1 Peter

Salutation into10 an inheritance imperishable, undefiled, and

unfading. It is reserved in heaven for you, 1:5 who
1:1 From Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ,

by God’s power are protected through faith for
to those temporarily residing abroad (in Pon- a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time.
tus, Galatia, Cappadocia, the province of Asia, 1:6 This brings you great joy,11 although you may
and Bithynia) who are chosen 1:2 according to have to suffer12 for a short time in various trials.
the foreknowledge of God the Father by being 1:7 Such trials show the proven character of your
set apart by the Spirit for obedience and for sprin- faith,13 which is much more valuable than gold
kling with Jesus Christ’s blood. May grace and – gold that is tested by fire, even though it is pass-
peace be yours in full measure! ing away14 – and will bring praise15 and glory and
New Birth to Joy and Holiness honor when Jesus Christ is revealed.16 1:8 You17
have not seen him, but you love him. You18 do not
1:3 Blessed be the God and Father of our see him now but you believe in him, and so you
Lord Jesus Christ! By his great mercy he gave rejoice19 with an indescribable and glorious20 joy,
us new birth into a living hope through the resur- 1:9 because you are attaining the goal of your faith
rection of Jesus Christ from the dead, 1:4 that is, – the salvation of your souls.
1:10 Concerning this salvation,21 the proph-
ets who predicted the grace that would come
22
 tn Grk “Peter.” The word “from” is not in the Greek text,
to you23 searched and investigated carefully.
but has been supplied to indicate the sender of the letter.
 tn Or “to those living as resident foreigners,” “to the ex-
10 tn Grk “into,” continuing the description of v. 3 without
iles.” This term is used metaphorically of Christians who live
in this world as foreigners, since their homeland is heaven. an “and.”
 tn Grk “in the Diaspora.” The Greek term διασπορά (di- 11 tn Grk “in which you exult.”
12 tc ‡ The oldest and best witnesses lack the verb (‫ *א‬B,
aspora, “dispersion”) refers to Jews not living in Palestine but
“dispersed” or scattered among the Gentiles. But here it is along with 1505 pc), but most mss (Ì72 ‫א‬2 A C P Ψ 048 33
probably metaphorical, used of Gentile Christians spread out 1739 Ï) have ἐστίν here (estin, “[if] it is [necessary]”). The
as God’s people in the midst of a godless world. verb looks to be an explanatory gloss. But if no verb is pres-
 tn Grk “Asia”; in the NT this always refers to the Roman ent, this opens up the time frame in the author’s mind even
province of Asia, made up of about one-third of the west and more, since the conditional particle for both the first class
southwest end of modern Asia Minor. Asia lay to the west of condition and the fourth class condition is εἰ (ei). That may
the region of Phrygia and Galatia. The words “the province of” well be what was on the author’s mind, as evidenced by some
are supplied to indicate to the modern reader that this does of his other allusions to suffering in this little letter (3:14, 17).
not refer to the continent of Asia. NA27 has the verb in brackets, indicating doubts as to its au-
 tn Or “to the chosen sojourners…” On this reading the thenticity.
phrases in v. 2 describe their entire existence as sojourners, tn Grk “Though now, for a little while if necessary, you may
etc., not just their election. have to suffer.”
13 tn Or “genuineness,” the result of testing. On the other
 sn For obedience and for sprinkling indicates the purpose
of their choice or election by God. hand it may denote the process of testing: “that the proving of
 tn Grk “be multiplied to you.” your faith…may bring praise.”
 tn There is no verb in the Greek text; either the optative sn The author is not asserting that the quality of the read-
ers’ faith is in doubt and will be proven by future trials. He
(“be”) or the indicative (“is”) can be supplied. The meaning of
declares their faith to be a present reality in v. 5 and 9, so in
the term εὐλογητός (euloghtos) and the author’s intention at
context v. 8 affirms that their faith is indeed genuine.
this point in the epistle must both come into play to determine 14 tn Grk “which is passing away but is tested by fire,” de-
which is the preferred nuance. εὐλογητός as an adjective
can mean either that one is praised or that one is blessed, scribing gold in a lesser-to-greater comparison with faith’s
that is, in a place of favor and benefit. Two factors of the au- proven character.
15 tn Grk “that the testing of your faith…may be found unto
thor’s style come into play. At this point the author is describ-
ing the reality of believers’ salvation and will soon explain praise,” showing the result of the trials mentioned in v. 6.
16 tn Grk “at the revelation of Jesus Christ” (cf. v. 13).
believers’ necessary response; this is in emulation of Pauline
17 tn Grk “whom not having seen, you love.” Because of the
style which generally follows the same logical order (although
the author here discusses the reality in a much more com- length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence
pressed fashion). On the other hand, when imitating the Pau- was started here in the translation.
18 tn Grk “in whom not now seeing…” Because of the length
line greeting, which is normally verbless, the author inserts
the optative (see v. 2 above). When considered as a whole, and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was
although a decision is difficult, the fact that the author in the started here in the translation.
19 tn Grk “in whom not now seeing but believing, you exult.”
immediate context has used the optative when imitating a
Pauline stylized statement would argue for the optative here. The participles have been translated as finite verbs due to re-
The translation uses the term “blessed” in the sense “worthy quirements of contemporary English style.
of praise” as this is in keeping with the traditional translation 20 tn Grk “glorified.”
of berakah psalms. Cf. also 2 Cor 1:3; Eph 1:3. 21 tn Grk “about which salvation.”
 tn The phrase “that is” is supplied in the translation to 22 sn Prophets refers to the OT prophets.
indicate that the imperishable inheritance is in apposition to 23 tn Grk “who prophesied about the grace that is to/for
the living hope of v. 3. you.”
2358
 2359 1 Peter 1:25
1:11 They probed into what person or time the
 
dead and gave him glory, so that your faith and
Spirit of Christ within them was indicating when hope are in God.
he testified beforehand about the sufferings ap- 1:22 You have purified17 your souls by obeying
pointed for Christ and his subsequent glory. the truth18 in order to show sincere mutual love.19
1:12 They were shown that they were serving not So20 love one another earnestly from a pure heart.21
themselves but you, in regard to the things now an- 1:23 You have been born anew, not from perishable
nounced to you through those who proclaimed the but from imperishable seed, through the living and
gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven enduring word of God. 1:24 For
– things angels long to catch a glimpse of. all flesh22 is like grass
1:13 Therefore, get your minds ready for ac- and all its glory like the flower of the
tion by being fully sober, and set your hope com- grass;23
pletely on the grace that will be brought to you the grass withers and the flower falls off,
when Jesus Christ is revealed. 1:14 Like obedi- 1:25 but the word of the Lord24 endures
ent children, do not comply with the evil urges forever.25
you used to follow in your ignorance,10 1:15 but, And this is the word that was proclaimed to you.
like the Holy One who called you, become holy
yourselves in all of your conduct, 1:16 for it is
written, “You shall be holy, because I am holy.”11
1:17 And if you address as Father the one who
impartially judges according to each one’s work,
live out the time of your temporary residence
routinely taken passively in the sense of “faithful” (BDAG 820
here12 in reverence. 1:18 You know that from your s.v. πιστός 1). That may be part of the force here as well: “you
empty way of life inherited from your ancestors are now faithful to God,” although the primary force in this
you were ransomed – not by perishable things context seems to be that of trusting. Nevertheless, it is dif-
like silver or gold, 1:19 but by precious blood like ficult to separate faith from faithfulness in NT descriptions of
Christians’ dependence on God.
that of an unblemished and spotless lamb, name- tn Grk “who through him [are] trusting,” describing the
ly Christ. 1:20 He was foreknown13 before the “you” of v. 20. Because of the length and complexity of the
foundation of the world but14 was manifested in Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the
these last times15 for your sake. 1:21 Through him translation.
17 tn Grk “having purified,” as the preparation for the love
you now trust16 in God, who raised him from the described in the second half of the verse.
18 tc Most later mss (P Ï) have διὰ πνεύματος (dia pneu-
 tn Grk “probing.” The participle continues the sentence
matos, “through the spirit”) after ἀληθείας (ajlhqeias,
from v. 10 but has been translated as an indicative for Eng- “truth”), while the words are lacking in a broad spectrum of
lish style. early and important witnesses (Ì72 ‫ א‬A B C Ψ 33 81 323 945
 tn Or “time or circumstances,” focusing not on the per-
1241 1739 al vg sy co). On external grounds, the shorter read-
son but on the timing and circumstances of the fulfillment. ing cannot be easily explained if it were not original. The lon-
sn The OT prophets wondered about the person and the ger reading is clearly secondary, added to show more strongly
surrounding circumstances (time) through which God would God’s part in man’s obedience to the truth. But the addition
fulfill his promised salvation. ignores the force that the author gives to “purified” and ruins
 tn Grk “the sufferings unto Christ,” i.e., sufferings directed
the balance between v. 22 and v. 23 (for in v. 23 the empha-
toward him, what he was destined to suffer. sis is on God’s part; here, on man’s part).
 tn Grk “the glories after these things.” 19 tn Grk “for sincere brotherly love.”
 tn Grk “to whom [pl.] it was revealed.” 20 tn Verses 22-23 are a single sentence in the Greek text.
 tn Grk “binding up the loins of your mind,” a figure of
To improve clarity (and because contemporary English tends
speech drawn from the Middle Eastern practice of gathering to use shorter sentences) these verses have been divided
up long robes around the waist to prepare for work or action. into three sentences in the translation. In addition, “So” has
 tn Grk “having bound up…, being sober, set your hope…”
been supplied at the beginning of the second English sen-
 tn Grk “at the revelation of Jesus Christ” (cf. v. 7).
tence (v. 22b) to indicate the relationship with the preceding
 tn Or “do not be conformed to”; Grk “not being conformed statement.
to.” 21 tc A few mss (A B 1852 pc) lack καθαρᾶς (kaqaras,
10 tn Grk “the former lusts in your ignorance.” “pure”) and read simply καρδίας (kardias, “from the heart”),
11 sn A quotation from Lev 19:2. but there is excellent ms support (Ì72 ‫ *א‬C P Ψ 33 1739 Ï co)
12 tn Grk “the time of your sojourn,” picturing the Chris- for the word. The omission may have been accidental. In the
tian’s life in this world as a temporary stay in a foreign country uncial script (kaqaras kardias) an accidental omis-
(cf. 1:1). sion could have happened via homoioteleuton or homoioarc-
13 tn Grk “who was foreknown,” describing Christ in v. 19. ton. καθαρᾶς should be considered original.
Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, 22 sn Here all flesh is a metaphor for humanity – human be-
a new sentence was started here in the translation. ings as both frail and temporary.
14 tn Greek emphasizes the contrast between these two 23 tn Or “a wildflower.”
clauses more than can be easily expressed in English. 24 sn The word of the Lord is a technical expression in OT
15 tn Grk “at the last of the times.” literature, often referring to a divine prophetic utterance (e.g.,
16 tc Although there may be only a slight difference in trans- Gen 15:1, Isa 1:10, Jonah 1:1). In the NT it occurs 15 times: 3
lation, the term translated as “trust” is the adjective πιστούς times as ῥῆμα τοῦ κυρίου (rJhma tou kuriou; here and in
(pistous). This is neither as common nor as clear as the Luke 22:61, Acts 11:16) and 12 times as λόγος τοῦ κυρίου
verb πιστεύω (pisteuw, “believe, trust”). Consequently, most (logos tou kuriou; Acts 8:25; 13:44, 48, 49; 15:35, 36;
mss have the present participle πιστεύοντας (pisteuontas; 16:32; 19:10, 20; 1 Thess 1:8, 4:15; 2 Thess 3:1). As in the
Ì72 ‫ א‬C P Ψ 1739 Ï), or the aorist participle πιστεύσαντες OT, this phrase focuses on the prophetic nature and divine
(pisteusantes; 33 pc), while A B pc vg have the adjective. origin of what has been said.
Thus, πιστούς is to be preferred. In the NT the adjective is 25 sn A quotation from Isa 40:6, 8.
1 Peter 2:1 2360
2:1 So get rid of all evil and all deceit and hy-

and a rock to trip over.24 They stumble25 because
pocrisy and envy and all slander. 2:2 And yearn they disobey the word, as they were destined to do.26
like newborn infants for pure, spiritual milk, so 2:9 But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood,
that by it you may grow up to salvation, 2:3 if a holy nation, a people of his own, so that you may
you have experienced the Lord’s kindness. proclaim the virtues27 of the one who called you
out of darkness into his marvelous light. 2:10 You28
A Living Stone, a Chosen People once were not a people, but now you are God’s
2:4 So as you come to him, a living stone people. You were shown no mercy,29 but now you
rejected by men but10 chosen and priceless11 in have received mercy.
God’s sight, 2:5 you yourselves, as living stones, 2:11 Dear friends, I urge you as foreigners and
are built up as a spiritual house to be a holy priest- exiles to keep away from fleshly desires that do
hood and to offer12 spiritual sacrifices that are ac- battle against the soul, 2:12 and maintain good con-
ceptable to God through Jesus Christ. 2:6 For it duct30 among the non-Christians,31 so that though32
says13 in scripture, “Look, I lay in Zion a stone, they now malign you as wrongdoers, they may
a chosen and priceless cornerstone,14 and who- see your good deeds and glorify God when he ap-
ever believes15 in him16 will never17 be put to pears.33
shame.”18 2:7 So you who believe see19 his Submission to Authorities
value,20 but for those who do not believe, the
stone that the builders rejected has become 2:13 Be subject to every human institution34
the21 cornerstone,22 2:8 and a stumbling-stone23 for the Lord’s sake, whether to a king as su-
 tn Or “put away.”
preme 2:14 or to governors as those he commis-
 tn Here “And” has been supplied in the translation to sions35 to punish wrongdoers and praise36 those
show clearly the connection between vv. 1 and 2. who do good. 2:15 For God wants you37 to si-
 tn Grk “getting rid of…yearn for.” lence the ignorance of foolish people by do-
 tn The word for spiritual in Greek is λογικός (logikos), ing good. 2:16 Live38 as free people, not using
which is a play on words with the reference in 1:23-25 to the your freedom as a pretext for evil, but as God’s
living and enduring word (λόγος, logos) of God, through which
they were born anew. This is a subtle indication that the nour-
ishment for their growth must be the word of God.
 tn Or “in, in regard to.” But the focus of “salvation” here,
as in 1:5, 9, is the future deliverance of these who have been
born anew and protected by God’s power. ing an obstacle to faith, something that arouses anger and
 tc The Byzantine text lacks εἰς σωτηρίαν (eis swthrian, rejection.
“to salvation”), while the words are found in the earliest and 24 sn A quotation from Isa 8:14.
best witnesses (Ì72 ‫ א‬A B C K P Ψ 33 81 630 1241 1505 25 tn Grk “who stumble,” referring to “those who do not be-
1739 al latt sy co). Not only is the longer reading superior lieve” in vs. 7. Because of the length and complexity of the
externally, but since the notion of growing up [in]to salvation Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the
would have seemed theologically objectionable, it is easy to translation.
see why some scribes would omit it. 26 tn Grk “to which they were also destined.”
 tn Grk “have tasted that the Lord is kind.” 27 sn This verse contains various allusions and quotations
 sn A quotation from Ps 34:8.
from Exod 19:5-6; 23:22 (LXX); Isa 43:20-21; and Mal 3:17.
 tn Grk “to whom coming…you are built up…” as a continu- 28 tn Grk “who,” continuing the description of the readers
ation of the reference to the Lord in v. 3. from vs. 9. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek
10 tn Greek emphasizes the contrast between these two
sentence, a new sentence was started here in the transla-
phrases more than can be easily expressed in English. tion.
11 tn Grk “chosen, priceless.” 29 sn The quotations in v. 10 are from Hos 1:6, 9; 2:23.
12 tn Grk “unto a holy priesthood to offer.” 30 tn Grk “keeping your conduct good.”
13 tn Grk “it contains,” “it stands.” 31 tn Grk “the Gentiles,” used here of those who are not
14 tn Grk “chosen, priceless.” God’s people.
15 tn Grk “the one who believes.” 32 tn Grk “in order that in what they malign you.”
16 tn Grk either “in him” or “in it,” but the OT and NT uses 33 tn Or “when he visits.” Grk “in the day of visitation,” de-
personify the stone as the King, the Messiah whom God will noting a time when God intervenes directly in human affairs,
establish in Jerusalem. either for blessing (Luke 1:68, 78; 7:16; 19:44) or for judg-
17 tn The negative (οὐ μή, ou mh) is emphatic: “will cer- ment (Isa 10:3; Jer 6:15). This phrase may be a quotation
tainly not.” from Isa 10:3, in which case judgment is in view here. But
18 sn A quotation from Isa 28:16. blessing seems to be the point, since part of the motive for
19 tn Grk “to you who believe is the value,” referring to their good behavior is winning the non-Christian over to the faith
perception of the stone in contrast to those who reject (vv. (as in 3:1; also apparently in 3:15; cf. Matt 5:16).
7b-8). But the expression may also be translated as “to you 34 tn Or “every human being”; Grk “every human creation,”
who believe is this honor,” referring to the lack of shame cited denoting either everything created for mankind (NRSV mg:
in v. 6b. “every institution ordained for human beings”) or every crea-
20 tn Grk “the value” or “the honor,” but the former is pre- ture who is human. The meaning of the verb “be subject” and
ferred since it comes from the same root as “priceless” in vv. the following context supports the rendering adopted in the
4, 6, and it is in contrast to the negative estimate of the stone text.
by those who reject (vv. 7b-8). 35 tn Grk “those sent by him.”
21 tn Grk “the head of the corner.” 36 tn Grk “for the punishment…and the praise.”
22 sn A quotation from Ps 118:22 (cf. Matt 21:42; Mark 37 tn Grk “because thus it is God’s will.”
12:10; Luke 20:17; Acts 4:11). 38 tn There is no main verb in this verse, but it continues the
23 tn Grk “a stone of stumbling and a rock of offense.” The sense of command from v. 13, “be subject…, as free people…
latter phrase uses the term σκάνδαλον (skandalon), denot- not using…but as slaves of God.”
 2361 1 Peter 3:3
slaves. 2:17 Honor all people, love the family of

2:22 He committed no sin nor was deceit found


believers, fear God, honor the king. in his mouth. 2:23 When he was maligned, he10
2:18 Slaves, be subject to your masters with did not answer back; when he suffered, he threat-
all reverence, not only to those who are good ened11 no retaliation,12 but committed himself to
and gentle, but also to those who are perverse. God13 who judges justly. 2:24 He14 himself bore
2:19 For this finds God’s favor, if because of our sins15 in his body on the tree, that we may
conscience toward God someone endures hard- cease from sinning16 and live for righteousness.
ships in suffering unjustly. 2:20 For what credit By his17 wounds18 you were healed.19 2:25 For
is it if you sin and are mistreated and endure it? you were going astray like sheep20 but now you
But if you do good and suffer and so endure, this have turned back to the shepherd and guardian
finds favor with God. 2:21 For to this you were of your souls.
called, since Christ also suffered for you, leav-
ing an example for you to follow in his steps. Wives and Husbands
3:1 In the same way, wives, be subject to your
own husbands. Then,21 even if some are disobe-
dient to the word, they will be won over with-
out a word by the way you live,22 3:2 when they
see your pure and reverent conduct.23 3:3 Let
your24 beauty25 not be external – the braid-
ing of hair and wearing of gold jewelry26 or fine
 tn Traditionally, “servants” or “bondservants.” Though
δοῦλος (doulos) is normally translated “servant,” the word
does not bear the connotation of a free individual serving an-  tn Grk “who,” referring to Christ and applying the quota-
other. BDAG notes that “‘servant’ for ‘slave’ is largely confined tions from Isa 53 to him. Because of the length and complex-
to Biblical transl. and early American times…in normal usage ity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here
at the present time the two words are carefully distinguished” in the translation.
(BDAG 260 s.v.). The most accurate translation is “bondser-  sn A quotation from Isa 53:9.
vant” (sometimes found in the ASV for δοῦλος), in that it often 10 tn Grk “who being maligned,” continuing the reference
indicates one who sells himself into slavery to another. But as to Christ. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek
this is archaic, few today understand its force. sentence, a new sentence was started here in the transla-
sn Undoubtedly the background for the concept of being
tion.
the Lord’s slave or servant is to be found in the Old Testament 11 tn Grk “he did not threaten, but.”
scriptures. For a Jew this concept did not connote drudgery, 12 sn An allusion to Isa 53:7.
but honor and privilege. It was used of national Israel at times 13 tn Grk “to the one”; the referent (God) has been speci-
(Isa 43:10), but was especially associated with famous OT
personalities, including such great men as Moses (Josh 14:7), fied in the translation for clarity.
14 tn Grk “who.” Because of the length and complexity of
David (Ps 89:3; cf. 2 Sam 7:5, 8) and Elijah (2 Kgs 10:10); all
these men were “servants (or slaves) of the Lord.” the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the
 tn Grk “love the brotherhood.” The Greek term “brother- translation.
15 sn A quotation from Isa 53:4, 12.
hood” is used in a broad sense to connote familial relation-
16 tn The verb ἀπογίνομαι (apoginomai) occurs only here
ships within the family of God. BDAG 19 s.v. ἀδελφότης 1
suggests “a fellowship,” but in the present context “love the in the NT. It can have a literal meaning (“to die”; L&N 74.27)
fellowship of believers” could be taken to mean “love to par- and a figurative meaning (“to cease”; L&N 68.40). Because it
ticipate in fellowship with believers,” whereas the present is opposite the verb ζάω (zaw, “to live”), many argue that the
verse suggests the Christian community as a whole, in famil- meaning of the verb here must be “die” (so BDAG 108 s.v.),
ial terms, is in view. This same word occurs in 5:9; there it has but even so literal death would not be in view. “In place of
been translated “brothers and sisters.” ἀποθνῃσκιεν, the common verb for ‘die,’ ἀπογινεθαι serves
 tn The Greek term here is οἰκέτης (oikeths), often used of Peter as a euphemism, with the meaning ‘to be away’ or ‘to
a servant in a household (who would have been a slave). depart’” (J. R. Michaels, 1 Peter [WBC 49], 148). It is a meta-
 tn Grk “being subject,” but continuing the sense of com- phorical way to refer to the decisive separation from sin Jesus
mand from vs. 13. accomplished for believers through his death; the result is
 tn Grk “For this [is] favor/grace,” used as a metonymy that believers “may cease from sinning.”
17 tn Grk “whose.” Because of the length and complexity
of that which pleases him, which he looks on with favor (cf.
BDAG 1079 s.v. χάρις 2). Cf. 1 Pet 2:20. of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in
 tc The expression “consciousness/conscience of God” the translation.
18 tn Grk the singular: “wound”; “injury.”
(συνείδησιν θεοῦ; suneidhsin qeou) is unusual, occurring 19 sn A quotation from Isa 53:5.
only here in the NT. Because θεοῦ was liable to misinterpreta-
20 sn A quotation from Isa 53:6.
tion, several witnesses altered the text, either replacing it with
21 tn Grk “that…they may be won over,” showing the pur-
ἀγαθήν (agaqhn; C Ψ 323 614 630 945 1241 1505 1739
al sy) or expanding the expression by adding ἀγαθήν before pose of “being subject” (vs. 1b). Because of the length and
θεοῦ (Ì72 [A* 33] 81). Replacing θεοῦ with ἀγαθήν conforms complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was start-
to other NT phrases, notably in this same letter (Acts 23:1; 1 ed here in the translation.
22 tn Grk “by the wives’ behavior.”
Tim 1:5, 19; 1 Pet 3:16, 21), suggesting that such a reading
is motivated. The reading θεοῦ, however, has superior sup- 23 tn Grk “behavior,” the same word translated “the way
port (‫ א‬Ac B P 049 Ï lat co), and best explains the rise of the you live” in vs. 1.
other readings. 24 tn Grk “whose,” referring to the wives.
tn Grk “conscious(ness) of God,” an awareness of God and 25 tn Or “adornment.”
allegiance to him. 26 tn The word “jewelry” is not in the Greek text, but has
 tn Grk “For this [is] favor/grace with God,” used as a me- been supplied to indicate that gold ornaments or jewelry is
tonymy as in vs. 19 of that which pleases him, which he looks intended; otherwise the reader might assume wearing gold-
on with favor (cf. BDAG 1079 s.v. χάρις 2). colored clothing was forbidden.
1 Peter 3:4 2362
clothes – 3:4 but the inner person of the heart, the

them16 or be shaken.17 3:15 But set Christ18 apart19
lasting beauty of a gentle and tranquil spirit, which as Lord in your hearts and always be ready to give
is precious in God’s sight. 3:5 For in the same an answer to anyone who asks about the hope
way the holy women who hoped in God long you possess.20 3:16 Yet do it with courtesy and re-
ago adorned themselves by being subject to their spect,21 keeping a good conscience, so that those
husbands, 3:6 like Sarah who obeyed Abraham, who slander your good conduct in Christ may be
calling him lord. You become her children when put to shame when they accuse you.22 3:17 For it
you do what is good and have no fear in doing so. is better to suffer for doing good, if God wills it,23
3:7 Husbands, in the same way, treat your wives than for doing evil.
with consideration as the weaker partners and 3:1824 Because Christ also suffered25 once
show them honor as fellow heirs of the grace of for sins,
life. In this way nothing will hinder your prayers.
16 tn Grk “do not fear their fear,” referring to those who
Suffering for Doing Good cause their suffering. The phrase “their fear” may mean “what
they fear” (subjective genitive), but in a situation of persecu-
3:8 Finally, all of you be harmonious, sym- tion it more likely means “fear of them” (objective genitive).
pathetic, affectionate, compassionate, and humble. 17 sn A quotation from Isa 8:12.
18 tc Most later mss (P Ï) have θεόν (qeon, “God”) instead
3:9 Do not return evil for evil or insult for insult,
of Χριστόν (Criston; “Christ”) here. But Χριστόν is widely
but instead bless others because you were called supported by excellent and early witnesses (Ì72 ‫ א‬A B C Ψ
to inherit a blessing. 3:10 For 33 1739 al latt sy co), and as a less common idiom better
the one who wants to love life and see explains the rise of the other reading.
19 tn Or “sanctify Christ as Lord.”
good days must keep10 his tongue from 20 tn Grk “the hope in you.”
evil and his lips from uttering deceit. 21 tn Grk “but with courtesy and respect,” continuing the
3:11 And he must turn away from evil and command of v. 15. Because of the length and complexity of
do good; the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the
he must seek peace and pursue it. translation.
22 tn Grk “when you are spoken against.”
3:12 For the eyes of the Lord are11 upon the 23 tn Grk “if the will of God should will it.” As in 3:14 the
righteous and his ears are open to their Greek construction here implies that suffering for doing good
prayer. was not what God normally willed, even though it could hap-
But the Lord’s face is against those who pen, and in fact may have happened to some of the readers
do evil.12 (cf. 4:4, 12-19).
24 sn This passage has been typeset as poetry because
3:13 For13 who is going to harm you if you many scholars regard this passage as poetic or hymnic. These
are devoted to what is good? 3:14 But in fact, if terms are used broadly to refer to the genre of writing, not to
you happen to suffer14 for doing what is right,15 the content. There are two broad criteria for determining if a
passage is poetic or hymnic: “(a) stylistic: a certain rhythmical
you are blessed. But do not be terrified of lilt when the passages are read aloud, the presence of par-
allelismus membrorum (i.e., an arrangement into couplets),
 tn Grk “the hidden man.” KJV’s “the hidden man of the the semblance of some metre, and the presence of rhetorical
heart,” referring to a wife, could be seriously misunderstood devices such as alliteration, chiasmus, and antithesis; and (b)
by the modern English reader. linguistic: an unusual vocabulary, particularly the presence
 tn Grk “as Sarah obeyed.” of theological terms, which is different from the surrounding
 tn Grk “whose children you become.” context” (P. T. O’Brien, Philippians [NIGTC], 188-89). Clas-
 tn Grk “doing good and not fearing any intimidation.” sifying a passage as hymnic or poetic is important because
 tn Grk “living together according to knowledge, as to the understanding this genre can provide keys to interpretation.
However, not all scholars agree that the above criteria are
weaker, female vessel.” The primary verbs of vs. 7 are partici-
present in this passage, so the decision to typeset it as poetry
ples (“living together…showing honor”) but they continue the
should be viewed as a tentative decision about its genre.
sense of command from the previous paragraphs. 25 tc The variants here are legion (B. M. Metzger produces
 tn Grk “so that your prayers may not be hindered.” Be-
eight variants in a nice layout of the evidence [TCGNT 622]).
cause of the length and complexity of the Greek, this clause
Most of these variants involve pronouns, prepositions, or word
was translated as a separate sentence.
 tn There is no main verb in this verse (Grk “Finally, all [ ] order changes, but the major problem involves whether Christ
“suffered” (ἔπαθεν, epaqen) or “died” (ἀπέθανεν, apeqa-
harmonious”), but it continues the sense of command from nen). The witnesses that read ἀπέθανεν are Ì72 ‫ א‬A Cvid Ψ
the previous paragraphs. 0285 33 614 630 945 1241 1505 1739; the witnesses that
 tn Grk “not returning…but blessing,” continuing the sense
read ἔπαθεν are B L P 81 Ï. Although the external evidence
of command from the preceding. slightly favors ἀπέθανεν, such may be a secondary reading.
 tn The direct object “others” is omitted but implied in
Intrinsically, ἔπαθεν both fits the context better, especially
Greek, and must be supplied to suit English style. the verbal link between v. 17 and v. 18 (note in particular the
10 tn Grk “stop.”
introductory causal ὅτι [{oti, “because”] and the emphatic
11 tn The verbs are implied but not expressed in this verse:
καί [kai, “also”]), and fits the author’s style (1 Peter never
“the Lord’s eyes [ ] on the righteous and his ears [ ] to their uses ἀποθνῄσκω [apoqnhskw], but uses πάσχω [pascw] 11
prayer, but his face [ ] against those who do evil.” other times, more than any other NT book). However, scribes
12 sn Verses 10-12 are a quotation from Ps 34:12-16.
would most likely realize this, and might conform the verb in
13 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “For” to indicate v. 18 to the author’s typical usage. It may be argued, however,
that what follows gives an explanation. that scribes tended to alter the text in light of more common
14 sn The Greek construction here implies that such suffer- NT idioms, and did not have as much sensitivity to the liter-
ing was not the norm, even though it could happen, and in ary features in the immediate context. In this instance, it may
fact may well have happened to some of the readers (cf. 4:4, not be insignificant that the NT collocates ἀποθνῄσκω with
12-19). ἁμαρτία (Jamartia, “sin”) seven other times, though only
15 tn Grk “because of righteousness.” once (1 Cor 15:3) with a meaning similar to what would be de-
 2363 1 Peter 4:3
the just for the unjust, 
as an ark was being constructed. In the ark a few,
to bring you to God, that is eight souls, were delivered through water.
by being put to death in the flesh 3:21 And this prefigured baptism, which now saves
but by being made alive in the spirit. you – not the washing off of physical dirt10 but the
3:19 In it he went and preached to the pledge11 of a good conscience to God – through
spirits in prison, the resurrection of Jesus Christ, 3:22 who went into
3:20 after they were disobedient long ago heaven and is at the right hand of God12 with an-
when God patiently waited in the days of Noah gels and authorities and powers subject to him.13
4:1 So, since Christ suffered14 in the flesh,
you also arm yourselves with the same attitude,
because the one who has suffered in the flesh
manded here, but collocates πάσχω with ἁμαρτία in only one has finished with sin,15 4:2 in that he spends the
other place, 1 Pet 4:1, where the meaning also detours from rest of his time16 on earth concerned about the
what is seen here. All in all, a decision is difficult, but ἔπαθεν will of God and not human desires. 4:3 For the
is to be preferred slightly.
 sn The reference to the just suffering for the unjust is an time that has passed was sufficient for you to
allusion to Isa 53:11-12. do what the non-Christians17 desire.18 You lived
 tn Greek emphasizes the contrast between these two then19 in debauchery, evil desires, drunken-
phrases more than can be easily expressed in English.
 sn Put to death in the flesh…made alive in the spirit.
ness, carousing, drinking bouts,20 and wanton
The contrast of flesh and spirit is not between two parts of
Christ’s person (material versus immaterial) but between
two broader modes of existence: the realm of unregenerate
earthly life versus eternal heavenly life. The reference may
not be to the Holy Spirit directly, but indirectly, since the Spirit
permeates and characterizes the spiritual mode of existence.
However, ExSyn 343 (n. 76) states “It is often objected that  tn Grk “in which,” referring to the ark; the referent (the
the Holy Spirit cannot be in view because the two datives of
v 18 (σαρκί, πνεύματι [sarki, pneumati]) would then have a ark) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Because
different syntactical force (sphere, means). But if 1 Pet 3:18 of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new
is a hymnic or liturgical fragment, this can be no objection sentence was started here in the translation.
 tn Grk “which also, [as] an antitype, now saves you, [that
because of ‘poetic license’: poetry is replete with examples
of grammatical and lexical license, not the least of which is is] baptism.” Because of the length and complexity of the
the use of the same morpho-syntactic categories, in parallel Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the
lines, with entirely different senses (note, e.g., the dat. expres- translation.
10 tn Grk “the removal of the dirt of the flesh,” where flesh
sions in 1 Tim 3:16).”
 tn Grk “in which.” ExSyn 343 notes: “The antecedent of refers to the physical make-up of the body with no moral con-
the RP [relative pronoun] is by no means certain. Some take notations.
11 tn Or “response”; “answer.”
it to refer to πνεύματι immediately preceding, the meaning
12 tn Grk “who is at the right hand…having gone into heav-
of which might be either the Holy Spirit or the spiritual state.
Others see the phrase as causal (‘for which reason,’ ‘because en.”
13 tn Grk “angels…having been subjected to him.”
of this’), referring back to the entire clause, while still other
14 tc Most mss (‫א‬2 A P Ï) add ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν (Juper Jhmwn,
scholars read the phrase as temporal (if so, it could be with or
without an antecedent: ‘on which occasion’ or ‘meanwhile’). “for us”); others (‫ *א‬69 1505 pc) add ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν (Juper
None of these options is excluded by syntax. It may be signifi- Jumwn, “for you”), the first hand of ‫ א‬also has ἀποθανόντος
cant, however, that every other time ἐν ᾧ is used in 1 Peter (apoqanontos, “since he died”) instead of παθόντος
it bears an adverbial/conjunctive force (cf. 1:6; 2:12; 3:16 (paqontos, “since he suffered”). But the reading without
[here, temporal]; 4:4).” Also, because of the length and com- ὑπὲρ ἡ/ὑμῶν best explains the rise of the other readings, for
plexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started not only is there confusion as to which pronoun belongs here,
here in the translation. but the longer readings, being clarifications, are evidently
 sn And preached to the spirits in prison. The meaning motivated readings. The shortest reading is found in impor-
of this preaching and the spirits to whom he preached are tant and early Alexandrian and Western witnesses (Ì72 B C Ψ
much debated. It is commonly understood to be: (1) Christ’s 0285 323 1739) and is strongly preferred.
15 sn Has finished with sin. The last sentence in v. 1 may
announcement of his victory over evil to the fallen angels who
await judgment for their role in leading the Noahic genera- refer to Christ as the one who suffered in the flesh (cf. 2:21,
tion into sin; this proclamation occurred sometime between 23; 3:18; 4:1a) and the latter part would then mean, “he has
Christ’s death and ascension; or (2) Christ’s preaching of finished dealing with sin.” But it is more likely that it refers to
repentance through Noah to the unrighteous humans, now the Christian who suffers unjustly (cf. 2:19-20; 3:14, 17). This
dead and confined in hell, who lived in the days of Noah. The shows that he has made a break with sin as vs. 2 describes.
latter is preferred because of the temporal indications in v. 16 tn This verse may give the purpose or result of their “arm-
20a and the wider argument of the book. These verses en- ing” themselves as called for in v. 1b and then the translation
courage Christians to stand for righteousness and try to influ- would be: “so that you may spend the rest of your time…” But
ence their contemporaries for the gospel in spite of the suf- it is better to take it as explanatory of the last phrase in v. 1:
fering that may come to them. All who identify with them and what it means to be finished with sin.
their Savior will be saved from the coming judgment, just as 17 tn Grk “the Gentiles,” used here of those who are not
in Noah’s day. God’s people.
 tn This reflects a Greek participle, literally “having been 18 tn Grk “to accomplish the desire of the Gentiles.”
disobedient formerly,” that refers to the “spirits” in v. 19. 19 tn Grk “having gone along,” referring to the readers’ be-
Many translations take this as adjectival describing the spirits havior in time past.
(“who had once been disobedient”; cf. NASB, NIV, NKJV, NLT, 20 tn According to BDAG 857 s.v. πότος the term refers to a
NRSV, TEV), but the grammatical construction strongly favors social gathering at which wine is served, hence “drinking par-
an adverbial interpretation describing the time of the preach- ties” (cf. TEV, NASB). However, the collocation with the other
ing, as reflected above. terms in v. 4 suggests something less sophisticated and more
 tn Grk “the patience of God waited.” along the lines of wild and frenzied drinking bouts.
1 Peter 4:4 2364
idolatries. 4:4 So they are astonished when you
  
one has received a gift, use it to serve one an-
do not rush with them into the same flood of wick- other19 as good stewards of the varied grace of
edness, and they vilify you. 4:5 They will face a God. 4:11 Whoever speaks, let it be with20 God’s
reckoning before Jesus Christ who stands ready words.21 Whoever serves, do so with the strength22
to judge the living and the dead. 4:6 Now it was that God supplies, so that in everything God will
for this very purpose that the gospel was preached be glorified through Jesus Christ. To him belong23
to those who are now dead, so that though they the glory and the power forever and ever. Amen.
were judged in the flesh10 by human standards11 4:12 Dear friends, do not be astonished24 that
they may live spiritually12 by God’s standards.13 a trial by fire is occurring among you,25 as though
something strange were happening to you. 4:13 But
Service, Suffering, and Judgment rejoice in the degree that you have shared in the
4:7 For the culmination of all things is near. sufferings of Christ, so that when his glory is re-
So be self-controlled and sober-minded for the vealed26 you may also rejoice and be glad.27 4:14 If
sake of prayer.14 4:8 Above all keep15 your love you are insulted for the name of Christ, you are
for one another fervent,16 because love covers a blessed, because the Spirit of glory,28 who is the
multitude of sins.17 4:9 Show hospitality18 to one Spirit of God,29 rests30 on you. 4:15 But let none
another without complaining. 4:10 Just as each of you suffer as a murderer or thief or criminal
or as a troublemaker.31 4:16 But if you suffer as a
Christian,32 do not be ashamed, but glorify33 God
 tn The Greek words here all occur in the plural to de-
that you bear such a name.34 4:17 For it is time
scribe their common practice in the past. for judgment to begin, starting with the house35
 tn Grk “in/by which,” referring to the change of behavior of God. And if it starts with us, what will be the
described in v. 3. The unbelievers are astonished by the read- fate36 of those who are disobedient to the gospel of
ers’ moral transformation. Because of the length and com- God? 4:18 And if the righteous are barely saved,
plexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started
here in the translation. what will become of37 the ungodly and sinners?38
 tn Or “are surprised, are taken aback.” The same verb
occurs in 4:12.
 tn Grk “blaspheming,” giving the result of their astonish-
19 tn Grk “serving it to one another.” The primary verb is a
ment. Here the target of their “blasphemy/vilification” is not
God but the Christian. participle but it continues the sense of command from v. 7.
 tn Grk “give an account to.” 20 tn Grk “if anyone speaks – as God’s words.”
 tn Grk “the one”; the referent (Jesus Christ) has been 21 tn Or “oracles.”
22 tn Grk “if anyone serves – with strength…”
specified in the translation for clarity.
 tn Grk “since for this purpose the gospel was preached 23 tn Grk “is/are.”
24 tn Or “do not be surprised, taken aback.” The same verb
even to the dead,” referring to the purpose described in the
clause to follow in v. 6b. occurs in 4:4.
 sn In context the phrase those who are dead refers to 25 tn Grk “at the burning among you, occurring to you for
those now dead who had accepted the gospel while they were testing.”
still living and had suffered persecution for their faith. Though 26 tn Grk “in the revelation of his glory.”
they “suffered judgment” in this earthly life (i.e., they died, in 27 tn The verb “be glad” is used also in 1:6 and 1:8. The
the midst of physical abuse from the ungodly), they will enjoy verbs of v. 13b are used together in Matt 5:12 and Rev 19:7.
life from God in the spiritual, heavenly realm because of the 28 tc Many mss, some of them important and early ([‫ ]א‬A
gospel (v. 6b). It clearly does not assume a second chance for P 33 81 323 945 1241 1739 pm bo), add καὶ δυνάμεως
conversion offered to unbelievers who had died; why would (kai dunamews; “and of power”) here. The shorter reading is
Peter urge people to suffer in this life for the sake of the gos- supported by Ì72 B K L Ψ 049 pm). Although the evidence is
pel if he believed that mercy would be extended to all the evenly divided, the longer reading looks to be an explanatory
dead in the hereafter (cf. 2:7-8; 4:1-5, 12-19)? or liturgical expansion on the text and for this reason should
 tn Grk “so that they may be judged…but may live.” Greek be considered secondary.
emphasizes the contrast between these two clauses more 29 tn Grk “the Spirit of glory and of God.”
than can be easily expressed in English. 30 sn A quotation taken from Isa 11:2.
10 tn Or “in their earthly lives,” since “flesh” here denotes 31 tn The meaning of the Greek word used here is uncer-
the physical, earthly life. The phrase “in the flesh” is retained tain. It may mean “spy, informer,” “revolutionary,” or “defraud-
to preserve the links with 3:18 and 4:1 which use the same er, embezzler.” But the most likely meaning is “busybody, one
wording. who meddles in the affairs of others, troublesome meddler.”
11 tn Grk “according to men.” The translation given in the text is intended to suggest this
12 tn Grk “in spirit,” referring to the heavenly, eternal realm general idea.
of existence (cf. 3:18). 32 tn The verb is implied by the context but not expressed;
13 tn Grk “according to God.” Grk “but if as a Christian.”
14 tn Grk “for prayers.” 33 tn These are third-person imperatives in Greek (“if [one
15 tn The primary verb of v. 8 is a participle (“having”) but it of you suffers] as a Christian, let him not be ashamed…let
continues the sense of command from v. 7. him glorify”), but have been translated as second-person
16 tn Or “constant.” verbs since this is smoother English idiom.
17 sn The statement of v. 8b, love covers a multitude of 34 tn Grk “in this name.”
sins, is proverbial: It is quoted from Prov 10:12 (cf. Jas 5:20). 35 tn Grk “to begin from the house.”
It speaks of the forbearance that comes with love: Christian 36 tn Or “the end.”
love is patient and forgiving toward the offenses of a fellow 37 tn Grk “where will he appear.”
Christian (Matt 18:21-22; 1 Cor 13:4-7). 38 tn The personal references in v. 18 are generic singulars,
18 tn There is no main verb in this verse (“showing hospi- but they have been changed to the plural in English to main-
tality” translates the adjective φιλόξενοι [filoxenoi]), but it tain consistency with the plurals of v. 17.
continues the sense of command from v. 7. sn A quotation from Prov 11:31 (LXX).
 2365 1 Peter 5:11
4:19 So then let those who suffer according to the cares on him because he cares for you. 5:8 Be
14

will of God entrust their souls to a faithful Creator sober and alert. Your enemy the devil, like a roar-
as they do good. ing lion,15 is on the prowl looking for someone16 to
devour. 5:9 Resist him,17 strong in your faith, be-
Leading and Living in God’s Flock cause you know18 that your brothers and sisters19
5:1 So as your fellow elder and a witness of throughout the world are enduring the same
20 21

Christ’s sufferings and as one who shares in the kinds of suffering. 22

5:10 And, after you have suf-
glory that will be revealed, I urge the elders among fered for a little while, the God of all grace who
you: 5:2 Give a shepherd’s care to God’s flock called you to his eternal glory in Christ will
23

among you, exercising oversight not merely as himself restore, confirm, strengthen, and establish
a duty but willingly under God’s direction, not you. 5:11 To him belongs the power forever.
24 25

for shameful profit but eagerly. 5:3 And do not lord Amen.
it over those entrusted to you, but be examples
to the flock. 5:4 Then when the Chief Shepherd
appears, you will receive the crown of glory that 14 tn Or “anxiety, burden,” but using a word from the same

never fades away. root as the verb “cares” in the last part of the verse.
15 sn This phrase may be an allusion to Ps 22:13.
5:5 In the same way, you who are younger, 16 tc A few mss (B Ψ 0206vid pc) lack the pronoun τινα
be subject to the elders. And all of you, clothe (tina), while others have it. Those that have it either put the
yourselves with humility toward one anoth- acute accent over the penult, making this an interrogative
er, because God opposes the proud but gives pronoun (“whom”; L P 322 323 614 630 945 1243 1739
al), or leave off any accent, making this an indefinite
grace to the humble.10 5:6 And God will exalt 2298 pronoun (“someone”; Ï), or are too early to employ accents
you in due time,11 if you humble yourselves un- but nevertheless have the pronoun τινα (Ì72 ‫ א‬A). Generally
der his mighty hand12 5:7 by casting13 all your speaking, the shorter and harder reading is to be preferred.
In this instance, the omission of the pronoun would obviously
 tn Grk “in doing good.”
be accommodated for by scribes, since both ζητέω (zhtew,
 tn Grk “shepherd,” “tend,” “pastor.” “look, seek”) and καταπίνω (katapinw, “devour”) are transi-
 tc A few important mss (‫ *א‬B sa) lack ἐπισκοποῦντες tive verbs. However, if the omission were original, one might
(episkopountes, “exercising oversight”), but the participle en- expect the position of the pronoun to float in the mss – both
joys otherwise good ms support (Ì ‫ א‬A P Ψ 33 1739 Ï lat).
72 2
before and after the infinitive καταπιεῖν (katapiein, “to de-
A decision is difficult because normally the shorter reading is vour”). Further, other terms might be expected as well, such
preferred, especially when found in excellent witnesses. How- as ἕνα ἐξ ὑμῶν ({ena ex Jumwn, “one of you”) or τινα ἐξ
ever, in this instance the omission may be due to a hesitation ὑμῶν (tina ex Jumwn, “a certain one/someone of you”). The
among some scribes to associate oversight with elders, since uniformity of both the word and its location suggests that the
the later church viewed overseer/bishop as a separate office shorter reading (found in but a few Greek mss) in this instance
from elder. was a scribal mistake. As to whether the pronoun is interroga-
 tn Or “not under compulsion/coercion.” tive or indefinite, since accents were not a part of the earliest
 tn Grk “according to God.” mss, such Greek witnesses are of no help to us in this kind of
 tn Grk “not as lording it over…but being examples.” The problem. There would be little difference in meaning between
participles continue the command of v. 2 by describing how the two in this context.
the shepherding should be carried out. 17 tn Grk “whom,” referring to the devil in v. 8. Because of
 tn Grk “the ones allotted,” referring to those God has giv- the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sen-
en over to their care. tence was started here in the translation.
 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “Then” to reflect 18 tn Grk “knowing,” a participle that usually denotes a rea-
the logical sequence of events. son for the related action.
 sn In this context younger and elder are terms that com- 19 tn Grk “your brotherhood.” The Greek term “brother-
bine two meanings: relative age and an official structure of hood” is used in a broad sense to connote familial relation-
leadership in the church. As in v. 1, elder here denotes those ships within the family of God (cf. BDAG 19 s.v. ἀδελφότης
who exercise spiritual leadership, who for the most part are 1). Another alternative translation would be “your fellow bel-
older in years. Likewise younger means the rest of the com- lievers,” though this would weaken the familial connotations.
munity, who for the most part are younger in age, who are This same word occurs in 2:17; there it has been translated
urged to accept the authority of their leaders. “family of believers.”
10 sn A quotation from Prov 3:34 (cf. Jas 4:6). 20 tn Grk “your brotherhood in the world,” referring to the
11 tn Grk “in time,” but connoting “the proper time, when the Christian community worldwide.
time is right” as in Matt 24:45; Luke 12:42. 21 tn This verb carries the nuance “to accomplish, com-
12 tn Grk “Humble yourselves, therefore, under the mighty plete,” emphasizing their faithful endurance in suffering. The
hand of God, so that in due time he may exalt you.” The sen- verb is passive in Greek (“suffering is being endured by your
tence was rearranged so that the English reader could more brotherhood”), but has been translated as an active to give a
clearly see the connection between “casting” (v. 7) and “hum- smoother English style.
ble” (v. 6). 22 tn Grk “the same things of sufferings.”
13 tn Or “throwing on”; “loading.” Some scholars take the 23 tc ‡ A few important mss (‫ א‬B 614 630 1505 pc) lack “Je-
participle to function imperativally, or as attendant circum- sus” after “Christ,” while the majority include the name (Ì72
stance – thus, “cast.” See below for discussion. A P Ψ 33 1739 Ï latt). However, the inclusion is a natural
sn Casting. According to ExSyn 630, “Although treated as an and predictable expansion on the text. NA27 includes ᾿Ιησοῦ
independent command in several modern translations (e.g., (Ihsou, “Jesus”) in brackets, indicating doubts as to its au-
RSV, NRSV, NIV), the participle [casting] should be connect- thenticity. .
ed with the verb of v 6, ταπεινώθητε [tapeinwqhte, Humble 24 tn The pronoun “you” is not used explicitly but is clearly
yourselves]. As such, it is not offering a new command, but implied by the Greek.
is defining how believers are to humble themselves. Taking 25 tn No verb is expressed here but the verb “is” or “be-
the participle as means enriches the understanding of both longs” is clearly implied. This doxology expresses a fact for
verbs: Humbling oneself is not a negative act of self-denial per which God should be glorified (as in 4:11), rather than a wish
se, but a positive one of active dependence on God for help.” or prayer (“may power be to him”).
1 Peter 5:12 2366
Final Greetings
5:12 Through Silvanus, whom I know to be
a faithful brother, I have written to you briefly,
in order to encourage you and testify that this is
the true grace of God. Stand fast in it. 5:13 The
church in Babylon, chosen together with you,
greets you, and so does Mark, my son. 5:14 Greet
one another with a loving kiss. Peace to all of you
who are in Christ.

 sn The phrase Through Silvanus means either that Sil-

vanus was the secretary (amanuensis) who assisted Peter in
writing or composing the letter (cf. Rom 16:22) or that he car-
ried the letter to the churches. The latter sense is more likely
since this is the meaning of the Greek wording when it is used
elsewhere (cf. Acts 15:23; Ignatius, Letter to the Romans
10:1; Letter to the Philadelphians 11:2; Letter to the Smyr-
naeans 12:1; Polycarp, Letter to the Philippians 14), though
it is perhaps possible that both ideas could be incorporated
by this expression. For a detailed argument regarding this is-
sue, see E. R. Richards, “Silvanus Was Not Peter’s Secretary:
Theological Bias in Interpreting διὰ Σιλουανοῦ…ἔγραψα,”
JETS 43 (September 2000): 417-32.
 tn Grk “the faithful brother, as I think.”
 tn These are participles (“encouraging and testifying”)
showing purpose. The pronoun object “you” is omitted in
Greek but implied by the context.
 tn Grk “in which stand fast.” For emphasis, and due to
constraints of contemporary English, this was made a sepa-
rate sentence in the translation.
 tn Grk “the one in Babylon,” which could refer to some
individual woman (“she who is in Babylon”) since the Greek
article (here “the one”) is feminine. But it is much more likely
to be a veiled reference to a church (the Greek word “church”
is also feminine in gender).
 sn Most scholars understand Babylon here to be a figura-
tive reference to Rome. Although in the OT the city of Babylon
in Mesopotamia was the seat of tremendous power (2 Kgs
24-25; Isa 39; Jer 25), by the time of the NT what was left was
an insignificant town, and there is no tradition in Christian his-
tory that Peter ever visited there. On the other hand, Christian
tradition connects Peter with the church in Rome, and many
interpreters think other references to Babylon in the NT refer
to Rome as well (Rev 14:8; 16:19; 17:5; 18:2, 10, 21). Thus it
is likely Peter was referring to Rome here.
 tn Grk “chosen together,” implying the connection “with
you” in context.
 tn Grk “a kiss of love.”
 tc Most mss (‫ א‬P 1739c Ï) have ἀμήν (amen, “amen”) at
the end of 1 Peter. Such a conclusion is routinely added by
scribes to NT books because a few of these books originally
had such an ending (cf. Rom 16:27; Gal 6:18; Jude 25). A ma-
jority of Greek witnesses have the concluding ἀμήν in every
NT book except Acts, James, and 3 John (and even in these
books, ἀμήν is found in some witnesses). It is thus a predict-
able variant. Further, the absence of such a conclusion to the
epistle in such witnesses as A B Ψ 81 323 945 1241 1739*
co seems inexplicable unless the word here is not authentic.