ELIZALDE ACADEMY MODULE 3

SCIENCE 10 2ND QUARTER

TEACHER: MS. RODJHEN ANNE P. BARQUILLA WEEK 1-2

LESSON 1:ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

I. LESSON OBJECTIVES:
 To identify the different types of electromagnetic waves
 To explain and compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves.

II. CONCEPT NOTES:

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The EM spectrum is the ENTIRE range of EM waves in order of increasing
frequency and decreasing wavelength.
As you go from left  right, the wavelengths get smaller and the frequencies get
higher. This is an inverse relationship between wave size and frequency. (As one
goes up, the other goes down.) This is because the speed of ALL EM waves is the speed of light
(300,000 km/s).
THINGS TO REMEMBER
The higher the frequency, the more energy the wave has.
EM waves do not require media in which to travel or move.
EM waves are considered to be transverse waves because they are made of vibrating electric and
magnetic fields at right angles to each other, and to the direction the waves are traveling.
Inverse relationship between wave size and frequency: as wavelengths get smaller, frequencies get
higher.
The electromagnetic spectrum is more familiar to you than you might think.
The microwave you use to heat your food and the cell phones you use are part of the Electromagnetic
Spectrum.
The light that our eyes can see is also part of the electromagnetic spectrum. This visible part of the
electromagnetic spectrum consists of the colors that we see in a rainbow - from reds and oranges,
through blues and purples.
Each of these colors actually corresponds to a different wavelength of light.

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

• Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field (shown as blue arrows)
couples with a magnetic field (shown as red arrows).
• The sun’s energy reaches Earth in the form of electromagnetic waves.
• We call that type of energy: Radiation.
• Radio waves, Microwaves, UV Rays and Gamma Rays are types of
electromagnetic waves. They differ from each other in wavelength and frequency.
• A vacuum is a space that contains no air or gas. All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in
a vacuum: the speed of light (3 x 108 m/s).
• In other media (through matter), their speed is less.
• Wavelength is the distance between one wave crest to the next.
• Frequency is the number of waves within a given period of time.

PROPERTIES OF EM WAVES
 All matter contains charged particles that are always moving; therefore, all objects emit EM waves.
 The wavelengths become shorter as the temperature of the material increases.
 EM waves carry radiant energy.
What is the wavelength & frequency of an EM wave?
 Wavelength= distance from crest to crest.
 Frequency= number of wavelengths that pass a given point in 1 s.
 As frequency increases, wavelength becomes smaller.
TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Radio waves
 Longest wavelength EM waves
 Uses:
 TV broadcasting
 AM and FM broadcast radio
 Heart rate monitors
 Cell phone communication
 MRI (MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING)
 Uses Short wave radio waves with a magnet to create an image
Microwaves
 Wavelengths from 1 mm- 1 m
 Uses:
 Microwave ovens
 Bluetooth headsets
 Broadband Wireless Internet
 Radar
 GPS
Infrared Radiation
 Wavelengths in between microwaves and visible light
 Uses:
 Night vision goggles
 Remote controls
 Heat-seeking missiles
Visible light
 Only type of EM wave able to be detected by the human eye
 Violet is the highest frequency light
 Red light is the lowest frequency light
Ultraviolet
 Shorter wavelengths than visible light
 Uses:
 Black lights
 Security images on money
 Harmful to living things
 Used to sterilize medical equipment
 Too much causes sun burn
 Extremely high exposure can cause skin cancer
X-rays
 Tiny wavelength, high
energy waves
 Uses:
 Medical imaging
 Airport security
 Moderate dose can damaging to cells
Gamma Rays
 Smallest wavelengths, highest energy EM waves
 Uses
 Sterilizes medical equipment
 Cancer treatment to kill cancer cells
 Kills nearly all living cells.
Radio Transmission
 Radio stations change sound to EM waves & then your radio receiver changes the EM waves back to
sound waves again.
How does a radio receive different stations?
 Each station broadcasts at a certain frequency which you tune in by choosing their frequency.
 Carrier wave- the frequency of the EM wave that a station uses
  Microphones convert sound waves to a changing electric current or electronic signal containing the
words & music.
 Microphones convert sound waves to a changing electric current or electronic signal containing the
words & music.
 The modified carrier wave vibrates electrons in the station’s antennae creating a radio wave that travels
out in all directions at the speed of light to your radio antennae.
 The modified carrier wave vibrates electrons in the station’s antennae creating a radio wave that travels
out in all directions at the speed of light to your radio antennae.
 The vibrating electrons produce a changing electric current which your radio separates the carrier wave
from the signal to make the speakers vibrate creating sound waves….

What is AM radio?
In AM amplitude changes but frequency does not. AM frequencies range from 540,000 Hz to 1,6000,000 Hz
usually listed in kHz.

What is FM radio?
 In FM radio stations transmit broadcast information by changing the frequency of the carrier wave. The
strength of FM waves is always the same and is in megahertz. Mega=million

Television
 Uses radio waves to send electronic signals in a carrier wave.
 Sound is sent by FM; color and brightness is sent at the same time by AM signals.

What is a cathode-ray tube?

 Many TVs and computer monitors display images on a CRT, a sealed vacuum tube in which beams of
electrons are produced.
 Color TV produces 3 electron beams inside the CRT which strike the inside of the screen that is
covered with more than 100,000 rectangular spots.
 There are 3 types of spots, red, green and blue. The electron beams move back and forth across the
screen.
 The signal from the TV station controls how bright each spot is. Three spots together can form any
color.
 You see a full color image on the TV.

Telephones
 Sound waves microphone electric signal radio waves transmitted to and from microwave tower
 receiver electric signal  speaker sound wave
 Mobile Phone BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller MSC Mobile services
Switching Centre VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register

How do cordless phones work?

 Cell phones and cordless telephones are transceivers, device that transmits one signal & receives
another radio signal from a base unit.
 You can talk and listen at the same time because the two signals are at different frequencies.

How do pagers work?

 A pager is a small radio receiver with a phone number. A caller leaves a message at a terminal with a
call-back number.
 At the terminal, the message is turned into an electronic signal transmitted by radio waves.
 Newer pagers can send and receive messages.

Communications Satellites
 Thousands of satellites orbit Earth. A radio or TV station sends microwave signals to the satellite which
amplifies the signal and sends it back to a different place on Earth. Satellite uses dif freq to send &
receive.
Global Positioning System
 GPS is a system of 24 satellites, ground monitoring stations and portable receivers that determine your
exact location on Earth. GPS receiver measures the time it takes for radio waves to travel from 4
different satellites to the receiver. The system is owned and operated by the US Dept of Defense, but
the microwaves can be used by anyone.

III. GUIDED ACTIVITY:

SOUND CHECK…
OBJECTIVES:

 Produce radio waves.

 Detect radio waves.

MATERIALS:
 Two-25cm copper wire
 C or D battery
 Electrical tape
 Metal fork
 Portable radio

PROCEDURE:
1. Tape one end of the first wire to one end of the battery. Tape one end of the second wire to the other end of
the battery.
2. Wrap the loose end of one of the wires tightly around the handle of the fork.
3. Turn on the radio to the AM band and move the selector past all stations until you reach static.
4. Hold the fork close to the radio. Stroke the free end of wire across the fork’s prongs.
5. At a distance of 15cm from the radio stroke again the free end of the wire across the forks’ prongs.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
Q5. What happens when you stroke the prongs with the wire?
Q6. How does changing the position affect the results?
Q7. What might be the cause when you sometimes hear static sound in your radio? What can be done to
resolve it?

IV. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE:

Answer the following questions.
1. What is Electromagnetic Wave?
2. What is Electromagnetic Spectrum?
3. What is Frequency?
4. What are the different types of electromagnetic wave?
5. Describe the seven types of EM Wave.

V. CLOSURE ACTIVITY:
THREE W’S
The students will write,
• What did they learn today?
• So, What? (relevancy, importance, usefulness)
• Now What? (how does this fit into what we are learning, does it affect our thinking, can we predict where we
are going)

VI. REFERENCES:
 https://www.teachengineering.org/content/clem_/lessons/clem_waves_lessons/clem_waves_lesson04_
presentation.ppt
 https://westmiamimiddle.org/ourpages/auto/2016/10/17/57684363/SC_7_P_10_1%20
 https://www.paulding.k12.ga.us/cms/lib/GA01903603/Centricity/Domain/1607/electron
 ELIZALDE ACADEMY MODULE 3
SCIENCE 10 2ND QUARTER
TEACHER: MS. RODJHEN ANNE P. BARQUILLA WEEK 3-4

LESSON 1: PRACTICAL USES AND APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT REGIONS OF EM WAVES

I. LESSON OBJECTIVES:
 To cite examples of practical applications of the different regions of EM waves
II. CONCEPT NOTES:
USES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
RADIO WAVES
Radio waves are used for communication such as television and radio.
Radio waves are transmitted easily through air. They do not cause damage if absorbed by the human body,
and they can be reflected to change their direction. These properties make them ideal for communications.
Radio waves can be produced by oscillations in electrical circuits. When radio waves are absorbed by
a conductor, they create an alternating current. This electrical current has the same frequency as the radio
waves.
The conductor could be, for example, an aerial on a radio. Information is coded into the wave before
transmission, which can then be decoded when the wave is received. Television and radio systems use this
principle to broadcast information.
MICROWAVES
Microwaves are used for cooking food and for satellite communications.
High frequency microwaves have frequencies which are easily absorbed by molecules in food. The internal
energy of the molecules increases when they absorb microwaves, which causes heating. Microwaves pass
easily through the atmosphere, so they can pass between stations on Earth and satellites in orbit.
INFRARED
Infrared light is used by electrical heaters, cookers for cooking food, and by infrared cameras which
detect people in the dark.
Infrared light has frequencies which are absorbed by some chemical bonds. The internal energy of the
bonds increases when they absorb infrared light, which causes heating. This makes infrared light useful for
electrical heaters and for cooking food. All objects emit infrared light. The human eye cannot see this light, but
infrared cameras can detect it. This 'thermal imaging' is useful for detecting people in the dark.
VISIBLE LIGHT
Visible light is the light we can see. It is used in fibre optic communications, where coded pulses of light
travel through glass fibres from a source to a receiver.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Ultraviolet radiation can kill bacteria that are present in water - this sterilises the water and makes it
safe to drink. Ultraviolet radiation is also good for the skin as it helps to make vitamin D. However, too much
exposure to UV can cause skin problems.
X-RAYS
X-rays are roughly classified into two types: soft X-rays and hard X-rays. Soft X-rays comprise the
range of the EM spectrum between UV and gamma rays. Soft X-rays have frequencies of about 3 × 10 16 to
about 1018 Hz and wavelengths of about 10 nm (4 × 10−7 inches) to about 100 picometers (pm), or 4 ×
10−8 inches. Hard X-rays occupy the same region of the EM spectrum as gamma rays. The only difference
between them is their source: X-rays are produced by accelerating electrons, while gamma rays are produced
by atomic nuclei.
GAMMA RADIATION
Gamma radiation causes damage to living tissue, which makes it useful for killing cancer cells when
applied in carefully measured doses to small regions. Uncontrolled exposure, though, is extremely dangerous
to humans.

ELECTROMAGNETIC APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

MEDICAL BIOPHYSICS
Another important distinction we should make is that of endogenous fields (produced in the body)
versus exogenous fields (produced outside of the body). These exogenous fields can be further subdivided into
natural fields (earths geomagnetic field) versus artificial or man-made fields, such as transformers, electricity
lines, medical devices, appliances, and radio transmitters. In medical biophysics, an ionizing EMF (gamma or
x-rays) refers to radiation energy strong enough to disrupt the cell nucleus and dislodge electrons from a
molecule.
Ionization has been described in a continuum of strength from very strong to very weak. High-energy
(high frequency) gamma and x-rays have high ionizing potential, whereas visible light radiation has weak
ionizing capabilities. Various types of radiation exposure are of concern, including acute (short duration)
exposure to high-energy fields, which have been extensively studied.
However, just as or possibly more important are the more prolonged (longer duration) exposures to
non- or weak ionizing radiation found in common household, work, and recreational applications. Prolonged
exposure to what is generally considered or classified as, nonionizing radiation in the low frequency range
(300-10,000 Hz), to extremely low frequency (ELF; 1-300 Hz) range, is an important question that we will
consider.
PARADOXICAL RESPONSES
Although it has been known that prolonged exposures to strongly ionizing EMFs can cause significant
damage in biological tissues, recent epidemiologic studies have implicated long-term exposures to low-
frequency, oscillating, nonionizing, exogenous EMFs—such as those emitted by power lines—as having health
hazards.
At the same time, there have been discoveries through research that also suggest that ELF radiation
can have therapeutic healing effects in tissue.
Similar to the “specificity” seen in drugs (in that, a certain drug will target a set of receptors leading to a
therapeutic effect), so too can electromagnetic radiation be configured in such a manner that leads to a specific
effect(s). The configuration process has had a logical starting point, that is, observe what endogenous tissue
electrical currents presently look like.
When we examine biological currents, such as nerve/muscle activity, cardiac discharge, and brain
electrical activity using electromyography, electrocardiography, or electroencephalography, respectively, one
cannot help but speculate as to the nature of the intelligence being carried by the weak EMFs being created.
The exploration of this phenomenon could have great diagnostic and therapeutic value.
It has been proposed that alterations in the endogenous EMF of cells and tissue may lead to disease,
with restoration of correct EMFs leading to tissue healing. Physical corrections aside, there is a growing body
of evidence suggesting that psychological “auto correction” is possible, meaning that we are capable of self-
regulating and correcting our individual electromagnetic profile.
Furthermore, because all living matter emits some level of radiation via our endogenous EMFs, this
might help explain the positive effects of many forms of therapies from positive imagery and biofeedback to
acupuncture and polarity work. For those readers who have a difficult time understanding or appreciating the
possibility of paradoxical responses, that is, how electromagnetic radiation can be both very good and/or very
bad for us, we use a pharmacotherapy analogy for clarification.
It is difficult to imagine a historically more therapeutically important drug than penicillin in terms of the
number of lives it has saved and the morbidity spared by its use. Even so, 15% to 20% of the population is
allergic to it, and a small but significant proportion of these people will have an anaphylactic reaction to the
drug, placing them at risk for hospitalization and even death. Despite this unusual sensitivity to the drug, it
continues to be an important medication with well-defined benefits.
In the same manner, a similar phenomenon exists regarding electric or electromagnetic radiation.
There are probably susceptible individuals in the population who react adversely to electromagnetic radiation
within certain frequency ranges based on their unique endogenous electromagnetic profile. This susceptibility
factor will be discussed in a later section. An example of the paradoxical effect might be the case of melatonin,
which is secreted by the pineal gland and thought to regulate biorhythms.
Melatonin is known to be oncostatic, stopping certain cancer growth. Low levels of pulsed electro-
magnetic field (PEMF) application has been demonstrated to suppress melatonin, thus suppressing an anti-
cancer effect and interrupting circadian functions such as sleep. A natural area for study would be to identify
how altering the electromagnetic dosage or configuration might stimulate melatonin production, thereby
ameliorating sleep dysfunction or the jet lag experience.1
APPLICATIONS OF BIO-ELECTROMAGNETICS
There is a further distinction amongst bio-electromagnetic (BEM) devices—whether they are thermal or
non-thermal. Certain modalities produce heat in tissues and others do not. Biologic nonthermal means that a
modality does not cause significant gross tissue heating. Physically nonthermal refers to being below the
thermal noise limit at physiologic temperatures. 
 The energy level at thermal noise is much lower than that required to cause heating of tissue, so any
physically nonthermal application is automatically biologically nonthermal. Some traditional applications that
use electromagnetic radiation include the entire family of therapies known as electrophysical agents. These are
discussed in more detail later in this section but generally are used with the purpose of reducing pain, muscle
spasms, inflammation, and/or improving superficial/deep circulation status and subsequent healing potential.
It is important to note that electro-magnetic energy often is used to assess or aid in the diagnostic
process when used in electromyography, biofeedback, electroencephalography, electro-retinography, and in
imaging tests such as magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, computed tomography (CT),
ultrasound, and radiography applications. Energy dosages vary with all these applications with some being
ionizing radiation (x-ray/CT).
ELECTROPHYSICAL AGENTS
There are several new areas of EMF application, including bone repair, wound healing, nerve
stimulation, tissue regeneration, osteoarthritis therapy, and electroacupuncture. The healing of non-union bone
fractures using various types of electromagnetic energy including low-level electric currents (micro-currents)
have become popular. Ultrasonic (radio waves) also have been used for bone healing with similar results.
Finally, PEMFs have become popular in Canada, Europe, and Asia, less so in the United States, but their use
is growing as well.
Efficacy of electromagnetic bone repair treatment has been confirmed in double-blind trials.3,4 The FDA
has approved the use of PEMFs for bone repair purposes. In Canada, the use of PEMF is very common in
rehabilitation in both hospital-based and outpatient sectors. PEMFs are used for the treatment of osteoarthritis,
migraine headaches, and in complex regional pain syndromes or sympathetically maintained pain states
(formerly known as RSD). Their widespread use has not been associated with significant side effects, and they
are generally considered mainstream and therapeutic.
Of interest is that it was empirical (observational) evidence gathered by practicing physical therapists
(PTs) when applying PEMFs on patients who had both long-bone fractures with concomitant soft tissue trauma
that alerted orthopedic surgeons of the possible accelerated healing properties of this form of radiation, which
led to eventual application in bone healing.
Similar empirical reports from PTs in the field spurred the development of micro-current technology and
low- level laser therapy to eventually find a place in orthopedics and cosmetic surgery, respectively. There was
basic science evidence at both the in vitro and in vivo level for all these forms of electromagnetic energy prior
to clinical applications, but it wasn’t until many years after the empirical evidence mounted, that funding
became available to conduct more sophisticated validation studies that confirmed PTs’ observations.
In any case, the use of EMFs for recalcitrant bone fracture repair represents a step toward acceptance
and understanding of the importance this form of energy represents in the healing process and life in general.
The collective work of Athenstaedt, 5 Burr,6 and Becker7 have all acted to shed light on the potentially important
role that electricity plays in the organization and functioning of living things.
The work of Funk et al8 has better elucidated the relationship between ion transporters and ion
channels to the electric action of cells and tissues. Ion concentrations act as triggers with concomitant electric
gradients being traced along signaling cascades until gene expression is changed in the nucleus. The idea that
all living tissue is in motion, resonating in alternating fields (ELF EMF), is fundamental to the biologic
electromagnetic paradigm.
ELECTROMEDICINE
There is a bewildering array of electro-medical devices in the marketplace today—many of those being
used in physical therapy/medicine. What sets them apart from each other are the parameter specifications
typically expressed in electrotherapy language as waveform (asymmetrical biphasic, symmetrical biphasic,
etc), frequency, phase-pulse and burst duration, polarity, and amplitude. These terms describe the essential
characteristics of electrotherapy devices used in medicine today.
Devices such as transcutaneous electrical neuromuscular stimulation (TENS), interferential current
(IFC), direct current (DC), micro-current (MENS), high-voltage stimulation, and electric muscle stimulation
(EMS) have their own unique electromagnetic signature but are generally non-thermal within the normal range
of patient intensity values.
Other forms of electromagnetic spectral energy include the various forms of light energy used in lasers
and sound energy used in ultrasonic applications. The use of both light and sound waves in medicine is broad
in application and these energy forms can be either thermal or non-thermal, depending on the power/intensity
specifications, with depth of penetration being determined primarily by wavelength in phototherapy and
frequency in electrotherapy. Other forms of thermal energy in medicine include shortwave diathermy,
microwave, and hydrotherapy. Other non-thermal applications include percutaneous electrical stimulation
(PENS), iontophoresis, radiofrequency (RF), infra-red and ultraviolet therapies.
It is thought that nonthermal exogenous EMFs have the potential to exert significant biologic effects in living
organisms.
These effects can either be harmful or beneficial, depending on exposure parameters and susceptibility
factors (bio-sensitivity). The cell membrane is perhaps the most likely site of transduction (energy conversion)
of EMF bio-effects. Investigators have proposed changes in cell membrane binding and transport mechanisms
and/or displacement or deformation of polarized molecules. The biophysical effects by which EMFs might act
on bio-molecules are far too complex for this report. However, work by Liboff might be helpful for those inclined
to further study this phenomenon.9-11
BIOHAZARDS OF EMFS
There have been many reports in the past linking chronic exposure to EMFs with various types of
morbidities, including various cancers and more recently diabetes. Claims of excessive microwave exposures
(cell phones) causing brain tumors have been explored and findings continue to be debated.
There is evidence that brain function can be altered with chronic exposure to 900 MHz radiation
produced artificially by a generator using rats as the subjects under study. 12 These particular authors attempted
to reproduce average human exposure levels encountered in daily life from all sources, but this was difficult
since radiation levels will vary from person to person.
Electro-pollution, or dirty electricity as it is sometimes referred to, is ubiquitous and difficult to measure
completely from all its sources. For this reason, an accurate risk assessment is challenging at this time and
helps explain the controversial findings that exist in the literature today.
There are many opinions espoused from just as many government agencies and special interest
groups, including the World Health Organization whose task force on the subject concluded that there is not
enough evidence to implicate EMF in childhood leukemia, which was, and is, perhaps the most suspected
pathology linked to EMF.13
The Canadian government seems to agree and has said it sees no clear link between common
electromagnetic exposure levels and any morbidity. 13 Nevertheless, some research does in fact link EMF
exposures to a number of health effects, including neurodegenerative disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis),
leukemia, miscarriage, and clinical depression.
Several studies have found significant increases in relative risk for conditions, such as leukemia, as a
result of EMF exposures from such sources as radio transmitters and electric transmission lines. In the United
Kingdom, a perhaps more prudent solution stemming from a more cautious interpretation of the literature to
date has led to a construction policy that prohibits new residential buildings from being erected within 60
meters of existing power lines.
III. GUIDED ACTIVITY:
EXPLAIN IT TO ME
What are the effects of the following EM waves on living things and the environment?

RADIOWA MICROWAV INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRA GAMMA

X-RAYS
VE E WAVES LIGHT VIOLET RAYS

IV. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE:

 State at least two uses and applications of the different types of electromagnetic wave.
V. CLOSURE ACTIVITY:
KEY IDEAS
 Students list the key ideas from the lesson and why they were important.

VI. REFERENCES:
 https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zd2ddxs/revision/2
 https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/treatments/complementary/electromagnetic-applications-biology-
medicine