Computer Software

Salahaddin University-Erbil
Collage of Arts
Social Work Department
First Stage
Computer Software
Produced By:
Wareen Faroq Abdulsalam
Lecturer:
Nabaz Jameel
2019-2020
Table Of Content
Introduction of Software ……………………..……………………………….2
Software overview……………………………………………………………...2
System software………………………………………………………………..2
Application software……………………………………………………………2
Relationships between hardware and software…………………………..……..3
Modes of computer system operation…………………………………………4
Operating Systems for Personal Computers………………………………….5
User Interface…………………………………………………………………...6
The Goals of Open Systems…………………………………………………..6
References ……………………………………………………………………..8
1
Introduction Of Software
Software commonly known as programs or apps, consists of all the instructions
that tell the hardware how to perform a task. These instructions come from a
software developer in the form that will be accepted by
the platform (operating system + CPU) that they are based on. For example, a
program that is designed for the Windows operating system will only work for
that specific operating system. Compatibility of software will vary as the design
of the software and the operating system differ. Software that is designed for
Windows XP may experience a compatibility issue.
Software is capable of performing many tasks, as opposed to hardware which
can only perform mechanical tasks that they are designed for. Software
provides the means for accomplishing many different tasks with the same
basic hardware. Practical computer systems divide software systems into two
major classes:
Software Overview
Computer hardware is virtually useless without computer software. Software is
the programs that are needed to accomplish the input, processing, output,
storage, and control activities of information systems.
Computer software is typically classified into two major types of programs:
system software and application software.
System Software
Systems software are programs that manage the resources of the computer
system and simplify applications programming. They include software such as
the operating system, database management systems, networking software,
translators, and software utilities.
Application Software
Application software are programs that direct the performance of a particular
use, or application, of computers to meet the information processing needs of
end users. They include Aoff-the-shelf@ software such as word processing and
spreadsheet packages, as well as internally or externally developed software
that is designed to meet the specific needs of an organization.
2
Software trends have been away from custom-designed one-of-kind programs
developed by the professional programmers or end users of an organization
toward the use of Aoff-the-shelf@ software packages acquired by end users
from software vendors.
Two types of packages are available:

1. Vertical packages - assist users within a specific industry segment. Examples
include packages that help to manage construction projects, keep track of
inventory of hospitals, or fast-food outlets.
2. Horizontal packages - can perform a certain general function, such as
accounting, or office automation, for a range of businesses.
Relationships between Hardware and Software Components
Figure 5.1 is an excellent tool to use to explain the relationship that exists
between computer systems hardware, systems software, and application
software. This Aonion-skin@ model indicates that the outer layers rely on the
facilities furnished by the inner ones.
5.2 Operating Systems

The most important system software package for any computer is its operating
system. Every computer system runs under the control of an operating system.
Operating systems for computers that are shared by many users are
considerably more complex than operating systems for personal computers.
What Does an Operating System Do?

The operating system is the software that controls all the resources of a
computer system. For example it:
1. Assigns the needed hardware to programs
2. Schedules programs for execution on the processor
3. Allocates the memory required for each program
4. Assigns the necessary input and output devices
5. Manages the data and program files stored in secondary storage
6. Maintains file directories and provides access to the data in the files
7. Interacts with the users
3
Multiprogramming is the capacity of a computer to executing several
programs concurrently on the same processor by having one of the programs
using the processor while others are performing input or output.
Multiprogramming requires that the active parts of the programs competing
for the processor be available in main memory. Virtual memory is the
seemingly expanded capacity of the main memory of the computer, and
achieved by keeping in the main memory only the immediately needed parts
of programs, with the complete programs kept in secondary storage.
Modes of Computer System Operation

Operating systems enable the system they manage to operate in various
modes. These include batch processing, time sharing, and real-time processing.
Batch processing Processing programs or transactions in batches, without a
user's interaction.
Time Sharing Systems providing interactive processing by allocating a short
time slice for the use of the server to each user in turn.
Real-time Processing Systems that respond to an event within a fixed time
interval; used for example, in manufacturing plants or to collect data from
several pieces of equipment in a laboratory.
With the shift toward multiprocessors, in which many of (or even many)
processors are formation in a separate computer system, multiprocessing do
systems have been formed to allot the labor to the more processors. These
systems also bolster multi programming, which allows many programs to
compete for the processor.
Operating Systems for Personal Computers

The operating systems of personal computers which are allotted to a single user
are largely simpler than the operating systems excuting larger engines, to which
hundreds or thousands of users may have concurrent access. One crucial
possibility an operating system can offer in a personal computing environment
is multitasking: the capability to run different tasks at once on behalf of a user.
The most popular microcomputer operating systems are:
4
Windows 95 - Windows 95 is an advanced operating system
- graphical user interface
- true multitasking
- network capabilities
- multimedia
DOS - is an older operating system which was used on microcomputers
- is a single user, single-tasking operating system
- can add a GUI interface and multitasking capabilities by using an operating
environment such as Microsoft Windows
OS/2 Warp - graphical user interface
- multitasking
- virtual memory capabilities
- telecommunications capabilities
Windows NT - multitasking network operating system
- multiuser network operating system
- installed on network servers to manage local area networks with high-
performance computing requirements
UNIX - popular operating system that is available for micros, minis, and
mainframe computer systems
- multitasking and multiuser system
- installs on network servers
MacIntosh System 7 - multitasking
- virtual memory capabilities
- graphical user interface
User Interface
A user interface is a mix of means by which a user reacts with the computer
system. It lets the end user to connect with the operating system, so they can
5
load programs, entry files, and finish other functions. The three main types of
user interfaces are:
1. Command drive
2. Menu drive
3. Graphical User Interface (GUI)
The most popular graphical user interface is that provided by Windows 95. The
Windows environment has become a standard platform for computers.
The Goal of Open Systems
The drive is to run open systems in organizational computing, so that the
software and hardware of any seller can work with those of any other, calling
for an operating system that would work on any hardware podium. The term an
open system is used as the opposite of proprietary systems of a limited
manufacturer.
In open systems, organizations want portability, scalability, and
interoperability of applications software.
Portable application: can be transfer from one computer system to another.
Scalable application: is one that can be transfer without large reprogramming.
Interoperability: Means that engines of different vendors and capacities can
work together to produce required information.
5.3 Personal Productivity Software
Personal productiveness software is the most mutual application software.
Executed on personal computers, these programs help the user in a certain scope
of tasks. Taken together with professional support systems and systems
supporting group tasks, personal productivity software is a robust enabler of
today's familiar tasks
.Functions of Personal Productivity Software
Personal productivity software Promotes its user's performance on a limited

range of common tasks. This software supports database administration and
analysis, authoring and displaying, and activity and notes tracking. All these are
software applications. Data administration is supported by database
administration systems, while spreadsheet software helps in data analysis. For
the needs of authoring displays, users employ the applications software for word
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processing, desktop publishing, display, and several media authoring. Personal
information management software is used to track activities and personal notes.
Communications software enables the user to connect to a telecommunications
network in order to exchange information with other users or systems. Web
browsers are used to access the resources of the Internet's World Wide Web.
7
References :
1-Exel Books Private Limited , 2012 , system software

DCAP507 , viewed on 5-6-2020 .
2-Dr.shaima H . shakir ,system software,viewed on 5-6-2020.
3-sima sirpal,2009,basic computer concept ,viewed on5-6-
2020.

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Salahaddin University-Erbil

Introduction of Software ……………………..……………………………….2

Relationships between hardware and software…………………………..……..3

Modes of computer system operation…………………………………………4

Operating Systems for Personal Computers………………………………….5

The Goals of Open Systems…………………………………………………..6

Two types of packages are available:

5.2 Operating Systems

What Does an Operating System Do?

Modes of Computer System Operation

Operating Systems for Personal Computers

Personal productivity software Promotes its user's performance on a limited

1-Exel Books Private Limited , 2012 , system software

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