Notes 19 PDF

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1
Lecture Notes 19
1l
Energy and Potential
P1
Figure:
dl θ
+ve charge P 1r E
P2
Due to the fact that an electric charge experiences a force in an electric field, some
amount of work must be done in order to move a charge in an electric field.
The amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to another
point in an electric field is called the potential difference between the two points.
Thus if a unit charge be moved from P to Q when PQ = dl, dl being a small elemental
length along the path P2 to P1, then work done is
dw = - E dl cosθ
= -E . dl
The negative sign has been put it account for the fact that the work has been done against
the electric field; a point charge Q is moved then
dw = - Q E .dl
The total work done in moving a unit charge from P2 to P1 is
P1
W= - ∫P2
E.dl jouks/coulomb or valto
For a point charge Q
P1
W=- ∫
P2
QE.dl valto
Thus the difference in potential φ(P1) - φ (P2) between the points P1 and P2
P1
Is φ (P1) - φ (P2) = - ∫P2
QE.dl
If the point P1 is moved to ∞ then considering that P2 is at zero potential.
P1
φ (P1) = - ∫ P2
QE.dl volts
If the integral is taken along any closed path then limits would be set as P2 – P2 so that for
a unit charge.
∫ E – dl = 0
B. I .Neelgr, ECE, GMRIT.

Lecture Notes 19
Closed path
∴ Electric potential difference around any closed path is zero.
Expression For The Potential At Any Point Due To A Point Charge Q:
P1 path C
dr = dl cosθ
R E
r1 θ
r + dr 1r
P
Q
r
r2 P2
Consider a point charge Q at O and let a unit positive charge be moved along any path C.
From P2 to P1
P1
∴ φ (P1) - φ (P2) = ∫ P2
E.dl
Q
E= lr
4π ∈ r 2
Dl = dl il
Q
∴ E. dl = dl cosθ
4π ∈ r 2
From ∆ PQR dr = dl cosθ
Q
∴ E.dl = , dr
4π ∈ r 2
P1 dr
∴ φ (P1) - φ (P2) = -
Q
4π ∈
∫ P2 r2
1 1 P
=
Q
4π ∈ P2 r
∫2 dr
Q 1 1 
=  − 
4π ∈  r1 r2 
When r2 ∞ let φ (P2) = PO

Lecture Notes 19
Q
∴ φ (P1) = volts
4π ∈ r
In general the potential at any point a distance ‘r’ from a point charge Q is
Q
φ= volts
4π ∈ r
Note: Potential is also denoted by ‘v’ and is a scalar quantity
Electrical Potential of a Charge Distribution:
The electric potential at any point due to several point Q1, Q2, Q3…….Qn is
1  Q1 Q2 Q 
φ (P) =  + + ......... + n 
4π ∈  r1 r2 rn 
If a line charge is present of density Pl c/m then
1 ρl
φ (P) = ∫
4π ∈ l r
dl volts
For a surface charge density ρs c/m2
1 ρs
4π ∈ ∫
φ (P) = ds volt
r s
Only for a volume charge distribution

1 ρV
φ (P) =
4π ∈ ∫V r
dv volt
Gradient N(x, y, z)
Figure:
N(x+dx, y + dx, z+ dz)
r
r + dr (a)

Lecture Notes 19
z ∆
v(x,y,z)=C2
M
N
dr
v(x, y, z) = C1
y
Figure (a) shows two neighboring points M and N of the region in which a scalar function V is
defined. The vector separation is
dr = dx ax + dy ay + dz az
From calculate the change in V from M.T.N is
∂v ∂v ∂v
dv = dx + dy + + dz
∂x ∂y dz
Using ∇ operator ∇r is
∂v ∂v ∂v
∇V = dx + dy + + dz
∂x ∂y dz
 ∂v ∂v ∂v 
dv =  dx + dy + + dz  : (dxax + dyay + dzaz)
 ∂x ∂y dz 
dv = ∇V . dr
The vector ∇V (grad v ) is called gradient of scalar function V. It can be seen that for a
fixed | dr |, the change in V in given direction dr is proportional to projection of ∇V in that
direction. Thus ∇V lies in a direction of maximum increase of function of V.
Let M and N lie on the same equipotential surface v(x, y, z) = C1.
As shown in figure (b). them dv = 0

Lecture Notes 19
Which implies that ∇V is v to dr but dr is tangential to equipotential surface. Hence ∇V must be

along the surface normal to M. since ∇v is in the direction of increasing V it points from v(x, y,
z) = C1 to v(x, y, z) = c2
When c2 > 1. Thus the gradient of a potential function is a vector field that is everywhere normal
to equipotential surface. The expression for ∇V in the three co-ordinate system ax.
∂v ∂v ∂v
∇V = dx + dy + + dz (Cartesian)
∂x ∂y dz
∂v 1 ∂v ∂v
∇V = ar + dy + dz (cylinder)
∂r r ∂y dz
∂v 1 ∂v 1 ∂v
∇V = − ar + . aθ + + ay (spherical)
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂y
Relationship between E and V

From the equation
V = - ∫ E .dl
The potential difference between two points separated by a length dl is
dv = - E . dl ---------------(1)
for a Cartesian co-ordinate system,
- E.dl = - (Ex ax + Ey ay + Ez az).(dxaz + dyay + dzaz)

= - (Ex dx + Ey dy + Ez dz ) ----------------(2)
Combining (1) and (2)
dv = - [ Exdx + Eydy +Ezdz ] ----------------(3)
Also by calculate
∂v ∂v ∂v
dv = dx + dy + + dz ----------------(4)
∂x ∂y dz
From (3) and (4)
∂v ∂v ∂v
- Ex = , - Ey = & - Ez = + ---------------(5)
∂x ∂y ∂z
So that
∂v ∂v ∂v
E = - ( dx + dy + + dz )
∂x ∂y dz
Is E = - ∇V

Notes 19 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes 19 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes 19 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

E M Waves and Transmission Lines Unit 1

B. I .Neelgr, ECE, GMRIT.

Expression For The Potential At Any Point Due To A Point Charge Q:

B. I .Neelgr, ECE, GMRIT.

Electrical Potential of a Charge Distribution:

For a surface charge density ρs c/m2

Only for a volume charge distribution

B. I .Neelgr, ECE, GMRIT.

From calculate the change in V from M.T.N is

B. I .Neelgr, ECE, GMRIT.

Which implies that ∇V is v to dr but dr is tangential to equipotential surface. Hence ∇V must be

Relationship between E and V

- E.dl = - (Ex ax + Ey ay + Ez az).(dxaz + dyay + dzaz)

B. I .Neelgr, ECE, GMRIT.

You might also like