X-Ray Shielding: Chapter 9: External Radiation Protection

Chapter 9: External Radiation Protection
X-Ray Shielding
46
NPRE 441, Principles of Radiation Protection, Spring 2020
X-Ray Uses in Image Guided Surgery
• X-ray II is the standard detector for current projection radiography system
47
X-Ray Uses for Radiation Therapy
48
X-Ray Sources
Protective casing
leakage radiation
•Andrew Webb, Introduction to Biomedical Imaging, 2003, Wiley-

Interscience.
•Motor, Why?
•Filament
•Rotating
target
Primary radiation
•Electron beam? How are electrons generated?
49
50
Chapter 9: Radiation Dosimetry
51
Key Characteristics of X-ray Source Operation

F Requirements for structural shielding is determined by considering
52
Typical X-ray Setup in Surgical Room
53
Chapter 9: Radiation Dosimetry
Considerations for X-ray Shielding Design
F ICRP 60 Limits for X-ray exposure:

F 100mSv (100,000rems) over 5 years
F Maximum dose in any single year <50mSv (50,000mrems)
54
Typical X-ray Shielding Setup

F Primary (for x-ray beam passing through the patient) and secondary (for leakage
dose and scattered photons) shielding:
AOI
Area-of-interest (AOI),
Maximum permissible dose
rate: P (rem/week)
55
Design of the Primary Protection Barrier

Consider a shielded source running with given (W, U, T) would deliver a dose rate (or
exposure) rate P at the AOI. If we move the shielding in front of the same source running
at 1 mA for 1 min, then the dose (or exposure) from this shielded source at a reference
distance of 1 m (Point Q) is
567 <! ⋅= 5>7⁄?@ <! ⋅= 567

𝐾(78⋅7:;) = A(78⋅7:;/?@)⋅E⋅F = A⋅E⋅F (78⋅7:;),
which is called normalized shielded output factor …

𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑄: 𝐷̇ ! = 𝑃 𝑟e 𝑚 ⁄𝜔 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑑 " ×
_
sources 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑂𝐼:

𝐷̇ !"# = 𝑃 𝑟e 𝑚 ⁄𝜔 𝑘
AOI
Object Primary barrier

Defining the Primary Barrier Consider that
ü The maximum allowed dose (or exposure)
rate at the AOI is P,
_
ü A shielded source is tuned to deliver a

weekly dose exactly equal to P, with a
given workload of W (mA×min/wk),
ü The AOI is occupied only for a fraction
(T) of time,
ü The source, when operating, has a use
factor of U (the fraction of time that the
Primary barrier source is pointing towards the AOI).
Consider a shielded source running with given (W, U, T) would deliver a dose rate (or
exposure) rate P at the AOI. If we move the shielding in front of the same source running
at 1 mA for 1 min, then the dose (or exposure) from this shielded source at a reference
distance of 1 m (Point Q) is
=
K = <!⋅A⋅F⋅E è normalized shielded source output factor
So how much shielding is needed for the source to deliver a dose (or
exposure) K at 1 m away?
If we consider X-ray sources of

different kVp values running with 1
unit workload of 1 mAmin/week,
these curve give the thicknesses of
shielding needed for the sources to
deliver an exposure of K (R) at 1m.
𝑑G 𝑃
𝐾= 58
𝑊𝑈𝑇
Determining the Requirement for Primary Shielding
AOI
W=220mA×1.5min/wk
U=1/3
T=1/4
59
Determine the Requirement for Primary Shielding
!
𝑑 𝑃
𝐾=
𝑊𝑈𝑇
60
If we consider X-ray sources of

different kVp values running with 1
unit workload of 1 mAmin/week,
these curve give the thicknesses of
shielding needed for the sources to
deliver an exposure of K (R) at 1m.
𝑑G 𝑃
𝐾= 61
𝑊𝑈𝑇
Secondary Protection Barrier

F Used against the scattered photons and the leakage
Leakage radiation
radiation dose.
F Depends on
F Scattering angle – assumed to be isotropic.
Scattered radiation F The energy of the primary photons – a
simpler energy dependency is assumed to
simplify the derivation.
F Scattering area – assuming a perfect scattering
plane
F Type of the X-ray tube – in particular in the
calculation of the dose rate from leakage
radiation
F Required shielding need to be determined separately
for each of these components.
Secondary Protection Barrier against Scattered Radiation
AOI
P
63

exposure (or dose) rate
reaching the object
𝑿̇ 𝒖 , 𝑫̇ 𝒖
_
Second barrier
Second barrier
Exposure (or dose)
𝑿̇ 𝒔 , 𝑫̇ 𝒔
rate reaching the AOI
AOI
AOI
𝑎×𝑋̇ I 𝐹
̇
𝑋H = ⋅
𝑑J6K G 400

F The effect of scattered radiation may be determined based on (a) primary beam
energy, (b) scattering angle and (c) scattering area.
F If the exposure rate incident on the object is Ẋ $ , then the exposure rate from
scattered radiation without shielding may be given by
𝑎×𝑋̇ I 𝐹
𝑋̇H = G
⋅
𝑑J6K 400
65
66
Secondary Protection Barrier
67

If the shielded source (shown below) running with
given (U, W, T) would deliver a dose rate P at the AOI,
then the same shielded source running at 1 mA for min
should deliver a dose Dose rate at point Q:
5̇ % & '9*/;, ⋅.&'($ ⋅. $
&() 011 2*
$
𝐷̇ ! = 𝐷̇ " ⋅ 𝑑#$⋅&
'
𝐾= = × , '
𝑃 𝑟e 𝑚⁄𝜔 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑑#() '
400 𝑐𝑚'
6⋅7⋅8 /⋅6(*=⋅*>?/;,)⋅8 3 2* $ ⋅ 𝑑#$⋅&
×
to Point Q, which is the normalized shielded output = 𝑎 𝐹 𝑐𝑚'
factor …
_
Dose rate at point R:
& $
'(* ⁄+, ⋅.!"# 011 2* $
𝐷̇ % = × ,
/ 3 2* $
where F (cm) is the actual target

area of the object
Second barrier
Dose rate at the AOI:

𝐷̇ ! = 𝑃 𝑟e 𝑚 ⁄𝜔 𝑘
Consider that
ü The maximum allowed dose (or exposure) rate at the
AOI is P,
_
ü A shielded source is tuned to deliver a weekly dose

exactly equal to P, with a workload W (mA×min/wk),
Second
barrier ü The AOI is occupied only for a fraction, T, of time, and
ü Remember that
Consider a shielded source, running under given (W, T), would deliver a dose rate (or
exposure rate) P at the AOI. If we move the secondary barrier right in front of the same
source running at 1 mA for 1 min, the dose (or exposure) from the shielded source to the
reference point Q at 1 m away should be
& 011 (2* !)
K= 𝐷̇ ! 𝐷̇ A = 𝑃 = /⋅6⋅8 ⋅ "
𝑑A2/ ⋅ "
𝑑A92 ⋅
3(2* !)
.
K is the normalized shielded source output factor.
So how much shielding is needed for the source to deliver a dose (or
exposure) K at 1 m away?
Normalized shielded source output factor: the exposure rate that the shielded source should
deliver at 1 m away (within the primary beam) with a unit workload (1 mAmin/week)
Dist. from the source to Dist. from the scatterer

the scatterer to the AOI
Actual size of the

a: ratio between incident exposure scatterer/object
and scattered exposure measured at 1
m from the object, whose scattering
area is assumed to be 400 cm2
The occupancy of the AOI
Workload – the amount of usage of the x-

ray tube (mA×min/wk)
Secondary Protection Barrier for Scattered Radiation

F The exposure rate that the same source would deliver at 1 m away (within the
primary beam) and with a unit workload (1 mAmin/week) is given by
Correction factor, whose value increases with

the increasing HV of the tube.
P
71
72
Secondary Protection Barrier for Leakage Radiation

F Considerations on the dose by leakage radiation
F For diagnostic x-ray tubes, the maximum leakage dose rate is 1 mSv (0.1
rem) per h at 1 m (quality standard for x-ray tube manufacturers).
F If the source is running for t mins per week, the maximum leakage dose
rate delivered to an area at a distance of d meter away is
ICRP dose limit imposed on all commercial X- Assuming working for t

ray generators (Rem/h at 1 m) mins per week, t=W/I
𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑒𝑚 0.1 𝑡( )
Dose rate: Rem/wk 𝐷̇ B = ℎ × 𝑤𝑘
𝑤𝑘 𝑑" 𝑚𝑖𝑛
60( )
ℎ
Distance between AOI and the source
F Consider the occupancy factor (T) of the area-of-interest and the workload of the
x-ray source (W), the maximum dose rate delivered by the leakage radiation is
𝑟𝑒𝑚 𝑚𝐴 ⋅ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑒𝑚 0.1 𝑊( )⋅𝑇
𝐷̇ B = ℎ × 𝑤𝑘
𝑤𝑘 𝑑" 𝑚𝑖𝑛 I: Tube current (mA)
60( ) ⋅ 𝐼(𝑚𝐴) 73
ℎ
Secondary Protection Barrier for Leakage Radiation
F If the maximum dose rate (P) allowed at a distance d (m) from the target, the
shielding factor, BLx, of the barrier for leakage radiation may be determined by
Dose limit at the AOI
𝑃 𝑃 ⋅ 𝑑# ⋅ 600 ⋅ 𝐼
𝐵!" = =
𝐷̇ ! W⋅𝑇
Dose at the AOI without shielding
74
Design of An X-ray Shielding Structure
workload
75
76

Step 1: Design of the primary barrier
Considering
• Directly irradiating Wall A at a distance d,
• Workload: W=2 (mins/week) ×200 (mA),
• Use factor: U=1,
• Occupancy factor: T=1/4,
• Maximum allowed weekly dose to an uncontrolled area: 0.02 mSv,
The maximum dose that is allowed at a unit distance delivered by the
shielded source running at the standard operating condition
(mA·1min, U=1, T=1) is given by
77

Step 1: Design of the primary barrier (continued)
The maximum exposure that is allowed at a unit distance and delivered by the
source running at the “standard” operating condition (W=1, U=1, T=1)

Step 2: Design of the second barrier (ceiling) against leakage radiation
Considering
• The source is installed 1.5 m from the ceiling,
• The AOI is 3 feet above the ceiling, and about 8 feet from the source, d=8
feet=2.5m.
• The maximum dose allowed for an uncontrolled area is P=0.002 Rem/week
(0.02 mSv/week)
• The source is generating 0.1 Rem/h (1 mSv/h) dose at 1 m through leakage
radiation by running for 60 mins per week (the ICRP limit on commercial
diagnostic X-ray source).
• For diagnosis purpose, this source is typically running for 302 mins per week.
Then the attenuation factor required to bring the radiation dose at the AOI to below
the 0.02 mSv/week dose limit is given by
It would take a concrete shielding of (n × half-value layer) to achieve the desired shielding effect, where n is given by
Finally, considering the half-value layer for concrete for X-rays from the 125 kVp source is 2 cm, then the total thickness of concrete to
protect the AOI from leakage radiation is about 10 cm.

Step 3: Design of the second barrier (ceiling) against scattered radiation
Considering
• Workload: W=2 (mins/week) ×200 (mA)=1200 (mA ×min/week),
• Use factor: U=1,
• Occupancy factor: T=1,
• dsca=0.5 m,
• dsec=2.5 m,
• a=0.0015 from the table
• Target area of the patient to the incident X-rays, F=400 cm2,
• Maximum allowed weekly dose to an uncontrolled area: P=0.02 mSv/wk,
The maximum dose that is allowed at a unit distance delivered by the source
running at the standard operating condition (W=1, U=1, T=1) is given by

Step 3: Design of the second barrier (ceiling) against scattered radiation
The maximum dose that is allowed at a unit distance delivered by the source running at
the standard operating condition (W=1, U=1, T=1) is given by

X-Ray Shielding: Chapter 9: External Radiation Protection

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

X-Ray Shielding: Chapter 9: External Radiation Protection

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

X-Ray Shielding: Chapter 9: External Radiation Protection

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 9: External Radiation Protection

•Andrew Webb, Introduction to Biomedical Imaging, 2003, Wiley-

•Electron beam? How are electrons generated?

Key Characteristics of X-ray Source Operation

Considerations for X-ray Shielding Design

F ICRP 60 Limits for X-ray exposure:

Typical X-ray Shielding Setup

Design of the Primary Protection Barrier

567 <! ⋅= 5>7⁄?@ <! ⋅= 567

which is called normalized shielded output factor …

sources 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑂𝐼:

Object Primary barrier

ü A shielded source is tuned to deliver a

If we consider X-ray sources of

Determining the Requirement for Primary Shielding

Determine the Requirement for Primary Shielding

If we consider X-ray sources of

Secondary Protection Barrier

Secondary Protection Barrier against Scattered Radiation

Secondary Protection Barrier against Scattered Radiation

Secondary Protection Barrier against Scattered Radiation

Secondary Protection Barrier against Scattered Radiation

Secondary Protection Barrier

Secondary Protection Barrier against Scattered Radiation

where F (cm) is the actual target

Dose rate at the AOI:

ü A shielded source is tuned to deliver a weekly dose

K is the normalized shielded source output factor.

Secondary Protection Barrier against Scattered Radiation

Dist. from the source to Dist. from the scatterer

Actual size of the

Workload – the amount of usage of the x-

Secondary Protection Barrier for Scattered Radiation

Correction factor, whose value increases with

Secondary Protection Barrier for Leakage Radiation

ICRP dose limit imposed on all commercial X- Assuming working for t

Secondary Protection Barrier for Leakage Radiation

Dose limit at the AOI

Dose at the AOI without shielding

Design of An X-ray Shielding Structure

Design of An X-ray Shielding Structure

Design of An X-ray Shielding Structure

Design of An X-ray Shielding Structure

Design of An X-ray Shielding Structure

Design of An X-ray Shielding Structure

Design of An X-ray Shielding Structure

You might also like