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The Effect of Ground Water due to Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Tract of

Visakhapatnam City, Andhra Pradesh, India

Article · April 2018

DOI: 10.22214/ijraset.2018.4103

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 6.887
Volume 6 Issue IV, April 2018- Available at www.ijraset.com

The Effect of Ground Water due to Saltwater

Intrusion in Coastal Tract of Visakhapatnam City,
Andhra Pradesh, India
D Mallikarjuna Rao1, Ch. Ramakrishna2, Y. Satyanarayana3, L. Vaikunta Rao4, P.V. Sivapullaiah5
1
Assistant Professor, Ethiopian Civil Services University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2
Professor, Department of Env Studies, Institute of Science, GITAM,
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Env Studies, GITAM, Visakhapatnam,
4
Department of Chemistry, GITAM, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
5
Pro Vice Chancellor, GITAM, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract: Seawater intrusion into groundwater aquifers occurs mostly in big cities and developing coastal cities. The rise of sea
levels and excessive use of groundwater for clean water source trigger saltwater intrusion. Identification of saltwater intrusion
into groundwater can be done by groundwater sampling and major ion analysis. The periodic wise ground water quality analysis
done, this fact prompted me to take up the study on ground water quality analysis of the entire coastal area. The study area in the
present work has the large coastal line. The present study area is between 17o42' North latitude and 82o02' East range of hills.
Based on topographical conditions, the city and its environs can be divided into four categories viz. Hilly region, Upland tracks,
Rolling plains and Plains. Thus, extension studies are carried out over a period of three years both pre-monsoon and post-
monsoon period and all physic-chemical and chemical parameters are determined as per the procedures summarized. There are
many reports of Ground water being contaminated by salt-water intrusion to different levels. Also, there are different chemical
methods to evaluate the effects of saltwater intrusion. The major ions dissolved in water are Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO3, and SO4;
the major ion ratios are Cl/Br, Ca/Mg, Ca/ (HCO3 and SO4), and Na C ̸ l. The susceptible areas of seawater intrusion in the study
area are delineated and presented in the Figure year wise. It can be seen from the figure that the areas such as SW-1 (INS
Kalinga), SW-2(Chapaluppada), SW-5(Kapuluppada), SW-3 (Gollalapalem), SW-8 (Jodugula Palem), SW-9 (Chinna
Rushikonda) have indicated salt water affected areas. It is also perceived that recharge from precipitation or other sources are
not balanced and this has not compensated the replenishment of groundwater. The salt-water intrusion problem can be
controlled by using recharge wells near the areas and scientific way of pumping should be implemented.
Key words: Ground water, Piper Diagram, Salt water Intrusion, Ionic Ratios , Visakhapatnam

I. INTRODUCTION
Water plays a substantial role in all systems of life. Water, the important components for all alive beings, is consistently polluted in
all countries. India is no exclusion to this phenomenon. The global world is facing the challenge of decontamination of water.
Inspite of various uses the organic compounds are toxic in nature and environmental pollution by these poisonous chemicals is
emerging as a serous global problem. The significance of water for human is clear from the fact that 75% of its body requires of
water. Industrial, municipal wastes and chemical composts, herbicides, and insecticides have move in the soil, penetrated into
aquifers, and degraded the water quality. Cities located in coastal tract areas are generally built with rocks mainly composed of
quaternary sedimentary deposits from the sea and loose fluvial deposits. Uncontrolled groundwater pumping will also reason a
reduction in the groundwater level which can lead to land collapsing in quite large areas. In some coastal areas, intensive pumping
of contemporary ground water has caused salt water to intrude in fresher aquifers. Rivers are the life line of the country. When they
are affected, the consequences are detrimental to humanity at large. In this context to generate environmental awareness among the
students and public, study of the pollution of the ground water of Visakhapatnam coastal city is the district head quarter and which
in the north region of the Andhra Pradesh has been undertaken (Nirdosh patil et. al 2010). In recent times the environment activists
of this area, especially ground water of Visakhapatnam coastal area have often demonstrated against the excessive pollution. Saline
water intrusion whether into ground water is a complex condition precise by the geologic and hydrologic faces of the area. Natural
water systems are dynamic. They respond in quality and quantity to natural phenomena and to man's activities changes in land use
and consumptive drawing. Identification and assessment of the nature and extent of saline water intrusion instigates with an

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understanding of the common mechanisms by which interruption occurs. Under natural situations fresh ground water in coastal
aquifers is discharged into the ocean at or seaward of the coastline. A balance or equilibrium tends to become ' established between
the fresh ground water and the salt water pressing in from the sea. Where coastal aquifers are over pumped. Almost all coastal areas
of India are rapidly growing at the pace of population growth. It is not possible by the administration to supply sufficient water
supply, which is a bitter fact. As municipalities grow people in the outskirts of the cities, resort to their own water supplies and for
which the only inevitable source is groundwater. That is how ground water is being highly exploited in the cities. Visakhapatnam
also is not devoid of that. After examining in the literature, less study was carried out on coastal tract groundwater quality. There are
many reports of Ground water being contaminated by salt-water intrusion to different levels. Also there are different chemical
methods to evaluate the effects of salt water intrusion. The periodic wise ground water quality analysis done, this fact prompted me
to take up the study on ground water quality analysis of the entire coastal area. The study area in the present work has large coastal
line. Thus, extension studies are carried out over a period of three years both pre monsoon and post monsoon period and all physic
chemical and chemical parameters are determined as per the procedures summarized Ground water quality of coastal tract of
Visakhapatnam has a distinctive significance and needs greater consideration since it is the only major source for drinking,
domestic, industrial purposes. The main purpose behind this study focused on the quality assessment and its appropriateness for
drinking, domestic & Industrial purpose in coastal tract of Visakhapatnam City.

II. METHODOLOGY
In this study for the purpose of revealing the water quality of thirty four bore wells covering the study area have been established
quantitatively by determining the physical and chemical characteristics per season due to effect of salt water intrusion in the study
area. The present study area is between 17o42' North latitude and 82o02' East range of hills. Based on topographical conditions, the
city and its environs can be divided into four categories viz. Hilly region, Upland tracks, Rolling plains and Plains. For present
paper, Electrical resistivity sounding techniques and hydro chemical studies are extensively used to define the contact between
groundwater and saline water in coastline aquifers. Ground water samples were collected at 10 (ten) different sampling points and
given their latitudes and longitudes of the coastal tract of Visakhapatnam city in Table-1. The ground water samples were collected
as per the standard method (APHA 21st Edition) for the physic chemical analysis of various constituents part for reached the
objectives and taken the subsequent laboratory analysis, for Physico chemical parameters like pH, Temperature, Conductivity,
Chlorides(Cl), Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness(TH), Calcium Hardness(CaH), |Total Dissolved Solids(TDS), Sodium(Na),
Potassium(K), Nitrates(NO3), Sulphates(So4), Phosphates(Po3), Cobalt (CO), Nickel (Ni),Copper (Cu), Chromium(Cr) ,Iron(Fe),
Zinc(Zn), Lead(Pb), Manganese(Mn) which has been carried out, in the Environmental Monitoring Laboratory, GITAM Institute of
sciences, GITAM University by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The repeated measurements were made to ensure
precision and accuracy of results.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater samples were analysed and given in the Table 2. The results are compared with the
WHO (World Health Organisation) and BIS (Bureau of Indian standards). In the study area pH values ranges from 7.3 to 8 in pre
monsoon and 7-7.5 in post monsoon. The electrical conductivity in the groundwater ranged from 1200 to 2630 μS/cm from pre
monsoon and 810-2100 μS/cm from post monsoon. Higher Electrical conductivity values are observed in SW-1, SW-2, SW-3, SW-
8, SW-9 indicating the flow path and can be considered as a forewarning of the salt water Intrusion. The large variances in EC are
mainly accredited to anthropogenic activities and also to the geochemical processes that occur in this region. EC commonly
increases along a groundwater flow path because of the joint effects of ion exchange, evaporation and topographic conditions (Toth
1999). TDS also shows similar variation like EC, and the values range from 768 to 1683 mg/l in pre monsoon and 518-1344 mg/l in
post monsoon. The Total Dissolved solids concentration basically depends on the different ions present in water. It happen actually
additionally enters environments from man-made sources, for example, landfill leachate, feedlots, or sewage. A measure of the
disintegrated salts or minerals in the water. May likewise incorporate some broke down natural mixes. The calcium and magnesium
ions in waters are generally used to classify the suitability of water. Indeed, the values of Na 110 to 240 in pre-monsoon, and 115 to
182 mg/l in post monsoon. High sodium and clhloride values displayed in SW-9. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are additionally
found in old brackish waters, ocean water, from filtering of surface, underground stores of salt and sewage, Human exercises
contribute through de-icing and washing items. Chloride values ranges from 95-290 mg/l in pre monsoon, 150-260 mg/l in post
monsoon respectively present in sewage and found in huge sums in primordial brackish waters, seawater, and substantial amounts
build the destructiveness of water, Drainage from salt springs and sewage. The chloride ion is the most predominant natural form of
the element chlorine and is extremely stable in water. The chloride in groundwater may come from diverse sources such as

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weathering, leaching of sedimentary rocks and soil, domestic and municipal effluents. The concentration of Bi Carbonates varies
from 160 to 330 mg/l in pre monsoon and 62-190 mg/l in post monsoon. (Sarath Prasanth et al. 2012).

A. Statistical Analysis
Values of all the ground water quality parameters were accomplished with 95% confidence level (CL). The statistical assessment
from physicochemical data of the water samples in the pre and post monsoon were concise in Table 2 respectively. Correlation
indicates the relationship between two variables such that a modification in one variable causes a conforming change in the further
variable. It gives a rough but impartially useful sign of water quality and also simplifies a rapid observing of the status of water
pollution. A pair of parameters having correlation coefficient r up to 0.5 do not have any significant correlation between them, r ≥ ±
0.5 bears significant linear correlation between them and r ≥ ± 0.8 indicates very strong linear correlation between them (Jeyaraj et
al., 2002).

The correlation coefficient for different environmentally important water quality parameters are calculated using equation. (Saxena
et al.,2004). Where, x and y are any two variables and n is the number of samples. The numerical values of correlation coefficient
(r) of the physico-chemical parameters of all the groundwater samples for the three seasons were listed in Tables 4 and Table 5.

B. The Ratio of Major anions and Cations

The Na/Cl proportions of the saline groundwater most likely result from particle trade of Na for Ca and Mg in muds, which is
normal in saline groundwater. What's more, the concurrent enhancement in both particles shows disintegration of chloride salts or
fixation by vanishing.
This is in charge of the moderately high Na+ and Cl-in the saline groundwater and in beach front aquifers. The disintegration of
halite in groundwater discharges parallel convergence of Na and Cl in the arrangement because of disintegration of salt skylines and
beach front groundwater influenced via seawater interruption ( El Moujabber M et.al 2006). Some research clarified that when
calculating the Na/Cl ratio, if the result is smaller than 0.86, it means that the groundwater has been polluted by seawater;
temporarily, if the ratio is >1, it means the groundwater is dirtied by anthropogenic source (Klassen Jet.al 2014), The ratio of Ca/Mg
and Ca/(HCO3 and SO4) can also be used as an indicator, where if it is >1, it means that sea water intrusion is taking place (The
molar proportion of Na/Cl ranges from 0.53 to 0.97. Every one of the examples have Na/Cl molar proportion under 1 aside from
SWI-6 (1.29 in post rainstorm >1), which shows that particle trade is the real procedure. The Mg/Ca proportion ranges from 0.33 to
1.03 in pre storm and 0.30 to 1.38 in post rainstorm. All boreholes by and large under 2, showing the disintegration of silicate
minerals, which contributes Calcium and Magnesium to the groundwater.
The Piper-Hill chart is utilized to gather hydro-geochemical facies.
These plots incorporate two triangles, one for plotting cations and the other for plotting anions. The cations and anion fields are
consolidated to demonstrate a solitary point in a jewel molded field, from which surmising is drawn on the premise of hydro-
geochemical facies idea. These tri-direct graphs are valuable in bringing out concoction connections among groundwater tests in
more positive terms as opposed to with other conceivable plotting strategies (Piper, 1953). Systematic information accomplished
from the hydro synthetic examination appeared in Fig .4.4.1 and 4.4.2. A Piper graph was made for the GVMC, Visakhapatnam
territory utilizing the tri straight chart. All in all, we can order the example focuses in the flautist graph into 6 fields. They are 1. Ca-
HCO3 class 2. Na-Cl class 3.Ca-Mg-Cl class 4.Ca-Na-HCO3 class 5. Ca-Cl class 6. NaHCO3 class.
In this study water types were controlled to the three types in pre-monsoon. Majority of the samples (50%) are plotted in the Na-Ca-
Mg-Cl-HCO3-SO4 field. 30 % of the samples showed Na-Ca-MgCl-HCO3 type. Rest of them was fall in the Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 types.
Estimation of the water types using piper plot suggests that there is a clear idea of the impact from the enduring of hard rocks. In
Post monsoon period, 40% of the samples Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3-SO4 type, 40 % of the samples Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3-SO4 type and 20
% of the samples Na-Ca-Mg-Cl type.
The considerable change in the hydro-chemical facies was observed through the study period (pre and post monsoon),
which was might be due to the leaching of alkali salts through precipitation, dissolution of the minerals are the major
processes occurring.

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IV. CONCLUSIONS
In the present study, Analysis of various chemical parameters in ground water in salt-water susceptible areas in GVMC has
indicated the possibility of Salt Water Intrusion in several places along the coast of GVMC both in pre monsoon and post monsoon
seasons. The susceptible areas of seawater intrusion in the study area are delineated and presented in the Figure year wise. It can be
seen from the figure that the areas such as SWI-1 (INS Kalinga), SWI-2(Chapaluppada), SWI-5(Kapuluppada), SWI-3
(Gollalapalem), SWI-8 (Jodugula Palem), SWI-9 (Chinna Rushikonda) have indicated salt water intruded area in all the years.
However some more areas have shown their susceptibility only during some years. Kapuluppada, Jodiugulapalem, Chinna
Rushikonda, as susceptible for salt water intrusion. This might be due to heavy ground water withdrawal in those seasons. Based on
the analysis, it is concluded that the water intrusion is possibly generated by the presence of large number of wells (excessive
extraction of groundwater) in the Coastal tract areas. It is also perceived that recharge from precipitation or other sources are not
balanced and this has not compensated the replenishment of groundwater. The salt-water intrusion problem can be controlled by
using recharge wells near the areas and scientific way of pumping should be implemented.

Table-1: Sampling stations and geo- coordinates of the study area

Sampling Code Station Name Latitude Longitude
SW-1 INS Kalinga 17.855408° 83.416328°
SW-2 Chepaluppada 17.844817° 83.402974°
SW-3 Gollalapalem 17.891927° 83.428525°
SW-4 Kapuluppada 17.834261° 83.382529°
SW-5 Boyepalem 17.729156° 83.285908°
SW-6 Jodugula Palem 17.750901° 83.348846°
SW-7 Sagarnagar 17.765157° 83.356231°
SW-8 Endada 17.772833° 83.365576°
SW-9 China Rushikonda 17.796937° 83.381602°
SW-10 Pedda Rushikonda 17.797129° 83.386933°

Image-1: Geographical Map of the study area with sampling stations

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Table.2. Seasonal wise physic chemical characteristics of ground water

Code of the SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI-
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
pH Pre 8 7.4 7.35 7.8 7.9 7.6 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.3
Post 7.3 7.2 7 7.5 7.4 7.25 7.2 7.25 7.3 7.2
Temp Pre 24 25 25.5 25 24 24 25 25 23 24
Post 24.5 26 23 23 23 23 23 22 22 23
Turbi Pre 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.66 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6
dity Post 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.42 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5
EC Pre 1600 2350 1200 1500 2630 2100 1260 1350 1280 1610
Post 1150 1900 1950 1100 2100 1800 810 1180 890 1300
Cl Pre 250 180 230 270 255 230 240 95 280 290
Post 220 170 200 240 210 190 225 150 260 260
TA Pre 182 220 140 200 220 195 280 96 270 185
Post 100 195 180 130 160 210 260 120 190 195
TH Pre 260 275 320 288 230 192 250 240 140 220
Post 155 105 170 129 110 108 160 220 90 82
Ca Pre 92 99 112 106 66 56 76 82 48 78
Post 56 38 40 42 37 30 39 52 31 22
PO4 Pre 0.93 0.84 1.02 0.7 0.56 0.98 1.2 0.79 0.89 0.65
Post 0.3 0.46 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.29 0.6 0.5 0.65 0.45
NO3 Pre 8.6 10.5 0.6 1.2 16.5 6.54 0.6 9.5 9.1 0.9
Post 2.5 8.22 0.5 0.5 16 3.54 0.6 6.5 8.6 0.8
TDS Pre 1024 1504 768 960 1683 1344 806 864 819 1030
Post 736 1216 1248 704 1344 1152 518 755 569 832
Mg Pre 39 32 42 51 52 46 25 72 35 96
Post 25 29 31 38 36 39 19 50 27 55
Na Pre 110 124 130 155 190 158 180 145 240 135
Post 158 115 120 125 192 152 150 174 182 166
K Pre 28 31 39 49 27 30 64 33 50 65
Post 17 20 19 25 21 12 16 51 22 11
SO4 Pre 120 75 130 160 175 155 125 150 120 118
Post 110 62 120 135 155 95 115 125 110 98
Fe Pre 0.2 0.18 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.2 0.16 0.21 0.25
Post 0.19 0.16 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.11 0.17 0.15
Cr Pre 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.15 0.18 0.13 0.15 0.08 0.15 0.09
Post 0.02 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.06
F Pre 0.5 0.62 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.6
Post 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5
HCO3 Pre 211 230 160 230 225 235 320 330 310 230
Post 62 122 125 184 150 90 120 80 190 125
-
Br Pre 0.901 0.983 0.112 0.17 0.083 0.10 0.096 0.105 0.121 0.1367
Post 0.874 0.8923 0.098 0.08 0.065 0.08 0.085 0.057 0.012 0.0872

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Table.3: Effect of Salt water intrusion on different parameters

Code of the SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI- SWI SWI- SWI-
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -8 9 10

EC Pre

Post

Cl Pre

Post

TA Pre

Post

TH Pre

Post

Ca Pre

Post

TDS Pre

Post

Mg Pre
Post

Na Pre

Post

K Pre

Post

Cr Pre

Post

HCO3 Pre

Post

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Table-4: Correlation study of physic chemical characteristics of ground water( Pre Monsoon)

pH Temp Turbidity EC Cl TA TH Ca PO4 NO3 TDS Mg Na K SO4 Fe Cr F HCO3 Br-

pH 1.00

Temp -0.36 1.00

Turbidity -0.40 0.23 1.00

EC 0.31 -0.18 0.58 1.00

Cl 0.22 -0.49 0.10 0.01 1.00

TA 0.07 -0.42 0.26 0.14 0.59 1.00

TH -0.07 0.88 0.20 0.08 -0.22 -0.41 1.00

Ca -0.10 0.80 0.09 0.19 -0.19 -0.45 0.95 1.00

PO4 -0.31 0.24 0.01 0.49 -0.10 0.23 0.09 0.02 1.00

NO3 0.51 -0.41 0.07 0.68 -0.28 0.03 0.34 -0.40 -0.43 1.00

TDS 0.31 -0.18 0.58 1.00 -0.01 0.14 0.08 -0.19 -0.49 0.68 1.00

Mg -0.20 -0.09 -0.21 0.01 -0.04 -0.55 0.10 -0.02 -0.64 -0.11 -0.01 1.00

Na 0.09 -0.56 -0.05 0.06 0.31 0.62 0.71 -0.73 -0.01 0.23 -0.06 -0.24 1.00

K -0.51 -0.02 -0.10 0.56 0.45 0.40 0.13 -0.07 0.17 -0.72 -0.56 0.21 0.27 1.00

SO4 0.48 -0.06 -0.25 0.09 0.06 -0.22 0.09 -0.23 -0.32 0.13 0.09 0.24 0.29 0.18 1.00

Fe -0.50 -0.33 0.02 0.36 0.43 0.17 0.28 -0.18 0.27 -0.47 -0.36 0.24-0.07 0.57-0.52 1.00

Cr 0.15 -0.24 0.26 0.27 0.36 0.62 0.37 -0.49 -0.17 0.15 0.26 -0.20 0.80 0.23 0.50-0.35 1.00

F 0.23 -0.75 0.24 0.66 0.21 0.29 0.73 -0.70 -0.50 0.64 0.66 0.13 0.44 0.29 0.10-0.02 0.39 1.00

HCO3 -0.14 -0.21 -0.44 0.29 -0.34 0.26 0.55 -0.53 0.18 0.12 -0.29 -0.03 0.55 0.32 0.02-0.07 0.29 0.05 1.00

Br- 0.22 0.06 0.07 0.30 -0.15 0.03 0.29 0.38 0.05 0.27 0.30 -0.32-0.55 0.41-0.68 0.01-0.58 0.01 -0.27 1.00

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Table-5: Correlation study of physico chemical characteristics of ground water ( Post Monsoon)

pH Temp Turb EC Cl TA TH Ca PO4 NO3 TDS Mg Na K SO4 Fe Cr F HCO3 Br-

pH 1.00

Temp -0.11 1.00

Turb -0.52 0.24 1.00

EC -0.24 0.36 0.61 1.00

-
Cl 0.26 -0.26 -0.49 0.46 1.00

TA -0.42 -0.02 0.31 0.00 0.17 1.00

- - -
TH -0.24 -0.21 -0.08 0.18 0.58 0.36 1.00
- - -
Ca 0.13 0.17 -0.32 0.17 0.47 0.67 0.78 1.00
- -
PO4 -0.36 -0.34 0.08 0.18 0.19 0.22 0.22 0.07 1.00
- - - -
NO3 0.33 0.03 0.41 0.42 0.24 0.13 0.22 0.02 -0.26 1.00
- - -
TDS -0.24 0.36 0.61 1.00 0.46 0.00 0.18 0.17 -0.18 0.42 1.00
- - - -
Mg 0.08 -0.33 0.29 0.15 0.10 0.27 0.03 0.28 -0.21 -0.01 0.15 1.00
- - - -
Na 0.32 -0.56 -0.07 0.20 0.22 0.12 0.09 0.10 -0.33 0.55 -0.20 0.24 1.00
- - -
K 0.16 -0.34 0.13 0.18 0.55 0.51 0.69 0.57 0.16 0.24 -0.18 0.31 0.19 1.00
- -
SO4 0.44 -0.62 -0.36 0.06 0.17 0.36 0.31 0.26 0.20 0.23 -0.06 0.09 0.45 0.32 1.00
- - - -
Fe 0.23 0.38 -0.29 0.30 0.32 0.16 0.48 0.09 -0.60 0.12 -0.30 0.40 0.27 0.48 -0.42 1.00
- - -
Cr 0.09 -0.25 0.21 0.58 0.36 0.16 0.13 0.33 -0.22 0.24 0.58 0.34 0.04 0.00 0.13 0.31 1.00
- - -
F 0.19 -0.11 0.36 0.30 0.10 0.03 0.48 0.40 -0.52 0.72 0.30 0.32 0.63 0.03 -0.14 0.35 0.43 1.00
- - - -
HCO3 0.38 -0.28 -0.08 0.11 0.58 0.19 0.50 0.46 0.55 0.21 -0.11 0.10 0.01 0.11 0.28 0.17 0.02 0.02 1.00
- - - - -
Br- -0.07 0.91 0.06 0.15 0.27 0.28 0.03 0.43 -0.41 0.03 0.15 0.36 0.38 0.16 -0.57 0.49 0.44 0.08 -0.43 1.00

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Table.6. Seasonal wise ionic ratios of ground water

Sampling Na/Cl Ca/Mg Ca / Cl/TA
station (HCO3+So4)
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
SW-1 0.44 0.72 2.36 2.24 0.28 0.33 1.37 2.20
SW-2 0.69 0.68 3.09 1.31 0.32 0.21 0.82 0.87
SW-3 0.57 0.60 2.67 1.29 0.39 0.16 1.64 1.11
SW-4 0.57 0.52 2.08 1.11 0.27 0.13 1.35 1.85
SW-5 0.75 0.91 1.27 1.03 0.17 0.12 1.16 1.31
SW-6 0.69 0.80 1.22 0.77 0.14 0.16 1.18 0.90
SW-7 0.75 0.67 3.04 2.05 0.17 0.17 0.86 0.87
SW-8 1.53 1.16 1.14 1.04 0.17 0.25 0.99 1.25
SW-9 0.86 0.70 1.37 1.15 0.11 0.10 1.04 1.37
SW-10 0.47 0.64 0.81 0.40 0.22 0.10 1.57 1.33

Table 7: Ionic ratio indicators for salt-water intrusion

Ionic Ratio Sea water intrusion Samples with sea water Remarks with
indication patterns (2013) reference to the SWI

Pre Post Pre Post

Ca/Mg <1 1-9 1- 9 SWI SWI

Na/Cl >1 1 1-6,8- 10 SWI SWI
Ca/(HCO3+SO4 ) <0.86 1-7, 10 1-4, 6, 7, 9, SWI SWI
10
TA/TH <1 1-5, 8, 10 1 SWI SWI

2.1 Piper plot of ground water composition (Pre Monsoon)

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2.2 Piper plot of ground water composition (Pre Monsoon)

V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our thanks are due to the Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi, India for providing the funding for carry out the
research work.

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