Bicol University

College of Nursing
Legazpi City

Potential Insecticidal Activity of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium Sativum Linn

(Bawang), and Nepeta Cataria (Catnip) against Periplaneta Americana (American
Cockroach)

Researchers:
Jayne Ann V. Yap
Julie Ann Collantes
Karissa R. Gentica
 Chapter I
THE PROBLEM
INTRODUCTION
Over the centuries, human beings have encountered different kinds of problems
in dealing the growing population of pests at the environment, fields or even at home. A
pest is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or
livestock production)1. Alternative meanings include organisms that cause nuisance
and epidemic disease associated with high mortality (specifically: plague). In its
broadest sense, a pest is a competitor of humanity.2 Examples of these include those
organisms which is a vector human disease, such as rats and fleas which carry the
plague disease, mosquitoes which carry vector malaria, ticks which carry Lyme
disease, and cockroaches brought dysentery, typhoid, gastroenteritis, as well as
poliomyelitis. Though there were already researches conducted to minimize it, but still it
becomes undefeatable.
Health is responsible for the promotion of healthy environmental conditions and
prevention of environmental related diseases through appropriate sanitation strategies.
Cleanliness in the house means health in the whole family. Environmental sanitation is
still a health problem in the country. This includes sanitation of public places and food
sanitation as well. Environmental sanitation is still a health problem in the country today.
Diarrheal diseases still rank in the leading causes of morbidity among the population.
Other sanitation-related diseases are intestinal parasitism, infectious hepatitis, and
dengue or hemorrhagic fever which can be controlled or eradicated by health programs
on proper environmental health sanitation. Diarrhea occurs when insufficient fluid is
absorbed by the colon. As part of the digestion process, or due to fluid intake, food is
mixed with large amounts of water. Thus, digested food is essentially liquid prior to
reaching the colon. The colon absorbs water, leaving the remaining material as a
semisolid stool. If the colon is damaged or inflamed, however, absorption is inhibited,
and watery stools result. It is most commonly caused by viral infections or bacterial
toxins. In sanitary living conditions and with ample food and water available, an
otherwise healthy patient typically recovers from the common viral infections in a few
days and at most a week.
 Sanitation is very important to reduce cockroach infestations. Cockroaches need
water and food to live. By limiting their access to these resources, you reduce their
ability to survive and reproduce. It is difficult to make your home and other buildings
completely unacceptable for cockroaches and rats, but you can minimize an existing
infestation when improving sanitation. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases (NIAID) conducts and supports basic and applied research to better
understand, treat, and ultimately prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases.
For more than 50 years, NIAID research has led to new therapies, vaccines, diagnostic
tests, and other technologies that have improved the health of millions of people in the
United States and around the world.
Bacteria and virus is transmitted through pest’s feet, other body parts or their
urine and stool. If the pest makes contact with the host’s food, pathogens can be
transferred to the food and later swallowed by the host. Another mode of transmission is
when the disease agent or bacteria enters the body through cuts in the skin and through
the linings of the eyes, nose and throat. Insects and other pest are known to be a carrier
of viral infections and bacteria.
One of the major responsibilities of public health system is to ensure the safety of
food supply. Recently, professional organizations have emphasized the need to
enhance public education about environmental sanitation. Public health is the effort
organized by society to protect the health of its members. On all levels-local, national,
and international-the major concerns of public health agencies are the assurance of
wholesome food and clean water, adequate sanitation systems, the prevention or
control of epidemic and endemic diseases, the delivery of health care to needy
population groups, and the formulation of laws regarding health.
This research was conducted to discover plant-derived product with pesticidal
property that helps in minimizing and eradicating the proliferation of this pests. Pest
control is the term used for it. It refers to the regulation or management of a species
defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's health,
the ecology or the economy.
In Philippines, there are many medicinal plants that are poisonous to insects and
pests. There is a necessity to find cheap pesticides for the diverse needs of agriculture,
destruction at house hold pests and prevention of vectors of diseases that are prevalent
to our country. It is an advantage to use botanical plants in creating a new pest-
management agent because it is obvious of its abundant resources in the Philippines.
On this ground work, we investigated the effects of GliricidiaSepium (Kakawate),
Allium Sativum Linn (Bawang), and NepetaCataria (Catnip) for their insecticidal effect
against cockroaches based also in some studies internationally and locally.
Gliricidia sepium (kakawate) is a tree belonging to the family Leguminosae. It is
an evergreen tree and bears flowers during the dry months of January to May.  It was
determined by Rabena (1996) that Gliricidia contains potent chemicals that drive away
insects and pests. Gliricidia sepium is a small to medium-sized, thorn less tree which
usually attains a height of 10-12 m. Branching is frequently from the base with basal
diameters reaching 50-70 cm. The bark is smooth but can vary in colour from whitish
grey to deep red-brown. Leaves are odd pinnate, usually alternate, sub opposite or
opposite, to approximately 30 cm long; leaflets 5-20, ovate or elliptic, 2-7 cm long, 1-3
cm wide. Leaflet midrib and rachis are occasionally striped red. Flowers bright pink to
lilac, tinged with white, usually with a diffuse pale yellow spot at the base of the
standard petal, calyx glabrous, green, often tinged red. Fruit green sometimes tinged
reddish-purple when unripe, light yellow-brown when mature, narrow, 10-18 cm long, 2
cm wide, valves twisting in dehiscence; seeds 4-10, yellow-brown to brown, nearly
round.
Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion genus,
[3]
Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive andrakkyo.[4] Allium
sativum is a perennial that can grow 2 feet high or more. The Garlic plant have 6-12
long, narrow and flat like grass leaves. The most important part of this plant for
medicinal purposes is the bulb. The bulb consists of numerous bulblets, known as
'cloves' held between the papery membranes and enclosed within a whitish skin as a
sac. Each bulb is made up of 4 to 20 cloves, and each clove weighs about 1 gram. The
flowers rise direct from the bulb and are white in color. Allium sativum has an annual life
cycle.
 Nepeta Cataria is the botanical name of the plant more commonly known
as catnip. Other common names include catmint, field balm, and true catnip. Nepeta
cataria is part of the Lamiaceae (more commonly known as the mint) family of plants. It
is a herbaceous perennial, growing 2–3 feet (61–91 cm) tall and wide. It
resembles mint in appearance, but with grey-green foliage. The coarse-toothed leaves
are triangular to ovate. Besides being appealing to cats, members of the genus have
been used by humans for food, medicine, and psychoactive effect. It has long been
known that living Nepeta Cataria plants are effective at repelling insects. 
The effectiveness of these plants as insecticide is widely accepted and is proven based
on other studies. Hence, this study aims to validate the insecticidal activity of these
plants when combined together and applied to cockroaches, using another
methodology. This study can be useful to the public through practicality and natural way
of killing cockroaches.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the insecticidal property of Gliricidia sepium
(Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip).Specifically it
answers the following questions:

1. What is the effect of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn.

(Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extraction on cockroach if treated with
the following varying concentrations:
a. T0 10 ml/g of distilled water (negative control)
b. T1 25ml/g (25% 25% of Kakawate, 50% Bawang and 25% Catnip leaf
extract Ethanolic extract + 75% distilled water)
c. T2 25ml/g (50% of Kakawate, 25% of Bawang and 25% of Catnip leaf
Ethanolic extract + 50% distilled water)
d. T3 25ml/g (25% of Kakawate, 25% of Bawang and 50% of Catnip leaf
Ethanolic extract)
e. T4 Baygon 25ml/g (Positive Control)
2. Which among the concentration is the most effective insecticidal agent?
3. How long do the cockroaches can sustain the effect of the insecticidal agent?
Scope and Delimitation
The study focused on the potential insecticidal activity of Gliricidia sepium
(Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as insecticide
to Periplaneta Americana (American Cockroach) at different concentrations. Another is
the degree of effectiveness using the mature leaves, the duration of how long the
pesticide will have an effect on the identified pest.
The Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta
cataria (Catnip) mature leaves were obtained within the locality of the researchers. The
mature leaves also were manually collected, washed by distilled water and were cut into
1 inch long. The extraction of the plant was conducted in the laboratory of Bicol
University College of Science Building 3 with the use of a Soxhlet apparatus.
The study limits its coverage only in the potential effect of Gliricidia sepium
(Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as insecticide
not including some specific chemicals found in the plant.
Hypothesis
The study will test the potential activity of different concentrations of Gliricidia
sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as
insecticide against Periplaneta Americana (American Cockroach).
Null hypothesis: Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and
Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extracts has no insecticidal effect against Periplaneta
Americana (American Cockroach).
Affirmative hypothesis: Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and
Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extracts has insecticidal effect against Periplaneta Americana
(American Cockroach).
Significance of the study
The present health status of our country must be given attention for a proficient
and productive Filipino people who would help in constructing a secure, unified and
well-ordered Philippine Republic. This study will benefit many people especially those
who cannot afford expensive insecticides and this study can also be a big help to those
people who have Kakawate, Bawang and Catnip plant in their place. The findings and
outcome of this study will be highly significant to the following.
Households. This study will provide knowledge in the effectiveness of
Kakawate, Bawang and Catnip as an alternative insecticide.
Community. This study will help in developing awareness about using available
resources in the locality to control pests. This study will also guide the community in the
preparation and utilization of these three plants.
Nursing Students. As future health care givers this will provide knowledge in
the utilization of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and
Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extracts as an insecticidal agent in combating pests. It will be of
great help to students, in search of better insight to experimental design of research.
This will serve as reference in their undertaking.
National Government. The said research will make them fully aware of the
importance of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta
cataria (Catnip) as potential insecticides upon further research. Therefore, they may be
more aware and provide through additional budget for the study of different alternative
insecticides that can be used for the maintenance of the environment.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This study will help this
department through giving information on the utilization of available plants more
effective than expensive pesticides, therefore contributing in the improvement of the
environment in the Philippines.
Department of Health. This study will help this department to make the people
informed about recent updates on alternative insecticide that can be used to reduce
pest related diseases therefore conducive in promoting the health status of the Filipino
people.
Future Researchers. This study will serve as a foundation of further studies on
Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria
(Catnip) as a potential insecticide.
Gaps Bridged by the Study
In the literatures reviewed there were no study conducted to use Gliridia Sepium
(Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves
extraction as a cockroach insecticide. This study was a pioneering attempt to use the
extracted Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta
cataria (Catnip) as an insecticide to cockroaches. The gender of the test organism was
disregarded.
The aforementioned synthesis gives a clearer view that this study would
eventually test the effectivity of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn.
(Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as pesticide.
Though different ornamental plants have identified to control insect pests, only
few plants have been found out as a potential pesticide.
Thus, the researchers were encouraged such experiment because Gliricidia
sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) plants
were easily found within the locality. Positive outcome would be benefited by the people
to use the plant at lower or no cost at all.

Notes:
1. ^Mirriam-Webster dictionary, accessed 22 August 2012.
2. ^http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453421/pest
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Block, E. (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the
Science. Royal Society of Chemistry.ISBN 0-85404-190-7.
4. ^ a b c d "AllergyNet — Allergy Advisor Find". Allallergy.net. Retrieved 2010-04-
14.
 Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter intended to present the related literature and studies that have
some bearing on the present pursuit of knowledge. The thoughts process and
techniques acquired from this chapter provided the researchers worthy insights to
support the present investigation.
Furthermore, this chapter brought forth a clearer view of background of studies in
order to link past researches to the present one for a more profound result.
Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate) is a tree belonging to the family Leguminosae. It is
an evergreen tree and bears flowers during the dry months of January to May. It was
determined by Rabena (1996) that Gliricidia contains potent chemicals that drive away
insects and pests. Ethylene, a toxic gas that is responsible in death of pests when
sprayed as liquid mixture in rice farms. They are excellent bio fertilizers because they fix
nitrogen in their roots and they synthesize such chemicals and store them in leaves.
Many other chemicals were also discovered and they all contributed to the synergistic
effect as a botanopesticide.1
Related Literature
Botany:
Gliricidia sepium is a small to medium-sized, thorn less tree which usually attains
a height of 10-12 m. Branching is frequently from the base with basal diameters
reaching 50-70 cm. The bark is smooth but can vary in colour from whitish grey to deep
red-brown. The stem and branches are commonly flecked with small white lenticels.
Trees display spreading crowns. Leaves are odd pinnate, usually alternate, sub
opposite or opposite, to approximately 30 cm long; leaflets 5-20, ovate or elliptic, 2-7 cm
long, 1-3 cm wide. Leaflet midrib and rachis are occasionally striped red. Inflorescences
appear as clustered racemes on distal parts on new and old wood, 5-15 cm long,
flowers borne singly with 20-40 per raceme. Flowers bright pink to lilac, tinged with
white, usually with a diffuse pale yellow spot at the base of the standard petal, calyx
glabrous, green, often tinged red. Standard petal round and nearly erect, approximately
20 mm long; keel petals 1520 mm long, 4-7 mm wide. Fruit green sometimes tinged
reddish-purple when unripe, light yellow-brown when mature, narrow, 10-18 cm long, 2
cm wide, valves twisting in dehiscence; seeds 4-10, yellow-brown to brown, nearly
round.2

http://www.stuartxchange.com/Kakawati.jpg
Constituents:
Phytochemical studies have yielded a formosin (an isoflavan, reportedly with
anti-tumor capacity), formononetin (isoflavan), gliricidin-6a, gliricidol-9A, medicarpin
(pterocarpan, reportedly antifungal), 7,4′-dihydroxy-3′-methoxyisoflavin, 2′O-
methylsepiol, tannin (considered potentially antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, antimutagenic,
antioxidant, bactericidal, hepatoprotective, pesticidal and viricidal) and a
trihydroxyflavonone.From the heartwood were isolated stigmastanol glucoside and 3′,4′-
dihydroxy-trans-cinnamic acid octacosylester 2 along with three other known
constituents.3
Properties:
Tannins are considered potentially antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, antimutagenic,
antioxidant, bactericidal, hepatoprotective, pesticidal and viricidal. 4
Uses:
Gliciridia Sepium has many uses according to the different folklores. It is used for
skin itching such as Dermatitis by applying the juice or decoction of leaves, bark or roots
on the the skin as antipruritic. Fresh leaves are also applied to the skin an insect
repellent. It is also used as counterirritant by crushing the leaves and applying it as
poultice for rheumatic pains, sprains and closed fracture. Sap of bark, leaves and roots
have been used for wound healing. In Guatemala, the bark and leaves are used to treat
skin diseases.

In many folkloric regimens of other countries, used for headache, bruises, burns,
colds, cough, fever, fatigue, gangrene, gonorrhea, skin itches and sores; as antidote,
insecticide, insect repellent.

Aside from promoting healthy body, Gliceridia S. has other uses. The leaves of it
have a fetid smell and a crashed leaves can be used to get rid of fleas and ticks of dogs
and cattles. The juice from leaves is applied daily for one week to areas affected by
external parasites. In Latin America, Gliceridia S. is used as an insect repellent. Leaves
are ground up, mixed with water, and the resulting paste is use to bathe the animals,
and repeated every 7-14 days, decreasing the infections from topical warble fly. 5

Toxicity:
Tannins: In South America, in times of scarcity, the forage is fed to livestock.
Although goats can consume large quantities of plants with tannins, some animals, like
cattle and sheep may not tolerate it due to a salivary protein binding factor
that binds the tannins.
Allium sativum Linn, commonly known as Garlic, is a species in the onion
genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive,6 and
rakkyo.7 With a history of human use of over 7,000 years, Garlic is native to central
Asia,8 and has long been a staple in the Mediterranean region, as well as a frequent
seasoning in Asia, Africa, and Europe. It was known to Ancient Egyptians, and has
been used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.9
Botany:
Allium sativum Linn is a perennial that can grow 2 feet high or more. The Garlic
plants have 6-12 long, narrow and flat like grass leaves. The most important part of this
plant for medicinal purposes is the bulb. The bulb consists of numerous bulblets, known
as 'cloves' held between the papery membranes and enclosed within a whitish skin as a
sac. Each bulb is made up of 4 to 20 cloves, and each clove weighs about 1 gram. The
flowers rise direct from the bulb and are white in color. Allium sativum Linn has an
annual life cycle.10

http://www.stuartxchange.com/Bawang2.jpg

Constituents:
Allium sativum Linn contains 0.1-0.36% of a volatile oil these volatile compounds
are generally considered to be responsible for most of the pharmacological properties of
Garlic. Garlic contains at least 33 sulfur compounds like aliin, allicin, ajoene, allylpropl,
diallyl, trisulfide, sallylcysteine, vinyldithiines, S-allylmercaptocystein, and others.
Besides sulfur compounds, Garlic contains 17 amino acids and their glycosides,
arginine and others. Minerals such as selenium and enzymes like allinase, peroxidases,
myrosinase, and others. Garlic contains a higher concentration of sulfur compounds
than any other Allium species. The sulfur compounds are responsible both for Garlic’s
pungent odor and many of its medicinal effects. The odor is formed by the action of the
enzyme allinase on the sulfur compound alliin. This enzyme is inactivated by heat,
which accounts for the fact that cooked Garlic produces neither as strong odor as raw
Garlic nor nearly as powerful physiological effects. Aged Garlic products lack allicin, but
may have activity due to the presence of S-allycysteine. The bulb of the Garlic contains
allicin; volatile oil, 0.9% - allyl disulfide, allypropyl disulfide; inulin; protein; fat, 1.3%;
carbohydrates, 0.2%; ash, 9.4%; choline, 0.7%; myrosinase. 11
Properties:
 Allium sativum Linn is an antibacterial, antihelminthic, antimycotic, antiviral,
antispasmodic, diaphoretic, expectorant, fibrinolytic, hypotensive, promoting
12
leucocytosis, lowering lipids and inhibiting platelet aggregation.
Uses:
Many marvellous effects and healing powers have been ascribed to Garlic. It
possesses stimulant and stomachic properties in addition to its other virtues.
As an antiseptic, its use has long been recognized. In the late war it was widely
employed in the control of suppuration in wounds. The raw juice is expressed, diluted
with water, and put on swabs of sterilized Sphagnum moss, which are applied to the
wound. Where this treatment has been given, it has been proved that there have been
no septic results, and the lives of thousands of men have been saved by its use.
It is sometimes externally applied in ointments and lotions, and as an antiseptic,
to disperse hard swellings, also pounded and employed as a poultice for scrofulous
sores. It is said to prevent anthrax in cattle, being largely used for the purpose.
In olden days, Garlic was employed as a specific for leprosy. It was also believed
that it had most beneficial results in cases of smallpox, if cut small and applied to the
soles of the feet in a linen cloth, renewed daily.
It is stated that during an outbreak of infectious fever in certain poor quarters of
London, early last century, the French priests who constantly used Garlic in all their
dishes, visited the worst cases with impunity, whilst the English clergy caught the
infection, and in many instances fell victims to the disease.
Syrup of Garlic is an invaluable medicine for asthma, hoarseness, coughs,
difficulty of breathing, and most other disorders of the lungs, being of particular virtue in
chronic bronchitis, on account of its powers of promoting expectoration. It is made by
pouring a quart of water, boiled hot, upon a pound of the fresh root, cut into slices, and
allowed to stand in a closed vessel for twelve hours, sugar then being added to make it
of the consistency of syrup. Vinegar and honey greatly improve this syrup as a
medicine. A little caraway and sweet fennel seed bruised and boiled for a short time in
the vinegar before it is added to the Garlic, will cover the pungent smell of the latter.
A remedy for asthma, that was formerly most popular, is a syrup of Garlic, made
by boiling the bulbs till soft and adding an equal quantity of vinegar to the water in which
they have been boiled, and then sugared and boiled down to a syrup. The syrup is then
poured over the boiled bulbs, which have been allowed to dry meanwhile, and kept in a
jar. Each morning a bulb or two is to be taken, with a spoonful of the syrup.
The successful treatment of tubercular consumption by Garlic has been
recorded, the freshly expressed juice, diluted with equal quantities of water, or dilute
spirit of wine, being inhaled antiseptically.
Bruised and mixed with lard, it has been proved to relieve whooping-cough if
rubbed on the chest and between the shoulder-blades.
An infusion of the bruised bulbs, given before and after every meal, has been
considered of good effect in epilepsy.
A clove or two of Garlic, pounded with honey and taken two or three nights
successively, is good in rheumatism.
Garlic has also been employed with advantage in dropsy, removing the water
which may already have collected and preventing its future accumulation. It is stated
that some dropsies have been cured by it alone.
If sniffed into the nostrils, it will revive a hysterical sufferer. Amongst physiological
results, it is reported that Garlic makes the eye retina more sensitive and less able to
bear strong light.
The juice of Garlic and milk of Garlic made by boiling the bruised bulbs in milk is
used as a vermifuge.13
Crushed Garlic or cut clove crosswise was also used for insect bites by rubbing it
directly to the affected area.
Precautions:
Anticoagulant Use: Reports have suggested that Garlic may decrease platelet
aggregation and have antifibrinolytic activity; therefore, should be used with caution in
patients on anticoagulant therapy.
Induction of Cytochrome P450-34A: Concern for patients on cyclosporine and
protease inhibitors may increase the effects of hypoglycemic drugs. 14
Nepeta cataria is the botanical name of the plant more commonly known
as Catnip. Other common names include catmint, field balm, and true Catnip. Nepeta
cataria is part of the Lamiaceae (more commonly known as the mint) family of plants.
Besides being appealing to cats, members of the genus have been used by humans for
food, medicine, and psychoactive effect. It has long been known that living Nepeta
cataria plants are effective at repelling insects. 15
Botany:
This is a perennial wildflower about 1-4' tall that branches occasionally. The light
green stems are finely pubescent and 4-angled. The opposite leaves are up to 4" long
and 2" across. In shape, they are cordate with blunt tips or ovate with a cordate base.
Their margins have large crenate teeth. The upper surface of the leaves is canescent
(very finely pubescent) and a reticulated network of veins is clearly visible. The light
green petioles are about 1" long, finely pubescent, and 4-angled. The upper stems
terminate in dense whorls of flowers on spike-like racemes about 1-6" long. Each flower
is about 1/3" (8-9 mm.) long. The corolla is tubular, 2-lipped, and usually dull white; on
rare occasions, it is light blue-violet. The upper lip is small and consists of 2 rounded
lobes, while the lower lip is large and has 3 lobes. The middle lobe of the lower lip is the
largest with a frilly outer edge, while the 2 lateral lobes are much smaller. Usually the
lower lip of the corolla has small pink or purple dots. There are 4 stamens that are about
the same length as the upper lip, to which they are adjacent. The tubular calyx is light
green and finely pubescent. It has 15 nerves along its length and 5 triangular teeth. The
blooming period occurs during the summer or early fall, and lasts about 1-2 months.
The flowers don't have a noticeable fragrance, although the foliage has a pungent
aroma that resembles a combination of thyme and oregano. Each flower is replaced by
a seed capsule containing 4 ovoid nutlets. Each nutlet has a smooth curved surface that
is lacking in sharp angles. The root system produces abundant rhizomes. This plant
often produces clonal colonies from the rhizomes. 16
 http://www.stuartxchange.com/Kabling-parang.jpg
Constituents:
Sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes are abundant in the plant, and
nepetalactones and beta-caryophyllenes have been identified by various methods,
including gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Nepetalactones may possess the main cat-attractant activity, as well as being
structurally similar to the valeprotriates from valerian. The major constituents elucidated
from Catnip essential oil include geranyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, citronellol, geraniol,
cineol, pinene, and humulene. Other compounds include camphor, thymol, carvacrol,
nerol, nepetaside, tannins, iridoids, and numerous other components. 17 
Properties:
The herb has a camphor-like scent and is bitter, astringent and cooling, relaxing
spasm, increasing perspiration and is carminative and sedative. It contains a volatile oil
which is high in nepetalactone as well as nepetalic acid, epinepetalactone,
caryophyllene, citral, citronellol, linonen and camphor. The nepetalactone and related
compunds are the ingredients that have the calming effect on humans and are used to
induced sleep.18
Uses:
Nepeta cataria is diaphoretic and carminative in warm infusion; tonic when cold.
It is also antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and diuretic. In warm infusion it is used
in febrile diseases as a diaphoretic, and to promote the action of other diaphoretics, as
well as to allay spasmodic action and produce sleep; it is also given as a carminative
and antispasmodic in the flatulent colic of children; and as an emmenagogue or uterine
tonic, it has proved decidedly beneficial in amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea, and has
likewise been successfully employed in nervous headache, hysteria, and nervous
irritability. The leaves are reputed beneficial in toothache, when masticated and applied
to the decayed tooth. A warm infusion of saffron and Catnip is a very popular and
beneficial remedy in colds, febrile and exanthematous diseases to which infants and
young children are subject. The infusion is very efficient in allaying
the irritability and nervousness of dyspeptics. A fluid extract of Catnip, valerian, and
skullcap forms an excellent agent for the cure of nervous headache, restlessness, and
many other nervous symptoms. The expressed juice of the herb, given in doses of a
tablespoonful 2 or 3 times a day, is decidedly a superior remedy in  amenorrhoea, often
restoring the menstrual secretion after other means have failed. The leaves are
frequently used in fomentation as a local application to painful and inflammatory
affections. Of the dried leaves in powder, 2 drachms may be given for a dose in some
liquid, as cold or warm water; the infusion (1 ounce of the recently dried herb to 1 pint of
boiling water) may be drunk warm as freely as the stomach will permit. Specific Nepeta
cataria, 2 to 60 drops.19
Toxicity:
Although there are no known side effects or health hazards associated with
recommended dosages of Catnip preparations, pregnant women, women who
breastfeed and individuals with chronic medical conditions should consult with their
healthcare professional before taking Catnip or any other herb. 20
Excessive use of the herb may produce stupor and convulsions in domestic
house cats, if they are over exposed. So even if your cat loves a bit of Catnip- keep the
amount they get well controlled.21
An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects. They include ovicides
and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects respectively. Insecticides are
used in agriculture, medicine, industry, and general home use. The use of insecticides
is believed to be one of the major factors behind the increase in agricultural productivity
in the 20th century.22Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter
ecosystems; many are toxic to humans; and others are concentrated in the food chain.
The classification of insecticides is done in several different ways:
 Systemic insecticides are incorporated by treated plants. Insects ingest the
insecticide while feeding on the plants.
 Contact insecticides are toxic to insects brought into direct contact. Efficacy is
often related to the quality of pesticide application, with small droplets (such
as aerosols) often improving performance.23
 Natural insecticides, such as nicotine, pyrethrum and neem extracts are made by
plants as defenses against insects. Nicotine-based insecticides are still being widely
used in the US and Canada though they are barred in the EU. 24
 Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) are insecticidal substances produced by
plants after genetic modification.25 For instance; a gene that codes for a
specific Baccilus thuringiensisbiocidal protein is introduced into a crop plant's
genetic material. Then, the plant manufactures the protein. Since the biocide is
incorporated into the plant, additional applications, at least of the same compound,
are not required.
 Inorganic insecticides are manufactured with metals and
include arsenates, copper compounds and fluorine compounds, which are now
seldom used, and sulfur, which is commonly used.
 Organic insecticides are synthetic chemicals which comprise the largest numbers
of pesticides available for use today.
 Mode of action—how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest—is another way of
classifying insecticides. Mode of action is important in predicting whether an
insecticide will be toxic to unrelated species, such as fish, birds and mammals.
Insecticides are available in many different forms. These include wettable and
dustable powders, sprays, gasses, granules, oil solutions, emulsifiable concentrates,
seed dressings, oil-based liquid sprays, fogging concentrate, ultra-low volume (ULV)
liquid and ultra-low volume sprays.
Insects killed by insecticides are ants, cockroaches, mosquitoes, flies, lice,
moths, beetles, fleas, wasps, silverfish, ticks, snails, slugs, aphids, spider mites,
caterpillars, thrips, white flies, parasitic worm infections, moths, beetles and other pests.
It also is important to note that some insecticides are harmful to other animals such as
bees, which are beneficial to the ecosystem.
 Insecticides are used in home gardens, farms, greenhouses, households,
buildings, industrial plants, warehouses and food storage sites. Insecticides are used on
a wide variety of crops such as rice, fruit trees, sugarcane, corn, tobacco and potatoes
and on horticultural plants. Insecticides also sometimes are used to control termites. 26
A pest is "a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as
agriculture or livestock production)"; 27alternative meanings include organisms that cause
nuisance and epidemic disease associated with high mortality. In its broadest sense, a
pest is a competitorof humanity.28 'Pest' is a generic word for other terms such as: insect
pests (of agriculture or human disease vectors), vermin, weeds and plant pathogens.
Often animals are derided as pests as they cause damage to agriculture by
feeding on crops or parasitizing livestock, such as codling moth on apples, or boll
weevil on cotton. An animal could also be a pest when it causes damage to a
wild ecosystem or carries germs within human habitats. Examples of these include
those organisms which vector human disease, such as rats and fleas which carry
the plague disease, mosquitoes which vector malaria, and ticks which carry Lyme
disease.29
Cockroaches are known carriers of serious diseases, such as, salmonella,
dysentery, gastroenteritis and other stomach complaint organisms. They adulterate food
and spread pathogenic organisms with their feces and defensive secretions. Cockroach
pests and their eggs are spread throughout the community in food and other packaging.
Although sanitation and hygiene are important deterrents, even the cleanest homes
become infested with cockroaches due to minute deposits of grease, sugar and other
food deposits in difficult to get at places, such as, in drains, behind refrigerators and
dishwashers, inside cracks and crevices in kitchen cupboards. Cockroaches are
omnivorous by nature so they will eat almost any organic matter no matter how rancid.
Once inside the home, they will seek out food scraps, unsealed food containers, sugar
and grease deposits, pet food, rancid meat, glue and even book bindings. If left
unchecked a cockroach infestation can rapidly expand its numbers in a few weeks or
months to become major risk to health and safety.
 There are several cockroach pest species that infest domestic and commercial
premises. The identification of each species is necessary to best determine likely
harborage areas and an effective pest control program.

German cockroach (Blatella germanica)

The body of an adult German cockroach is about 1/2 inch in length, beige to light
brown in color, with two dark stripes on back of head. It is the most widely transported
insect pest in the world. Infestations even occur in Alaska, in larger installations with
central heating or around machinery that produces heat. In warmer climates, it is
commonly found in homes, apartments, restaurants, food processing plants,
supermarkets and warehouses. Their eggs arrive in food containers, cartons, fridges,
stoves and other appliances or materials brought into a building. German cockroach are
unable to survive in locations away from humans or human activity. German cockroach
infestations usually occur in bathrooms and kitchens. They like to hide-out during the
day in tight secure places. Their daytime harborage areas are usually near a food and
moisture source, such as, inside wall cavities, behind baseboards, cracks and crevices
in pantry, kitchen and bathroom cupboards and under electrical, heating and cooking
appliances. The German cockroach is the most prolific breeder among all cockroaches.
The normal life span of a female German cockroach is up to six months. She carries an
egg capsule containing 30 to 40 eggs. Development from egg to adult can occur in 45
days, during which they molt 6 times. The German cockroach will breed rapidly
throughout the year, but favors a humid environment of around 80F or warmer. A small
initial infestation can become a major problem in a few months.
 American cockroach (Periplaneta Americana)
The American cockroach is largest of the cockroach pest species. The body of
an adult American cockroach or "water bug" is 1.5 to 2 inches in length, reddish brown
in color with a yellowish band behind the head. Their preferred daytime habitat locations
include the sub-floor, basement, in sewers and other warm, dark, moist locations. They
avoid cold areas but will thrive outdoors in temperatures above 80F. Indoors they often
congregate around hot water pipes, fridge motors, boilers and other heating appliances.
The American cockroach will feed on a wide variety of plant and animal material.
The female life span up to 1.5 years; incubation period of eggs 6 to 8 weeks; in ideal
conditions they quickly reach plague proportions.

Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis)

The body of an adult oriental cockroach is about 1 inch in length, dark brown to
black in color. Most often found in dark basements or cellars, but can also climb
garbage chutes, sewer and water pipes to the upper floors in high-rise buildings.
Oriental cockroaches prefer to feed on starchy foods. The female lives up to 2 years;
deposits up to 18 egg-sacs in lifetime; each egg sac contains 16 eggs; incubation period
is 1 to 2 months; development period is 12 months, undergoing 7 molts. An infestation
will rapidly expand in ideal conditions, particularly during the warm summer months with
temperatures regularly above 80oF.

Australian cockroach (Periplaneta
The Australian cockroach is reddish brown and looks similar to American
cockroach but is smaller at 1.25 inches (35mm) in body length. The Australian
cockroach has yellow strips on the outer edge of the front wings. This worldwide specie
prefers a vegetarian diet. It is known to eat holes in clothing and even book covers.
These cockroaches are generally prevalent in areas where winters are relatively mild.
However, in colder climates they are prevalent in greenhouses and near large heating
apparatus, air-conditioners or other equipment emitting heat constantly. They are
opportunistic fliers and will infest anywhere adequate heat, humidity and food supply is
available. Prime areas of interest are often pet food bowls and food waste storage
areas. The female cockroach lives up to 6 months; incubation period of eggs 40 days.
An infestation can rapidly expand in ideal conditions, particularly during the warmer
climates when temperatures are regularly above 80F. Chronic household infestations
usually emanate from the roof void, attic or sub-floor areas of the building. 30

Related Studies International

In 2006, Schultz, Peterson and Coats, in their on Natural Insect Repellents:
Activity against Mosquitoes and Cockroaches in Iowa, United States of America
research found out that extracts from the Catnip plant (Nepeta cataria) and the Osage
orange (Madura pomifera) fruit have repellent properties. Their research contains the
result on German cockroach (Blattella germanica), and house fly (Musca domestica)
contact irritancy to Catnip essential oil, and its major components, Z,E-nepetalactone
and E,Z-nepetalactone, compared with the commercial standard, N,Ndiethyl-m-
toluamide (DEET). Both species showed high percentage repellency values when
exposed to filter paper treated with Catnip essential oil or the individual nepetalactone
isomers. Of the two nepetalactone isomers evaluated, German cockroaches were most
responsive to the E,Z isomer. House flies showed similar trends in contact irritancy,
responding to surfaces treated with the predominant Catnip isomer, Z,E-nepetalactone,
more intensely than to the Catnip essential oil. Catnip and Osage orange essential oils,
and a sesquiterpene found in Osage orange, elemol, were evaluated for repellency to
the northern house mosquito (Culex pipiens) and are presented here. Two mosquito
bioassays were used to measure percentage and contact repellecy. Mosquitoes
responded initially with high percentage repellency to surfaces treated with Catnip
essential oil. From the residual repellency study, this trend in repellency by the Catnip
oil significantly decreased over the 180-minute test period. Elemol, and DEET initially
had lower percentage repellency values than Catnip essential oil, but did not show the
negative relationship between percentage repellency and time, retaining excellent
repellency throughout the 3-hour bioassay. Solutions with elemol and DEET exhibited
greater significance in contact repellency compared to Catnip essential oil. These
results show that Catnip essential oil is a potent mosquito repellent, but does not
provide the same residual effects as the commercial standard, DEET, Elemol, a
sesquiterpene extracted from the fruit of the Osage orange, shows excellent promise as
a mosquito repellent with comparable activity to DEET in contact and residual
repellency.31
Schultz, Peterson and Coats study is related to the present study because the
latter has the same plant that is being used. Both study used cockroach as the test
organism but not the same specie (Blatella germanica) compared to this study
(Periplaneta americana).
Nazli, Akhter, Ambreen, Solangi, and Sultana (2008) conducted a study on the
Insecticidal, Nematicidal and Antibacterial Activities of Gliricidia sepium inKarachi,
Pakistan. They found out that the Ethanolic extract of Gliciridia sepium has nematicidal
and antibacterial property. Nematicidal property of extract was observed in different
concentration against Meloidogyne incognita nematode showing 60% mortality.
Mosquito’s repellent activity has been studied against Aedes aegypti, the maximum
repellency was 78% compared with the citronella oil, the repellency was 74%. Using
well diffusion method the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract against E.coli,
S.aureus, Pseudomonas spp., S.typhi, Klebsillia spp., showed the best result against
Escherichea coli.32
Nazli, Akhter, Ambreen, Solangi, and Sultana study is also related to the present
study because it also uses the same plant. Both study aims to terminate the pests.
In 2010, Denloye in his study on Bioactivity of Powder and Extracts from
Garlic, Allium sativum Linn (Alliaceae) and Spring Onion, Allium fistulosum L.
(Alliaceae) against Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on
Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp (Leguminosae) seeds in Lagos, Nigeria focused
their research on by investigating bioactivity of powders, extracts, and essential oils
from Allium sativum L. (Alliaceae) and A. fistulosum L. (Liliaceae) against adults, eggs,
and larvae of Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). They found out on
the basis of 48 hr median lethal toxicity (L C5 0), test plant powders and extracts from A.
sativum were more toxic to C. maculatus adults than those from A. fistulosum. The 48 
hr L C5 0 values for the powder against the test insect species were 9.66 g/kg and
26.29 g/kg for A. sativum and A. fistulosum, respectively. Also the 48 hr L C5 0 values
obtained show that aqueous extracts of the test plant species, 0.11 g/L (A. sativum) and
0.411 g/L (A. fistulosum) were more toxic to C. maculatus than the corresponding
ethanol extracts. There was no significant difference in the toxicity of vapours from the
two test plant species against C. maculatus, although A. sativum gave lower values.
The study shows that A. sativum and A. fistulosum have potentials for protecting stored
cowpea from damage by C. maculatus.33

Denloye study is also related to the present study because it also uses the same
plant.
Hincapié, López, and Torres (2008) conducted a study on Comparison and
characterization of Garlic (Allium sativum Linn) Bulbs extracts and their effect on
mortality and repellency of Tetranychus urticae koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Chile.
The Allium sativum extract were obtained using as solvents CO 2in supercritical
conditions (CSC), ethanol and petroleum ether using soxhlet and soaking methods and
soaking in water. The supercritical fluid extraction technique allows for obtaining
extracts at low temperature using high pressures, avoiding compound degradation and
making possible solvent separation by exposing the extract at room temperature. Mites
were bred on bean plants (Phaseolusvulgaris  L.) in a laboratory environment in
Laureles Campus, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia. Mortality was
evaluated putting 10 mites in P. vulgaris 3 cm diameter leaf discs previously submersed
in the extract. The lowest mean lethal concentrations (LC 50) were obtained with the CSC
method (8.1188, 5.4105, 2.8206 mg g -1 at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively). Extracts were
characterized using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), finding vinyl
dithiins (63.11%), diallyl disulfide (10.88%) and diallyl trisulfide (10.4%) as the main
compounds in the CSC extract. The main conclusion is that, in comparison with other
techniques of extraction from Garlic bulbs used in this study, supercritical fluids allow for
obtaining extracts with a higher concentration of biologically active compounds
against T. urticae.34
Hincapié, López, and Torres study is also related to the present study because it
also uses the same plant. Both study use the same process of extraction which is
soxhlet extraction. Another similarity of this study is that it also aims to terminate the
pests.
In 2010, Kalu, Ofoegbu, Eroegbusi, Nwachukwu and Ibeh, in their study on the
Larvicidal activities of ethanol extract of Allium sativum (Garlic bulb) against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus in Nigeria found out that Garlic exhibited significant
activity and could be considered as potent natural larvicidal agent. The Ethanol extract
of Allium sativum (Garlic bulb) was evaluated for larvicidal activities against the filarial
mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h
treatment. The LC50 values calculated for the second, third and fourth larval instars were
144.54 ± 2.3, 165.70 ± 1.2 and 184.18 ± 0.8 ppm respectively. 35
Kalu, Ofoegbu, Eroegbusi, Nwachukwu and Ibeh study is also related to the
present study because it also use the same plant.
Related Studies Local
Lao (2011) conducted a study on the efficacy of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate) decoction
on the treatment of scabies among selected residents of Titay in Zamboanga Sibugay.
He found out that the application of Kakawate reveals a significant efficacy after using it
for 4 weeks. The pre-treatment and the post-treatment scores after 1 week shows a
decreasing the number of scabies with p value of 0.000. However, the increased on the
number of scabies lesions were noted after two (2) weeks and four (4) weeks is also
significant with a p value of 0.000. Hence, the decrease of scabies lesion after one (1)
week reveals that this decoction has an anti- inflammatory property which cannot be
ruled-out.36
Lao study is also related to the present study because it also uses the same
plant. Both study aims to protect the environment and also the health of the people.
In 2000, Rabena conducted a study on the Isolation, characterization,
identification and antimicrobial assay of the active components of Kakawate (Gliricidia
sepium) leaves in Los Baños, Laguna. In his study, he isolated the active component of
the Kakawate leaves and made it a suitable pesticide. Kakawate leaves are macerated
and soaked overnight. Using petroleum ether as solvent, percentage recovery yielded
5.35% of the total fresh weight. Findings showed that column chromatography of crude
petroleum ether extract yielded two pure compounds, MWF1 and PEF2. While MWF1
was not effective in killing termites, PEF proved to be 100% effective. Bioassay of pure
PEF2 compound at 0.02 g/mL caused 95% termite mortality 4 hours after feeding and
100% mortality after 8 hours. Further tests confirmed that PEF2 is cyclic ester, a lactone
named coumarin, with the structure - C9H6O2. Coumarins isolated from Kakawate
leaves using petroleum ether show bioactivity. Coumarins inhibited the growth of fungus
Tricophyton mentagrophytes. The cost of extracting Coumarins from Kakawate is
P31.10/g. This was actually more expensive than synthesizing the compound in the
laboratory which only costs P24.50/gram. 37
In 2007, Gacusan conducted a study on the Antibacterial activity of Kakawate
[Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.] leaves against wound pathogens in Muñoz, Nueva
Ecija. His study showed that Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. could be potential sources
of new antimicrobial agents. The ethanol extract of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. was
active against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococci B hemolytic and did not show
antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The
antimicrobial activity of the Kakawate extract is not comparable with that of the
antimicrobial activity of the chloramhenicol. This in vitro study substantiated the
antimicrobial activity of Kakawate plants used in folkloric medicine. The plant extract
was effective against the two grain positive bacteria. However, they were ineffective
against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their medicinal use in
infections associated with these two species is not recommended. The antibacterial
activity of the plant extract is not as good as that of the positive control. 38
Cadag, and Mateo (1995) conducted a Preliminary screening on the efficacy of
Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) and alagaw (Prema odorata) against poultry lice
(Gonoides dissimilis) in Sorsogon, Philippines. Their study used the coumaphos
(Asuntol) as drug reference and as expected it had a 100 percent officacy in controlling
chicken lice. The alagaw extract (Treatment 1) gave a promising response compared to
the other preparations. The response to the Kakawate extract (Treatment 3) although
lower in efficacy compared to the alagaw extract, the difference may not be significant.
The powder form of application of both medicinal plants was not as effective as the
decoction applied as spray. Based on their preliminary screening, it could be concluded
that both alagaw and Kakawate exhibited some promise as potential insecticide for
poultry. However, further trials, using a larger population of experimental animals should
be conducted to establish the efficacy of both medicinal plants against poultry lice. 39
In 2011, Garcia conducted a comparative study on the antifungal effects of
tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and Garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on banana
anthracnose in Laguna. Her study was conducted to investigate and compare the
antifungal activity of tam tamarind and Garlic extracts against anthracnose in bananas.
Using the 100mg: 1 L ratio, extracts of the plants were prepared as T1 – tamarind and
T2 – Garlic while T3 – commercial pesticide, and T0- no treatment served as the
controls. After inoculation with Colletotrichum sp. spores, five (5) banana samples were
dipped in all the treatments and were observed for nine (9) days. Statistics revealed that
VQR, Firmness, DDI, degree of shrivelling, aroma, off-odor, incidence of disease,
marketability, color index, off-flavor, and sweetness are significantly different. T2 was
found to be the best treatment, even better than T3 and much better than T1. For the
peel quality and pulp quality ratings, T2 was comparable to T3 in terms of off-odor and
color index, while the rest of the parameters showed that T2 was still the best treatment.
After the nine days of treatment, the anthracnose which started to develop on the third
day was least in T2 next in T3 and T1 while T0 showed the highest incidence of the
disease. Generally, for all the tests used, the samples treated with T2 were the best,
followed by T3 and T1. Likewise, T2 had the best quality banana samples. Based on
these results, it can be concluded that the treatment with Garlic (T2) is better than the
treatment with tamarind (T1) in preventing anthracnose in bananas. Moreover, T2 was
found to be comparable or even better than the commercial fungicide (T3). In terms of
cost and a negative effect on the environment, these plant extracts may be used by
farmers as substitute to commercial fungicides in the natural prevention of the
postharvest diseases of bananas. However, it is recommended that a study on the
specific concentrations of Garlic and tamarind which are best for treating the disease be
made as well as considering naturally occurring diseases of bananas. 40
The study conducted by Rabena, Gacusan, Cadag & Mateo, and Garcia were
also related to the present study because it also use the same plant.
Synthesis of the State-of-the-art
The above mentioned related literature and studies indeed provided meaning in
making the present study significant for it added background knowledge and serves as
the basis of the study.
Furthermore, these related literatures and studies served as a guide in the
present study, which provided considerations in the data collection, analysis and
interpretation of findings.
Gaps Bridged by the Study
In the literatures reviewed there were no study conducted to use Gliridia Sepium
(Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves
extraction as a cockroach insecticide. This study was a pioneering attempt to use the
extracted Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta
cataria (Catnip) as an insecticide to cockroaches. The gender of the test organism was
disregarded.
The aforementioned synthesis gives a clearer view that this study would
eventually test the effectivity of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn.
(Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as pesticide.
Though different ornamental plants have identified to control insect pests, only
few plants have been found out as a potential pesticide.
Thus, the researchers were encouraged such experiment because Gliricidia
sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) plants
were easily found within the locality. Positive outcome would be benefited by the people
to use the plant at lower or no cost at all.
Theoretical Framework
This study adapts Leininger’s Sunrise model: Cultural Care Diversity and
Universality Theory. Providing culturally congruent care was the primary goal of this
care theory. Folk beliefs are co-existent and inseparable from religion and both are
responsible in molding the personality and character of their respective community
believers. Folk beliefs are ancient and like the Philippines, we are still in grip of the
traditional culture. Many of these old beliefs still prevail in the thinking of the rural folk no
matter whether we argue that they become modern in orientation and outlook.
Change agents could sufficiently introduce innovations if they knew the
folkways and mores which control the philosophical, ethical, religious and political
systems including the tradition and custom of the people. Nurses must work towards
explications of care use and meanings so culture, care, values, beliefs and literature
can provide accurately reliable basis for planning effectively implementing culture-
specific care to identify any universal or common features about care. Indeed, this
theory emphasizes the importance of discovery of generic (folk, local, indigenous) care
from the cultures and comparing it with professional care.
Leininger states that care is the essence of nursing and the dominant,
distinctive and unifying feature of nursing. She emphasizes that human caring, although
a universal phenomenon varies among the culture it its expression, culture, process and
patterns; it is largely culturally derived. Leininger’s model depicts that health and care
 Culture Care worldview

Cultural and Social Structure dimensions

are influenced by elements of the social structure such as technology, religious and
philosophical factors, kinship and social systems. These social factors are addressed
within environmental contexts, Cultural
language expressions,
values and ethno history. The Sunrise
and lifeways
model presents three intervention modes- Culture care preservation and maintenance;
Environmental
culture care accommodation, negotiation context
or both; and culture care restructuring and
Language and EthnoHistory
repatterning.

Economic factors Educational Factors

Care Expressions, Patterns and Practice

Holistic Health (well-being)

Leininger’s Sunrise model:

Cultural care Diversity and Universality Theory

Conceptual Framework
Directed by the theory of Transcultural and the problems of the study, conceptual
framework was established. With the new studies nowadays, researchers were
becoming cognizant in the importance of available resources within our locality in order
to maintain health to prevent cure, illnesses and rehabilitation of life of the people.
Herbal medicines had long relied on animal studies to establish the science of its
treatment modalities. Philippine alternative medicine provided another contrast herbs,
long established in the folklore of healing has found new interest in its application to
animal health with ongoing ethno veterinary studies and projects on livestock and small
animals. People have utilized the medicinal value of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate),
Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) plants for years as herbal
plant. Aside from the above findings, the researchers found out the effectiveness of
Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria
(Catnip) leaves extract as a pesticide through the abomination of cockroaches and roof
rats, varied concentration and its toxicity.
The study used fresh leaves that were manually collected. The leaves were
washed by distilled water. By the use of Soxhlet apparatus we were able to extract
mainly the content of the leaves. The extracts were placed on a sterile bottle. Fresh
extracts were prepared throughout the period of experiment to ensure consistency of
the treatments. The evaluation was done by knowing the chemical components and the
certain concentration of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang)
and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) that has a higher effectivity level on the cockroaches. The
extracts with different concentrations were divided into four treatments. With this, the
effectiveness of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and
Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves extract was evaluated as a potential insecticide for
cockroach.
 Comparison of effects of the Gliricidia
Sepium, Allium sativum Linn. and
Nepeta cataria leaf extracts in cockroach.

Difference between the effects of

Gliricidia Sepium, Allium sativum Linn. and
Nepeta cataria leaf extracts in cockroach.

Potential insecticidal activity of

Gliricidia Sepium, Allium sativum Linn.
and Nepeta cataria leaf extracts
against Periplaneta Americana.

Conceptual Paradigm
Definition of Terms
Bawang- a low herb, 30 to 60 cm high. Bulbs are broadly ovoid, 2 to 4 cm in diameter,
consisting of several, densely crowded, angular and truncated tubers. Leaves are linear
and flat. Umbels are globose, many flowered. Sepas are oblong, greenish white, slightly
tinged with purple.41
Catnip- is a herbaceous perennial, growing 2–3 feet (61–91 cm) tall and wide. It
resembles mint in appearance, but with grey-green foliage. The coarse-toothed leaves
are triangular to ovate. The small two-lipped flowers are white and finely spotted with
pale purple. They are showy and fragrant. The plant blooms from late spring through
autumn.42
Cockroaches -are insects of the order Blattaria or Blattodea, of which about 30 species
out of 4,500 totals are associated with human habitats. About four species are well
known as pests.43
Ethanolic extract- A substance is extracted from a raw material oten using a solvent
such as ethanol.
Extract -is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material, often by using
a solvent such as ethanol or water. Extracts may be sold as tinctures or in powder
form.44
Gliridia Sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria
(Catnip) extract- it is a juice obtain through the the use of Soxhlet apparatus using
Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria
(Catnip) leaves.
Insecticides-are substances or mixture of substances intended for preventing,
destroying, repelling or mitigating any insect or pest.
Kakawate- is a smooth, deciduous tree, 3 to 10 meters high. Leaves are 15 to 25
centimeters long with 13 leaflets which are opposite, oblong-ovate, 4 to 6 centimeters
long, with a pointed tip and rounded base. Racemes are numerous on leafless
branches, containing many flowers. Flowers are pink, 2 centimeters long, with a
truncate calyx. The standard is reflexed and pale-yellow in the median part. The pods
are narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 10 to 14 centimeters long, about 2 centimeters
wide, containing 6 to 8 seeds.45
Potential Activity- The inherent ability or capacity for growth and development of an
effective concentration of a substance in a chemical system.
Pest- is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or
livestock production) alternative meanings include organisms that cause nuisance and
epidemic disease associated with high mortality. 46
Notes:
1. http://www.neda.gov.ph/knowledge-emporium/details.asp?DataID=549
2. http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e07.htm
3. http://www.agripinoy.net/medicinal-plantKakawate-cacao-gliricidia-sepium.html
4. http://www.stuartxchange.com/Kakawati.html
5. http://www.agripinoy.net/medicinal-plantKakawate-cacao-gliricidia-sepium.html
6 ^ a b c d e f g h Block, E. (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the
Science. Royal Society of Chemistry.ISBN 0-85404-190-7.
7 ^ a b c d "AllergyNet — Allergy Advisor Find". Allallergy.net. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
8 ^ Ensminger, AH (1994). Foods & nutrition encyclopedia, Volume 1. CRC Press,
1994. ISBN 0-8493-8980-1. p. 750
9 ^ a b Simonetti, G. (1990). Schuler, S.. ed. Simon & Schuster's Guide to Herbs
and Spices. Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-73489-X.
10 http://www.Garlic-source.com/
11 http://www.herballegacy.com/Motteshard_Chemical.html
12 http://www.stuartxchange.com/Bawang.html
13 http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/g/Garlic06.html
14 http://www.stuartxchange.com/Bawang.html
15 http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=116265#ixzz2MLy38LnU

16 http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/Catnip.htm
17 http://www.drugs.com/npp/Catnip.html#ref2
18 http://www.ageless.co.za/herb-catmint.htm
19 http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/nepeta.html
20 http://naturalspedia.com/herbsremedies/Catnip/toxicity.htm
21 http://www.ageless.co.za/herb-catmint.htm
22 ^ a b "Nepeta cataria information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved
2008-04-07.
23 ^ a b c d Missouri Botanical Garden: Nepeta cataria(Catmint) . accessed 1.10.2013

24 ^ "DIY Kitty Crack: ultra-potent Catnip extract".Instructables. June 3, 2007.

Retrieved February 14, 2009.
25 ^ a b Kingsley, Danny (September 3, 2001). "Catnip sends mozzies flying". ABC
Science Online. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
26  http://www.ehow.com/about_5581590_insecticide_.html#ixzz2MM7adEaJ

27 ^ Mirriam-Webster dictionary, accessed 22 August 2012.

28 ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453421/pest

29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism)

30 http://www.termite.com/cockroach-pest-control.html
31 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2006-0927.ch013
32 http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/40(6)/PJB40(6)2625.pdf
33 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2010/958348/
34 http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?cj08033
35 http://www.academicjournals.org/jmpr/abstracts/abstracts/abstracts2010/18Mar/K
alu%20et%20al.htm
36 http://som.adzu.edu.ph/research/abstract.php?id=410
37 http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?
f=2001/PH/PH01003.xml;PH2001100554
38 http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=2008%2FPH
%2FPH0810.xml%3BPH2008C00039
39 http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=1997%2FPH
%2FPH97001.xml%3BPH9710921
40 ^Garcia, L. 2011. A comparative study on the antifungal effects of tamarind
(Tamarindus indica) and Garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on banana
anthracnose. Journal of Nature Studies. 10 (2): 96-107
41 http://www.stuartxchange.com/Bawang.html

42 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepeta_cataria
43 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockroach
44 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extract
45 http://www.stuartxchange.com/Kakawati.html
46 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism)
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presented the different steps used in the study. This includes the
research design, collection and extraction of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium
sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves, preparation of
cockroaches, and administration of the extracted solution, data gathering procedure and
the statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
Experimental Design was used in the study, specifically a Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). This experimental design used a group of test animals as
substance of the study which were studied once but subsequent treatment applied were
replicated to determine the course of change. The experimental setup was prepared in
the house of the researcher. The substance in the study had undergone random
process.
The laboratory conditions were controlled to unsure homogenous experiment
through the use of cockroach as an experimental insect. Test insects were randomly
selected with identical sizes. Five treatments were used in the study with concentration
in dilution as the focus to the effectivity of the leaf extract as an insecticide for
cockroaches.
Treatments will be made as:
Treatment 0- No treatment
Treatment 1- 25% of Kakawate, 50% Bawang and 25% Catnip leaf extract plus
75 ml distilled water
Treatment 2- 50% of Kakawate, 25% of Bawang and 25% of Catnip leaf extract
plus 50 ml of distilled water
Treatment 3- 25% of Kakawate, 25% of Bawang and 50% of Catnip leaf extract
plus 50 ml of distilled water
Treatment 4- Baygon
Preparation of Gliricidia sepium , Allium sativum Linn. and Nepeta cataria Leaf
extract
 Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria
(Catnip) leaves that were used in the study were collected manually and locally in the
morning at 8:00 am. Fresh and mature Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum
Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves were gathered and were removed
from the different stems. The leaves were checked with some parasites or worm
stepping on it. Dirt and other extraneous material were thoroughly removed first by
washing it with distilled water. These extracts were obtained by using a Soxhlet
apparatus. Then, the extract was transferred into a sterile bottle. Fresh extract were
prepared throughout the period of experiment to ensure homogeneity of the treatments.
Preparation of the Test Organism
Cockroaches with any age were used as the test pests in the study and with the
same sizes produced. The sex of the organisms is not used as a preference in selecting
these pests. Fifty cockroaches were randomly treated with the treatments. The test
organisms were housed in a aquarium-like container for cockroaches. Then, the
organisms were divided into five groups, so, each cage was consisting of ten pests.
Moreover the aquarium-like container was cleaned to maintained sanitation. After
assortment they were randomly allotted to different treatment group.

Table 1. Experimental Layout

R1 R2 R3
T0 T0R1 T0R2 T0R3
T1 T1R1 T1R2 T1R3
T2 T2R1 T2R2 T2R3
T3 T3R1 T3R2 T3R3
T4 T4R1 T4R2 T4R4

Administration of Treatment
The prepared extract of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn.
(Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) would be used in 50 cockroaches. Different
concentrations of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and
Nepeta cataria (Catnip) were sprayed by means of sprayer. Time interval from the start
of spraying until the death of the test animal was recorded. Other reaction of the test
organism to the sprayed solution was also recorded. The calibration was made by
spraying first the distilled water for testing, the next was the different concentration of
Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria
(Catnip) extract into medicine glass then measured it through a medicine dropper, in
order to be sure that you have a constant volume every spray. Each spray is equivalent
to 1ml extract.
Statistical Treatment Analysis
To analyse and interpret the data gathered, suitable statistically tools namely.
1. The mean
2. Analysis of variant (ANOVA)
3. And Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
The means, the time the cockroach and the rats died to different extract into
different treatment were treated through the mean technique after it were quantified.
The formula was:
M=∑ X/N
Where: M = mean
∑ = Summation
X = time the cockroach and/or rats died
N = total number of observation
The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), this statistical tool was used to determine
whether the sample mean treated vary from the grand mean which was expected due to
varying single cases from the sample.
1. Group the data and the sample block total, treatment total, and the treatment
means.
2. Outline the analysis of variance
3. Determine the degree of freedom of difference (df) from each other source of
variation
Total of = Total number of observation
Error of = total of- treatment of
4. Using X’s to designate the individual measurement for each plot, as the
number of replication, calculate the sum of squares (ss) as follows:
 Correction Factors (CF) = grand total
Total number of observation = ∑ x2
Rt
Total ss = Ex2 - c.f.

Treatment MS = Treatment ss
T (r-1)
Error MS = Error ss
T (r-1)

DMRT. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was a test intended to guide groupings means
that were not significantly different among them. It belongs to the several class of
multiple comparison procedure to use range statistics and to compare set of means.
This procedure based in the comparison of the range subset of the sample means with
a calculated least significant range. This least significant range increases with the
number of sample means in the subset.
All the data was analysed using ANOVA to determine the difference among the
test concentrations. DMRT was used in comparing treatment means.