounds : Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral compounds. Fische
projection formulae; optical isomerism of lactic and tartaric acids, enantiomerism and diastereoisomerism;
configuration (relative and absolute); conformations of alkanes upto four carbons, cyclohexane and
dimethylcyclo-hexanes-their potential energy. D, L-and R, S-notations of compounds containing chiral centre
projection formulae-Fischer, Newman and sawhorse-of compounds containing two adjacent chiral centres; m
and dl-isomers, erythro and threo isomers; racemization and resolution; examples of homotopic, enantiotopic
and diasteretopic atoms and groups in organic compounds, geometrical isomers; E and Z notations.
Stereochemistry of SN1, SN2, E1 and E2 reactions.

2.4 Organometallic compounds : Preparation and synthetic uses of Grignard reagents, alkyl lithium
compounds.

2.5 Active methylene compounds : Diethyl malonate, ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl cyanoacetate-applications

organic synthesis; tautomerism (keto-enol).

2.6 Chemistry of aromatic compounds : Aromaticity; Huckel's rule; electrophilic aromatic substitution-nitra

sulphonation, halogenation (nuclear and side chain), Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, substituents effe
chemistry and reactivity of aromatic halides, phenols, nitro-, diazo, diazonium and sulphonic acid derivatives
benzyne reactions.

2.7 Chemistry of biomolecules : (i) Carobhydrates : Classification, reactions, structure of glucose, D, L-

configuration, osazone formation; fructose and sucrose; step-up step-down of aldoses and ketoses, and ther
interconversions, (ii) Amino acdis : Essential amino acids; zwitterions, isoelectric point, polypeptides; protei
methods of synthesis of -amino acids. (iii) Elementary idea of oils, fats, soaps and detergents.

2.8 Basic principles and applications of UV, visible, IR and NMR spectroscopy of simple organic molecule

Section-C
(Physical Chemistry)

3.1 Gaseous state : Deviation of real gases from the equation of state for an ideal gas, van der
Waals and Virial equation of state, critical phenomena, principle of corresponding states, equation
for reduced state. Liquification of gases, distribution of molecular speed, collisions between
molecules in a gas; mean free path, speicific heat of gases
3.2 Thermodynamics : (i) First law and its applications: Thermodynamic systems, states and
processes, work, heat and internal energy, zeroth law of thermodynamics, various types of work
done on a system in reversible and irreversible processes. Calorimetry and thermochemistry,
enthalpy and enthalpy changes in various physical and chemical processes, Joule-Thomson effec
inversion temperautre. Heat capacities and temperature dependence of enthalpy and energy
changes.
(ii) Second law and its applications : Spontaneity of a process, entropy and entropy changes in various
processes, free energy functions, criteria for equilibrium, relation between equilibrium constant and
thermodynamic quantities.

3.3 Phase rule and its applications : Equilibrium bewteen liquid, solid and vapours of a pure
substance, Clausius-Clapeyron equation and its applications. Number of components, phases and
degrees of freedom; phase rule and its applications; simple systems with one (water and sulphur)
and two components (lead-silver, salt hydrates). Distribution law, its modifications, limitations and
applications.
3.4 Solutions : Solubility and its temperature dependence, partially miscible liquids, upper and low
critical solution temperatres, vapour pressures of liquids over their mixtures, Raoult's and Henry's
laws, fractional and steam distillations.
3.5 Colligative Properties : Dilute solutions and colligative properties, determination of molecular
weights using colligative properties.
3.6 Electrochemistry : Ions in solutions, ionic equilibria, dissociation constants of acids and bases
hydrolysis, pH and buffers, theory of indicators and acid-base titrations. Conductivity of ionic
solutions, its variation with concentration, Ostwald's dilution law, Kohlrausch law and its application
Transport number and its determination. Faraday's laws of electrolysis, galvanic cells and
measurements of their e.m.f., cell reactions, standard cell, standard reduction potential, Nernst
 equation, relation between thermodynamic quantities and cell e.m.f., fuel cells, potentiometric
titrations.
3.7 Chemical kinetics : Rate of chemical reaction and its dependence on concentrations of the
reactants, rate constant and order of reaction and their experimental determination; differential and
integral rate equations for first and second order reaction, half-life periods; temperature dependenc
of rate constant and Arrhenius parameters; elementary ideas regarding collision and transition stat
theory.
3.8 Photochemistry : Absorption of light, laws of photochemistry, quantum yield, the excited state
and its decay by radiative, nonradiative and chemical pathways; simple photochemical reactions.
3.9 Catalysis : Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis and their characteristics, mechanism
heterogeneous catalysis; enzyme catalysed reactions (Michaelis-Menten mechanism).
3.10 Colloids : The colloidal state, preparation and purification of colloids and their characteristics
properties; lyophilic and lyophobic colloids and coagulation; protection of colloids; gels, emulsions,
surfactants and micelles.

COMMERCE
Commerce Syllabus for Preliminary Examination 

Part-I

Accounting and Auditing ;

Accounting
Nature, Scope and Objectives of Accounting-Accounting as an Information System-Users of Accounting Information. 
Generally Accepted Principles of Accounting-The Accounting Equation-Accrual Concept-Other concepts and conventio
Distinction between capital and revenue expenditure. Accounting Standards and their application-Accounting standards
relating to fixed assets, depreciation, inventory, recognition of revenue. 
Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors, Partnership Firms and Limited Companies-Statutory Provisions -Reserves, Provisio
and Funds. 
Final Accounts of non profit organisation. 
Accounting problems related to admission and retirement of a partner and dissolution of a firm. 
Accounting for Shares and Debentures- Accounting Treatment of Convertible Debentures. 
Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statements Ratio analysis and interpretation. Ratios relation to short term liquid
long term solvency and profitability-Importance of the rate of return on investment (ROI) in evaluating the overall
performance of a business entity-Cash-flow Statement and Statement of Source and Application of Funds-Societal
obligations of Accounting. 

Auditing
- Nature, objectives and basic principles of auditing.
- Techniques of Auditing-physical verification, examination of documents and vouching, direct confirmation, analytical
review.
- Planning an audit, audit programmes, working papers, audit process.
- Evaluation of internal controls.
- Test checking and sampling.
- Broad outlines of company audit.
- Audit of non-corporate enterprises.
- Internal and management audit.

Part-II

Business Organisation
Distinctive features of different forms of business organisation. 
Sole Proprietor 
Partnerships-characteristics, Registration, Partnership deed, Rights and duties, Retirement, Dissolution. 
Joint Stock Company-Concept, characteristics, types. 
Cooperative and State ownership forms of organizations. 
Types of securities and methods of their issue. 
Economic functions of the capital market, stock exchanges, Mutual Funds. Control and regulation of capital market. 
Business combinations; control of Monopolies. Problems of modernisation of industrial enterprises. Social Responsibilit
business. 
Foreign Trade-Procedure and financing of import and export trade. Incentives for export promotion. Financing of foreign
trade. 
Insurance-Principles and practice of Life, Fire, Marine and General Insurance. 

Management
Management functions-Planning-strategies, Organising-levels of authority Staffing, Line function and staff function,
Leadership, Communication, Motivation, Directing-Principles, Strategies. 
Coordination-Concept, types, methods. 
Control-principles, performance standards, corrective action. Salary and wage administration-Job evaluation. 
Organisation Structure-Centralization and decentralization-Delegation of authority-span of control-Management by
Objectives and Management by Exception. 
Management of change; Crisis Management. 
Office Management-scope and principles; systems and routines; handling of records- modern aids to Office manageme
office equipment and machines; Automation and Personal computers. 
Impact of Organisation and Methods (O & M) 

Company Law
Joint stock companies-incorporation; documents and formalities-Doctrine of indoor management and constructive notic
Duties and powers of the board of directors of a company. 
Accounts and Audit of Companies. 
Company Secretary-role and functions-qualifications for appointment. 

Commerce Syllabus for Main Examination 

Paper-I
Accounting & Finance

Part-I

Accounting, Taxation & Auditing

Financial Accounting
Accounting as a financial information system; Impact of behavioural sciences.
Accounting Standards e.g., accounting for depreciation, inventories, gratuity, research and development costs, long ter
construction contracts, revenue recognition, fixed assets, contingencies, foreign exchange transactions, investments an
government grants.
Advanced problems of company accounts.
Amalgamation absorption and reconstruction of companies.
Valuation of shares and goodwill.

Cost Accounting
Nature and functions of cost accounting.
Job Costing
Process Costing
Marginal Cositng; Techniques of segregating semi-variable costs into fixed and variable costs.
Cost-volume-profit relationship; aid to decision making including pricing decisions, shutdown etc.
Techniques of cost control and cost reduction.
Budgetary control, flexible budgets.
Standard costing and variance analysis.
Responsibility accounting, investment, profit and Cost centres.
Taxation 
Definitions
Basis of charge.
Incomes which do not form part of total income.
Simple problems of computation of income under various heads, i.e., salaries, income from house property, profits and
gains from business or profession, capital gains, income of other persons included in assessee's total income.
Aggregation of income and set off/carry forward of loss.
Deductions to be made in computing total income.

Auditing
Audit of cash transactions, expenses, incomes, purchases, sales.
Valuation and verification of assets with special reference to fixed assets, stocks and debts.
Verification of liabilities.
Audit of limited companies; appointment, removal, powers, duties and liabilities of company auditor, significance of 'true
fare', MAOCARO report.
Auditor's report and qualifications therein.
Special points in the audit of different organisations like clubs, hospitals, colleges, charitable societies.

Part-II
Business Finance and Financial Institutions. 
Finance Function-Nature, Scope and Objectives of Financial Management-Risk and Return relationship. 
Financial Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool. 
Management of Working Capital and its Components-Forecasting working capital needs, inventory, debtors, cash and c
management. 
Investment Decisions-Nature and Scope of Capital Budgeting-Various types of decisions including Make or Buy and Le
or Buy-Techniques of Appraisal and their application- 
Consideration of Risk and Uncertainty-Analysis of Non-financial Aspects. 
Rate of Return on Investments-Required Rate of Return-its measurement-Cost of Capital-Weighted Average Cost-Diffe
Weights. 
Concepts of Valuation-Valuation of firm's Fixed Income Securities and Common Stocks. 
Dividend and Retention Policy-Residual Theory or Dividend Policy-Other Models-Actual Practices. 
Capital Structure-Leverages-Significance or Leverages-Theories of Capital Structure with special reference to Modiglia
and Miller approach. Planning the Capital Structure of a Company; EBIT-EPS Analysis, Cash-flow ability to service deb
Capital Structure Ratios, other methods. 
Raising finance-short term and long term. Bank finance-norms and conditions. 
Financial Distress-Approaching BIFR under Sick Industrial Undertakings Act : Concept of Sickness, Potential Sickness,
Cash Loss, Erosion of Networth. 
Money Markets-the purpose of Money Markets, Money Market in India-Organization and working of Capital markets in
India-Organization, Structure and Role of Financial Institutions in India. Banks and Investing Institutions-National and
International Financial Institutions-their norms and types of financial assistance provided-inter-bank lending-its regulatio
supervision and control. System of Consortium-Supervision and regulation of banks. 
Monetary and Credit policy of Reserve Bank of India. 

Paper-II
Organisation Theory and Industrial Relations

Part-I
Organisation Theory
Nature and concept of Organisation-Organisation goals; Primary and secondary goals, Single and multiple goals, ends
means chain-Displacement, succession, expansion and multiplication of goals-Formal organisation; Type, Structure-Lin
and Staff, functional matrix, and project-Informal organisation-functions and limitations. 
Evolution of organisation theory : Classical, Neo-classical and system approach-Bureaucracy; Nature and basis of pow
sources of power, power structure and politics-Organisational behaviour as a dynamic system : technical, social and po
systems-interrelations and interactions-Perception-Status system. Theoretical and empirical foundation of theories and
Models of motivation. Morale and productivity-Leadership : Theories and styles-Management of conflicts in organisation
Transactional Analysis-Significance of culture to organisations. Limits of rationality-Organisational change, adaptation,
growth and development, Professional management Vs. family management, Organisational control and effectiveness.

Part-II
Industrial Relations.
Nature and scope of indsutrial relations, the socio-economic set-up, need for positive approach.
Industrial labour in India and its commitment-stages of commitments. Migratory nature-merits and shortcomings.
Theories of Unionism.
Trade Union movement in India-origin, growth and structure; Attitude and approach of management of India-recognition
Problems before Indian Trade Union movement. 
Industrial disputes-sources; strikes and lockouts. 
Compulsory adjudication and collective bargaining-approaches. 
Worker's participation in management-philosophy, rationale; present day state of affairs and future prospects. 
Prevention and settlement of industrial disputes in India. 
Industrial relations in Public Enterprises. 
Absenteeism and labour turnover in Indian Industries-causes 
Relative wages and wage differentials; wage policy. 
Wage policy in India; the Bonus issue. 
I.L.O. and India; 
Role of Personnel Department in the Organisation. 

Economics (Optional) Syllabus for Preliminary Examination 

General Economics
1) Micro-economics : (a) Production : Agents of Production; Costs and Supply; Isoquants (b) Consumption and Dema
Elasticity concept (c) Market Structure and concepts of equilibrium; (d) Determination of prices; (e) Components and
Theories of Distribution (f) Elementary concepts of Welfare economics : Pareto-optimality-Private and social products-
consumers surplus. 
2) Macro-economics : (a) National Income concepts; (b) Determinants of National Income Employment (c) Determinan
of consumption, savings and Investment (d) Rate of Interest and its determination (e) Interest and profit. 
3) Money, Banking and Public Finance : (a) Concepts of Money and measures of money supply; velocity of money (b
Banks and credit creation; Banks and portfolio management. (c) Central Bank and control over money supply (d)
Determination of the price level. (e) Inflation, its causes and remedies. (f) Public, Finance-Budgets-Taxes and non-tax
revenues-Types of Budget deficits. 
4) International Economics : (a) Theories of International Trade-comparative costs-Heckscher-Ohlin-Gains from Trad
Terms of Trade. (b) Free Trade and Protection. (c) Balance of Payments accounts and Adjustment. (d) Exchange rate
under free exchange markets. (e) Evolution of the International Monetary System and World Trading order-Gold Standa
the Brettonwoods system. IMF and the World Bank and their associates. Floating rates-GATT and WTO 
(5) Growth and Development : (a) Meaning and measurement of growth; Growth, distribution and Welfare; (b)
Characteristics of underdevelopment; (c) Stages of Development; (d) Sources of growth-capital, Human capital, popula
productivity, Trade and aid, non-economic factors; growth Strategies, (e) Planning in a mixed economy-Indicative plann
Planning and growth. 
(6) Economic Statistics : Types of averages-measures of dispersion-correlation-Index numbers; types, uses and
limitations. 

Part-II 
Indian Economics
1. Main features; Geographic size-Endowment of natural resources, Population; size, composition quality and growth tr
Occupational distribution-Effects of British Rule with reference to Drain theory and Laissez Faire policy. 
2. Major problems, their dimensions, nature and broad causes; Mass poverty-Unemployment and its types-Economics
effects of population pressure-Inequality and types thereof-Low productivity and low per capita income, Rural-urban
disparities-Foreign Trade and payments imbalances. Balance of Payments and External Debt- Inflation, and parallel
economy and its effects-Fiscal deficit. 
3. Growth in income and employment since Independence-Rate, Pattern, Sectoral trends-Distributional Changes-Regio
disparities. 
4. Economic Planning in India : Major controversies on planning in India-Alternative strategies-goals and achievements
shortfalls of different plans-planning and the Market. 
5. Broad Fiscal, monetary, industrial trade and agricultural policies-objectives, rationale, constraints and effects. 

Economics (Optional) Syllabus for Main Examination 

Paper-I
1. Ricardian, Marshallian and Walrasain approaches to price determination. Types of Markets and price determination.
Criteria or Welfare improvement. Alternate theories of distribution. 
2. Functions of money-Measurement of price level changes-Money and real balances-Monetary standards-High-powere
money and the Quantity theory of money, its variants and critiques thereof-Demand for and supply of money-The mone
multiplier. Theories of determination of interest rate-Interest and prices-Theories of inflation and control of inflation. 
3. Full employment and Says' Law-underemployment equilibrium-Keynes' Theory of employment (and income)
determination-Critiques of Keynesian Theory. 
4. The modern monetary system-Banks, non-bank financial intermediaries, Discount House, and Central Bank. Structur
Money and financial markets and control. Money market instruments, bills and bonds. Real and nominal interest rates.
Goals and instruments of monetary management in closed and open economies. Relation between the Central Bank an
the Treasury. Proposal for ceiling on growth rate of money. 
5. Public finance and its role in market economy in stabilisation, supply stability, allocative efficiency, distribution and
development. Sources of revenue-Forms of Taxes and subsidies, their incidence and effects; Limits to taxation, loans,
crowding-out effects, and limits to borrowing. Types of budget deficits-Public expenditure and its effects. 
6. International Economics 
(i) Old and New theories of International Trade. 
a) Comparative advantage, Terms of trade and offer curve. 
b) Product cycle and Strategic trade theories. 
c) "Trade as an engine of growth" and theories of underdevelopment in an open economy. 
(ii) Forms of protection. 
(iii) Balance of Payments Adjustments Alternative Approaches. 
a) Price versus income, income adjustments under fixed exchange rates. 
b) Theories of policy mix. 
c) Exchange rate adjustments under capital mobility. 
d) Floating Rates and their implications for developing countries; Currency Boards. 
(iv) (a) IMF and the World Bank. 
(b) W.T.O. 
(c) Trade Blocks and monetary unions. 
7. Growth and development. 
(i) Theories of growth : Classical and neo-classical theories; The Harrod model; economic development under surplus
Labour; wage-goods as a constraint on growth; relative importance of physical and human capitals in growth; innovatio
and development; Productivity, its growth and source of changes thereof. Factors determining savings to income ratio a
the capital-out put ratio. 
(ii) Main features of growth : Changes in Sectoral compositions of income; Changes in occupational distribution; change
income distribution; changes in consumption levels and patterns; changes in savings and investment and in pattern of
investment. Case for and against industralization. Significance of agriculture in developing countries. 
(iii) Relation between state, planning and growth, Changing roles of market and plans in growth economic policy and
growth. 
(iv) Role of foreign capital and technology in growth. The significance of multi-nationals. 
(v) Welfare indicators and measures of growth-Human development indices-The basic needs approach. 
(vi) Concept of sustainable development; convergence of levels of living of developed and developing countries; meani
self-reliance in growth and development. 

Paper-II

I. Evolution of the Indian Economy till independence. The Colonial Heritage : Land System & Agriculture, Taxes, Money
credit, Trade, Exchange Rate, the "Drain of Wealth controversy" of late 19th Century. Randade's critique of Laissez-Fai
Swadeshi movement; Gandhi and Hind Swaraj. 
II. Indian Economics in Post-Independent Era-Contributions of Vakil, Gadgil and Rao. National and percapita Income;
Patterns, Trends, Aggregate and sectoral-composition and changes therein. Broad factors determining National Income
its distribution; Measures of poverty. Trends in below poverty-line proportion. 
III. Employment : Factors determining employment in short and long periods. Role of capital, wage-goods, wage-rate an
technology. Measures of unemployment. Relation between income, poverty and employment, and issues of distribution
social justice. 
Agriculture-Institutional set-up of land system size of agricultre holdings and efficiency-Green Revolution and technolog
changes-Agricultural prices and terms of trade-Role of public distribution and farm-subsidies on agricultural prices and
production. Employment and poverty in agriculture-Rural wages-employment schemes-growth experience-land reforms
Regional disparities in agricultural growth. Role of Agriculture in export. 
IV. Industry : Industrial system of India : Trends in Composition and growth. Role of public and private sectors, Role of s
and cottage industries. Indian industrial Strategy-Capital versus consumer goods, wage-goods versus luxuries, capital-
intensive versus labour-intensive techniques, import-substituting versus export promotion. Sickness and high-cost Indu
policies and their effects. Recent moves for liberalisation and their effects on Indian industry. 
V. Money and banking : The monetary institutions of India: Factors determining demand for and supply of money. Sour
of Reserve money-money multiplier-Techniques of money supply regulation under open economy. Functioning of mone
market in India. Budget deficit and money supply. Issues in Reform of Monetary and Banking Systems. 
VI. Index numbers of price levels-Course of Price level in post-Independence period-sources and causes of inflation-rol
monetary and supply factors in price level determination-policies towards control of inflation. Effects of inflation under o
economy. 
VII. Trade, balance of payments and exchange : Foreign trade of India; composition and direction shifts in trade policy f
import substituion to export promotion. Impact of liberalisation on pattern of trade. India's external Borrowings-the Debt
problem. Exchange rate of the rupee; Devaluations, depreciations and their effects on balance of payments-Gold impor
and Gold policy-convertibility on current and capital accounts-rupee in an open economy. Integration of Indian economy
with world economy-India and the WTO. 
VIII. Public Finance and Fiscal Policy : Characteristics of and trends in India's Public Finance-Role of Taxes, (direct and
indirect) and subsidies-Fiscal and monetary deficits-public expenditures and their significance-Public Finance and Inflat
Limiting Government's debt-Recent fiscal policies and their effects. 
IX. Economic Planning in India-Trends in Savings and investment-Trends in Savings to Income and capital-output ratio
Productivity, its sources, growth and trends-growth versus distribution-Transition from Central Planning to indicative
planning-relation between Market and Plan-strategies for Growth, social justice and Plans. Planning and increasing the
growth rate. 

Preliminary Examination of Civil Services Exam 

Section-A
Physical Geography 

i) Geomorphology 
Origin of the earth; Geological Time Scale; Interior of the earth; Types and characteristics of rocks; Folding and Faulting
Volcanoes; Earthquakes; Weathering; Landforms caused by fluvial, aeolian and glacial actions. 
ii) Climatology 
Structure and composition of atmosphere; Temperature; Pressure belts and Wind systems; Clouds and rainfall types;
Cyclones and anti-cyclones; Major climatic types. 
iii) Oceanography 
Ocean relief; Temperature; Salinity; Ocean deposits; Ocean currents, El Nino and La Nino; Waves and tides. 
iv) Biogeography 
Origin and types of soils; Major biomes of the world; Ecosystem and food chain; Environmental degradation and
conservation. 

Section-B
Human Geography
i) Man and Environment Relationship 
Growth and development of Human Geography; Concepts of Determinism and Possibilism. 
ii) Population
Races of mankind and tribes; growth and distribution of world population; migration; population problems of developed
developing countries. 
iii) Economic Activities
Food gathering and hunting; pastoral herding; fishing and forestry; Types of agriculture-shifting, subsistence, commerci
and plantation; Mining, Power; Manufacturing -locational factors of textile, iron and steel, sugar and fertilizer industries;
Tertiary activities-trade, transport, communication and services. 
iv) Settlements
Origin, types and patterns of rural settlements; Processes of urbanisation; morphology and functional classification of
towns; million-cities and mega-cities. 

Section-C
Geography of the World
i) Major Natural Regions : Characteristics, economic base and human adaptation. 
ii) Regional Geography of Developed Countries : Canada, U.S.A., Western Europe, Russia, Japan, Australia and Ne
Zealand. 
iii) Regional Geography of Developing Countries : S.E. Asia, S.W. Asia, China, Southern Africa and Brazil. 
iv) Regional Geography of South Asia. 

Section-D
Geography of India
i) Physical Setting 
Landforms, drainage, climate, soils and natural vegetation. 
ii) Economic Base
Minerals & energy resources, aquatic resources, forest resources; irrigation, agriculture and industries; trade and
commerce. 
iii) Population
Growth, distribution and density; demographic characteristics. 
iv) Environmental problems, developmental issues and regional planning. 

Section-E
Geographical Thought
i) Ancient Period : Contributions of Indians, Greeks, Romans and Arabs. 
ii) Pre-Modern Period : Contribution of Verenius, Kant, Humboldt and Ritter. 
iii) Modern Period : Dichotomy of determinism and possibilism; contributions of Ratzel, Semple, Huntington and La
Blache. 
iv) Recent Period : Quantitive Revolution; Radicalism, Behaviouralism and Humanism. 

Section-F
Techniques of Geographical Analysis 
i) Maps : Scale and types, uses. 
ii) Diagrams : Types and uses 
iii) Projections : Types, characteristics and uses. 
iv) Remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) : Aerial photographs and imagery, GIS. 

Main Examination of Civil Services Exam 

Paper-I
Principles of Geography
Section-A

Physical Geography
i) Geomorphology : Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; origin and evolutio
the earth’s crust; physical conditions of the earth’s interior; geosynclines; continental drift; isostasy; sea-floor spreading
plate tectonics; mountain building; volcanicity; earthquakes; concepts of geomorphic cycles; landforms associated with
fluvial, arid, glacial, coastal and karst cycle; groundwater; Applied Geomorphology. 
ii) Climatology : Temperature and pressure belts of the world; heat budget of the earth; atmospheric circulation; plane
and local winds; monsoons and jet streams; air masses and fronts; temperate and tropical cyclones; types and distribut
of precipitation; Koppen’s and Thornthwaite’s classification of world climate; hydrological cycle; climatic change. 
iii) Oceanography : Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; temperature and salinity of the ocea
ocean deposits; ocean currents and tides; marine resources–biotic, mineral and energy resources; coral reefs; sea-leve
changes. 
iv) Biogeography : Genesis of soils; classification and distribution of soils; soil profile; soil erosion and conservation;
factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; problems of deforestation and conservation measures; socia
forestry, agro-forestry. 
v) Environmental Geography : Human ecological adaptations; transformation of nature by man; environmental
degradation and conservawtin; ecosystems and their management; global ecological imbalances–problems of pollution
global warming, reduction in bio-diversity and depletion of forests. 

Section-B 
Human Geography
i) Perspectives in Human Geography : A real differentiation; regional synthesis; dichotomy and dualism;
environmentalism; quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches;
cultural regions of the world human and welfare approaches; cultural regions of the world; human development indicato

ii) Economic Geography : World economic develpment–measurement and problems; world resources and their
distribution; energy crisis; the limits to growth; world agriculture–typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and
productivity; food and nutrition problems; famine–causes, effects and remedies; world industries–location patterns and
problems; patterns of world trade. 
iii) Population and Settlement Geography : Growth and distribution of world population; demographic atrributes; cau
and consequencies of migration; concepts of over–, under– and optimum population; world population problems. 
Types and patterns of rural settlements; hierarchy of urban settlements; concept of primate city and rank-size rule;
functional classificatipn of towns; sphere of urban influence; rural-urban fringe; satellite town; problems of urbanisation.
iv) Regional Planning : Concept of a region; types of regions and methods of regionalisation; growth centres and grow
poles; regional imbalances; environmental issues in regional planning; planning for sustainable development. 
v) Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography : System analysis in Human Geography; Malthusian, Marxian a
Demographic Transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural
location; Weber’s model of industrial location; Rostov’s model of stages of growth. Heart-land and Rimland theories; law
international boundaries and frontiers. 
Note : Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper

Paper-II
Geography of India

Section-A.
i) Physical Setting : Space relationship of India with neighbouring countries; structure and relief; drainage system and
watersheds; physiographic regions; mechanism of Indian monsoons; tropical cyclones and western distrubances; flood
and droughts; climatic regions; natural vegetation, soil types and their distributions. 
ii) Resources : Land, surface and groundwater, energy, minerals, and biotic resources, their distribution, utilisation and
conservation; energy crisis. 
iii) Agriculture : Infrastructure–irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; institutional factors–land holdings, land tenure and la
reforms; agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; agro-and social forestry; green
revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications; significance of dry farming; livestock resources and
white revolution; blue revolution; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones. 
iv) Industry : Evolution of industries; locational factors of cotton, jute, iron and steel, fertiliser, paper, drugs and
pharmaceutical, automobile and cottage indusries; industrial complexes and industrial regionalisaiton; new industrial po
multinationals and liberalisation. 
v) Transport, Communication and Trade : Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their
complementary roles in regional development; growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade, trade balance
free trade and export promotion zones; developments in communication technology and its impact on economy and
society. 

Section-B 
i) Cultural Setting : Racial and ethnic diversities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems; role of langague, religio
and tradition in the formation of cultural regions; growth, distribution and density of population; demographic attributes–
ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio and longevity; migration (inter-regional, intra-regional an
international) and associated problems, population problems and policies. 
ii) Settlements : Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; urban development; census definition of urban
areas; morphology of Indian cities; functional classification of Indian cities; conurbations and metropolitan regions; urba
sprawl; slums and associated problems; town planning; problems of urbanisaiton. 
iii) Regional Development and Planning: Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; integrated rural
development programmes; panchayati raj and decentralised planning; command area development; watershed
management; planning for backward area, desert drought-prone, hill and tribal area development; multi-level planning;
geography and regional planning. 
iv) Political Aspects : Geographical basis of Indian federalism; state reorganisation; regional consciousness and natio
integration; international boundary of India and related issues; disputes on sharing of water resources; India and geopo
of the Indian Ocean. 
v) Contemporary Issues : Environmental hazards–landslides, earthquakes, floods and droughts, epidemics; issues re
to environmental pollution; changes in patterns of land use; principles of environmental impact assessment and
environmental management; population explosion and food security; environmental degradation; problems of agrarian a
industrial unrest; regional disparities in economic development; concept of sustainable growth and development. 
Note : Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper

History Syllabus for Preliminary Examination 

Section-A 
1. Prehistoric cultures in India 
2. Indus Civilization. Origins. The Mature Phase: extent, society, economy and culture. Contacts with other
cultures.Problems of decline. 
3. Geographical distribution and characteristics of pastoral and farming communities outside the Indus region, from the
neolithic to early iron phases. 
4. Vedic society. The Vedic texts; changefrom Rigvedic to later Vedic phases. Religion; Upanishadic thought. Political a
social organisation; evolutuion of monarchy and varna system. 
5. State formation and urbanization, from the mahajanapadas to the Nandas. Jainism and Buddhism. Factors for the sp
of Buddhism. 
6. The Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta; Megasthenes. Asoka and his inscriptions; his dhamma, administration, culture
art. The Arthasastra. 
7. Post-Mauryan India, BC 200- AD 300. Society: Evolution of jatis. The Satavahanas and state formation in Peninsula.
Sangam texts and society. Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Parthians, Kushanas; Kanishka. Contacts with the outside world.
Religion :Saivism, Bhagavatism, Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism; Jainism; Culture and art. 
8. The Guptas and their successors (to c. 750 AD). Changes in political organisation of empire. Economy and society.
Literature and science. Arts. 

Section-B
9. Early Medieval India. Major dynasties; the Chola Empire. Agrarian and political structures. The Rajaputras. Extent of
social mobility. Postition of women. The Arabs in Sind and the Ghaznavides. 
10. Cultural trends, 750-1200, Religious conditions : importance of temples and monastic institutions; Sankaracharya;
Islam; Sufism. Literature and Science. Alberuni’s "India". Art and architecture. 
11-12. Thirteenth and fourteenth Centuries: Ghorian invasions causes and consequences. Delhi Sultanate under the
"Slave" Rulers. Alauddin Khalji : Conquests; administrative, agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughlug's
innovations. Firuz Tughluq and the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Growth of commerce and urbanization. Mystic
movements in Hinduism and Islam. Literature. Architecture, Technological changes. 
13. The fifteenth and early 16th Century : major Provinicial dynasties; Vijaya-nagara Empire. The Lodis, First phase of t
Mughal Empire: Babur, Humayun. The Sur empire and administration. The Portuguese. 
Montheistic movements: Kabir; Guru Nanak and Sikhism; Bhakti. Growth of regional literatures. Art and Culture. 
14-15. The Mughal Empire , 1556-1707. Akbar: conquests, administrative measures, jagir and mansab systems; policy
sulh-i-kul. Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb : expansion in the Deccan; religious policies. Shivaji. 
Culture: Persian and regional literatures. Religious thought: Abul Fazl; Maharashtra dharma. Painting. Architecture. 
Economy: conditions of peasants and artisans, growth in trade; commerce with Europe. Social stratification and status
women. 
16. Decline of Mughal Empire, 1707-61. Causes behind decline. Maratha power under the Peshwas. Regional states. T
Afghans. Major elements of composite culture. Sawai Jai Singh, astronomer. Rise of Urdu language. 

Section-C
17. British expansion : The Carnatic Wars, Conquest of Bengal. Mysore and its resitance to British expansion: The thre
Anglo-Maratha Wars. Early structure of British raj: Regulating and Pitt's India Acts. 
18. Economic Impact of the British Raj : Drain of Wealth (Tribute); land revenue settlements (zamindari, ryotwari,
mahalwari); Deindustrialisation; Railways and commercialisation of agriculture; Growth of landless labour. 
19. Cultural encounter and social changes: Introduction of western education and modern ideas. Indian Renaissance, s
and religious reform movements; growth of Indian middle class; The press and its impact: rise of modern literature in In
languages. Social reforms measures before 1857. 
20. Resistance to British rule : Early uprisings; The 1857 Revolt- causes, nature, course and consequences. 
21. Indian Freedom struggle-the first phase: Growth of national consciousness; Formation of Associations; Establishme
the Indian National Congress and its Moderate phase;- Economic Nationalism; Swadeshi Movement; The growth of
"Extremism" and the 1907 split in Congress; The Act of 1909 - the policy of Divide and Rule; Congress-League Pact of
1916. 
22. Gandhi and his thought; Gandhian techniques of mass mobilisation- Khilafat and Non Cooperation Movement, Civil
Disobedience and Quit India Movement; Other strands in the National Movement-Revolutionaries, the Left, Subhas
Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army. 
23. Separatist Trends in Indian nationalist politics- the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha; The post -1945
developments; Partition and Independence. 
24. India independent to 1964. A parliamentary, secular, democratic (republic the 1950 Constitution). Jawaharlal Nehru
vision of a developed, socialist society. Planning and state-controlled industrialization. Agrarian reforms. Foreign policy
Non-alignment. Border conflict with China and Chinese aggression.

History Syllabus for Main Examination 

Paper-I
Section-A
1. Sources and approaches to study of early Indian history. 
2. Early pastoral and agricultural communities. The archaeological evidence. 
3. The Indus Civilization: its origins, nature and decline. 
4. Patterns of settlement, economy, social organization and religion in India (c. 2000 to 500 B.C.) : archaeological
perspectives. 
5. Evolution of north Indian society and culture: evidence of Vedic texts (Samhitas to Sutras). 
6. Teachings of Mahavira and Buddha. Contemporary society. Early phase of state formation and urbanization. 
7. Rise of Magadha; the Mauryan empire. Ashoka's inscriptions; his dhamma. Nature of the Mauryan state. 
8-9 Post-Mauryan period in northern and peninsular India: Political and administrative history,. Society, economy, cultur
and religion. Tamilaham and its society: the Sangam texts. 
10-11 India in the Gupta and post-Gupta period (to c. 750) : Political histroy of northern and peninsular India; Samanta
system and changes in political structure; economy; social structure; culture; religion. 
12. Themes in early Indian cultural history: languages and texts; major stages in the evolution of art and architecture; m
philosphical thinkers and schools; ideas in science and mathematics. 

Section-B 
13. India, 750-1200 : Polity, society and economy. Major dynasties and political structurs in North India. Agrarian structu
" Indian feudalism". Rise of Rajputs. The Imperial Cholas and their contemporaries in Peninsular India. Villagle commun
in the South. Conditions fof women. Commerce mercantile groups and guilds; towns. Problem of coinage. Arab conque
Sind; the Ghaznavide empire. 
14. India, 750-1200: Culture, Literature, Kalhana, historian. Styles of temple architecture; sculpture. Religious thought a
institutions: Sankaracharya's vedanta. Ramanuja. Growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India. Sufism. Indian science
Alberuni and his study of Indian science and civilization. 
15. The 13th Century. The Ghorian invasions. Factors behind Ghorian success. Economic, social and cultural
consequences. Foundation of Delhi Sultanate. The "slave" Dynasty. IItutmish; Balban. "The Khalji Revolution". Early
Sultanate architecture. 
16. The 14th Century. Alauddin Khalji's conquests, agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughluq's major
"projects". Firuz Tughluq's concessions and public works. Decline of the Sultante. Foreing contacts: Ibn Battuta. 
17. Economy societyand culture in the 13th and 14th centureis. Caste and slavery under sultanate. Tehnological chang
Sultanate architecture. [persian literature: Amir Khusrau, Historiography; Ziya Barani. Evolution of a composite culture.
Sufism in North India. Lingayats. Bhakti schools in the south. 
18. The 15th and early16th Century (Political History). Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin),
Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids. The Vijayanagra Empire. Lodis. Mughal Empire, First phase : Babur, Humayun. The Sur
Empire : Sher Shah's administration. The Portuguese colonial enterprise. 
19. The 15th and early 16th Century (society, economy and culture). Regional cultures and literatures. provincial
architectural styles. Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire. 
Monotheistic movements: Kabir and Guru Nank. Bhakti Movements: Chaitanya. Sufism in its pantheistic phase. 
20. Akbar: His conquests and consolidation of empire. Establishment of jagir and mansab systems. His Rajput policy.
Evolution of religious and social outlook. Theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy. Abul Fazl, thinker and historian. Cour
patronage of art and technology. 
21. Mughal empire in the 17th Century. Major policies (administrative and religious) of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurang
The Empire and the Zamindars. Nature of the Mughal state. Late 17th Century crisis: Revolts. The Ahom kingdom, Shiv
and the early maratha kingdom. 
22. Economy and society, 16th and 17th Centuries. Population. Agricultural and craft production. Towns, commerce wit
Europe through Dutch, English and French companies- a "trade revolution". Indian mercantile classes. Banking, insuran
and credit systems. Conditions of peasants, famines. Condition of Women. 
23. Culture during Mughal Empire. Persian literature (including historical works). Hindi and relgious literatures. Mughal
architecture. Mughal painting. Provincial schools of architecture and painting. Classical music. Science and technology.
Sawai Jai Singh, astronomer. Mystic eclecticism : Dara Shukoh. Vaishnav Bhakti. Mahrasthra Dharma. Evolution of the
Sikh community (Khalsa). 
24. First half of 18th Century: Factors behind decline of the Mughal Empire. The regional principalities (Nizam's Deccan
Bengal, Awadh). Rise of Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas. The Maratha fiscal and financial system. Emergency
Afghan Power. Panipat, 1761. Internal weakness, political cultural and economic, on eve of the British conquest. 

Paper-II
Section-A
1. Establishment of British rule in India: Factors behind British success against Indian powers-Mysore, Maratha Con
federacy and the Punjab as major powers in resistance; Policy of subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse. 
2. Colonial Economy : Tribute system. Drain of wealth and "deindustrialisation", Fiscal pressures and revenue settleme
(Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari settlements); Structure of the British raj up to 1857 (including the Acts of 1773 and
1784 and administrative organisation). 
3. Resistance to colonia rule : Early uprisings; Causes, nature and impact of the Revolt of 1857; Reorganisation of the R
1858 and after. 
4. Socio-cultural impact of colonial rule: Official social reform measures (1828-57); Orientalist-Anglicist controversy; com
of English education and the press; Christian missionary activities;Bengal Renaissance; Social and religious reform
movements in Bengal and other areas; Women as focus of social reform. 
5. Economy 1858-1914: Railways; Commercialisation of Indian agriculture; Growth of landless labourers and rural
indebtedness; Famines; India as market for British industry; Customs removal, exchange and countervailing excise; Lim
growth of modern industry. 
6. Early Indian Nationalism: Social background; Formation of national associations; Peasant and tribal uprising
during the early nationalist era; Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Moderate phase of the Congress; Gro
of Extremism; The Indian Council Act of 1909; Home Rule Movement; The Government of India Act of 1919. 
7. Inter-War economy of India: Industries and problem of Protection; Agricultural distress; the Great Depression; Ottawa
agreements and Discriminatory Protection; the growth of trade unions; The Kisan Movement; The economic programm
the Congress' Karachi resolution, 1931. 
8. Nationalism under Gandhi's leadership: Gandhi's career, thought and methods of mass mobilisation; Rowlatt Satyag
Khilafat- Non Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, 1940 Satyagraha and Quit India Movement; State
People's Movement. 
9. Other strands of the National Movement: 
a) Revolutionary movements since 1905; (b) Constitutional politics; Swarajists, Liberals, Responsive Cooperation; (c) Id
of Jawharlal Nehru, (d) The Left (Socialists and Communists); (e) Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army;
Communal strands: Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha; (g) Women in the National Movement. 
10. Literary and cultural lmovements: Tagore, Premchand, Subramanyam Bharati, Iqbal as examples only; New trends
art; Film industry; Writers' Organisations and Theatre Associations. 
11. Towards Freedom: The Act of 1935; Congress Ministries, 1937-1939; The Pakistan Movement; Post-1945 upsurge
Mutiny, Telangana uprising etc.,); Consititutional negotiations and the Transfer of Power, 15 August 1947. 
12. First phase of Independence (1947-64): Facing the consequences of Partition; Gandhiji's murder; economic disloca
Integration of States; The democratic constitution, 1950; Agrarian reforms; Building an industrial welfare state; Planning
industrialisation; Foreign policy of Non-alignment; Relations with neighbours. 

Section-B
13. Enlightenment and Modern ideas 
#1. Renaissance Background 
#2. Major Ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau 
#3. Spread of Enlightenment outside Europe 
#4. Rise of socialist ideas (to Marx) 

14. Origins of Modern Politics 

#1. European States System 
#2. American Revolution and the Constitution. 
#3. French revolution and after math, 1789-1815. 
#4. British Democratic Politics, 1815-1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, chartists. 

15. Industriatization 
#1. English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society 
#2. Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan 
#3. Socialist Industrialization: Soviet and Chinese. 

16. Nation-State System 

#1. Rise of Nationalism in 19th century 
#2. Nationalism : state-building in Germany and Italy 
#3. Disintegration of Empires through the emergence of nationalities. 

17. Imperialism and Colonialism 

#1. Colonial System (Exploitation of New World, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Tribute from Asian Conquests) 
#2. Types of Empire: of settlement and non-settlement: Latin America, South Africa, Indonesia, Australia. 
#3. Imperialism and Free Trade: The New Imperialism 

18. Revolution and Counter-Revolution 

#1. 19th Century European revolutions 
#2. The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921 
#3. Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany. 
#4. The Chinese Revolution of 1949 

19. World Wars 

#1. 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal Implications 
#2. World War I : Causes and Consequences 
#3. World War II : Political Consequence 
20. Cold War 

#1. Emergence of Two Blocs 

#2. Integration of West Europe and US Strategy; Communist East Europe 
#3. Emergence of Third World and Non-Alignment 
4. UN and Dispute Resolution 
21. Colonial Liberation 
#1. Latin America-Bolivar 
#2. Arab World-Egypt 
#3. Africa-Apartheid to Democracy 
#4. South-East Asia-Vietnam 

22. Decolonization and Underdevelopment 

#1. Decolonization: Break up of colonial Empires: British, French, Duth 
#2. Factors constraining Development : Latin America, Africa 

23. Unification of Europe 

#1. Post War Foundations : NATO and European Community 
#2. Consolidation and Expansion of European Community/European Union. 

24. Soviety Disintegration and the Unipolar World 

#1. Factors in the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991 
#2. Political Changes in East Europe 1989-1992 
#3. End of the Cold War and US Ascendancy in the World 
#4. Globalization 

Presidents of India
No Name From To
1 Dr. Rajendra Prasad January 26, 1950 May 13, 1962

2 Dr. S. Radhakrishnan May 13, 1962 May 13, 1967

3 Dr. Zakir Hussain May 13, 1967 August 24, 1969

4 Shri Varahagiri Venkata Giri August 24, 1969 August 24, 1974

5 Shri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed August 24, 1974 February 11, 1977

6 Shri Neelam Sanjiva Reddy July 25, 1977 July 25, 1982

7 Shri Giani Zail Singh July 25, 1982 July 25, 1987

8 Shri R. Venkataraman July 25, 1987 July 25, 1992

9 Dr.S.D. Sharma July 25, 1992 July 25, 1997

10 Shri K R Narayanan July 25, 1997 25 July 2002

11 Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam 25 July 2002 25 July 2007

12 Pratibha Patil 25 July 2007 Incumbent

 Prime Ministers of India
INC - Indian National Congress, JP - Janata Party, JD - Janata Dal
BJP - Bharatiya Janata Party, SJP - Samajwadi Janata Party

No Name From To Party

15 August, 27 May,
1 Jawahar Lal Nehru INC
1947 1964

27 May, 9 June,
2 Shri Gulzarilal Nanda INC
1964 1964

9 June, 11 January,
3 Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri INC
1964 1966

11 January, 24 January,
4 Shri Gulzarilal Nanda INC
1966 1966

24 January, 24 March,
5 Shrimati Indira Gandhi INC
1966 1977

24 March, 28 July,
6 Shri Morarji Desai JP
1977 1979

28 July, 14 January,
7 Shri Charan Singh JP
1979 1980

14 January, 31 October,
8 Shrimati Indira Gandhi INC
1980 1984

31 October, 2 December, INC

9 Shri Rajiv Gandhi
1984 1989 (Indira)
 Shri Vishwanath Pratap 2 December, 10 November,
10 JD
Singh 1989 1990

10 November, 21 June,
11 Shri Chandra Shekhar SJP
1990 1991

21 June, 16 May,
12 Shri P.V. Narasimha Rao INC
1991 1996

16 May, 1 June,
13 Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee BJP
1996 1996

1 June, 21 April,
14 H. D. Deve Gowda JD
1996 1997

19 March,
21 April,
15 Inder Kumar Gujral JD
1997
1998

19 March, 22 May,
16 Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee BJP
1998 2004

22 May,
17 Dr. Manmohan Singh Incumbent INC
2004