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    1.1 Electrical Machines: Specification and Design of Dynamo-Electric Ma'chinery (Longman Green

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    rajesh j
    The document discusses the history and development of electrical machines from the 19th century to modern times. It describes how early machines were efficient and well-made. It then discusses the development of control gear and how the introduction of static and solid-state devices has made machine dynamics more important. The document outlines the design process for electrical machines.

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    1.1 Electrical Machines: Specification and Design of Dynamo-Electric Ma'chinery (Longman Green

    Uploaded by

    rajesh j
    33 views2 pages
    The document discusses the history and development of electrical machines from the 19th century to modern times. It describes how early machines were efficient and well-made. It then discusses the development of control gear and how the introduction of static and solid-state devices has made machine dynamics more important. The document outlines the design process for electrical machines.

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    electrical machines

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    2 978-1-349-01615-0_1

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    The document discusses the history and development of electrical machines from the 19th century to modern times. It describes how early machines were efficient and well-made. It then discusses the development of control gear and how the introduction of static and solid-state devices has made machine dynamics more important. The document outlines the design process for electrical machines.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views2 pages

    1.1 Electrical Machines: Specification and Design of Dynamo-Electric Ma'chinery (Longman Green

    Uploaded by

    rajesh j
    The document discusses the history and development of electrical machines from the 19th century to modern times. It describes how early machines were efficient and well-made. It then discusses the development of control gear and how the introduction of static and solid-state devices has made machine dynamics more important. The document outlines the design process for electrical machines.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    1

    Introduction

    1.1 ELECTRICAL MACHINES

    Following the discovery of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction in the


    mid-nineteenth century, the design and construction of electrical machines
    developed very rapidly. By the beginning of the twentieth century, industry was
    using machines which were efficient, mechanically strong, and beautifully
    made-indeed many of these machines are still in excellent working condition.
    For about twenty years from 1900, much research and development went into
    optimising cost and reducing loss. Design techniques were largely tailored to
    this end. Here one must refer to the early voluminous work of Miles Walker, The
    Specification and Design of Dynamo-electric Ma'chinery (Longman Green,
    London, 1915).
    In the early part of this century, control gear was simple and robust, to meet
    conditions of starting, running, and load and speed control in steady state
    operation. The Tirrill voltage regulator and the centrifugal governor, in
    improved design, were almost the only pieces of equipment that could be
    classed as automatic. Control equipment for prime movers for generation in
    power stations was again fairly simple but reliable, in service with large
    triple-expansion reciprocating engines and the first generation of steam
    turbines.
    In the first three or four decades, the problems of operation in the steady state
    had largely been satisfactorily solved and efficiency was the main concern of
    designers and operators. There was, on the whole, adequate protection against
    the effects of transient disturbances and faults, although on some of the large
    systems dynamic instability did on occasion cause serious trouble. Thus for half
    a century, electrical machine engineering met the demands of industry very
    creditably indeed and research, teaching, and design in industrial applications
    were of a high standard. With the more recent introduction of fast-acting static
    and solid-state devices in regulators, excitation systems, and control equipment,
    the dynamic response of the machines has become of increasing importance.

    D. P. S. Gupta et al., Electrical Machine Dynamics


    © D. P. Sen Gupta and J. W. Lynn 1980
    2 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DYNAMICS

    Research in these areas has been greatly assisted by the concurrent development
    of the large fast digital computers.
    The design of an electrical machine is a highly specialised task, with a number
    of iterative processes involved in the correlation of all the variables. The main
    two features are, of course, the current-carrying copper coils in slots on the rotor
    and stator and the iron circuits carrying the necessary magnetic field flux, in
    which both the stator and rotor coils are immersed. In a motor one set of coils,
    say those on the stator, produces a magnetic field and current flowing in the
    other set interacts with this to produce a rotational couple on the rotor. The
    roles of the stator and rotor coils may be reversed in some machines. In a
    generator, torque is applied to the shaft, with the consequent generation of
    voltage in the rotating coils. Again the roles of the rotor and stator coils may
    sometimes be reversed.
    The basic quantities which are usually specified in the design of a machine are
    the operating voltage, speed, rotor torque, power, and efficiency. The machine is
    designed to meet the required values of these under all normal operating
    conditions, within given tolerance limits. It should also be of sufficient
    mechanical strength and should not suffer any serious damage under forseeable
    fault conditions external to the machine. The copper power-loss due to coil
    resistance, the iron power-loss due to flux variations, and mechanical loss due to
    windage and friction all tend to reduce the efficiency of the machine (which is
    usually about 85-95 per cent), and in a good design these losses are kept to a
    minimum.
    Electrical power is proportional to the product of voltage and current, and an
    electrical machine which is designed for a given power output and speed would
    have a wide range of possible dimensions. It could be an 'iron-dominant'
    machine, with a relatively large amount of iron, high flux values, high generated
    voltage and smaller gauge coils. On the other hand it could be a 'copper-
    dominant' machine with smaller iron circuit, lower magnetic flux values, lower
    voltage, and correspondingly greater current and larger copper coils. Very often
    the operating voltage and speed are the main constraints upon the design. If a
    generator is to be operated in isolation from others then the voltage is not so
    important, provided that the load equipment is obtainable at the specified
    voltage. However, most machines will be designed for standard values of
    impressed or generated voltage, to allow for interchangeability of equipment.
    Aircraft alternators operate at high speeds (about 8000-10000 r.p.m.) driven
    from the engines and they tend to be of the lower flux, lower voltage (about
    100 V) heavy current type. There is a saving in weight with a high-speed low
    voltage 'copper machine' as compared with one which is designed with higher
    flux values and larger iron paths.
    The shape of an electrical machine is largely determined by the relative values
    of the voltage, current, and speed. The aircraft high-speed machine usually has
    the shape shown in Figure 1.1 (a), with a rotor diameter which is small compared
    to its length and with comparatively low moment of inertia per kV A. Most

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