4 Electromagnetism
4 Electromagnetism
4 Electromagnetism
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Electromagnetism
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134
Learning Standards and List
of Formulae in Chapter 4
Information Portal
The drop tower is a high technology theme park equipment
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based on the concept of electromagnetic induction. The
passengers on the drop tower will drop from a great height
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and experience free fall at high speed. They are then slowed
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down by an arrangement of permanent magnets fixed under
their seats and copper strips on the lower section of the drop
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tower. The motion of the permanent magnet passing the
copper strips will activate electromagnetic braking. This can
http://bit.ly/ be explained by the concept of electromagnetic induction.
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31oQxJK
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Importance of IK the Chapter
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Knowledge about electromagnetism is important because
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Futuristic Lens
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135
4.1 Force on a Current-carrying Conductor in a
Magnetic Field
Do you know that an electric train as shown in Photograph 4.1 uses a large electric motor while
a smart phone uses a small motor? The function of most electric motors is based on the effect of
a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
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SCAN ME
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EduwebTV:
Force on a
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current-carrying
conductor
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http://bit.ly/3glVNBT
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Photograph 4.1 Electric train IK
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Activity 4.1
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Apparatus: Low voltage direct current power supply, U-shaped steel yoke, a pair of Magnadur
magnets and retort stand
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Materials: Two copper rods without insulation and copper wire (s.w.g. 20 or thicker)
without insulation
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Instructions:
1. Set up the arrangement of apparatus as shown in Figure 4.1.
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clamp magnet
Copper rod
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136 LS 4.1.1
CHAPTER 4
2. Turn on the power supply so that current flows into the copper wire. Observe the movement of
Electromagnetism
the copper wire.
3. Turn off the power supply. Reverse the connections to the power supply so that the current in
the copper wire is reversed.
4. Turn on the power supply again. Observe the movement of copper wire.
5. Turn off the power supply. Remove the steel yoke, reverse the poles of the Magnadur magnets
and put back the steel yoke.
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6. Turn on the power supply and observe the movement of copper wire.
Discussion:
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1. Describe the motion of the copper wire when the power supply is turned on.
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2. What is the effect on the copper wire when:
(a) the direction of the current is reversed?
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(b) the poles of the magnet are reversed?
3. State two factors that affect the direction of the force acting on the current-carrying conductor.
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When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic SCAN ME
field, the conductor will experience a force. The direction of the
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force depends on the direction of the current and the direction
of the magnetic field.
Video on formation
of force
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http://bit.ly/3jajz5s
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Magnet
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AC + DC –
SCAN ME
Magnet Effect on a current-
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carrying conductor
in a magnetic field
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https://bit.ly/2Qhj2T6
Figure 4.2 Current-carrying conductor placed between two magnets
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3. Scan the QR code and print the worksheet.
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4. Based on the computer simulation that you watched, SCAN ME
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complete the worksheet to show the formation of the Worksheet
catapult field.
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5. Label the direction of the force acting on the
http://bit.ly/3gjqVC4
current-carrying conductor.
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Figure 4.3 shows the catapult field formed when
a current-carrying conductor is in a magnetic field. A
catapult field is a resultant magnetic field produced IK Info
by the interaction between the magnetic field from a
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• For a straight conductor, the direction of
current-carrying conductor and the magnetic field from the magnetic field is determined by the
a permanent magnet. The catapult field exerts a resultant right hand grip rule.
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Opposing magnetic
N S field lines, weak
magnetic field
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Force
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Direction of current out of the
plane of the paper
Direction of current into the plane
of the paper
Figure 4.3 Formation of catapult field
138 LS 4.1.2
CHAPTER 4
The direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor can be determined by using
Fleming's left-hand rule as shown in Figure 4.4.
Electromagnetism
and rule
Fleming's left-h
ep
St
Force
1 Index finger shows the direction
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of the magnetic field, that is, from
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north to south.
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Magnetic
field
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ep
St
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of the electric current.
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Current ep
St
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direction of the force acting on
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the conductor. The direction of
motion of the conductor follows
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Current Force
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N
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TE
Magnetic field
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from N to S Current
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Figure 4.4 Fleming's left-hand rule to determine the direction of the force
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LS 4.1.2 139
Activity 4.3
Aim: To study the factors that affect the magnitude of the force acting on a current-carrying
conductor in a magnetic field
Apparatus: Direct current power supply, U-shaped steel yoke, two pairs of Magnadur magnets,
electronic balance and retort stand
Materials: Copper wire (s.w.g. 20), crocodile clip and connecting wires
Instructions:
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1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 4.5.
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D.C. power supply
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Note
Retort stand
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The interaction between the
South pole of magnetic fields of the current in
magnet AC DC the copper wire and the Magnadur
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+ –
magnets will produce a catapult
field. The catapult field exerts a
force vertically upwards on the
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copper wire. At the same time, the
North pole Magnadur magnets experience
of magnet IK a reaction force with the same
magnitude but in the opposite
direction. This force acts on the
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Copper pan of the electronic balance to
wire give a reading that represents the
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Figure 4.5
measurement
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 with output voltage 2 V. Record your
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Table 4.1
Note
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140 LS 4.1.3
CHAPTER 4
Discussion:
1. What is the relationship between the voltage applied across the copper wire and the current
Electromagnetism
in the wire?
2. How does the magnitude of the current affect the magnitude of the force acting on the
current-carrying conductor?
3. What is the effect of the strength of the magnetic field on the magnitude of the force acting
on the current-carrying conductor?
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From Activity 4.3, it is found that the magnitude of the force
acting on the current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field Brain-Teaser
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increases when the magnitude of the current and the strength of the
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How can the strength of the
magnetic field increases. The effect of the increase in current and magnetic field and the current
the strength of magnetic field on the force can be observed from be increased?
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the height of swing of the copper frame as shown in Figure 4.6.
Current, I1 Current, I2 Current, I2
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Larger force
Larger force
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and higher
and higher
swing
swing
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N N
N
D
N
S S S
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Current
Figure 4.7 shows another
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on a current-carrying conductor S
in a magnetic field. The distance
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LS 4.1.3 141
Effect of a Current-carrying Coil in a Magnetic Field
Figure 4.8 shows a rectangular coil formed with a piece of copper wire. When the coil is connected
to a power supply, current can flow through the coil in the direction of A ˜ B ˜ C ˜ D or D ˜
C ˜ B ˜ A. What is the effect on the coil if the coil carries a current in a magnetic field?
A B C D
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A B
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D C
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Figure 4.8 A rectangular coil formed with a copper wire
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ISS ICS
Activity 4.4
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Aim: To observe the turning effect on a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field
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Instructions:
1. Carry out this activity in pairs.
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Video of turning
3. Download Figure 4.9 from the given website and complete effect on a
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http://bit.ly/2YwcXXr
(b) labelling the direction of the force on the coil at sections
AB and CD
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B C (Figure 4.9)
EN
D
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S A http://bit.ly/3gqdyAa
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+ –
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Figure 4.9
The current-carrying coil in a magnetic field will rotate about the axis of rotation. This
rotation is due to a pair of forces of equal magnitude but in opposite directions acting on the sides
of the coil. This pair of forces is produced by the interaction between the current-carrying coil and
the magnetic field from the permanent magnet.
142 LS 4.1.3 4.1.4
CHAPTER 4
Figure 4.10 shows the pair of forces Force Coil Axis of rotation
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acting on sides AB and CD of a current-
Electromagnetism
carrying coil. The interaction between the B
Permanent magnet
magnetic field from the current-carrying C
coil and the magnetic field from the
N
permanent magnet as shown in Figure 4.11
produces a catapult field as shown in
Figure 4.12. The catapult field exerts a force A
Permanent D
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on sides AB and CD of the coil respectively.
magnet
This pair of forces rotates the coil. The
S
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turning effect on a current-carrying coil in Current in Current out Force
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a magnetic field is the working principle of
the direct current motor. Figure 4.10 A pair of forces acting in a magnetic field
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causes the coil to rotate
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Side AB Side DC Force
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S N S N
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D
Force
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Figure 4.11 Direction of magnetic field around Figure 4.12 Catapult fields is produced
sides AB and CD
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Small electrical appliances such as children's toys, portable drills and the hard disk of a computer
have a small direct current motor. Larger direct current motors are found in machines such as
electric vehicles, lifts and rollers in factories. The direct current motor changes electrical energy
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to kinetic energy by using the turning effect of a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field. What
is the working principle of a direct current motor?
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ISS ICS
Activity 4.5
Aim: To gather information on the working principle of a direct current motor
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Instructions: SCAN ME
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First Half Rotation Second Half Rotation
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Rotation Coil
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Rotation Coil
Permanent Permanent
C B
magnet magnet
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B
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D A
S S
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N A
Commutator N D
Commutator
Carbon brush Carbon brush
Carbon brush
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Y
Y
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X X
– –
+ +
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Direction of current in the coil: ABCD Direction of current in the coil: DCBA
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Carbon brush X in contact with red half of Carbon brush X in contact with blue half
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Carbon brush Y in contact with blue half of Carbon brush Y in contact with red half
of the commutator
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the commutator
Electromagnetism
Photograph 4.2 shows a portable device that can function as a
screwdriver or a drill. The direct current motor in the device
rotates at a low speed when turning a screw. A high speed is
necessary when the device is used to drill a hole in the wall.
What are the factors that affect the speed of rotation of an
electric motor?
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Photograph 4.2
Screwdriver and drill
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Activity 4.6
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Aim: To study the factors that affect the speed of rotation of an electric motor
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Apparatus: Direct current power supply and a pair of Magnadur magnets
Materials: Insulated copper wire (s.w.g. 26), two large paper clips, two pieces of thumb tacks and
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connecting wires
Instructions:
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1. Set up the arrangement of apparatus as shown in Figure 4.14.
D.C. power supply
Magnadur
magnet
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Figure 4.14
2. Adjust the voltage of the power supply to 4.0 V. Turn on the
Safety Precaution
power supply and observe the speed of rotation of the motor.
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3. Repeat step 2 using a voltage of 6.0 V. • Switch off the power supply
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speed of rotation of the motor. short time so that the coil will not
5. Add more turns to the copper coil. Turn on the power supply become too hot.
and observe the speed of rotation of the motor.
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Discussion:
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1. What is the relationship between the current in the coil and the SCAN ME
voltage supplied? Video of rotation
of an electric
2. Describe the change in the speed of rotation of the motor when:
motor
(a) the voltage supplied is increased
(b) the strength of the magnetic field is increased http://bit.ly/32imlPr
(c) the number of turns of the coil is increased
3. State the factors that affect the speed of rotation of a motor.
LS 4.1.6 145
Activity 4.6 shows that the speed of rotation of an electric motor increases when:
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CPS ICS
Activity 4.7
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Aim: To study the direct current motors found in used devices to identify the arrangement of the
coil and the commutator
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Instructions:
1. Collect a few direct current electric motors from used devices.
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2. With the aid and guidance of your teacher, dismantle each motor and identify the coil, the
magnet and the commutator.
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3. Observe the position of the coil and the magnet in the motor.
4. Observe also the number of sections in the commutator.
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5. Prepare a brief report that compares and contrasts the arrangement of the coil, magnet and
commutator in direct current motors.
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While carrying out Activity 4.7, you may have come across electric motors which do not have
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a commutator and carbon brushes. Photograph 4.3 shows a brushless motor and a brushed motor.
What is the advantage of brushless motors?
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Carbon brush
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Magnet Commutator
Coil
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Magnet
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Axle Coil
146 LS 4.1.6
CHAPTER 4
ICS
Activity 4.8
Electromagnetism
Aim: To study and report on the advantages of brushless motor
SCAN ME
compared to brushed motor Differences
Instructions: between brushless
motor and brushed
1. Carry out a Three Stray, One Stay activity.
motor
2. Scan the QR code given or refer to other reference materials to:
http://bit.ly/2YwZUBi
(a) understand the working principle of brushless motor
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(b) study the advantages of brushless motor compared to brushed motor
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3. Report the findings of your study.
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Table 4.2 shows the comparison between brushless motor and brushed motor.
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Table 4.2 Comparison between brushless motor and brushed motor
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Brushless motor Brushed motor
Similarities
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Has a magnet and a coil
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Uses magnetic force to produce rotation
Differences
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No carbon brushes, therefore no friction between Friction between the carbon brush and the
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the brushes and the commutator commutator causes the carbon brush to wear out
No sparking at the commutator Sparking at the commutator
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Materials: Neodymium magnet, AA dry cell and copper wire (s.w.g. 18 to 22)
Instructions:
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SCAN ME
2. Gather information on homopolar motors from the aspect of:
K-W-L Data
(a) the working principle of homopolar motors Strategy Form
(b) the shape and size of the neodymium magnet
(c) various designs of the copper wire that can be tried out http://bit.ly/301Sucu
3. Use the K-W-L Data Strategy Form.
LS 4.1.6 147
4. Sketch the design of a homopolar motor.
5. Construct the homopolar motor according to the suggested design.
6. Operate the homopolar motor that you have constructed. History
7. Observe the rotation produced and identify the aspects of the In the year 1821, Michael
design that need to be improved. Faraday constructed and
demonstrated the operation
8. Discuss the steps of improvement that can be carried out.
of a homopolar motor at the
9. Improve the homopolar motor if necessary and test the rotation. Royal Institute, London.
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10. Based on your experience in designing and constructing the
homopolar motor, discuss ways to construct a more efficient
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motor at a low cost.
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11. Present the outcome.
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Formative Practice 4.1
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1. With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain the meaning of catapult field.
2. Figure 4.15 shows the arrangement of apparatus to study the effect of a force on a
current-carrying conductor.
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To current
supply
Magnadur magnet
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–
N
S
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Y +
X
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N Track
Copper rod
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Figure 4.15
(a) What is the direction of the current in the copper wire XY when the switch of the direct
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4. (a) Compare and contrast the structure of a brushed motor with a brushless motor.
(b) State two advantages of brushless motor compared to brushed motor.
148 LS 4.1.6
CHAPTER 4
4.2 Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetism
Photograph 4.4 shows a musician plucking an electric bass guitar. The guitar pickup consisting of
Pikap gitar
four magnets and copper coils produces an electric signal by electromagnetic induction. How does
electromagnetic induction produce an electric current without the use of dry cells?
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Permanent
magnet
Copper coil
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Guitar pickup
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Photograph 4.4 Components in an electric bass guitar pickup
Activity 4.10
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Aim: To study electromagnetic induction in a straight wire and a solenoid
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A Straight wire
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Apparatus: A pair of Magnadur magnets, copper rod and sensitive centre-zero galvanometer or
digital multimeter
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0 10 20
10 30
20
30
G
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– + SCAN ME
Video on
EN
Copper electromagnetic
A rod induction in a
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straight wire
C
https://bit.ly/34ulaiS
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B Magnadur
magnet
Figure 4.16
2. Hold the copper rod stationary between the poles of the magnet as shown in Figure 4.16.
Observe the reading of the galvanometer.
LS 4.2.1 149
3. Move the copper rod quickly in direction A as shown in Figure 4.16. Observe the deflection of
the galvanometer pointer.
4. Repeat step 3 in directions B, C and D.
5. Hold the copper rod with your left hand. Lift up the Magnadur magnet with your right hand.
Move the Magnadur magnet in direction A and direction B with the copper rod stationary in
between the poles of the magnet. Observe the deflection of the galvanometer pointer.
6. Complete Table 4.3 with a tick (✓) for the direction of deflection of the pointer of the galvanometer.
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Results:
Table 4.3
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Deflection of galvanometer pointer
State of Magnadur
State of copper rod
magnet
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To the left [–] Zero [0] To the right [+]
Stationary Stationary
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Stationary Moves in direction A
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Stationary Moves in direction B
Discussion:
1. What causes the deflection of the galvanometer pointer?
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2. State the direction of the magnetic field between the poles of the magnet.
3. What are the directions of motion of the copper rod that causes the cutting of magnetic field lines?
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B Solenoid
Apparatus: Bar magnet, solenoid (at least 400 turns) and sensitive centre-zero galvanometer or
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digital multimeter
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150 LS 4.2.1
CHAPTER 4
Instructions:
Electromagnetism
1. Set up the arrangement of apparatus as shown
in Figure 4.17. Connecting Galvanometer 10 0
wire
30
20
30
G
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4. Hold the bar magnet stationary in the solenoid.
Observe the reading of the galvanometer.
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Solenoid
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5. Pull the bar magnet out of the solenoid. Observe Bar magnet
the deflection of the galvanometer pointer.
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6. Hold the magnet stationary. Move the solenoid
towards and away from the bar magnet. Observe Figure 4.17
the deflection of the galvanometer pointer.
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7. Complete Table 4.4 with a tick (✓) for the direction
of deflection of the galvanometer pointer.
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Results:
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Table 4.4
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Deflection of galvanometer pointer
State of bar magnet State of solenoid
To the left [–] Zero [0] To the right [+]
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N
Stationary Stationary
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Moves out of
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Stationary
the solenoid
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bar magnet
Discussion:
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1. What do you observe about the deflection of the galvanometer pointer when:
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LS 4.2.1 151
When a piece of copper wire is moved across magnetic flux, an electromotive force (e.m.f.)
is induced in the wire. This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction. If the wire
is connected to form a complete circuit, a deflection of the galvanometer pointer is observed as
shown in Figure 4.18. This shows that induced current is produced. An electromotive force is also
induced in the wire if the magnet is moved towards the stationary wire as shown in Figure 4.19.
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S Magnetic flux refers to magnetic
Magnetic flux
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field lines that pass through
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a surface.
e.m.f. induced N Magnetic field line
in the wire
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Current
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0 10 20
10 30
20
30
G
Surface
IK Moving conductor
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A conductor that moves and cuts
Galvanometer magnetic field lines can be said to
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Direction of motion of
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magnets
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Magnetic flux
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e.m.f. induced N
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in the wire
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Current
SCAN ME
Video of
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10
0 10 20
30 electromagnetic
20
30 induction for a
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G
copper wire
http://bit.ly/34t4c47
Galvanometer
152 LS 4.2.1
CHAPTER 4
When a bar magnet is moved
towards or away from a solenoid, the
Electromagnetism
turns of the solenoid cut the magnetic
field lines. Electromagnetic induction
occurs and an e.m.f. is induced across the N
solenoid as shown in Figure 4.20. S
Figure 4.21 shows the ends of the
solenoid are connected to a galvanometer
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Induced e.m.f
to form a complete circuit. The induced
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electromotive force will produce an Figure 4.20 Magnetic field lines are cut by the
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induced current in the circuit and the solenoid and e.m.f. is induced
galvanometer pointer shows a deflection.
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AN
N
N
S
SCAN ME
Video on motion
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Galvanometer
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of a magnet in a
solenoid Induced current
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http://bit.ly/32lYRZU
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Activity 4.10 shows that an induced e.m.f. is produced by the cutting of magnetic field
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lines when a magnet and a conductor move towards or away from each other. Electromagnetic
induction is the production of an induced e.m.f. in a conductor when there is relative
motion between the conductor and a magnetic field or when the conductor is in a changing
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magnetic field.
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Info GALLERY
EN
Relative motion between two objects is the motion that results in the two objects becoming closer to each other or further away
from each other.
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A B
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LS 4.2.1 153
Factors Affecting the Magnitude of the Induced e.m.f.
Figure 4.22 shows an induction lamp made by a pupil. He found that the LED lights up with
different brightness when the magnet in the PVC pipe is shaken at different speeds. What are the
factors that affect the magnitude of induced e.m.f.?
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PVC pipe LED
Let’s
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Construction of an induction lamp
http://bit.
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Insulated
copper wire ly/36hR3IU
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Neodymium
magnet in the http://bit.
PVC pipe ly/2Yyqq0V
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Figure 4.22 A self-made induction lamp
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Activity 4.11
Aim: To study the factors affecting the magnitude of induced e.m.f.
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Apparatus: Two solenoids with 400 and 800 turns respectively, two bar magnets and sensitive
N
centre-zero galvanometer
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– +
3. Push the bar magnet quickly into the solenoid
with 400 turns. Record the maximum reading
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154 LS 4.2.2
CHAPTER 4
Results:
Electromagnetism
Table 4.5
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One Slow 800
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Two Slow 800
Discussion:
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1. Why does the galvanometer pointer deflect when a magnet is pushed into the solenoid?
2. Which factor is studied when the bar magnet is pushed at different speeds into the solenoid?
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3. Which factor is studied when the number of magnets pushed into the solenoid is different?
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4. How is the magnitude of induced e.m.f. affected by:
(a) the speed of magnet?
(b) the number of turns of solenoid?
(c) the strength of magnetic field? IK
ID
The results of Activity 4.11 show that the magnitude
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between the magnet and the conductor, the number of turns of History
the solenoid and the strength of the magnetic field.
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Michael Faraday
(1791-1867)
discovered electromagnetic
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The magnitude of the e.m.f. increases if more magnetic field lines are cut in a certain period
of time. Faraday's law states that the magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to
the rate of cutting of magnetic flux.
LS 4.2.2 155
Direction of Induced Current in a Straight Wire SCAN ME
and Solenoid To determine
the direction of
You have observed that the direction of the induced current current using a
changes when there is a change in the direction of the relative galvanometer
motion between the conductor and the magnet in Activity 4.10. https://bit.ly/3lhdUMY
Carry out Activity 4.12 and 4.13 to study the direction of the
induced current in a straight wire and solenoid.
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Activity 4.12
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SCAN ME
Aim: To study the direction of the induced current in a straight wire
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Video on ways to
Apparatus: Thick copper wire, a pair of Magnadur magnets, use multimeter
sensitive centre-zero galvanometer or digital multimeter,
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a dry cell with holder, 1 kΩ resistor and switch https://bit.ly/3gqj3Pa
Material: Connecting wires with crocodile clips
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Instructions:
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 4.24.
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Connecting wire
Resistor
20 10
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0 10
Dry cell
30
20
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30
G
X Y
D
– +
N
Galvanometer
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Switch
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Figure 4.24
2. Connect the dry cell with its positive terminal at Y and negative terminal at X.
3. Turn on the switch. Observe the direction of deflection of the galvanometer pointer (to the left
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or to the right) and record your observation in Table 4.6. Determine the direction of the current
through the dry cell (X to Y or Y to X).
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X
Place the thick copper wire between the N
pair of Magnadur magnets as shown in Galvanometer
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Figure 4.25. B
Copper
20 10 0 10
wire G
Electromagnetism
Table 4.6
Direction of deflection of
Direction of current
Situation galvanometer pointer
(X to Y or Y to X)
(to the left or to the right)
Dry cell (positive terminal at Y, negative
terminal at X)
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Dry cell reversed (negative terminal at Y,
positive terminal at X)
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Copper wire moved upwards (direction A)
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Copper wire moved downwards (direction B)
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Discussion:
1. Try to relate the direction of the magnetic field lines, direction of motion of the copper wire
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and direction of the induced current by using the Fleming’s right-hand rule.
2. Suggest other ways to change the direction of the induced current other than the direction of
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motion of the copper wire.
Fore finger
determined by using Fleming's right- Magnetic field
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Info
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field line
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N S N
Magnet Direction
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– + – +
Figure 4.26 Fleming's right-hand rule to determine the direction of induced current for straight wire
LS 4.2.3 157
Activity 4.13
Aim: To study the direction of the induced current in a solenoid
Apparatus: Solenoid, bar magnet and sensitive centre-zero galvanometer or digital multimeter
Material: Connecting wires with crocodile clips
Instructions:
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 4.27.
Solenoid Solenoid
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A A
N
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10 10 0
Magnet
0 20
Magnet
20 10 10
30 30
20 20
30 30
G G
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– + – +
Galvanometer Galvanometer
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(a) (b)
Figure 4.27
2. Move the north pole of the bar magnet as shown in Figure 4.27(a):
(a) towards end A of the solenoid
IK
ID
(b) away from end A of the solenoid Let’s Recall
3. Observe the deflection of the galvanometer pointer and determine Magnetic field
D
the polarity of the magnetic field at end A of the solenoid. Scan produced by
the QR code for the guideline on determination of the polarity at current in a
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a solenoid. solenoid
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4. Move the south pole of the bar magnet as shown in Figure 4.27(b): http://bit.ly/3lfvroV
(a) towards end A of the solenoid
(b) away from end A of the solenoid
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Table 4.7
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Towards
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North
Away from
Towards
South
Away from
158 LS 4.2.3
CHAPTER 4
Discussion:
1. What is the effect of the motion of the bar magnet on Note
Electromagnetism
the polarity of the magnet at end A of the solenoid?
Induced current is produced
2. Predict the polarity of the magnet produced at end A: in the solenoid by the relative
(a) when the south pole of the bar magnet is pushed towards it motion between the bar magnet
(b) when the south pole of the bar magnet is pulled away from it and the solenoid.
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For a solenoid, Lenz's law is used to determine the magnetic polarity at the end of the
solenoid when current is induced. Lenz's law states that the induced current always flows in a
S
direction that opposes the change of magnetic flux that causes it. Figure 4.28 shows that Lenz’s
AY
law is used to determine the direction of induced current in a solenoid.
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a 1 Magnet pushed
towards solenoid
b 1 Magnet pushed
towards solenoid
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S N N S
N S S N
2 Induced current 2 Induced current
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S
produces a north produces a south
pole at the end of pole at the end of
the solenoid to repel the solenoid to repel
0
the magnet moving
towards the solenoid
IK 0
the magnet moving
towards the solenoid
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c d
D
N S S N
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N S S N
2 Induced current 2 Induced current
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Figure 4.28 Lenz's law used to determine the direction of induced current in a solenoid
EN
S IA
B
B
AY
C
C
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A
S D
S
A
N
D
Split ring
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commutator
Coil
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Coil
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Carbon brush Slip ring
Carbon
IK brushes R
R
ID
(a) Direct current generator (b) Alternating current generator
Figure 4.29
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structure and working principle of the direct current generator Video of direct
and alternating current generator.
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current generator
4. Prepare a multimedia presentation entitled ‘Structure and and alternating
Working Principle of the Direct Current Generator and current generator
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Table 4.8 Working principle of the direct current generator and alternating current generator
Direct current generator Alternating current generator
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Similarities
EN
Electromagnetism
Aim: To construct a functional prototype current generator (dynamo) by modifying an electric motor
Instructions:
1. Carry out this activity in groups.
2. Compare and contrast the structures and working principles Note
of the direct current motor and the direct current generator. Use the K-W-L strategy data form
3. Gather and study the following information from reading
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materials or websites:
S
(a) the method of converting a motor to a dynamo SCAN ME
AY
(b) the ways to produce rotation in a dynamo K-W-L Data
Strategy Form
4. Based on the information you studied, suggest a design for the
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prototype dynamo and the way to operate it. http://bit.ly/301Sucu
5. Construct the dynamo by modifying electric motor according
to the suggested design and test the dynamo.
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6. From the results of testing the dynamo, discuss the improvements that need to be made.
AN
7. Make the improvements to the prototype dynamo and test the dynamo again.
8. Present the design of your dynamo.
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ID
D
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(b) Use Faraday's law to explain the effect of the speed of rotation of the coil on the
magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in a current generator.
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S
KE
LS 4.2.4 161
4.3 Transformer SCAN ME
EduwebTV:
Working Principle of a Simple Transformer Transformer
Photograph 4.6 shows a step-up transformer and a step-down
transformer that are used in electrical devices. How does a
transformer change an input voltage to an output voltage with a http://bit.ly/31ppvBD
different value?
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Step-down
transformer in a
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mobile phone charger
Step-up
transformer in a
Transformer
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microwave oven
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Photograph 4.6 Types of transformers used in electrical devices
Activity 4.16
IK ISS ICS
ID
Aim: To gather information on the working principle of a simple transformer
Instructions:
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on the following:
Figure 4.31
(a) type of power supply in the primary circuit
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secondary coil
(f) the magnitude of the voltage induced across the
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162 LS 4.3.1
CHAPTER 4
Figure 4.32 shows the structure of a simple transformer and
Brain-Teaser
Figure 4.33 shows the flow map for the working principle of a
Electromagnetism
simple transformer. Why does the transformer not work
with a direct current power supply?
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NS , NP ➪ VS , VP
S
Numbers of turns, NP NS . NP ➪ VS . VP
VS
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Output
Magnetic field lines terminals
Secondary coil
SCAN ME
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Video on the
Numbers of turns, NS
working principle
of a transformer
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Figure 4.32 Structure of a simple transformer
http://bit.ly/32BBjR1
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Primary circuit
secondary coil.
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Ideal Transformer
EN
Power Electrical
receives input power from the Input power Output power
supply equipment
power supply and supplies the VP VS
output power to the electrical
equipment. Therefore, electrical Primary circuit Secondary circuit
energy is transferred from
the primary circuit to the Figure 4.34 Electrical equipment connected to the output terminals
secondary circuit.
Nowadays, there are transformers with very high efficiencies, up to 99%. An ideal transformer
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is a transformer that does not experience any loss of energy, that is the efficiency, h is 100%.
S
Output power
For an ideal transformer, efficiency of the transformer, h = × 100% = 100%
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Input power
Therefore, output power = input power
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VPIP = VSIS
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The working principle of a transformer involves processes such as the flow of current in the
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copper coils, the change of magnetic field and electromagnetic induction. These processes cause
loss of energy and the transformer is unable to operate at an optimum level. Most of the energy
is lost in the form of heat energy.
IK
Activity 4.17 ISS ICS
ID
Aim: To gather information and discuss the causes of energy loss in a transformer
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Instructions:
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1. Examine Table 4.9 that shows four main causes of energy loss and their effects.
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Table 4.9
Causes of energy
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Resistance of coils • The primary and secondary coils consist of wires that are very long.
RI
• When current flows in the coils which have resistance, heating of the
wires occurs.
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Eddy currents • The changing magnetic field induces eddy currents in the iron core.
• The eddy currents heat up the iron core.
• The hot iron core releases heat energy to the surroundings.
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Hysteresis • The iron core is magnetised and demagnetised continuously by the changing
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magnetic field.
• The energy supplied for magnetisation is not fully recovered during
demagnetisation. The difference in energy is transferred to the iron core to
heat it up.
Leakage of • The magnetic flux produced by the primary current is not fully linked to the
magnetic flux secondary coil.
Electromagnetism
3. Discuss the ways to increase the efficiency of transformers Worksheet
and complete Table 4.9. (Table 4.9)
4. Present the outcome of your discussion in the form of a
suitable thinking map. http://bit.ly/2YvuYVE
The efficiency of a transformer can be increased by reducing the loss of energy in the
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transformer. Table 4.10 shows ways to reduce the loss of energy in a transformer.
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Table 4.10 Ways to reduce energy loss in a transformer
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Causes of energy loss Ways to reduce energy loss in a transformer
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Resistance of coils Use thicker copper wire so that the resistance of the coil is smaller.
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Eddy currents Use a laminated iron core that consists of thin iron sheets glued together
with insulation glue.
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Hysteresis Use soft iron as the core. Soft iron requires a smaller amount of energy to
be magnetised.
In the operation of a transformer, eddy currents are a cause of energy loss. However,
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eddy currents can be beneficial to human beings. Photograph 4.7 shows an induction cooker.
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Figure 4.35 shows a high-frequency alternating current in the coil producing a magnetic field
that changes with a high frequency. This magnetic field induces eddy currents at the base of the
pan. The eddy currents heat up the base of the pan.
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Ceramic
EN
surface
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Coil
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High frequency
A.C. power supply
Changing
magnetic field
Photograph 4.7 Induction cooker Figure 4.35 Eddy currents in the induction cooker
LS 4.3.3 165
Uses of Transformers in Daily Life
Transformers have a wide range of uses. The following are some examples of machines that use
step-down transformers and step-up transformers.
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• Welding machine • X-ray machine
S
AY
ISS ICS
Activity 4.18
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Aim: To search for information on the applications of transformers in daily life
Instructions:
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1. Carry out a Hot Seat activity.
2. Gather information on the applications of transformers in daily life such as:
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(a) electrical appliances
(b) electrical energy transmission and distribution systems
3. Information can be obtained from websites or by referring to your Form 3 Science Textbook.
IK
4. Present your findings in the form of a folio.
ID
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Example 1
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IP IS
A transformer that is connected to a 240 V
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Solution
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166 LS 4.3.4
CHAPTER 4
Electrical Energy Transmission and SCAN ME
Distribution System Video of
Electromagnetism
electrical energy
Transformers play an important role in the transmission transmission and
and distribution of electricity from the power station to distribution system
the consumers. Figure 4.37 shows the use of the step-up
http://bit.ly/3jadhmt
transformer and step-down transformer in the system.
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Generation of
electricity 275 kV
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20 kV 132 kV
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33 kV
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N T T
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station receiving distribution
N Step-up transformer substation 11 kV substation
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Light industry T
33 kV
T Step-down transformer
230 V
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Residential homes T
Heavy industry
ID
Figure 4.37 Electrical energy transmission and distribution system from the power station
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At the stage of transmission of electrical energy, step-up transformers are used to increase the
voltage in the power cable so that the current in the power cable becomes small. This reduces the
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loss of electrical energy from the power cable. During the distribution of electrical energy, step-
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down transformers are used to decrease the voltage in the power cable in stages to a suitable value
for industrial and residential consumers.
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LS 4.3.4 167
Interactive
168
oncept Games
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Electromagnetism
C Chain M http://bit.
ly/3lhfrCU
EN
Electromagnetic Induction
Force on a Current-carrying Transformer
Conductor in a Magnetic Field
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Conductor Permanent Input power Output power
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magnet
Catapult field
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Relative motion
Output power
Faraday's Efficiency, h = × 100%
Fleming's left- Induced e.m.f. Input power
law
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Magnetic force
hand rule N
on complete circuit
D h , 100% h = 100%
Induced current
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Straight Current-carrying Fleming's
Non-ideal transformer Ideal transformer
current-carrying coil right-hand Straight wire
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wire rule
turning effect Loss of energy
Lenz's law Solenoid
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Direct current Resistance
motor M Eddy current
Electromagnetism
Download and print
Self-Reflection
1. New things I have learnt in the chapter ‘Electromagnetism’
are ✎ . http://bit.ly/3lqPDwg
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3. The things I still do not fully understand are ✎ .
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4. My performance in this chapter.
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Poor 1 2 3 4 5 Very good
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5. I need to ✎ to improve my performance in
this chapter.
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Summative Practice
IK
ID
http://bit.ly/3grEJum
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Spring balance
Conductor
AN
RI
X
Q
Y P
TE
S
EN
Figure 1
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(a) Suggest the polarity of dry cell X, Y and the polarity of magnets P, Q such that the reading
of the spring balance increases when switch S is turned on.
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(b) Explain why the reading of the spring balance can increase in 1(a).
(c) Suggest improvements that need to be made to further increase the reading of the
spring balance.
2. With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain how Fleming's left-hand rule is used to determine
the direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
169
3. Figures 2 and 3 show the induced currents produced when there is relative motion between
a bar magnet and a solenoid.
Solenoid Bar magnet Solenoid Bar magnet
X Y
N S N S
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G G
S
Figure 2 Figure 3
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(a) What is the meaning of induced current?
(b) Based on the direction of the current given in Figures 2 and 3, state the magnetic
polarities at ends X and Y of the solenoid.
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(c) State the direction of motion of the bar magnet in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
(d) Suggest two ways to increase the magnitude of the induced current in Figure 3.
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4. A transformer is used to step down voltage from 240 V to 6 V for an electronic equipment.
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The current in the primary coil is 0.18 A. What is the current in the secondary coil? State the
assumption that needs to be made in your calculation.
IK
5. Figure 4 shows two identical metal balls and a copper tube. One of the balls is a neodymium
magnet while the other is a steel ball.
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Figure 4
Design an activity that can identify which ball is the neodymium magnet. Explain the
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Bar magnet
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Smooth track
Solenoid
EN
X
Block
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Figure 5
When the block arrives at mark X on the track, the switch is turned on.
(a) What is produced in the solenoid? Explain your answer.
(b) Explain the motion of the block after the switch is turned on.
(c) Based on your answers in 6(a) and (b), discuss the effectiveness of electromagnetic
braking in stopping a moving object.
170
CHAPTER 4
IP = 0.125 A IS
Electromagnetism
7. Figure 6 shows a transformer with a bulb at
its output terminals.
(a) Calculate the value of IS. 240 V 12 V
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8. A pupil investigated the operation of a transformer and gathered data as shown in
S
Figure 7. Calculate the efficiency of the transformer and suggest improvements to the
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design of the transformer to increase its efficiency.
Solid iron block
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Primary voltage = 12 V Secondary voltage = 48 V
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Primary current = 4.0 A Secondary current = 0.60 A
Figure 7
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ID
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9. Figure 8 shows the design of a simple direct current motor that can produce a force to
rotate a disc connected to the axle of the motor. A pupil who constructed the motor
according to the design made the following observations:
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Carbon brush
suggest improvements
to the design that Axle
can overcome the
weaknesses identified
Disc Permanent magnet
by the pupil.
Figure 8
171