Signal Conversions: Presented By:-Amarjit Kaur (AP)

Signal Conversions
Presented By:-
Amarjit Kaur (AP)
Analog and Digital signals
• An analog signal is a continuous signal that
represents physical measurements.
• Digital signals are time
separated signals which are generated
using digital modulation.
• Analog signals uses a continuous range of
values that help you to represent information.
• Digital signal uses discrete 0 and 1 to
represent information.
Types of Signal Conversions
• Analog to digital
• Digital to analog
• Analog to digital conversion:- convert analog
signals to a series of digital values.
• Digital to analog conversion:- convert digital
numbers into corresponding voltage or
current levels.
A/D Conversions Techniques
• 1. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is the most common
technique used to change an analog signal to
digital data (digitization). A PCM encoder has
three processes:-
• The analog signal is sampled.
• The sampled signal is quantized.
• The quantized values are encoded as streams of
bits.
• Sampling
• The first step in PCM is sampling. The analog

signal is sampled every Ts , where Ts is the
sample interval or period.
The inverse of the sampling interval is called the
sampling rate or sampling frequency and
denoted by ƒs, Where ƒs = 1/ Ts.
Quantization
The result of sampling is a series of pulses with

amplitude values between the maximum and
minimum amplitudes of the signal.
1. We assume that the original analog signal has
instantaneous amplitudes between Vmin and Vmax
2. We divide the range into L zones, each of height ∆

(delta).
∆=(Vmax-Vmin)/L
3. We assign quantized values of 0 to L - I to the midpoint
of each zone.
4. We approximate the value of the sample amplitude to
the quantized values.
• Encoding
• The last step in PCM is encoding. After each sample is

quantized and the number of bits per sample is
decided, each sample can be changed to an nb-bit
code word.
• A quantization code of 2 is encoded as 010; 5 is
encoded as 101; and so on.
• If the number of quantization levels is L, the number
of bits is nb=log2 L. In our example L is 8 and nb is
therefore 3. The bit rate can be found from the
formula.
Bitrate = Sampling rate X Number of bites per sample= ƒs

X nb
Flash Method
• This type of A/D converter utilizes 2N-1 comparators
(for an N bit converter) to compare the analog signal
with successive reference voltages. The results are
then converted into digital format using an encoder.
Features:
• Analog signals are converted into digital signals
directly (since the comparators themselves are the
sampling devices), making a Sample and Hold circuit
unnecessary.
• This allows for extremely fast conversion (with
sampling frequencies above 1GHz possible).
• However, the relatively larger size and power
consumption (due to the number of comparators are
required: 2N-1).
D/A Conversion Techniques
• Amplitude Shift Keying
• Frequency Shift Keying
• Phase Shift Keying
Amplitude Shift Keying
• In this conversion technique, the amplitude of

analog carrier signal is modified to reflect
binary data.
• When binary data represents digit 1, the
amplitude is held; otherwise it is set to 0. Both
frequency and phase remain same as in the
original carrier signal.
Frequency Shift Keying
• In this conversion technique, the frequency of
the analog carrier signal is modified to reflect
binary data.
• This technique uses two frequencies, f1 and
f2. One of them, for example f1, is chosen to
represent binary digit 1 and the other one is
used to represent binary digit 0. Both
amplitude and phase of the carrier wave are
kept intact.
Phase Shift Keying
• In this conversion scheme, the phase of the

original carrier signal is altered to reflect the
binary data.
• When a new binary symbol is encountered,
the phase of the signal is altered. Amplitude
and frequency of the original carrier signal is
kept intact.
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Signal Conversions

• The first step in PCM is sampling. The analog

The result of sampling is a series of pulses with

2. We divide the range into L zones, each of height ∆

• The last step in PCM is encoding. After each sample is

Bitrate = Sampling rate X Number of bites per sample= ƒs

• In this conversion technique, the amplitude of

• In this conversion scheme, the phase of the

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