OC

Unit 1
1. Who proposed the idea of transmission of light via dielectric waveguide structure?
a) Christian Huygens
b) Karpon and Bockham
c) Hondros and debye
d) Albert Einstein
Answer: c
2. Who proposed the use of clad waveguide structure?
a) Edward Appleton
b) Schriever
c) Kao and Hockham
d) James Maxwell
Answer: c
3. Which law gives the relationship between refractive index of the dielectric?
a) Law of reflection
b) Law of refraction (Snell’s Law)
c) Millman’s Law
d) Huygen’s Law
Answer: b
4. The light sources used in fibre optics communication are ____________
a) LED’s and Lasers
b) Phototransistors
c) Xenon lights
d) Incandescent
Answer: a
5. The ________ ray passes through the axis of the fiber core.
a) Reflected
b) Refracted
c) Meridional
d) Shew
Answer: c
6. Light incident on fibers of angles________the acceptance angle do not propagate into the fiber.
a) Less than
b) Greater than
c) Equal to
d) Less than and equal to
Answer: b.
7. What is the numerical aperture of the fiber if the angle of acceptance is 16 degree?
a) 0.50
b) 0.36
c) 0.20
d) 0.27
Answer: d
8. The ratio of speed of light in air to the speed of light in another medium is called as _________
a) Speed factor
b) Dielectric constant
c) Reflection index
d) Refraction index
Answer: d
9. When a ray of light enters one medium from another medium, which quality will not change?
a) Direction
b) Frequency
c) Speed
d) Wavelength
Answer: b
10. Which equations are best suited for the study of electromagnetic wave propagation?
a) Maxwell’s equations
b) Allen-Cahn equations
c) Avrami equations
d) Boltzmann’s equations
Answer: a
11. When λ is the optical wavelength in vacuum, k is given by k=2Π/λ. What does k stand for in the
above equation?
a) Phase propagation constant
b) Dielectric constant
c) Boltzmann’s constant
d) Free-space constant
Answer: a
12. Constructive interference occur when total phase change after two successive reflections at upper
and lower interfaces is equal to? (Where m is integer)
a) 2Πm
b) Πm
c) Πm/4
d)Πm/6
Answer: a
13. When light is described as an electromagnetic wave, it consists of a periodically varying electric E
and magnetic field H which are oriented at an angle?
a) 90 degree to each other
b) Less than 90 degree
c) Greater than 90 degree
d) 180 degree apart
Answer: a
14. A monochromatic wave propagates along a waveguide in z direction. These points of constant phase
travel in constant phase travel at a phase velocity Vp is given by?
a) Vp=ω/β
b) Vp=ω/c
c) Vp=C/N
d) Vp=mass/acceleration
Answer: a
15. Which is the most important velocity in the study of transmission characteristics of optical fiber?
a) Phase velocity
b) Group velocity
c) Normalized velocity
d) Average velocity
Answer: b
16. What is refraction?
a) Bending of light waves
b) Reflection of light waves
c) Diffusion of light waves
d) Refraction of light waves
Answer: a
17. The phenomenon which occurs when an incident wave strikes an interface at an angle greater than
the critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface is called as ____________
a) Refraction
b) Partial internal reflection
c) Total internal reflection
d) Limiting case of refraction
Answer: c
18. A multimode step index fiber has a normalized frequency of 72. Estimate the number of guided
modes.
a) 2846
b) 2592
c) 2432
d) 2136
Answer: b
19. The Snell’s law can be derived from which type of incidence?
a) Incidence angle
b) Reflected angle
c) Refracted angle
d) Oblique incidence
Answer: d
20. A graded-index fiber has a core with parabolic refractive index profile of diameter of 30μm, NA=0.2,
λ=1μm. Estimate the normalised frequency.
a) 19.32
b) 18.84
c) 16.28
d) 17.12
Answer: b
21. A step-index fiber has core refractive index 1.46 and radius 4.5μm. Find the cutoff wavelength to
exhibit single mode operation. Use relative index difference as 0.25%.
a) 1.326μm
b) 0.124μm
c) 1.214μm
d) 0.123μm
Answer: c
22. A single-mode step-index fiber or multimode step-index fiber allows propagation of only one
transverse electromagnetic wave.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
23. One of the given statements is true for intermodal dispersion. Choose the right one.
a) Low in single mode and considerable in multimode fiber
b) Low in both single mode and multimode fiber
c) High in both single mode and multimode fiber
d) High in single mode and low in multimode fiber
Answer: a
24. For lower bandwidth applications ______________

a) Single mode fiber is advantageous
b) Photonic crystal fibers are advantageous
c) Coaxial cables are advantageous
d) Multimode fiber is advantageous
Answer: d
25. Most of the optical power is carried out in core region than in cladding.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
26. Meridional rays in graded index fibers follow ____________
a) Straight path along the axis
b) Curved path along the axis
c) Path where rays changes angles at core-cladding interface
d) Helical path
Answer: b
27. What is the unit of normalized frequency?
a) Hertz
b) Meter/sec
c) Coulombs
d) It is a dimensionless quantity
Answer: d
28. Skew rays follow a ___________
a) Hyperbolic path along the axis
b) Parabolic path along the axis
c) Helical path
d) Path where rays changes angles at core-cladding interface
Answer: c
29. An optical fiber has core-index of 1.480 and a cladding index of 1.478. What should be the core size
for single mode operation at 1310nm?
a) 7.31μm
b) 8.71μm
c) 5.26μm
d) 6.50μm
Answer: d
30. An optical fiber has a core radius 2μm and a numerical aperture of 0.1. Will this fiber operate at
single mode at 600 nm?
a) Yes
b) No
Answer: a
31. What is needed to predict the performance characteristics of single mode fibers?
a) The intermodal delay effect
b) Geometric distribution of light in a propagating mode
c) Fractional power flow in the cladding of fiber
d) Normalized frequency
Answer: b
32. Which equation is used to calculate MFD?
a) Maxwell’s equations
b) Peterman equations
c) Allen Cahn equations
d) Boltzmann’s equations
Answer: b
33. A single mode fiber has mode field diameter 10.2μm and V=2.20. What is the core diameter of this
fiber?
a) 11.1μm
b) 13.2μm
c) 7.6μm
d) 10.1μm
Answer: d
34. The difference between the modes’ refractive indices is called as ___________
a) Polarization
b) Cutoff
c) Fiberbirefringence
d) Fiber splicing
Answer: c
35. A single mode fiber has a beat length of 4cm at 1200nm. What is birefringence?
a) 2*10-5
b) 1.2*10-5
c) 3*10-5
d) 2
Answer: c
36. How many propagation modes are present in single mode fibers?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Five
Answer: b
37. Numerical aperture is constant in case of step index fiber.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
38. Plastic fibers are less widely used than glass fibers.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
39. Multimode step index fiber has ___________
a) Large core diameter & large numerical aperture
b) Large core diameter and small numerical aperture

c) Small core diameter and large numerical aperture
d) Small core diameter & small numerical aperture
Answer: a
40. A typically structured glass multimode step index fiber shows as variation of attenuation in range of
___________
a) 1.2 to 90 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.69μm
b) 3.2 to 30 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.59μm
c) 2.6 to 50 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.85μm
d) 1.6 to 60 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.90μm
Answer: c
41. Multimode step index fiber has a large core diameter of range is ___________
a) 100 to 300 μm
b) 100 to 300 nm
c) 200 to 500 μm
d) 200 to 500 nm
Answer: a
42. Multimode step index fibers have a bandwidth of ___________
a) 2 to 30 MHz km
b) 6 to 50 MHz km
c) 10 to 40 MHz km
d) 8 to 40 MHz km
Answer: b
43. Multimode graded index fibers are manufactured from materials with ___________
a) Lower purity
b) Higher purity than multimode step index fibers.
c) No impurity
d) Impurity as same as multimode step index fibers.
Answer: b
44. The performance characteristics of multimode graded index fibers are ___________
a) Better than multimode step index fibers
b) Same as multimode step index fibers
c) Lesser than multimode step index fibers
d) Negligible
Answer: a
45. Multimode graded index fibers have overall buffer jackets same as multimode step index fibers but
have core diameters ___________
a) Larger than multimode step index fibers
b) Smaller than multimode step index fibers
c) Same as that of multimode step index fibers
d) Smaller than single mode step index fibers
Answer: b
46. Multimode graded index fibers with wavelength of 0.85μm have numerical aperture of 0.29 have
core/cladding diameter of ___________
a) 62.5 μm/125 μm
b) 100 μm/140 μm
c) 85 μm/125 μm
d) 50 μm/125μm
Answer: b
47. Multimode graded index fibers use incoherent source only.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
48. In single mode fibers, which is the most beneficial index profile?
a) Step index
b) Graded index
c) Step and graded index
d) Coaxial cable
Answer: b
49. The fibers mostly not used nowadays for optical fiber communication system are ___________
a) Single mode fibers
b) Multimode step fibers
c) Coaxial cables
d) Multimode graded index fibers
Answer: a
50. Single mode fibers allow single mode propagation; the cladding diameter must be at least
___________
a) Twice the core diameter
b) Thrice the core diameter
c) Five times the core diameter
d) Ten times the core diameter
Answer: d
51. A fiber which is referred as non-dispersive shifted fiber is?
a) Coaxial cables
b) Standard single mode fibers
c) Standard multimode fibers
d) Non zero dispersion shifted fibers
Answer: b
52. Standard single mode fibers (SSMF) are utilized mainly for operation in ___________
a) C-band
b) L-band
c) O-band
d) C-band and L-band
Answer: c
53. Fiber mostly suited in single-wavelength transmission in O-band is?
a) Low-water-peak non dispersion-shifted fibers
b) Standard single mode fibers
c) Low minimized fibers

d) Non-zero-dispersion-shifted fibers
Answer: b
54. The Snell’s law is given by
a) N1 sin θi = N2 sin θt
b) N2 sin θi = N1 sin θt
c) sin θi = sin θt
d) N1 cos θi = N2 cos θt
Answer: a
55. Calculate the ratio of sine of incident angle to the sine of reflected angle when the refractive indices
of medium 1 and 2 are given as 2.33 and 1.66 respectively.
a) 0.71
b) 1.4
c) 2
d) 3.99
Answer: a
56. Find the ratio of the refractive index of medium 1 to that of medium 2, when the incident and
reflected angles are given by 300 and 450 respectively.
a) 0.5
b) 1
c) 2
d) 4
Answer: c
57. The refractive index of a medium with permittivity of 2 and permeability of 3 is given by
a) 3.56
b) 2.45
c) 3.21
d) 1.78
Answer: b
58. The critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence at which the total internal reflection starts to
occur. State True/False.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
59. The critical angle for two media of refractive indices of medium 1 and 2 given by 2 and 1 respectively
is
a) 0
b) 30
c) 45
d) 60
Answer: b
60. The critical angle for two media with permittivities of 16 and 9 respectively is
a) 48.59
b) 54.34
c) 60
d) 45
Answer: a
61. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection for perfect reflection. State True/False.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
62. The angle of incidence of a wave of a wave with angle of transmission 45 degree and the refractive
indices of the two media given by 2 and 1.3 is
a) 41.68
b) 61.86
c) 12.23
d) 27.89
Answer: a
63. The angle at which the wave must be transmitted in air media if the angle of reflection is 45 degree
is
a) 45
b) 30
c) 60
d) 90
Answer: a
64. For a critical angle of 60 degree and the refractive index of the first medium is 1.732, the refractive
index of the second medium is
a) 1
b) 1.5
c) 2
d) 1.66
Answer: b
65. If the refractive index of water is 1.33 and of air is 1,the value of critical angle for water at 90degree
refracted angle should be
45 degree
48.8degree
51.6degree
59.8degree
Answer: b
66. The greater the value of refractive index of a medium,the bending of light will be
Greater
Smaller
Zero
Negative
Answer: a
67. A girl accidently dropped a ring into a pool at night. She shone a powerful torch light to locate the
ring. The refractive index of water is 1.33, what is the pool’s depth?
2m
2.6m
1.1m
1.9m
Answer:c
68. The refractive index is the ratio between the speed of light in air or vaccum and
A speed of sound in a medium
A speed of light in a medium
Can be A or B
None of the above
Answer:b
69. The critical angle for glass is
50 °
42 °
45 °
30 °
Answer:b
70. When a ray of light enters from denser medium to rare medium it bends
towards normal
away from normal
perpendicular to normal
parallel to normal
Answer: b
71. The critical angle of water when refracted angle is 90 ° and refractive index for water and airis 1.33
and 1 is
a) 48.8 °
b) 49.1 °
c) 50 °
d) 51 °
Answer: a
72. The outer concentric shell in fiber optic is called
a) cladding
b) core
c) coat
d) mantle
Answer:a
73. The entire light is reflected into the denser medium, which is called total
a) internal reflection of light
b) external reflection of light
c) internal refraction of light
d) external refraction of light
Answer:a
74. The expression for refractive index is given by
a) N = v/c
b) N = c/v
c) N = cv
d) N = 1/cv
Answer: b
75. Numerical aperture is expressed as the
a) NA = sin θa
b) NA = cos θa
c) NA = tan θa
d) NA = sec θa
Answer: a
76. For total internal reflection to occur, which condition must be satisfied?
a) N1 = N2
b) N1 > N2
c) N1 < N2
d) N1 x N2=1
Answer: b
77. Find the refractive index of a medium having a velocity of 1.5 x 108.
a) 0.5
b) 5
c) 0.2
d) 2
Answer: d
78. The refractive index of water will be
a) 1
b) 2.66
c) 5
d) 1.33
Answer: d
79. The refractive index of air is unity. State True/False.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
80. The numerical aperture of a coaxial cable with core and cladding indices given by 2.33 and 1.4
respectively is
a) 3.73
b) 0.83
c) 3.46
d) 1.86
Answer: d
81. Find the acceptance angle of a material which has a numerical aperture of 0.707 in air.
a) 30
b) 60
c) 45
d) 90
Answer: c
82. The numerical aperture of a material with acceptance angle of 60 degree in water will be
a) 1.15
b) 2.15
c) 5.21
d) 1.52
Answer: a
83. The core refractive index should be lesser than the cladding refractive index for a coaxial cable. State
True/False
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
84. The refractive index is 2.33 and the critical angle is 350. Find the numerical aperture.
a) 2
b) 1.9
c) 2.33
d) 12
Answer: b
85. Choose the optical fibre material from the given materials.
a) Glass
b) Plastic
c) Silica
d) Quartz
Answer: c
86. When optical fibers are to be installed in a working environment, the most important parameter to
be considered is?
a) Transmission property of the fiber
b) Mechanical property of the fiber
c) Core cladding ratio of the fiber
d) Numerical aperture of the fiber
Answer: b
87. It is not important to cover these optical fibers required for transmission.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
88. Optical fibers for communication use are mostly fabricated from ___________
a) Plastic
b) Silica or multicomponent glass
c) Ceramics
d) Copper
Answer: b
89. An Si-O bond with a Young’s modulus of 9*1010Nm-1 have an elliptical crack of depth 7nm. The
surface energy is 2.29 J. Estimate fracture stress for silica fiber.
a) 4.32*109Nm-1
b) 6.32*109Nm-1
c) 5.2*109Nm-1
d) 3*109Nm-1
Answer: a
90. Calculate percentage strain at break for a Si-O bond with a fracture strength of 3.52*1010Nm-1 and
Young’s modulus of 9 *109Nm-1.
a) 3.1 %
b) 2.8 %
c) 4.5 %
d) 3.9 %
Answer: d
91. Stress corrosion must be considered while designing and testing optical fiber cables.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
92. Which statistics are used for calculations of strengths of optical fibers?
a) Edwin statistics
b) Newton statistics
c) Wei-bull statistics
d) Gamma statistics
Answer: c
93. What does n denotes in the equation given below, if vc is the crack velocity; A is the constant for the
fiber material and KI is the strength intensity factor? vc = AKIn
a) Refractive index
b) Stress corrosion susceptibility
c) Strain
d) Young’s modulus
Answer: b
94.Which of the following is not a technique for fabrication of glass fibers?
a) Vapor phase oxidation method
b) Direct melt method
c) Lave ring method
d) Chemical vapor deposition technique
Answer: c
95. _____________ technique is method of preparing extremely pure optical glasses.
a) Liquid phase (melting)
b) Radio frequency induction
c) Optical attenuation
d) Vapor Phase Deposition (VPD)
Answer: d
96. Which of the following materials is not used as a starting material in vapor-phase deposition
technique?
a) SiCl4
b) GeCl4
c) O2
d) B2O3
Answer: d
97. P2O5 is used as a _____________
a) Dopant
b) Starting material
c) Cladding glass
d) Core glass
Answer: a
98. How many types of vapor-phase deposition techniques are present?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: b
99. ___________ uses flame hydrolysis stems from work on soot processes which were used to prepare
the fiber with losses below 20 dB/km.
a) Outside vapor phase oxidation
b) Chemical vapor deposition
c) Liquid phase melting
d) Crystallization
Answer: a
100. Complete the given reaction. SiCl4 + 2H2O → SiO2 + ______
a) 2HCl
b) 4HCl
c) 2Cl2
d) 4Cl2
Answer: b
101. In modified chemical vapor deposition, vapor phase reactant such as _________ pass through a hot
zone.
a) Halide and oxygen
b) Halide and hydrogen
c) Halide and silica
d) Hydroxides and oxygen
Answer: a
102. _________ is the stimulation of oxide formation by means of non-isothermal plasma maintained at
low pressure in a microwave cavity surrounding the tube.
a) Outside Vapor Phase Oxidation (OVPO)
b) Vapor Axial Deposition (VAD)
c) Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD)
d) Plasma-activated Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD)
Answer: d
103. Only graded index fibers are made with the help of vapor-phase deposition techniques.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
104. Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) process is also called as an inside vapor phase
oxidation (IVPD) technique.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
105.For vapour phase oxidation low pressure is required.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
106. Methanol decomposes to form hydrogen and which is the other product?
a) Carbon monoxide
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Carbon
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: a
107. Which type of reaction is oxidation of methanol?
a) Exothermic
b) Endothermic
c) Neutral
Answer: b
108. Ethanol is oxidized to produce what?
a) Phenol
b) Alcohol
c) Carboxylic acid
d) Acetaldehyde
Answer: d
109. Catalytic vapour-phase oxidation of the unsaturated alcohols produces which type of yield?
a) High
b) Low
c) Moderate
Answer: a
110. In a transverse electric magnetic wave, which of the following will be true?
a) E is transverse to H
b) E is transverse to wave direction
c) H is transverse to wave direction
d) E and H are transverse to wave direction
Answer: d
111. The cut off frequency of the TEM wave is
a) 0
b) 1 GHz
c) 6 GHz
d) infinity
Answer: a
112. Which component is non zero in a TEM wave?
a) Ex
b) Hz
c) Ez
Answer: a
113. TEM wave can propagate in rectangular waveguides. State true/false.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
114. The cut off wavelength in the TEM wave will be
a) 0
b) Negative
c) Infinity
d) 1/6 GHz
Answer: c
115. The guided wavelength of a TEM wave in a waveguide having a wavelength of 5 units is
a) 0
b) Infinity
c) 5
d) 1/5
Answer: c
116. The guided phase constant of a TEM wave in a waveguide with a phase constant of 2.8 units is
a) 2.8
b) 1.4
c) 0
d) Infinity
Answer: a
117. Which type of transmission line accepts the TEM wave?
a) Copper cables
b) Coaxial cable
c) Rectangular waveguides
d) Circular waveguides
Answer: b
118. For a TEM wave to propagate in a medium, the medium has to be
a) Air
b) Insulator
c) Dispersive
d) Non dispersive
Answer: d
119. Stripline and parallel plate waveguides support the TEM wave. State true/false.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
120. Energy of the discrete particles can be given by_______
a) Photons
b) Protoplasm
c) Electrons
d) Neutrons
Answer: a
121. Which among the following is having more wavelengths?
a) X-rays
b) Cosmic waves
c) Radio waves
d) Gamma rays
Answer: c
122. Which among the following wave is not employed in case of remote sensing?
a) X-ray
b) Visible ray
c) Thermal IR
d) Radio waves
Answer: a
123. Optical mechanical scanner is used in which type of electromagnetic waves?
a) X-rays
b) Cosmic waves
c) Radio waves
d) Thermal IR
Answer: d
124. Radio waves are having the longest wavelength among all the electromagnetic waves.
a) False
b) True
Answer: b
125. Gamma rays are having a wavelength of _________
a) Zero
b) Greater than 0.03nm
c) Less than 0.03nm
d) Equal to 0.03nm
Answer: c
126. EM waves varies from ______ to ________
a) Meters to nano-meters
b) Meters to micro-meters
c) Nano to micro-meters
d) Centimeters to nano-meters
Answer: a
127. The formula of energy produced from the body can be given as _________
a) Q = h- c / λ
b) Q = h*c * λ
c) Q = h+ c / λ
d) Q = h*c / λ
Answer: d
128. How much wave length is reflected back by the earth surface from the absorbed sun radiation?
a) 0.5meter
b) 0.5 micrometer
c) 0.5 centimeter
d) 0.5 decimeter
Answer: b
129. Which of the following indicates the correct set of combination in radio waves?
a) Shorter wavelength – high frequency
b) Longer wavelength – less frequency
c) Shorter wavelength – less frequency
d) Longer wavelength – high frequency
Answer: a
130. The wavelength of o band is
a) 1260-1360nm
b) 1625-1676
c)1460-1530
d)1530-1565
Answer: a
131. Which of the following is not a property of fiberglass?
a) Organic
b) Nonflammable
c) Thermal insulation
d) Reinforcement for plastics

Answer: a
132. Which chemical composition of fiberglass is used when chemical resistance is not essential?
a) Fused quartz steel
b) Borosilicate
c) Alumina
d) Soda lime
Answer: d
133. The melted glass inserted into a second furnace uses a _______ plate at the bottom.
a) Palladium
b)Aluminum
c) Platinum
d) Copper
Answer: c
134. The diameter of the selected fibers is of the range of _______
a) 0.1 – 0.155
b) 0.01 – 0.1
c) 0.0025 – 0.01
d) 0.00025 – 0.00125
Answer: d
135. Which of the following is not a type of glass insulation?
a) Bonded
b) Block
c) Blanket
d) Bore
Answer: d
136. What is the operating temperature of borosilicate glass?
a) 200-300 F
b) 350-550 F
c) 600-1000 F
d) 1200-1800 F
Answer: c
137. What is the operating temperature of high silica glass?
a) 300 F
b) 550 F
c) 1250 F
d) 1830 F
Answer: d
138. What is the product obtained when thermosetting resin fiberglass is exposed to heat and pressure?
a) Tetrafluoroethylene
b) Fiberglass reinforced plastic
c) Fiber reinforced fluoroethylene
d) Fiber induced carbon
Answer: b
139. What is the need of fiber optic communication?
a) Decreased span of transmission
b) Increased span of transmission
c) crossed span of transmission
d) none of the above
Answer: b
140. What is the explantion of EDFA?
a) Erbium-doped fiberamplifiber
b) Electromagnetic doped fiberamplifiber
c) Erbium-doped fiber area
d) Electromagnetic doped fiber area
Answer: a
141. How many types of bands
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d)7
Answer: c
142. The advantage of optical fiber is
a) Light weight
b) Small size
c) More strength
d) All the above
Answer: d
143. The disadvantage of optical fiber is
a) Less cost
b) High initial cost
c) Low losses
d) Long distance transmission
Answer: b
145. The modulator has________________ main functions
a) 5
b) 3
c) 2
d) 4
Answer: c
146. Reflective index n=
a) c/v
b) c*v
c) c+v
d) c-v
Answer: a
147. Calculate the critical angle of incidence between two substancs with different refractive indices,
where n1=1.5 and n2=1.46
a) 76.73 degree
b) 89.65degree
c) 45.56degree
d) 34.67degree
Answer: a
148. The absence of model noise is
a) Single mode fiber
b) Multi mode fiber
c) Both
d) None of the above
Answer: a
149. For n1=1.55 and n2=1.52 ,calculate the numerial aperture
a) 0.56
b)1.47
c) 0.30
d) 1.30
Answer: c
150. For n1=1.55 and n2=1.52 ,calculate the critical aperature
a) 76.73 degree
b) 89.65degree
c) 45.56degree
d)78.70 degree
Answer: d
151. For a fiber with core refractive index of 1.54 and fractional refractive index difference of 0.01,
calculate the NA
a) 0.5698
b)1.4778
c) 0.2178
d) 1.3067
Answer: c
152. How many types of intex profile
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: a
153. The data rate of step index fiber is
a) Slow
b) High
c) Medium
d) Very high
Answer: a
154. The advantages of plastic fiber is
a) low cost
b) Large diameter
c) High lows
d) Less flexible
Answer: b
155. How many stages in MCVD
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: b
156. Types of meridional rays are
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: 2
157. The vapour face oxidation method include
a) OVPO
b) VAD
c) MCD
d) All the above
Answer: d
158. Which converts the electrical message into the proper format
a) Message origin
b) Modulator
c) Carrier source
d) Repeater
Answer: b
159. Modulator impresses this signal onto the wave generated by the
a) message origin
b) modulator
c) carrier source
d) repeater
Answer: c
160. How many important blocks are present in the optical fiber communication system
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: b
161. The properties of photodetector are
a) small size
b) economy
c) long life
d) all the above
Answer: d
162. The suitable for short distance are
a) Multimode fiber
b) Single mode fiber
c) Both a and b
Answer: a
163. The characteristics of the optical fiber are
a) Security
b) Bandwidth
c) Both a and b
Answer: c
164. The application of the optical fiber are
a) video control
b) data communication
c) both a and b
Answer: c
165. Signal processimg includes
a) filtering
b) detector
c) coupler
Answer: a
166. The channel coupler is a
a) LED
b) Laser
c) Lens
d) Detector
Answer: c
167. The speed of light depends on the
a) Material
b) Medium
c) Both a and b
Answer: c
168. Repeaters can be used only for
a) Analog system
b) Digital system
c) Amplifier
d) Detector
Answer: b
169. Tensile stress is a__________ of optical fiber
a) Advantage
b) Disadvantage
c) Characteristics
d) All the above
Answer: a
170. The amount of refraction is called as

a) Reflection angle
b) Index of refraction
c) Critical angle
d) Refractive snell’s law
Answer: b
171. The index of refractive denotes
a) c
b) v
c) k
d) n
Answer: d
172. The two medias have refractive indexes n1 and n2,where
a) n1>n2
b) n1<n2
c) n1=n2
d) 0
Answer: a
173. The speed of light in air is denoted as
a) c
b) v
c) k
d) n
Answer: c
174. The speed of light in medium is denoted as
a) c
b) v
c) k
d) n
Answer: b
175. The refractive index for vacuum and air is
a) 1.0
b) 2.0
c) 1.5
d) 2.5
Answer: a
176. The refractive index for water is
a) 1.0
b) 2.0
c) 1.3
d) 2.5
Answer: c
177. The refractive index of glass is
a) 1.0
b) 2.0
c) 1.5
d) 2.5
Answer: c
178. The refraction can also be observed at
a) air and glass
b) vacuum
c) water
d) fiber
Answer: a
179. Fiber cables are
a) stronger
b) weaker
c) faster
d) slower
Answer: a
180. 1 micron =
a) 1 nanometer
b) 1micrometer
c) 1meter
Answer: b
181. The skew rays takes somewhat similar shape of
a) Shape of spiral
b) Helical path
c) Both a and b
Answer: C
182. The skew rays can not be tracked easily because they are
a) Single plane
b) Not in single plane
c) Double plane
d) Not in double plane
Answer: b
183. Properties of skew rays
a) Is not parallel to the fiber axis
b) Does not lie in a meridional plane
c) Does not intersect the fiber axis
d) All the above
Answer: d
184. Reflected out of the fiber core
a) Bound rays
b) Unbounded rays
c) Skew rays
d) Axial rays
Answer: b
185. Trapped in core and propagate along the fiber
a) Bound rays
b) Unbounded rays
c) Skew rays
d) Axial rays
Answer: a
186. Optical fiber configuration classifications are
a) Single mode step index fiber
b) Multimode step index fiber
c) Multimode graded index fiber
d) All the above
Answer: d
187. Multimode graded index fiber is mostly used for
a) Long distance communication
b) Short distance communication
c) Equal distance communication
d) All the above
Answer: a
188. Other types of glass fibers are
a) Halide glass fibers
b) Active glass fibers
c) Plastic optical fibers
d) All the above
Answer: d
189. Disadvantages of multimode fibers

a) Model noise is Present
b) Suitable for short distance
c) Both a and b
d) All the above
Answer: a
190. L band wavelength
a) 1467-1530nm
b) 1360-1460nm
c) 1625-1675nm
d) 1565-1625nm
Answer: d
191. The fiber colour of fiber number 1 is
a) Grey
b) Blue
c) Black
d) Yellow
Answer: b
192. The jacket materials are
a) PVC
b) TPE
c) PE
d) All the above
Answer: d
193. The deposition occurs on silicon tube at
a) 1300 degree C
b) 1200 degree C
c) 1400 degree C
d) 1100 degree C
Answer : b
a) Grey
b) Blue
c) Black
d) Yellow
Answer: a
a) Grey
b) Blue
c) Black
d) Yellow
Answer: c
a) Grey
b) Blue
c) Black
d) Yellow
Answer: d
197. The fiber number of fiber colour red is
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 7
Answer: d
198. The fiber number of fiber colour pink or light blue is
a) 4
b) 11
c) 6
d) 7
Answer: b
199. The fiber number of fiber colour neutral is
a) 4
b) 6
c) 10
d) 12
Answer: d
200. The light enters the fibers at
a) Same angles
b) Different angles
c) Both
Answer: b
UNIT 2
TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBER
1. Which is the unit of measurement of attenuation in optical fibers?
a) km
b) dB
c) dB/km
d) Coulomb’s
Answer: c
2. The optical fiber incurs a loss in signal power as light travels down the fiber which is called as
___________
a) Scattering
b) Attenuation
c) Absorption
d) Refraction
Answer: b
3. If the input power 100μW is launched into 6 km of fiber, the mean optical power at the fiber output is
2μW. What is the overall signal attenuation through the fiber assuming there are no connectors or
splices?
a) 15.23dB
b) 16.98dB
c) 17.12dB
d) 16.62dB
Answer: b
4. A device that reduces the intensity of light in optical fiber communications is ___________
a) compressor
b) Optical attenuator
c) Barometer
d) Reducer
Answer: b
5. A decibel may be defined as the ratio of input and output optical power for a particular optical
wavelength.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
6. When the input and output power in an optical fiber is 120μW & 3μW respectively and the length of
the fiber is 8 km. What is the signal attenuation per km for the fiber?
a) 3dB/km
b) 2dB/km
c) 1dB/km
d) 4dB/km
Answer: b
7. If the value of (P1 / P2) in power ratio expressed in terms of dB is greater than unity, what does 'D'
indicate in the network?
a. Power loss
b. Power gain
c. Power stability
d. Power saving
Answer: a
8. Variable attenuators exhibit variable attenuation but constant __________
a. Input impedance
b. Output impedance
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
Answer: Both a and b
9. Why are the variable attenuators applicable for radio broadcasting purposes?
a. For speed control
b. For volume control
c. For time control
d. For power control
Answer: For volume control

10. Which type of attenuators provide a fixed amount of attenuation by allowing the user to vary the
attenuation in multiple steps?
a. Ladder attenuators
b. Variable-value attenuators
c. Pad attenuators
d. All of the above
Answer: a
11. The attenuation in dB in terms of input power (P1) and output power (P2) is?
a) log10 (P1/P2)
b)10 log10 (P1/P2)
c) log10 (P2/P1)
d) 10 log10 (P2/P1)
Answer: b
12. If V1 is the voltage at port 1 and V2 is the voltage at port 2, then the attenuation in dB is?
a) 20 log10 (V1/V2)
b) 10 log10 (V1/V2)
c) 20 log10 (V2/V1)
d) 10 log10 (V2/V1)
Answer: a
13. What is the attenuation in dB assuming I1 is the input current and I2 is the output current leaving
the port?
a) 10 log10 (I1/I2)
b) 10 log10 (I2/I1)
c) 20 log10 (I2/I1)
d) 20 log10 (I1/I2)
Answer: d
14. The value of one decibel is equal to?
a) log10 (N)
b) 10 log10 (N)
c) 20 log10 (N)
d) 40 log10 (N)
Answer: c
15. The value of N in dB is?
a) N= anti log (dB)
b) N= anti log(dB/10)
c) N=anti log(dB/20)
d) N=anti log(dB/40)
Answer: c
16. In the circuit shown below, find the value of I1/I2.
a) (R1-R2+R0)/R2
b) (R1+R2+R0)/R2
c) (R1-R2-R0)/R2
d) (R1+R2-R0)/R2
Answer: b
17. Determine the value of N in the circuit shown in question 6.
a) (R1+R2-R0)/R2
b) (R1-R2-R0)/R2
c) (R1+R2+R0)/R2
d) (R1-R2+R0)/R2
Answer: c
18. The value of the characteristic impedance R0 in terms of R1 and R2 and R0 in the circuit shown in
question 6 is?
a) R1+R2(R1+R0)/(R1+R0+R2)
b) R1+ R2(R1+R0)/(R1+R0+R2)
c) R2+ R2(R1+R0)/(R1+R0+R2)
d) R0+R2(R1+R2)/(R1+R0+R2)
Answer: b
19. Determine the value of R1 in terms of R0 and N in the circuit shown in question 6 is?
a) R1= R0(N-1)/(N+1)
b) R1= R0(N+1)/(N+1)
c) R1= R0(N-1)/(N-1)
d) R1= R0(N+1)/(N-1)
Answer: a
20. Determine the value of R2 in terms of R0 and N in the circuit shown in question 6 is?
a) R2= NR0/(N2-1)
b) R2= 2 NR0/(N2-1)
c) R2= 3 NR0/(N2-1)
d) R2= 4 NR0/(N2-1)
Answer: b
21. A technique used for determining the total fiber attenuation per unit length is ________ method.
a) Frank
b) Cut-off
c) cut-back
d) Erlangen
Answer: c
22. The system designer finds greatest interest in the ______________
a) Overall fiber attenuation
b) Fiber dispersion
c) Latitude of the fiber
d) Durability
Answer: a
23. How many parameters are usually worked upon by the measurement techniques in attenuation?
a) Three
b) Two
c) One
d) Five
Answer: b
24. What type of light source is usually present in the cut-back method?
a) Tungsten or xenon
b) LED
c) Laser
d) Photo-sensor
Answer: a
25. The device used to remove any scattered optical power from the core is __________
a) Mode setup terminator
b) Nodal spectrum
c) Mode stripper
d) Attenuator
Answer: c
26. What is the hierarchy of the process at the receiving end of the cut-back technique?
a) Photodiode – photo-detector – lock-in amplifier
b) Photodiode – lock-in amplifier
c) Photodiode – photo-detector – Attenuator
d) Photo-detector – lock-in amplifier – receiver
Answer: a
27. What is the unit of measurement of the optical attenuation per unit length?
a) dB-km
b) dB/km
c) km/dB
d) V
Answer: b
28. Determine the attenuation per kilometer for a fiber whose length is 2 km, output voltage is 2.1 V at a
wavelength of 0.85μm. The output voltage increases to 10.7 V when the fiber is cut-back to leave 2
metres. Determine the attenuation per km for the fiber at wavelength 0.85μm.
a) 2.8dB/km
b) 3.1dB/km
c) 3.5dB/km
d) 8dB/km
Answer: c
29. ___________ are used to allow measurements at a selection of different wavelengths.
a) Diaphragms
b) Spot attenuators
c) Belts
d) Interference filters
Answer: d
30. Cut-back technique is destructive.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
31. Which technology is used by the backscatter measurement method?
a) Refraction
b) Francis flat recovery
c) Optical time domain reflectometry
d) Optical frequency
Answer: c
32. ________________ measurements checks the impurity level in the manufacturing process.
a) Material reflectometry
b) Material absorption loss
c) Material attenuation loss
d) Calorimetric loss
Answer: b
33. _____________ may be achieved by replacing the optical fibers with thin resistance wires.
a) Diffraction
b) Segmentation
c) Calorimetric calibration
d) Electrical calibration
Answer: d
34. A scattering cell consists of ______ square solar cells called as Tynes cell.
a) Five
b) Four
c) Six
d) Three
Answer: c
35. ___________ removes the light propagating in the cladding.
a) Cladding mode strippers
b) Core strippers
c) Mode enhancers
d) Attenuators
Answer: a
36. Which of the following statements best explain the concept of material absorption?
a) A loss mechanism related to the material composition and fabrication of fiber
b) A transmission loss for optical fibers
c) Results in attenuation of transmitted light
d) Causes of transfer of optical power
Answer: a
37. How many mechanisms are there which causes absorption?
a) One
b) Three
c) Two
d) Four
Answer: b
38. Absorption losses due to atomic defects mainly include ___________
a) Radiation
b) Missing molecules, oxygen defects in glass
c) Impurities in fiber material
d) Interaction with other components of core
Answer: b
39. The effects of intrinsic absorption can be minimized by ___________
a) Ionization
b) Radiation
c) Suitable choice of core and cladding components
d) Melting
Answer: c
40. Which of the following is not a metallic impurity found in glass in extrinsic absorption?
a) Fe2+
b) Fe3+
c) Cu
d) Si
Answer: d
41. Optical fibers suffer radiation losses at bends or curves on their paths.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
42. In the given equation, state what αr suggests?
a) Radius of curvature
b) Refractive index difference
c) Radiation attenuation coefficients
d) Constant of proportionality
Answer: c
43. A multimode fiber has refractive indices n1 = 1.15, n2 = 1.11 and an operating wavelength of 0.7μm.
Find the radius of curvature?
a) 8.60μm
b) 9.30μm
c) 9.1μm
d) 10.2μm
Answer: b
44. A single mode fiber has refractive indices n1=1.50, n2 = 2.23, core diameter of 8μm, wavelength =
1.5μm cutoff wavelength = 1.214μm. Find the radius of curvature?
a) 12 mm
b) 20 mm
c) 34 mm
d) 36 mm
Answer: c
45. How the potential macro bending losses can be reduced in case of multimode fiber?
a) By designing fibers with large relative refractive index differences
b) By maintaining direction of propagation
c) By reducing the bend
d) By operating at larger wavelengths
Answer: a
46. Sharp bends or micro bends causes significant losses in fiber.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
47. Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering are the types of _____________
a) Linear scattering losses
b) Non-linear scattering losses
c) Fiber bends losses
d) Splicing losses
Answer: a
48. Dominant intrinsic loss mechanism in low absorption window between ultraviolet and infrared
absorption tails is ___________
a) Mie scattering
b) Rayleigh scattering
c) Stimulated Raman scattering
d) Stimulated Brillouin scattering
Answer: b
49. Rayleigh scattering can be reduced by operating at smallest possible wavelengths.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
50. The scattering resulting from fiber imperfections like core-cladding RI differences, diameter
fluctuations, strains, and bubbles is?
a) Rayleigh scattering
b) Mie scattering
c) Stimulated Brillouin scattering
d) Stimulated Raman scattering
Answer: b
51. Mie scattering has in-homogeneities mainly in ___________
a) Forward direction
b) Backward direction
c) All direction
d) Core-cladding interface
Answer: a
52. The in-homogeneities in Mie scattering can be reduced by coating of a fiber.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
53. Raman and Brillouin scattering are usually observed at ___________
a) Low optical power densities
b) Medium optical power densities
c) High optical power densities
d) Threshold power densities
Answer: c
54. The phonon is a quantum of an elastic wave in a crystal lattice.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
55. A single-mode optical fiber has an attenuation of 0.3dB/km when operating at wavelength of 1.1μm.
The fiber core diameter is 4μm and bandwidth is 500 MHz. Find threshold optical power for stimulated
Brillouin scattering.
a) 11.20 mw
b) 12.77 mw
c) 13.08 mw
d) 12.12 mw
Answer: b
56. 0.4 dB/km, 1.4μm, 6μm, 550MHz. Find threshold optical power for stimulated Raman scattering.
a) 1.98 W
b) 1.20 W
c) 1.18 W
d) 0.96 W
Answer: c
57. Stimulated Brillouin scattering is mainly a ___________
a) Forward process
b) Backward process
c) Upward process
d) Downward process
Answer: b
58. High frequency optical phonon is generated in stimulated Raman scattering.
a) False
b) True
Answer: b
59. Stimulated Raman scattering occur in ___________
a) Forward direction
b) Backward direction
c) Upward direction
d) Forward and backward direction

Answer: d
60. Stimulated Raman scattering may have an optical power threshold of may be three orders of
magnitude ___________
a) Lower than Brillouin threshold
b) Higher than Brillouin threshold
c) Same as Brillouin threshold
d) Higher than Rayleigh threshold
Answer: b
61. ____________ results from small lateral forces exerted on the fiber during the cabling process.
a) Attenuation
b) Micro-bending
c) Dispersion
d) Stimulated Emission
Answer: b
62. Microscopic meandering of the fiber core axis that is micro-bending is caused due to ___________
a) Environmental effects
b) Rough edges of the fiber
c) Large diameter of core
d) Polarization
Answer: a
63. How many forms of modal power distribution are considered?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: b
64. What does micro-bending losses depend on _____________
a) Core material
b) Refractive index
c) Diameter
d) Mode and wavelength
Answer: d
65. The fiber should be________________ to avoid deterioration of the optical transmission
characteristics resulting from mode-coupling-induced micro-bending.
a) Free from irregular external pressure
b) Coupled with plastic
c) Large in diameter
d) Smooth and in a steady state
Answer: a
66. The diffusion of hydrogen into optical fiber affects the ______________
a) Transmission of optical light in the fiber
b) Spectral attenuation characteristics of the fiber
c) Core of the fiber
d) Cladding of the fiber
Answer: b
67. __________ can induce a considerable amount of attenuation in optical fibers.
a) Micro-bending
b) Dispersion
c) Diffusion of hydrogen
d) Radiation Exposure
Answer: d
68. The radiation-induced attenuation can be reduced through photo-bleaching.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
69. The losses due to hydrogen absorption and reaction with fiber deposits can be temporary.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
70. The losses caused due to hydrogen absorption mechanisms are in the range of ___________
a) 20 dB/km to 25 dB/km
b) 10 dB/km to 15 dB/km
c) 25 dB/km to 50 dB/km
d) 0 dB/km to 5 dB/km
Answer: c
71. What is dispersion in optical fiber communication?
a) Compression of light pulses
b) Broadening of transmitted light pulses along the channel
c) Overlapping of light pulses on compression
d) Absorption of light pulses
Answer: b
72. What does ISI stand for in optical fiber communication?
a) Invisible size interference
b) Infrared size interference

c) Inter-symbol interference
d) Inter-shape interference
Answer: c
73. For no overlapping of light pulses down on an optical fiber link, the digital bit rate BT must be
___________
a) Less than the reciprocal of broadened pulse duration
b) More than the reciprocal of broadened pulse duration
c) Same as that of than the reciprocal of broadened pulse duration
d) Negligible
Answer: a
74. The maximum bit rate that may be obtained on an optical fiber link is 1/3Γ.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
75. 3dB optical bandwidth is always ___________ the 3dB electrical bandwidth.
a) Smaller than
b) Larger than
c) Negligible than
d) Equal to
Answer: b
76. A multimode graded index fiber exhibits a total pulse broadening of 0.15μsover a distance of 16 km.
Estimate the maximum possible bandwidth, assuming no intersymbol interference.
a) 4.6 MHz
b) 3.9 MHz
c) 3.3 MHz
d) 4.2 MHz
Answer: c
77. What is pulse dispersion per unit length if for a graded index fiber, 0.1μs pulse broadening is seen
over a distance of 13 km?
a) 6.12ns/km
b) 7.69ns/km
c) 10.29ns/km
d) 8.23ns/km
Answer: b
78. Chromatic dispersion is also called as intermodal dispersion.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
79. Chromatic dispersion is also called as intermodal dispersion.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
80. The optical source used in a fiber is an injection laser with a relative spectral width σλ/λ of 0.0011 at
a wavelength of 0.70μm. Estimate the RMS spectral width.
a) 1.2 nm
b) 1.3 nm
c) 0.77 nm
d) 0.98 nm
Answer: c
81. In waveguide dispersion, refractive index is independent of ______________
a) Bit rate
b) Index difference
c) Velocity of medium
d) Wavelength
Answer: d
82. Intermodal dispersion occurring in a large amount in multimode step index fiber results in
____________
a) Propagation of the fiber
b) Propagating through the fiber
c) Pulse broadening at output
d) Attenuation of waves
Answer: c
83. After Total Internal Reflection the Meridional ray __________
a) Makes an angle equal to acceptance angle with the axial ray
b) Makes an angle equal to critical angle with the axial ray
c) Travels parallel equal to critical angle with the axial ray
d) Makes an angle equal to critical angle with the axial ray
Answer: d
84. Consider a single mode fiber having core refractive index n1= 1.5. The fiber length is 12m. Find the
time taken by the axial ray to travel along the fiber.
a) 1.00μsec
b) 0.06μsec
c) 0.90μsec
d) 0.30μsec
Answer: b
85. A 4 km optical link consists of multimode step index fiber with core refractive index of 1.3 and a
relative refractive index difference of 1%. Find the delay difference between the slowest and fastest
modes at the fiber output.
a) 0.173 μsec
b) 0.152 μsec
c) 0.96 μsec
d) 0.121 μsec
Answer: a
86.A multimode step-index fiber has a core refractive index of 1.5 and relative refractive index
difference of 1%. The length of the optical link is 6 km. Estimate the RMS pulse broadening due to
intermodal dispersion on the link.
a) 92.6 ns
b) 86.7 ns
c) 69.3 ns
d) 68.32 ns
Answer: b
87. The differential attenuation of modes reduces intermodal pulse broadening on a multimode optical
link.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
88. The index profile of a core of multimode graded index fiber is given by?
a) N (r) = n1 [1 – 2Δ(r2/a)2]1/2; r<a
b) N (r) = n1 [3 – 2Δ(r2/a)2]1/2; r<a
c) N (r) = n1 [5 – 2Δ(r2/a)2]1/2; r>a
d) N (r) = n1 [1 – 2Δ(r2/a)2]1/2; r<a

Answer: d
89. Intermodal dispersion in multimode fibers is minimized with the use of step-index fibers.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
90. Estimate RMS pulse broadening per km due to intermodal dispersion for multimode step index fiber
where length of fiber is 4 km and pulse broadening per km is 80.6 ns.
a) 18.23ns/km
b) 20.15ns/km
c) 26.93ns/km
d) 10.23ns/km
Answer: b
91. Practical pulse broadening value for graded index fiber lies in the range of __________
a) 0.9 to 1.2 ns/km
b) 0.2 to 1 ns/km
c) 0.23 to 5 ns/km
d) 0.45 to 8 ns/km
Answer: b
92. The modal noise occurs when uncorrected source frequency is?
a) δf>>1/δT
b) δf=1/δT
c) δf<<1/δT
d) Negligible
Answer: a
93. Disturbance along the fiber such as vibrations, discontinuities, connectors, splices, source/detectors
coupling result in __________
a) Modal noise
b) Inter-symbol interference
c) Infrared interference
d) Pulse broadening
Answer: a
94. The modal noise can be reduced by __________
a) Decreasing width of signal longitudinal mode
b) Increasing coherence time
c) Decreasing number of longitudinal modes
d) Using fiber with large numerical aperture
Answer: d
95. Digital transmission is more likely to be affected by modal noise.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
96. A multimode step index fiber has source of RMS spectral width of 60nm and dispersion parameter
for fiber is 150psnm-1km-1. Estimate rms pulse broadening due to material dispersion.
a) 12.5ns km-1
b) 9.6ns km-1
c) 9.0ns km-1
d) 10.2ns km-1
Answer: c
97. A multimode fiber has RMS pulse broadening per km of 12ns/km and 28ns/km due to material
dispersion and intermodal dispersion resp. Find the total RMS pulse broadening.
a) 30.46ns/km
b) 31.23ns/km
c) 28.12ns/km
d) 26.10ns/km
Answer: a
98. Γg = dβ / C*dk. What is β in the given equation?
a) Attenuation constant
b) Propagation constant
c) Boltzmann’s constant
d) Free-space
Answer: b
99. Most of the power in an optical fiber is transmitted in fiber cladding.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
100. A single mode fiber has a zero dispersion wavelength of 1.21μm and a dispersion slope of 0.08
psnm-2km-1. What is the total first order dispersion at wavelength 1.26μm.
a) -2.8psnm-1 km-1
b) -3.76psnm-1 km-1
c) -1.2psnm-1 km-1
d) 2.4psnm-1 km-1
Answer: b
101. The dispersion due to material, waveguide and profile are -2.8nm-1km-1, 20.1nm-1km-1 and
23.2nm-1km-1respectively. Find the total first order dispersion?
a) 36.2psnm-1 km-1
b) 38.12psnm-1 km-1
c) 40.5psnm-1 km-1
d) 20.9psnm-1 km-1
Answer: c
102. Dispersion-shifted single mode fibers are created by __________
a) Increasing fiber core diameter and decreasing fractional index difference
b) Decreasing fiber core diameter and decreasing fractional index difference
c) Decreasing fiber core diameter and increasing fractional index difference
d) Increasing fiber core diameter and increasing fractional index difference
Answer: c
103. An alternative modification of the dispersion characteristics of single mode fibers involves
achievement of low dispersion gap over the low-loss wavelength region between __________
a) 0.2 and 0.9μm
b) 0.1 and 0.2μm
c) 1.3 and 1.6μm
d) 2 and 3μm
Answer: c
104. An alternative modification of the dispersion characteristics of single mode fibers involves
achievement of low dispersion gap over the low-loss wavelength region between __________
a) 0.2 and 0.9μm
b) 0.1 and 0.2μm
c) 1.3 and 1.6μm
d) 2 and 3μm
Answer: c
105. For suitable power confinement of fundamental mode, the normalized frequency v should be
maintained in the range 1.5 to 2.4μm and the fractional index difference must be linearly increased as a
square function while the core diameter is linearly reduced to keep v constant. This confinement is
achieved by?
a) Increasing level of silica doping in fiber core
b) Increasing level of germanium doping in fiber core
c) Decreasing level of silica germanium in fiber core
d) Decreasing level of silica doping in fiber core
Answer: b
106. Any amount of stress occurring at the core-cladding interface would be reduced by grading the
material composition.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
107. The variant of non-zero-dispersion-shifted fiber is called as __________
a) Dispersion flattened fiber
b) Zero-dispersion fiber
c) Positive-dispersion fiber
d) Negative-dispersion fiber
Answer: d
108. ___________ measurements give an indication of the distortion to the optical signals as they
propagate down optical fibers.
a) Attenuation
b) Dispersion
c) Encapsulation
d) Frequency
Answer: b
109. Non-zero-dispersion-shifted fiber was introduced in the year 2000.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
110. The measurement of dispersion allows the _________ of the fiber to be determined.
a) Capacity
b) Frequency
c) Bandwidth
d) Power
Answer: c
111. How many types of mechanisms are present which produce dispersion in optical fibers?
a) Three
b) Two
c) One
d) Four
Answer: a
112. Intermodal dispersion is non existent in ________ fibers.
a) Multimode
b) Single mode
c) Step index- multimode
d) Al-GU
Answer: b
113. In the single mode fibers, the dominant dispersion mechanism is ____________
a) Intermodal dispersion
b) Frequency distribution
c) Material dispersion
d) Intra-modal dispersion
Answer: d
114. devices such as_____________ are used to stimulate the steady the steady state mode
distribution.
a) Gyrators
b) Circulators
c) Mode scramblers
d) Attenuators
Answer: c
115. How many domains support the measurements of fiber dispersion?
a) One
b) Three
c) Four
d) Two
Answer: d
116. The time domain dispersion measurement setup involves _____________ as the photo detector.
a) Avalanche photodiode
b) Oscilloscope
c) Circulator
d) Gyrator
Answer: a
117. In pulse dispersion measurements, the 3dB pulse broadening for the fiber is 10.5 ns/km and the
length of the fiber is 1.2 km. Calculate the optical bandwidth for the fiber.
a) 32 MHz km
b) 45 MHz km
c) 41.9 MHz km
d) 10 MHz km
Answer: c
118. Frequency domain measurement is the preferred method for acquiring the bandwidth of
multimode optical fibers.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
119. Intra-modal dispersion tends to be dominant in multimode fibers.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
120. A multimode fiber has many cutoff wavelengths.
a) False
b) True
Answer: b
121. What does ‘a’ stands for in the given equation?
Mg=(πa/λ)2(n12 - n22)
a) Radius of the core
b) Constant
c) Coefficient of refraction
d) Density
Answer: a
122. The _________ wavelength is defined as the wavelength greater than which the ratio of the total
power and the fundamental mode power has to be decreased to less than 0.1dB.
a) Magnetic
b) Quasi
c) Cut-off
d) EIA
Answer: c
123. How many methods are used to determine the effective cutoff wavelength?
a) Two
b) One
c) Four
d) Three
Answer: d
124. What is the name of the test used to determine the efficient values of the effective cutoff
wavelength?
a) Round robin test
b) Mandarin test
c) Hough Werner test
d) Fulton test
Answer: a
125. The effective cutoff wavelength for a cabled single mode fiber will be generally smaller than that of
the un-cabled fiber.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
126. How many bend effects are produced in the fiber?
a) One
b) Three
c) Two
d) Four
Answer: c
127. _______________ method does not require a leaky mode correction factor or equal mode
excitation.
a) Bending-reference
b) Power step method
c) Alternative test method
d) Refracted near-field method
Answer: d
128. The _______ method is the most commonly used method for the determination of the fiber
refractive index profile.
a) Refracted near-field method
b) Bending-reference
c) Power step method
d) Alternative test method
Answer: a
129. For many applications that involve optical fiber transmission, an intensity modulation optical
source is not required.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
130. The optical source used for detection of optical signal is ____________
a) IR sensors
b) Photodiodes
c) Zener diodes
d) Transistors
Answer: b
131. An optical fiber behaves as a birefringence medium due to differences in ___________
a) Effective R-I and core geometry
b) Core-cladding symmetry
c) Transmission/propagation time of waves
d) Refractive indices of glass and silica
Answer: a
132. The beat length in a single mode optical fiber is 8 cm when light from a laser with a peak
wavelength 0.6μm is launched into it. Estimate the modal birefringence.
a) 1×10-5
b) 3.5×10-5
c) 2×10-5
d) 4×10-5
Answer: a
133. Beat length of a single mode optical fiber is 0.6cm. Calculate the difference between propagation
constants for the orthogonal modes.
a) 69.8
b) 99.86
c) 73.2
d) 104.66
Answer: d
134. A polarization maintaining fiber operates at a wavelength 1.2μm and have a modal birefringence of
1.8*10-3. Calculate the period of perturbation.
a) 0.7 seconds
b) 0.6 seconds
c) 0.23 seconds
d) 0.5 seconds
Answer: b
135. When two components are equally excited at the fiber input, then for polarization maintaining
fibers δΓg should be around ___________
a) 1.5ns/km
b) 1 ns/km
c) 1.2ns/km
d) 2ns/km
Answer: b
136. Polarization modal noise can _________ the performance of communication system.
a) Degrade
b) Improve
c) Reduce
d) Attenuate
Answer: a
137. The nonlinear effects in optical fibers are large.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
138. How many categories of nonlinear effects are seen in optical fibers?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: b
139. Which of the following is not related to Kerr effects?
a) Self-phase modulation
b) Cross-phase modulation
c) Four-wave mixing
d) Stimulated Raman Scattering
Answer: d
140. Linear scattering effects are _______ in nature.
a) Elastic
b) Non-Elastic
c) Mechanical
d) Electrical
Answer: a
141. Which thing is more dominant in making a fiber function as a bidirectional optical amplifier?
a) Core material
b) Pump source
c) Cladding material
d) Diameter of fiber
Answer: b
142. _________ semiconductor laser sources generally have broader bandwidths.
a) Injection
b) Pulsed
c) Solid-state
d) Silicon hybrid
Answer: b
143. Nonlinear effects which are defined by the intensity – dependent refractive index of the fiber are
called as ________
a) Scattering effects
b) Kerr effects
c) Raman effects
d) Tomlinson effects
Answer: b
144. Self-phase modulation causes modifications to the pulse spectrum.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
145. Self-phase modulation can be used for _____________
a) Enhancing the core diameter
b) Wavelength shifting
c) Decreasing the attenuation
d) Reducing the losses in the fiber
Answer: b
146. The beating between light at different frequencies or wavelengths in multichannel fiber
transmission causes ________
a) Attenuation
b) Amplitude modulation of channels
c) Phase modulation of channels
d) Loss in transmission
Answer: c
147. What is different in case of cross-phase modulation from self-phase modulation?
a) Overlapping but same pulses
b) Overlapping but distinguishable pulses
c) Non-overlapping and same pulses
d) Non-overlapping but distinguishable pulses
Answer: b
148. When three wave components co-propagate at angular frequency w1, w2, w3, then a new wave is
generated at frequency w4, which is given by?
a) w4 = w1 – w2 – w3
b) w4 = w1 + w2 + w3
c) w4 = w1 + w2 – w3
d) w4 = w1 – w2 + w3
Answer: c
149. _____________ results from a case of nonlinear dispersion compensation in which the nonlinear
dispersion compensation in which the nonlinear chirp caused by self-phase modulation balances,
postpones, the temporal broadening induced by group velocity delay.
a) Four wave mixing
b) Phase modulation
c) Soliton propagation
d) Raman scattering
Answer: c
150) The macroscopic bending losses show an exponential increase due to ________ in radius of
curvature.
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Stability
d. None of the above
ANSWER: (b) Decrease
151. When considering source-to-fiber coupling efficiencies, the ________ is an important parameter
than total output power.
a) Numerical aperture
b) Radiance of an optical source
c) Coupling efficiency
d) Angular power distribution
Answer: b
152. It is a device that distributes light from a main fiber into one or more branch fibers.
a) Optical fiber coupler
b) Optical fiber splice
c) Optical fiber connector
d) Optical isolator
Answer: a
153. Optical fiber couplers are also called as ________________
a) Isolators
b) Circulators
c) Directional couplers
d) Attenuators
Answer: c
154. How many types of multiport optical fiber couplers are available at present?
a) Two
b) One
c) Four
d) Three
Answer: d
155. The optical power coupled from one fiber to another is limited by ____________
a) Numerical apertures of fibers
b) Varying refractive index of fibers
c) Angular power distribution at source
d) Number of modes propagating in each fiber
Answer: d
156. ________ couplers combine the different wavelength optical signal onto the fiber or separate the
different wavelength optical signal output from the fiber.
a) 3-port
b) 2*2-star
c) WDM
d) Directional
Answer: c
157. How many fabrication techniques are used for 3 port fiber couplers?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: b
158. Couplers insertion loss is same as that of excess loss.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
159. A four-port multimode fiber FBT coupler has 50 μW optical power launched into port 1. The
measured output power at ports 2,3 and 4 are 0.003, 23.0 and 24.5 μW respectively. Determine the
excess loss.
a) 0.22 dB
b) 0.33 dB
c) 0.45 dB
d) 0.12 dB
Answer: a
160. A four-port FBT coupler has 60μW optical power launched into port one. The output powers at
ports 2, 3, 4 are 0.0025, 18, and 22 μW respectively. Find the split ratio?
a) 42%
b) 46%
c) 52%
d) 45%
Answer: d
161. How many manufacturing methods are used for producing multimode fiber star couplers?
a) Two
b) One
c) Three
d) Five
Answer: a
162. Calculate the splitting loss if a 30×30 port multimode fiber star coupler has 1 mW of optical power
launched into an input port.
a) 13 dB
b) 15 dB
c) 14.77 dB
d) 16.02 dB
Answer: c
163. A _____________ coupler comprises a number of cascaded stages, each incorporating three or
four-port FBT couplers to obtain a multiport output.
a) Star
b) Ladder
c) WDM
d) Three-port
Answer: a
164. A number of three-port single-mode fiber couplers are used in the fabrication of a ladder coupler
with 16 output ports. The three-port couplers each have an excess loss of 0.2 dB along with a splice loss
of 0.1 dB at the interconnection of each stage. Determine the excess loss.
a) 1.9 dB
b) 1.4 dB
c) 0.9 dB
d) 1.1 dB
Answer: d
165. Which is the most common method for manufacturing couplers?
a) Wavelength division multiplexing

b) Lateral offset method
c) Semitransparent mirror method
d) Fused bi-conical taper (FBT) technique
Answer: d
166. source of attenuation
a) material absorption
b) bending loss
c)scattering loss
d) all the above
Answer: d
167. What is the other name of fiber loss
a) fiber attenuation
b) bonding loss
c) scattering loss
d) cladding loss
Answer: a
168.Scattering losses in fiber exists due to various factors
a) compositional flucatuation
b) structural in homogeneities
c) structural defects in fiber
d) all the above
Answer: d
169. Linear scattering losses are
a) Rayleigh scattering
b) mie scattering
c) both a and b

Answer: c
170. How many types of non linear scattering losses
a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: b
171. Expansion of SBS
a) stimulated beam scattering
b) stimulated bending scattering
c) stimulated brillonin scattering
d) stimulated birefringence scattering
Answer: c
172. The bending losses are categorised into
a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: b
173. SRS may be may exists ____________ directions in optical fiber
a) forward
b) backward
c) both a and b
d) straight
Answer: c
174. The non linear scattering losses are dependent on optical power density in the fiber.state true/false
a) true
b) false
Answer: a
175. ___________ is known as model dispersion
a) polarization
b) intermodal
c) intramodel
Answer: b
176. How many types of intramodel dispersion
a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: a
177. The energy from one mode is coupled to other modes because of
a) structural imperfections
b) fiber diameter variations
c) microbend in cable
d) all the above
Answer: d
178. Features of single mode fibers are
a) dispersion
b) longer life
c) bending losses
d) cut-off wavelength
Answer: b
179. Basic design-optimization includes the following
a) low attenuation
b) model noise is absent
c) mode field diameter
d) longer life
Answer: c
180. Dispersion of single mode silica fiber is lowest at
A)1300nm
b) 1200nm
c) 1400nm
d) 1600nm
Answer: a
181. Two configurations of dispersion shifted fiber are
a) step index dispersion shifted fiber
b) triangular dispersion shifted fiber
c) both
Answer: c
182. The macrobending and microbending losses are significant in single mode fibers at
A)1500nm
b) 1550nm
c) 1400nm
d) 1450nm
Answer: b
183. Expansion of SRS
a) stimulated ramon scattering
b) stimulated Rayleigh scattering
c) stimulated ray scattering
d) stimulated radio scattering
Answer: a
184. what are the types of fiber losses
a) attenuation db/km
b) dispersion ps/nm-km
c) group delay
d) all the above
Answer: d
185. The pulse gets distorted as it travel along the fiber length in dispersion mechanism. state true/false
a) true
b)false
Answer: true
186. The wavelength region of first window is
a) 700-900nm
b) 800-900nm
c) 1250-1350nm
d) 1500-1600nm
Answer: b
187. The wavelength region of third window is
a) 700-900nm
b) 800-900nm
c) 1250-1350nm
d) 1500-1600nm
Answer: d
188. The wavelength region of 1250-1350nm to corresponding window is
a) first window
b) second window
c) third window
d) fourth window
Answer: b
189. Optical source should have a narrow spectral width to ____________dispersion
a) minimize
b) maximise
c) equal
d) not equal
Answer: a
190. Polarisation mode dispersion is caused by the lightwave’s different principal states travelling at
__________ speeds
a) equal
b) different
c) both
Answer: b
191. For step index bandwidth distance product is
a) 10MHz.km
b) 20MHz.km
c) 10GHz.km
d) 20GHz.km
Answer: b
192. Existence of tiny dielectric consistencies in the glass silica. state true/false
a) true
b) false
Answer: b
193. The formula of pulse dispersion is
a) pulse broadening + distance
b) pulse broadening - distance
c) pulse broadening *distance
d) pulse broadening / distance
Answer: d
194. The beat length describes the length required for the polarization to rotate _______ degree
a) 0
b) 90
c) 360
d) 180
Answer: c
195. Group delay is formed when group velocity of same mode varies. State true/false
a) false
b) true
Answer: a
196. Dispersion slope S plays an important role in designing
_____________ system
a)PMD
b)WDM
c)SBS
d)SRS
Answer: b
197. High order dispersive effective effects are governed by dispersion slope S. state true /false
a) false
b) true
Answer: b
198. A pulse is said to be ____________if its carrier frequency changes with time
a) chirped
b) bit rate
c) polarisation
d) intermodal
Answer: a
199. The velocity at which the energy in a pulse travels along the fiber is known as___________
a) time delay
b) time velocity
c) group delay
d) group velocity
Answer: d
200. Dispersion is measured in

a) nanoseconds per picometer per kilometre
b) nanoseconds per picometer
c) picoseconds per nanometer per kilometre
d) picoseconds per nanometer
Answer: c
UNIT 3
OPTICAL SOURCES AND DETECTORS
1. A device which converts electrical energy in the form of a current into optical energy is called as
___________
a) Optical source
b) Optical coupler
c) Optical isolator
d) Circulator
Answer: a
2. How many types of sources of optical light are available?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: c
3. The frequency of the absorbed or emitted radiation is related to difference in energy E between the
higher energy state E2 and the lower energy state E1. State what h stands for in the given equation?
E = E2 - E1 = hf
a) Gravitation constant
b) Planck’s constant
c) Permittivity
d) Attenuation constant
Answer: b
4. The radiation emission process (emission of a proton at frequency) can occur in __________ ways.
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) One
Answer: a
5. Which process gives the laser its special properties as an optical source?
a) Dispersion
b) Stimulated absorption
c) Spontaneous emission
d) Stimulated emission
Answer: d
6. An incandescent lamp is operating at a temperature of 1000K at an operating frequency of

5.2×1014 Hz. Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission rate to spontaneous emission rate.
a) 3×10-13
b) 1.47×10-11
c) 2×10-12
d) 1.5×10-13
Answer: b
7. The lower energy level contains more atoms than upper level under the conditions of
________________
a) Isothermal packaging
b) Population inversion
c) Thermal equilibrium
d) Pumping
Answer: c
8. __________________ in the laser occurs when photon colliding with an excited atom causes the
stimulated emission of a second photon.
a) Light amplification
b) Attenuation
c) Dispersion
d) Population inversion
Answer: a
9. A ruby laser has a crystal of length 3 cm with a refractive index of 1.60, wavelength 0.43 μm.
Determine the number of longitudinal modes.
a) 1×102
b) 3×106
c) 2.9×105
d) 2.2×105
Answer: d
10. A semiconductor laser crystal of length 5 cm, refractive index 1.8 is used as an optical source.
Determine the frequency separation of the modes.
a) 2.8 GHz
b) 1.2 GHz
c) 1.6 GHz
d) 2 GHz
Answer: c
11. Doppler broadening is a homogeneous broadening mechanism.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
12. An injection laser has active cavity losses of 25 cm-1 and the reflectivity of each laser facet is 30%.
Determine the laser gain coefficient for the cavity it has a length of 500μm.
a) 46 cm-1
b) 51 cm-1
c) 50 cm-1
d) 49.07 cm-1
Answer: d
13. Longitudinal modes contribute only a single spot of light to the laser output.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
14. Considering the values given below, calculate the mode separation in terms of free space
wavelength for a laser. (Frequency separation = 2GHz, Wavelength = 0.5 μm)
a) 1.4×10-11
b) 1.6×10-12
c) 1×10-12
d) 6×10-11
Answer: b
15. A perfect semiconductor crystal containing no impurities or lattice defects is called as __________
a) Intrinsic semiconductor
b) Extrinsic semiconductor
c) Excitation
d) Valence electron
Answer: a
16. The energy-level occupation for a semiconductor in thermal equilibrium is described by the
__________
a) Boltzmann distribution function
b) Probability distribution function
c) Fermi-Dirac distribution function
d) Cumulative distribution function
Answer: c
17. What is done to create an extrinsic semiconductor?
a) Refractive index is decreased
b) Doping the material with impurities
c) Increase the band-gap of the material
d) Stimulated emission
Answer: b
18. The majority of the carriers in a p-type semiconductor are __________
a) Holes
b) Electrons
c) Photons
d) Neutrons
Answer: a
19. _________________ is used when the optical emission results from the application of electric field.
a) Radiation
b) Efficiency
c) Electro-luminescence
d) Magnetron oscillator
Answer: c
20. In the given equation, what does p stands for?
p = 2πhk
a) Permittivity
b) Probability
c) Holes
d) Crystal momentum
Answer: d
21. The recombination in indirect band-gap semiconductors is slow.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
22. Calculate the radioactive minority carrier lifetime in gallium arsenide when the minority carriers are
electrons injected into a p-type semiconductor region which has a hole concentration of 1018cm-3. The
recombination coefficient for gallium arsenide is 7.21*10-10cm3s-1.
a) 2ns
b) 1.39ns
c) 1.56ns
d) 2.12ms
Answer: b
23. Which impurity is added to gallium phosphide to make it an efficient light emitter?
a) Silicon
b) Hydrogen
c) Nitrogen
d) Phosphorus
Answer: c
24. Population inversion is obtained at a p-n junction by __________
a) Heavy doping of p-type material
b) Heavy doping of n-type material
c) Light doping of p-type material
d) Heavy doping of both p-type and n-type material
Answer: d
25. A GaAs injection laser has a threshold current density of 2.5*103Acm-2 and length and width of the
cavity is 240μm and 110μm respectively. Find the threshold current for the device.
a) 663 mA
b) 660 mA
c) 664 mA
d) 712 mA
Answer: b
26. A GaAs injection laser with an optical cavity has refractive index of 3.6. Calculate the reflectivity for
normal incidence of the plane wave on the GaAs-air interface.
a) 0.61
b) 0.12
c) 0.32
d) 0.48
Answer: c
27. A homo-junction is an interface between two adjoining single-crystal semiconductors with different
band-gap energies.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
28. How many types of hetero-junctions are available?
a) Two
b) One
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: a
29. The ______________ system is best developed and is used for fabricating both lasers and LEDs for
the shorter wavelength region.
a) InP
b) GaSb
c) GaAs/GaSb
d) GaAs/Alga AS DH
Answer: d
30. Stimulated emission by recombination of injected carriers is encouraged in __________
a) Semiconductor injection laser
b) Gas laser
c) Chemist laser
d) Dye laser
Answer: a
31. In semiconductor injection laser, narrow line bandwidth is of the order?
a) 1 nm or less
b) 4 nm
c) 5 nm
d) 3 nm
Answer: a
32. Injection laser have a high threshold current density of __________
a) 104Acm-2 and more
b) 102Acm-2
c) 10-2Acm-2
d) 10-3Acm-2
Answer: a
33. ηT is known as slope quantum efficiency.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
34. The total efficiency of an injection laser with GaAs active region is 12%. The applied voltage is 3.6 V
and band gap energy for GaAs is 2.34 eV. Determine external power efficiency.
a) 7.8 %
b) 10 %
c) 12 %
d) 6 %
Answer: a
35. In a DH laser, the sides of cavity are formed by _______________
a) Cutting the edges of device
b) Roughening the edges of device
c) Softening the edges of device
d) Covering the sides with ceramics
Answer: b
36. A particular laser structure is designed so that the active region extends the edges of devices.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
37. Gain guided laser structure are __________
a) Chemical laser
b) Gas laser
c) DH injection laser
d) Quantum well laser
Answer: c
38. Laser modes are generally separated by few __________
a) Tenths of micrometer
b) Tenths of nanometer
c) Tenths of Pico-meter
d) Tenths of millimeter
Answer: b
39. The spectral width of emission from the single mode device is __________
a) Smaller than broadened transition line-width
b) Larger than broadened transition line-width
c) Equal the broadened transition line-width
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: a
40. Single longitudinal mode operation is obtained by __________
a) Eliminating all transverse mode
b) Eliminating all longitudinal modes
c) Increasing the length of cavity

d) Reducing the length of cavity
Answer: d
41. A correct DH structure will restrict the vertical width of waveguide region is?
a) 0.5μm.
b) 0.69 μm
c) 0.65 μm
d) Less than 0.4 μm
Answer: d
42. The external power efficiency of an injection laser with a GaAs is 13% having band gap energy of
1.64 eV. Determine external power efficiency.
a) 0.198
b) 0.283
c) 0.366
d) 0.467
Answer: a
43. Stimulated emission by recombination of injected carriers is encouraged in __________
a) Semiconductor injection laser
b) Gas laser
c) Chemist laser
d) Dye laser
Answer: a
44. In semiconductor injection laser, narrow line bandwidth is of the order?
a) 1 nm or less
b) 4 nm
c) 5 nm
d) 3 nm
Answer: a
45. Injection laser have a high threshold current density of __________
a) 104Acm-2 and more
b) 102Acm-2
c) 10-2Acm-2
d) 10-3Acm-2
Answer: a
46. ηT is known as slope quantum efficiency.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
47. The total efficiency of an injection laser with GaAs active region is 12%. The applied voltage is 3.6 V
and band gap energy for GaAs is 2.34 eV. Determine external power efficiency.
a) 7.8 %
b) 10 %
c) 12 %
d) 6 %
Answer: a
48. In a DH laser, the sides of cavity are formed by _______________
a) Cutting the edges of device
b) Roughening the edges of device
c) Softening the edges of device
d) Covering the sides with ceramics

Answer: b
49. A particular laser structure is designed so that the active region extends the edges of devices.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
50. Gain guided laser structure are __________
a) Chemical laser
b) Gas laser
c) DH injection laser
d) Quantum well laser
Answer: c
51. Laser modes are generally separated by few __________
a) Tenths of micrometer
b) Tenths of nanometer
c) Tenths of Pico-meter
d) Tenths of millimeter
Answer: b
52. The spectral width of emission from the single mode device is __________
a) Smaller than broadened transition line-width
b) Larger than broadened transition line-width
c) Equal the broadened transition line-width
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: a
53. Single longitudinal mode operation is obtained by __________
a) Eliminating all transverse mode

b) Eliminating all longitudinal modes
c) Increasing the length of cavity
d) Reducing the length of cavity
Answer: d
54. A correct DH structure will restrict the vertical width of waveguide region is?
a) 0.5μm.
b) 0.69 μm
c) 0.65 μm
d) Less than 0.4 μm
Answer: d
55. The external power efficiency of an injection laser with a GaAs is 13% having band gap energy of
1.64 eV. Determine external power efficiency.
a) 0.198
b) 0.283
c) 0.366
d) 0.467
Answer: a
56. In multimode injection lasers, the construction of current flow to the strip is obtained in structure by
__________
a) Covering the strip with ceramic
b) Intrinsic doping
c) Implantation outside strip region with protons
d)Implantation outside strip region with electrons
Answer: c
57. What is the strip width of injection laser?

a) 12 μm
b) 11.5 μm
c) Less than 10 μm
d) 15 μm
Answer: c
58. Some refractive index variation is introduced into lateral structure of laser.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
59. Buried hetero-junction (BH) device is a type of _____________ laser where the active volume is
buried in a material of wider band-gap and lower refractive index.
a) Gas lasers.
b) Gain guided lasers.
c) Weak index guiding lasers.
d) Strong index guiding lasers.
Answer: d
60. Buried hetero-junction (BH) device is a type of _____________ laser where the active volume is
buried in a material of wider band-gap and lower refractive index.
a) Gas lasers.
b) Gain guided lasers.
c) Weak index guiding lasers.
d) Strong index guiding lasers.
Answer: d
61. A double-channel planar buried hetero-structure (DCP BH) has a planar active region, the
confinement material is?
a) Alga AS
b) InGaAsP
c) GaAs
d) SiO2
Answer: b
62. Problems resulting from parasitic capacitances can be overcome __________
a) Through regrowth of semi-insulating material
b) By using oxide material
c) By using a planar InGaAsP active region
d) By using a AlGaAs active region
Answer: a
63. Quantum well lasers are also known as __________
a) BH lasers
b) DH lasers
c) Chemical lasers
d) Gain-guided lasers
Answer: b
64. Quantum well lasers are providing high inherent advantage over __________
a) Chemical lasers
b) Gas lasers
c) Conventional DH devices
d) BH device
Answer: c
65. Strip geometry of a device or laser is important.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
66. Better confinement of optical mode is obtained in __________
a) Multi Quantum well lasers
b) Single Quantum well lasers
c) Gain guided lasers
d) BH lasers
Answer: a
67. Multi-quantum devices have superior characteristics over __________
a) BH lasers
b) DH lasers
c) Gain guided lasers
d) Single-quantum-well devices
Answer: b
68. Dot-in-well device is also known as __________
a) DH lasers
b) BH lasers
c) QD lasers
d) Gain guided lasers
Answer: c
69. A BH can have anything from a single electron to several electrons.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
70. QD lasers have a very low threshold current densities of range __________
a) 0.5 to 5 A cm-2
b) 2 to 10 A cm-2
c) 10 to 30 A cm-2
d) 6 to 20 A cm-2
Answer: d
71. __________________ may be improved through the use of frequency-selective feedback so that the
cavity loss is different for various longitudinal modes.
a) Frequency selectivity
b) Longitudinal mode selectivity
c) Electrical feedback
d) Dissipated power
Answer: b
72. Device which apply the frequency-selective feedback technique to provide single longitudinal
operation are referred to as ________________
a) DSM lasers
b) Nd: YAG lasers
c) Glass fiber lasers
d) QD lasers
Answer: a
73. Which of the following does not provide single frequency operation?
a) Short cavity resonator
b) DSM lasers
c) Coupled cavity resonator
d) Fabry-Perot resonator
Answer: d
74. A method for increasing the longitudinal mode discrimination of an injection laser which is
commonly used?
a) Decreasing refractive index
b) Increasing the refractive index
c) Increasing cavity length
d) Shortening of cavity length
Answer: d
75. Conventional cleaved mirror structures are difficult to fabricate with the cavity lengths below
__________
a) 200 μm and greater than 150 μm
b) 100 μm and greater than 50 μm
c) 50 μm
d) 150 μm
Answer: c
76. In the given equation, corrugation period is given by lλb/2Ne. If λb is the Bragg wavelength, then
what does ‘l’ stand for?
a) Length of cavity
b) Limitation index
c) Integer order of grating
d) Refractive index
Answer: c
77. The first order grating (l=1) provide the strongest coupling within the device.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
78. The semiconductor lasers employing the distributed feedback mechanism are classified in
_________________ categories.
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: b
79. DBF-BH lasers exhibit low threshold currents in the range of ________________
a) 40 to 50 mA
b) 21 to 30 mA
c) 2 to 5 mA
d) 10 to 20 mA
Answer: d
80. Fabry-Perot devices with BH geometries high modulation speeds than DFB-BH lasers.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
81. The InGaAsP/InP double channel planar DFB-BH laser with a quarter wavelength shifted first order
grating provides a single frequency operation and incorporates a phase shift of ______________
a) π/2 Radians
b) 2π Radians
c) π Radians
d) 3π/2 radians
Answer: a
82. The narrow line-width obtained under the CW operation for quarter wavelength shifted DFB laser is
________________
a) 2 MHz
b) 10 MHz
c) 3 MHz
d) 1 MHz
Answer: c
83. Line-width narrowing is achieved in DFB lasers by a strategy referred as _______________
a) Noise partition
b) Grating
c) Tuning
d) Bragg wavelength detuning
Answer: d
84. _________________ is a technique used to render the non-conducting material around the active
cavity by producing permanent defects in the implanted area.
a) Dispersion
b) Ion de-plantation
c) Ion implantation
d) Attenuation
Answer: c
85. The threshold temperature coefficient for InGaAsP devices is in the range of __________
a) 10-40 K
b) 40-75 K
c) 120-190 K
d) 150-190 K
Answer: b
86. The process where the energy released during the recombination of an electron-hole event getting
transferred to another carrier is known as __________
a) Inter-valence bond absorption
b) Auger recombination
c) Carrier leakage effects
d) Exothermic actions
Answer: b
87. Auger recombination can be reduced by using __________
a) Strained MQW structure
b) Strained SQW structure
c) Gain-guided strained structure
d) Strained Quantum dots lasers
Answer: a
88. High strain in strained MCQ structure should be incorporated.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
89. The parameter that prevents carrier from recombination is __________
a) Auger recombination
b) Inter-valence band absorption
c) Carrier leakage
d) Low temperature sensitivity
Answer: c
90. Determine the threshold current density for an AlGaAs injection laser with T0=180k at 30°C.
a) 6.24
b) 9.06
c) 3.08
d) 5.09
Answer: d
91. The phenomenon occurring when the electron and photon population within the structure comes
into equilibrium is known as __________
c) Carrier leakage
d) Relaxation oscillations
Answer: d
92. When a current pulse reaches a laser having parasitic capacitance after the initial delay time, that
pulse will __________
a) Have no effect
b) Will get vanished
c) Becomes narrower
d) Gets broader
Answer: d
93. Reducing delay time and ____________ are of high importance for lasers.
d) Relaxation oscillations
Answer: d
94. Dynamic line-width broadening under the direct modulation of injection current is known as
__________
d) Frequency Chirping
Answer: d
95. A particular characteristic or parameter that occurs during analog transmission of injection lasers is?
a) Noise
b) Mode hopping
Answer: a
96. Intensity of output from semiconductor injection lasers leading to optical intensity noise is due to
__________
a) Fluctuations in amplitude
b) Mode hopping
Answer: a
97. In multimode lasers the optical feedback from unnecessary external reflections affecting stability of
frequency and intensity is?
a) Remains unaffected
b) Increased gradually
c) Reduced
d) Gets totally vanished

Answer: c
98. Reduction in the number of modes in multimode fiber increases the mode partition noise.
a) False
b) True
Answer: a
99. The behavior of laser occurring when current is increased above threshold particularly is?
a) Mode hopping
b) Auger recombination
c) Frequency chirping
d) Noise
Answer: a
100. The absence of _______________ in LEDs limits the internal quantum efficiency.
a) Proper semiconductor
b) Adequate power supply
c) Optical amplification through stimulated emission
d) Optical amplification through spontaneous emission
Answer: c
101. The excess density of electrons Δnand holes Δpin an LED is ____________
a) Equal
b) Δpmore than Δn
c) Δn more than Δp
d) Does not affects the LED
Answer: a
102. The hole concentration in extrinsic materials is _________ electron concentration.
a) much greater than

b) lesser than
c) equal to
d) negligible difference with
Answer: a
103. The carrier recombination lifetime becomes majority or injected carrier lifetime.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
104. In a junction diode, an equilibrium condition occurs when ____________
a) Δn greater than Δp
b) Δn smaller than Δp
c) Constant current flow
d) Optical amplification through stimulated emission
Answer: c
105. Determine the total carrier recombination lifetime of a double heterojunction LED where the
radioactive and nonradioactive recombination lifetime of minority carriers in active region are 70 ns and
100 ns respectively.
a) 41.17 ns
b) 35 ns
c) 40 ns
d) 37.5 ns
Answer: a
106. Determine the internal quantum efficiency generated within a device when it has a radiative
recombination lifetime of 80 ns and total carrier recombination lifetime of 40 ns.
a) 20 %
b) 80 %
c) 30 %
d) 40 %
Answer: b
107. Compute power internally generated within a double-heterojunction LED if it has internal quantum
efficiency of 64.5 % and drive current of 40 mA with a peak emission wavelength of 0.82 μm.
a) 0.09
b) 0.039
c) 0.04
d) 0.06
Answer: b
108. The Lambertian intensity distribution __________ the external power efficiency by some percent.
a) Reduces
b) Does not affects
c) Increases
d) Have a negligible effect
Answer: a
109. A planar LED fabricated from GaAs has a refractive index of 2.5. Compute the optical power
emitted when transmission factor is 0.68.
a) 3.4 %
b) 1.23 %
c) 2.72 %
d) 3.62 %
Answer: c
110. A planar LED is fabricated from GaAs is having a optical power emitted is 0.018% of optical power
generated internally which is 0.018% of optical power generated internally which is 0.6 P. Determine
external power efficiency.
a) 0.18%
b) 0.32%
c) 0.65%
d) 0.9%
Answer: d
111. For a GaAs LED, the coupling efficiency is 0.05. Compute the optical loss in decibels.
a) 12.3 dB
b) 14 dB
c) 13.01 dB
d) 14.6 dB
Answer: c
112. In a GaAs LED, compute the loss relative to internally generated optical power in the fiber when
there is small air gap between LED and fiber core. (Fiber coupled = 5.5 * 10-4Pint)
a) 34 dB
b) 32.59 dB
c) 42 dB
d) 33.1 dB
Answer: b
113. Determine coupling efficiency into the fiber when GaAs LED is in close proximity to fiber core
having numerical aperture of 0.3.
a) 0.9
b) 0.3
c) 0.6
d) 0.12
Answer: a
114. If a particular optical power is coupled from an incoherent LED into a low-NA fiber, the device must
exhibit very high radiance.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
115. The amount of radiance in planer type of LED structures is ____________
a) Low
b) High
c) Zero
d) Negligible
Answer: a
116. In optical fiber communication _____________ major types of LED structures are used.
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d) 3
Answer: c
117. As compared to planar LED structure, Dome LEDs have ______________ External power efficiency
___________ effective emission area and _____________ radiance.
a) Greater, lesser, reduced
b) Higher, greater, reduced
c) Higher, lesser, increased
d) Greater, greater, increased

Answer: b
118. The techniques by Burros and Dawson in reference to homo structure device is to use an etched
well in GaAs structure.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
119. In surface emitter LEDs, more advantage can be obtained by using ____________
a) BH structures
b) QC structures
c) DH structures
d) Gain-guided structure
Answer: c
120. Internal absorption in DH surface emitter Burros type LEDs is ____________
a) Cannot be determined
b) Negligible
c) High
d) Very low
Answer: d
121. DH surface emitter generally give ____________
a) More coupled optical power
b) Less coupled optical power
c) Low current densities
d) Low radiance emission into-fiber
Answer: a
122. A DH surface emitter LED has an emission area diameter of 60μm. Determine emission area of
source.
a) 1.534*10-6
b) 5.423*10-3
c) 3.564*10-2
d) 2.826*10-9
Answer: d
123. Estimate optical power coupled into fiber of DH SLED having emission area of 1.96*10-5, radiance
of 40 W/rcm2, numerical aperture of 0.2 and Fresnel reflection coefficient of 0.03 at index matched
fiber surface.
a) 5.459*10-5
b) 1.784*10-3
c) 3.478*102
d) 9.551*10-5
Answer: d
124. In a multimode fiber, much of light coupled in the fiber from an LED is ____________
a) Increased
b) Reduced
c) Lost
d) Unaffected
Answer: c
125. Determine the overall power conversion efficiency of lens coupled SLED having forward current of
20 mA and forward voltage of 2 V with 170 μWof optical power launched into multimode step index
fiber.
a) 1.256*10-5
b) 4.417*102
c) 4.25*10-3
d) 2.14*10-3
Answer: c
126. The overall power conversion efficiency of electrical lens coupled LED is 0.8% and power applied
0.0375 V. Determine optical power launched into fiber.
a) 0.03
b) 0.05
c) 0.3
d) 0.01
Answer: a
127. Mesa structured SLEDs are used ____________
a) To reduce radiance
b) To increase radiance
c) To reduce current spreading
d) To increase current spreading
Answer: c
128. The InGaAsP is emitting LEDs are realized in terms of restricted are ____________
a) Length strip geometry
b) Radiance
c) Current spreading
d) Coupled optical power
Answer: a
129. The active layer of E-LED is heavily doped with ____________
a) Zn
b) Eu
c) Cu
d) Sn
Answer: a
130. Intrinsically _________________ are a very linear device.
a) Injection lasers
b) DH lasers
c) Gain-guided
d) LEDs
Answer: d
131. Linearizing circuit techniques are used for LEDs.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
132. The internal quantum efficiency of LEDs decreasing _______________ with ________________
temperature.
a) Exponentially, decreasing
b) Exponentially, increasing
c) Linearly, increasing
d) Linearly, decreasing
Answer: b
133. To utilize _____________________ of SLDs at elevated temperatures, the use of thermoelectric

coolers is important.
a) Low-internal efficiency
b) High-internal efficiency
c) High-power potential
d) Low-power potential
Answer: c
134. For particular materials with smaller bandgap energies operating in _____________ wavelength,
the linewidth tends to ______________
a) 2.1 to 2.75 μm, increase
b) 1.1 to 1.7 μm, increase
c) 2.1 to 3.6 μm, decrease
d) 3.5 to 6 μm, decrease
Answer: b
135. The active layer composition must be adjusted if a particular center wavelength is desired.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
136. In optical fiber communication, the electrical signal dropping to half its constant value due to
modulated portion of optical signal corresponds to _______
a) 6 dB
b) 3 dB
c) 4 dB
d) 5 dB
Answer: b
137. The optical 3 dB point occurs when currents ratio is equal to _____________
a) 83
b) 22
c) 12
d) 34
Answer: c
138. The optical bandwidth is _____________ the electrical bandwidth.
a) Smaller
b) Greater
c) Same as
d) Zero with respect to
Answer: b
139. When a constant d.c. drive current is applied to device, the optical o/p power is 320 μm. Determine
optical o/p power when device is modulated at frequency 30 MHz with minority carrier recombination
lifetime of LED i.e. 5ns.
a) 4.49*10-12
b) 6.84*10-9
c) 1.29*10-6
d) 2.29*10-4
Answer: d
140. The optical power at 20 MHz is 246.2 μW. Determine dc drive current applied to device with carrier
recombination lifetime for LED of 6ns.
a) 3.48*10-4
b) 6.42*10-9
c) 1.48*10-3
d) 9.48*10-12
Answer: a
141. Determine the 3 dB electrical bandwidth at 3 dB optical bandwidth Bopt of 56.2 MHz.
a) 50.14
b) 28.1
c) 47.6
d) 61.96
Answer: b
142. The 3 dB electrical bandwidth B is 42 MHz. Determine 3dB optical bandwidth Bopt.
a) 45.18
b) 59.39
c) 78.17
d) 94.14
Answer: b
143. Determine degradation rate βrif constant junction temperature is 17 degree celsius.
a) 7.79*10-11
b) 7.91*10-11
c) 6.86*10-11
d) 5.86*10-11
Answer: a
144. Determine CW operating lifetime for LED with βrt = -0.58 and degradation rate βr = 7.86*10-11 h-1.
a) 32.12
b) 42
c) 22.72
d) 23.223
Answer: c
145. The fraction of incident photons generated by photodiode of electrons generated collected at
detector is known as ___________________
a) Quantum efficiency
b) Absorption coefficient
c) Responsivity
d) Anger recombination
Answer: a
146. In photo detectors, energy of incident photons must be ________________ band gap energy.
a) Lesser than
b) Greater than
c) Same as
d) Negligible
Answer: b
147. GaAs has band gap energy of 1.93 eV at 300 K. Determine wavelength above which material will
cease to operate.
a) 2.431*10-5
b) 6.424*10-7
c) 6.023*103
d) 7.234*10-7
Answer: b
148. The long cutoff wavelength of GaAs is 0.923 μm. Determine bandgap energy.
a) 1.478*10-7
b) 4.265*10-14
c) 2.784*10-9
d) 2.152*10-19
Answer: d
149. Quantum efficiency is a function of photon wavelength.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
150. Determine quantum efficiency if incident photons on photodiodes is 4*1011 and electrons
collected at terminals is 1.5*1011?
a) 50%
b) 37.5%
c) 25%
d) 30%
Answer: b
151. A photodiode has quantum efficiency of 45% and incident photons are 3*1011. Determine
electrons collected at terminals of device.
a) 2.456*109
b) 1.35*1011
c) 5.245*10-7
d) 4.21*10-3
Answer: b
152. The quantum efficiency of photodiode is 40% with wavelength of 0.90*10-6. Determine the
responsivity of photodiodes.
a) 0.20
b) 0.52
c) 0.29
d) 0.55
Answer: c
153. The Responsivity of photodiode is 0.294 AW-1at wavelength of 0.90 μm. Determine quantum
efficiency.
a) 0.405
b) 0.914
c) 0.654
d) 0.249
Answer: a
154. Determine wavelength of photodiode having quantum efficiency of 40% and Responsivity of 0.304
AW-1.
a) 0.87 μm
b) 0.91 μm
c) 0.88 μm
d) 0.94 μm
Answer: d
155. Determine wavelength at which photodiode is operating if energy of photons is 1.9*10-19J?
a) 2.33
b) 1.48
c) 1.04
d) 3.91
Answer: c
156. Determine the energy of photons incident on a photodiode if it operates at a wavelength of 1.36
μm.
a) 1.22*10-34J
b) 1.46*10-19J
c) 6.45*10-34J
d) 3.12*109J
Answer: b
157. Determine Responsivity of photodiode having o/p power of 3.55 μm and photo current of 2.9 μm.
a) 0.451
b) 0.367
c) 0.982
d) 0.816
Answer: d
158. Determine incident optical power on a photodiode if it has photocurrent of 2.1 μA and responsivity
of 0.55 A/W.
a) 4.15
b) 1.75
c) 3.81
d) 8.47
Answer: c
159. If a photodiode requires incident optical power of 0.70 A/W. Determine photocurrent.
a) 1.482
b) 2.457
c) 4.124
d) 3.199
Answer: b
160. P-n photodiode is forward biased.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
161. The depletion region must be ____________ to allow a large fraction of the incident light to be
absorbed in the device(photodiode).
a) Thick
b) Thin
c) Long
d) Inactive
Answer: a
162. The process of excitation of an electron from valence band to conduction band leaves an empty
hole in the valence band and is called as ____________
a) Detection
b) Absorption
c) Degeneration of an electron-hole pair
d) Regeneration of an electron-hole pair
Answer: d
163. __________________ always leads to the generation of a hole and an electron.
a) Repulsion
b) Dispersion
c) Absorption
d) Attenuation
Answer: c
164. The electron hole pairs generated in a photodiode are separated by the ____________
a) Magnetic field
b) Electric field
c) Static field
d) Depletion region
Answer: b
165. Electric field in the depletion region should be high.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
166. The photocurrent of an optical detector should be __________
a) Less
b) More
c) Linear
d) Non-linear
Answer: c
167. How many types of optical detectors are available?
a) One
b) Four
c) Two
d) Three
Answer: d
168. The width of depletion region is dependent on ___________ of semiconductor.
a) Doping concentrations for applied reverse bias
b) Doping concentrations for applied forward bias
c) Properties of material
d) Amount of current provided
Answer: a
169. Electron-hole pairs are generated in ___________
a) Depletion region
b) Diffusion region
c) Depletion region
d) P-type region
Answer: c
170. The diffusion process is _____________ as compared with drift.

a) Very fast
b) Very slow
c) Negligible
d) Better
Answer: b
171. Determine drift time for carrier across depletion region for photodiode having intrinsic region
width of 30μm and electron drift velocity of 105 ms-1.
a) 1×10-10 Seconds
b) 2×10-10 Seconds
c) 3×10-10 Seconds
d) 4×10-10 Seconds
Answer: c
172. Determine intrinsic region width for a photodiode having drift time of 4×10-10 s and electron
velocity of 2×10-10ms-1.
a) 3×10-5M
b) 8×10-5M
c) 5×10-5M
d) 7×10-5M
Answer: b
173. Determine velocity of electron if drift time is 2×10-10s and intrinsic region width of 25×10-6μm.
a) 12.5×104
b) 11.5×104
c) 14.5×104
d) 13.5×104
Answer: a
174. Compute junction capacitance for a p-i-n photodiode if it has area of 0.69×10-6m2, permittivity of
10.5×10-13Fcm-1 and width of 30μm.
a) 3.043×10-5
b) 2.415×10-7
c) 4.641×10-4
d) 3.708×10-5
Answer: b
175. Determine the area where permittivity of material is 15.5×10-15Fcm-1 and width of 25×10-6 and
junction capacitance is 5pF.
a) 8.0645×10-5
b) 5.456×10-6
c) 3.0405×10-2
d) 8.0645×10-3
Answer: d
176. Determine the area where permittivity of material is 15.5×10-15Fcm-1 and width of 25×10-6 and
junction capacitance is 5pF.
a) 8.0645×10-5
b) 5.456×10-6
c) 3.0405×10-2
d) 8.0645×10-3
Answer: d
177. Compute intrinsic region width of p-i-n photodiode having junction capacitance of 4pF and material
permittivity of 16.5×10-13Fcm-1 and area of 0.55×10-6m2.
a) 7.45×10-6
b) 2.26×10-7
c) 4.64×10-7
d) 5.65×10-6
Answer: b
178. Determine permittivity of p-i-n photodiode with junction capacitance of 5pF, area of 0.62×10-
6m2 and intrinsic region width of 28 μm.
a) 7.55×10-12
b) 2.25×10-10
c) 5×10-9
d) 8.5×10-12
Answer: b
179. Determine response time of p-i-n photodiode if it has 3 dB bandwidth of 1.98×108Hz.
a) 5.05×10-6sec
b) 5.05×10-7Sec
c) 5.05×10-7sec
d) 5.05×10-8Sec
Answer: c
180. Compute maximum 3 dB bandwidth of p-i-n photodiode if it has a max response time of 5.8 ns.
a) 0.12 GHz
b) 0.14 GHz
c) 0.17 GHz
d) 0.13 GHz
Answer: c
181. Determine maximum response time for a p-i-n photodiode having width of 28×10-6m and carrier
velocity of 4×104ms-1.
a) 105.67 MHz
b) 180.43 MHz
c) 227.47 MHz
d) 250.65 MHz
Answer: c
182. Determine carrier velocity of a p-i-n photodiode where 3dB bandwidth is1.9×108Hz and depletion
region width of 24μm.
a) 93.43×10-5
b) 29.55×10-3
c) 41.56×10-3
d) 65.3×10-4
Answer: b
183. ___________ has more sophisticated structure than p-i-n photodiode.
b) p-n junction diode
c) Zener diode
d) Varactor diode
Answer: a
184. Compute depletion region width of a p-i-n photodiode with 3dB bandwidth of 1.91×108and carrier
velocity of 2×104ms-s.
a) 1.66×10-5
b) 3.2×10-3
c) 2×10-5
d) 2.34×104
Answer: a
185. The phenomenon leading to avalanche breakdown in reverse-biased diodes is known as _______
b) Mode hopping
c) Impact ionization
d) Extract ionization
Answer: c
186. _______ is fully depleted by employing electric fields.
b) P-I-N diode
c) Varactor diode
d) P-n diode
Answer: a
187. At low gain, the transit time and RC effects ________
a) Are negligible
b) Are very less
c) Dominate
d) Reduce gradually
Answer: c
188. At high gain, avalanche buildup time ________
a) Is negligible
b) Very less
c) Increases gradually
d) Dominates
Answer: d
189. Often __________ pulse shape is obtained from APD.
a) Negligible
b) Distorted
c) Asymmetric
d) Symmetric
Answer: c
190. Fall times of 1 ns or more are common.
a) False
b) True
Answer: b
191. Determine Responsivity of a silicon RAPD with 80% efficiency, 0.7μm wavelength.
a) 0.459
b) 0.7
c) 0.312
d) 0.42
Answer: a
192. Compute wavelength of RAPD with 70% efficiency and Responsivity of 0.689 A/w.
a) 6μm
b) 7.21μm
c) 0.112μm
d) 3μm
Answer: c
193. Compute photocurrent of RAPD having optical power of 0.7 μw and responsivity of 0.689 A/W.
a) 0.23 μA
b) 0.489 μA
c) 0.123 μA
d) 9 μA
Answer: b
194. Determine optical power of RAPD with photocurrent of 0.396 μAand responsivity of 0.49 A/w.
a) 0.91 μW
b) 0.32 μW
c) 0.312 μW
d) 0.80 μW
Answer: d
195. Determine the Responsivity of optical power of 0.4μW and photocurrent of 0.294 μA.
a) 0.735
b) 0.54
c) 0.56
d) 0.21
Answer: a
196. Compute multiplication factor of RAPD with output current of 10 μAand photocurrent of 0.369μA.
a) 25.32
b) 27.100
c) 43
d) 22.2
Answer: b
197. Determine the output current of RAPD having multiplication factor of 39 and photocurrent of
0.469μA.
a) 17.21
b) 10.32
c) 12.21
d) 18.29
Answer: d
198. The advantages of LED
a) simple design
b) large chromatic dispersion
c) low coupling efficiency
d)refraction of light at semiconductor
Answer: a
199.Which one has low cost?
a) LED
b) LD
c) both
Answer: a
200. Which one has high coupling efficiency?
a) LED
b) LD
c) both
Answer: b
UNIT 4
OPTICAL RECEIVER,MEASUREMENT AND COUPLING
1.A technique used for determining the total fiber attenuation per unit length is ________ method.
a) Frank
b) Cut-off
c) cut-back
d) Erlangen
Answer: c
2.The system designer finds greatest interest in the ______________
a) Overall fiber attenuation
b) Fiber dispersion
c) Latitude of the fiber
d) Durability
Answer: a
3.How many parameters are usually worked upon by the measurement techniques in attenuation?
a) Three
b) Two
c) One
d) Five
Answer: b
4.What type of light source is usually present in the cut-back method?
a) Tungsten or xenon
b) LED
c) Laser
d) Photo-sensor
Answer: a
5.The device used to remove any scattered optical power from the core is __________
a) Mode setup terminator
b) Nodal spectrum
c) Mode stripper
d) Attenuator
Answer: c
6.What is the hierarchy of the process at the receiving end of the cut-back technique?
a) Photodiode – photo-detector – lock-in amplifier
b) Photodiode – lock-in amplifier
c) Photodiode – photo-detector – Attenuator
d) Photo-detector – lock-in amplifier – receiver
Answer: a
7.What is the unit of measurement of the optical attenuation per unit length?
a) dB-km
b) dB/km
c) km/dB
d) V
Answer: b
8.Determine the attenuation per kilometer for a fiber whose length is 2 km, output voltage is 2.1 V at a
wavelength of 0.85μm. The output voltage increases to 10.7 V when the fiber is cut-back to leave 2
metres. Determine the attenuation per km for the fiber at wavelength 0.85μm.
a) 2.8dB/km
b) 3.1dB/km
c) 3.5dB/km
d) 8dB/km
Answer: c
9.___________ are used to allow measurements at a selection of different wavelengths.
a) Diaphragms
b) Spot attenuators
c) Belts
d) Interference filters
Answer: d
10.Cut-back technique is destructive.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
11.Which technology is used by the backscatter measurement method?
a) Refraction
b) Francis flat recovery
c) Optical time domain reflectometry
d) Optical frequency
Answer: c
12.________________ measurements checks the impurity level in the manufacturing process.
a) Material reflectometry
b) Material absorption loss
c) Material attenuation loss
d) Calorimetric loss
Answer: b
13._____________ may be achieved by replacing the optical fibers with thin resistance wires.
a) Diffraction
b) Segmentation
c) Calorimetric calibration
d) Electrical calibration
Answer: d
14.A scattering cell consists of ______ square solar cells called as Tynes cell.
a) Five
b) Four
c) Six
d) Three
Answer: c
15.___________ removes the light propagating in the cladding.
a) Cladding mode strippers
b) Core strippers
c) Mode enhancers
d) Attenuators
Answer: a
16.___________ measurements give an indication of the distortion to the optical signals as they
propagate down optical fibers.
a) Attenuation
b) Dispersion
c) Encapsulation
d) Frequency
Answer: b
17.The measurement of dispersion allows the _________ of the fiber to be determined.
a) Capacity
b) Frequency
c) Bandwidth
d) Power
Answer: c
18.How many types of mechanisms are present which produce dispersion in optical fibers?
a) Three
b) Two
c) One
d) Four
Answer: a
19.Intermodal dispersion is nonexistent in ________ fibers.
a) Multimode
b) Single mode
c) Step index- multimode
d) Al-GU
Answer: b
20.In the single mode fibers, the dominant dispersion mechanism is ____________
a) Intermodal dispersion
b) Frequency distribution
c) Material dispersion
d) Intra-modal dispersion
Answer: d
21.Devices such as ___________ are used to simulate the steady-state mode distribution.
a) Gyrators
b) Circulators
c) Mode scramblers
d) Attenuators
Answer: c
22.How many domains support the measurements of fiber dispersion?
a) One
b) Three
c) Four
d) Two
Answer: d
23.The time domain dispersion measurement setup involves _____________ as the photo detector.
b) Oscilloscope
c) Circulator
d) Gyrator
Answer: a
24.In pulse dispersion measurements, the 3dB pulse broadening for the fiber is 10.5 ns/km and the
length of the fiber is 1.2 km. Calculate the optical bandwidth for the fiber.
a) 32 MHz km
b) 45 MHz km
c) 41.9 MHz km
d) 10 MHz km
Answer: c
25.Frequency domain measurement is the preferred method for acquiring the bandwidth of multimode
optical fibers.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
26.Intra-modal dispersion tends to be dominant in multimode fibers.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
27.The detailed knowledge of the refractive index profile predicts the __________ of the fiber.
a) Nodal response
b) Variation in frequency
c) Impulse response
d) Amplitude
Answer: c
28.______________ of the fiber is strongly dependent on the refractive index profile.
a) Amplitude
b) Tuning frequency
c) Diameter
d) Information carrying capacity
Answer: d
29.______________ is required in case of graded index fibers.
a) High amplitude
b) High frequency
c) High impulse response
d) Optimum profile
Answer: d
30._______________ have been widely used to determine the refractive index profiles of optical fibers.
a) Interference microscopes
b) Gyro meters
c) Mode-diameter device
d) Tunable microscopes
Answer: a
31.Which of the following is not an interference microscope?
a) Gerry Buzynski
b) Michelson
c) Mach-Zehnder
d) L.G. Cohen
Answer: a
32.What stands for x in the given equation?
δn = qλ/x
Displacement
b) Thickness
c) Constant
d) Coefficient of refraction
Answer: b
33.The ________ method gives an accurate measurement of the refractive index profile.
a) Slab
b) Biometric
c) GSLB
d) Tuning
Answer: a
34.Which of the following is the main drawback of the slab technique?
a) Efficiency
b) Amplitude
c) Time
d) Accuracy
Answer: c
35.________________ method is used to measure the nonlinear refractive index of the silica fiber.
a) Grating
b) Non-linear
c) Silica-refraction
d) IGA
Answer: d
36.Near field scanning method provides a rapid method for acquiring the refractive index profile.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
37.A multimode fiber has many cutoff wavelengths.
a) False
b) True
Answer: b
38.What does ‘a’ stands for in the given equation?
Mg=(πa/λ)2(n12 - n22)
Radius of the core
b) Constant
c) Coefficient of refraction
d) Density
Answer: a
39.The _________ wavelength is defined as the wavelength greater than which the ratio of the total
power and the fundamental mode power has to be decreased to less than 0.1dB.
a) Magnetic
b) Quasi
c) Cut-off
d) EIA
Answer: c
40.How many methods are used to determine the effective cutoff wavelength?
a) Two
b) One
c) Four
d) Three
Answer: d
41.What is the name of the test used to determine the efficient values of the effective cutoff
wavelength?
a) Round robin test
b) Mandarin test
c) Hough Werner test
d) Fulton test
Answer: a
42.The effective cutoff wavelength for a cabled single mode fiber will be generally smaller than that of
the un-cabled fiber.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
43.How many bend effects are produced in the fiber?
a) One
b) Three
c) Two
d) Four
Answer: c
44._______________ method does not require a leaky mode correction factor or equal mode excitation.
a) Bending-reference
b) Power step method
c) Alternative test method
d) Refracted near-field method
Answer: d
45.The _______ method is the most commonly used method for the determination of the fiber
refractive index profile.
a) Refracted near-field method
b) Bending-reference
c) Power step method
d) Alternative test method
Answer: a
46.The ____________ affects the light gathering capacity and the normalized frequency of the fiber.
a) Numerical aperture
b) Amplitude modulation
c) Responsivity
d) Quantum efficiency
Answer: a
47.The numerical aperture for a step index fiber is sine angle of the ____________
a) Efficient angle
b) Aperture
c) Acceptance angle
d) Attenuation
Answer: c
48.The calculations of the numerical aperture from a refractive index data are less accurate for the
graded index fibers than for step index fibers.
a) False
b) True
Answer: b
49.Far field pattern measurements with regard to multimode fibers are dependent on the
_____________ of the fiber.
a) Amplitude
b) Frequency
c) Diameter
d) Length
Answer: d
50.The screen is positioned 10 cm from the fiber end face. When illuminated from a wide angled visible
source the measured output pattern size is 6.2 cm. Calculate the approximate numerical aperture of the
fiber.
a) 0.21
b) 0.30
c) 0.9
d) 1.21
Answer: b
51.During the fiber drawing process, the fiber outer diameter is maintained constant to within ________
a) 2%
b) 1%
c) 5%
d) 10%
Answer: b
52.What is the minimum value of accuracy in diameter is needed to avoid radiation losses in the fiber?
a) 0.1%
b) 0.2%
c) 0.3%
d) 0.03%
Answer: c
53.Which of the following is a non-contacting optical method of on-line diameter measurement?
a) Brussels’s method
b) Velocity differentiator method
c) Photo detector method
d) Image projection method
Answer: d
54.The shadow method is used for measurement of the outer diameter of an optical fiber. The
apparatus employs a rotating mirror with an angular velocity of 4 rad/s which is located at 10 cm from
the photo detector. Compute the shadow velocity.
a) 0.1 μm μs-1
b) 0.4 μm μs-1
c) 0.87 μm μs-1
d) 1 μm μs-1
Answer: b
55.The shadow velocity is given by 0.4 μm μs-1 and shadow pulse of width 300 μs is registered at an
instant by the photodetector. Determine the outer diameter of the optical fiber in μm.
a) 100 μm
b) 120 μm
c) 140 μm
d) 90 μm
Answer: b
56.The shadow velocity is given by 0.4 μm μs-1 and shadow pulse of width 300 μs is registered at an
instant by the photodetector. Determine the outer diameter of the optical fiber in μm.
a) 100 μm
b) 120 μm
c) 140 μm
d) 90 μm
Answer: b
57.____________ affects both the fiber attenuation and dispersion.
a) Refractive index
b) Micro-bending
c) Connectors
d) Splices
Answer: b
58.Which of the following is not included in the optical fiber link measurement test?
a) Attenuation measurement
b) Dispersion measurement
c) Splice loss measurement
d) Receiver sensitivity
Answer: d
59.In case of field measurements, the equipment must have ___________ power consumption keeping
in mind the battery operation.
a) Low
b) High
c) Negligible
d) Maximum
Answer: a
60.Which of the following are not considered as environmental conditions required for field
measurements?
a) Temperature
b) Humidity
c) Mechanical load
d) Power
Answer: d
61.Complicated and involved fiber connection arrangements should be _________ in case of field
measurements.
a) Provided
b) Avoided
c) Maximized
d) Minimized
Answer: b
62.Which of the following cannot be used in equipment for field measurements?
a) Fiber
b) Connector
c) External triggering
d) Environmental factor
Answer: c
63.Which sensors are used for alteration of spectral range in equipment?
a) Wide-area photodiodes
b) Circulators
c) Gyrators
d) Photogenic sensors
Answer: a
64.The handheld optical power meter has a measurement accuracy of ________
a) 0.01 dB
b) 0.25 dB
c) 0.8 dB
d) 1 dB
Answer: b
65.The handheld optical power meter has a measurement accuracy of ________
a) 0.01 dB
b) 0.25 dB
c) 0.8 dB
d) 1 dB
Answer: b
66.A large-area photodiode is utilized in the receiver to eliminate any effects from differing fiber and
faces.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
67.A large-area photodiode is utilized in the receiver to eliminate any effects from differing fiber and
faces.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
68.A permanent joint formed between two different optical fibers in the field is known as a
____________
a) Fiber splice
b) Fiber connector
c) Fiber attenuator
d) Fiber dispersion
Answer: a
69.How many types of fiber splices are available?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: b
70.The insertion losses of the fiber splices are much less than the Fresnel reflection loss at a butted fiber
joint.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
71.What is the main requirement with the fibers that are intended for splicing?
a) Smooth and oval end faces
b) Smooth and square end faces
c) Rough edge faces

d) Large core diameter
Answer: b
72.In score and break process, which of the following is not used as a cutting tool?
a) Diamond
b) Sapphire
c) Tungsten carbide
d) Copper
Answer: d
73.The heating of the two prepared fiber ends to their fusing point with the application of required axial
pressure between the two optical fibers is called as ____________
a) Mechanical splicing
b) Fusion splicing
c) Melting
d) Diffusion
Answer: b
74.Which of the following is not used as a flame heating source in fusion splicing?
a) Microprocessor torches
b) Ox hydric burners
c) Electric arc
d) Gas burner
Answer: d
75.The rounding of the fiber ends with a low energy discharge before pressing the fibers together and
fusing with a stronger arc is called as ____________
a) Pre-fusion
b) Diffusion
c) Crystallization
d) Alignment
Answer: a
76._____________ is caused by surface tension effects between the two fiber ends during fusing.
a) Pre-fusion
b) Diffusion
c) Self-alignment
d) Splicing
Answer: c
77.Average insertion losses as low as _________ have been obtained with multimode graded index and
single-mode fibers using ceramic capillaries.
a) 0.1 dB
b) 0.5 dB
c) 0.02 dB
d) 0.3 dB
Answer: a
78._____________ are formed by sandwiching the butted fiber ends between a V-groove glass substrate
and a flat glass retainer plate.
a) Springroove splices
b) V-groove splices
c) Elastic splices
d) Fusion splices
Answer: b
79.Mean splice insertion losses of 0.05 dB are obtained using multimode graded index fibers with the
Springroove splice.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
80.Alignment accuracy of the order ___________ is obtained using the three glass rod alignment sleeve.
a) 0.23 μm
b) 0.15 μm
c) 0.05 μm
d) 0.01 μm
Answer: c
81.In case of multiple fusion, splice losses using an electric arc fusion device with multimode graded
index fiber range from ____________
a) 0.01 to 0.04 dB
b) 0.19 to 0.25 dB
c) 0.12 to 0.15 dB
d) 0.04 to 0.12 dB
Answer: d
82.Demountable fiber connectors are more difficult to achieve than optical fiber splices.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
83.What is the use of an index-matching material in the connector between the two jointed fibers?
a) To decrease the light transmission through the connection
b) To increase the light transmission through the connection
c) To induce losses in the fiber
d) To make a fiber dispersive

Answer: b
84.How many categories of fiber connectors exist?
a) One
b) Three
c) Two
d) Four
Answer: c
85.The basic ferrule connector is also called as _____________
a) Groove connector
b) Beam connector
c) Multimode connector
d) Concentric sleeve connector
Answer: d
86.What is the use of watch jewel in cylindrical ferrule connector?
a) To obtain the diameter and tolerance requirements of the ferrule
b) For polishing purposes
c) Cleaving the fiber
d) To disperse a fiber
Answer: a
87.The concentricity errors between the fiber core and the outside diameter of the jeweled ferrule are
in the range of ___________ with multimode step-index fibers.
a) 1 to 3μm
b) 2 to 6μm
c) 7 to 10μm
d) 12 to 20μm
Answer: b
88.The typical average losses for multimode graded index fiber and single mode fiber with the precision
ceramic ferrule connector are _____________ respectively.
a) 0.3 and 0.5 dB
b) 0.2 and 0.3 dB
c) 0.1 and 0.2 dB
d) 0.4 and 0.7 dB
Answer: b
89.Bi-conical ferrule connectors are less advantageous than cylindrical ferrule connectors.
a) FalseStat
b) True
Answer: a
90.In connectors, the fiber ends are separated by some gap. This gap ranges from ____________
a) 0.040 to 0.045 mm
b) 0.025 to 0.10 mm
c) 0.12 to 0.16 mm
d) 0.030 to 0.2mm
Answer: b
91. ____________ is the lowest noise amplifier device.
a) Silicon FET
b) Amplifier-A
c) Attenuator
d) Resonator-B
Answer: a
92. FET device has extremely high input impedance greater than _________
a) 107 Ohms and less than 108
b) 106 Ohms and less than 107
c) 1014 Ohms
d) 1023 Ohms
Answer: c
93. The properties of a bipolar transistor are superior to the FET.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
94. Bipolar transistor is more useful amplifying device than FET at frequencies _____________
a) Above 1000 MHz
b) Equal to 1 MHz
c) Below 25 MHz
d) Above 25 MHz
Answer: d
95. High-performance microwave FETs are fabricated from ___________
a) Silicon
b) Germanium
c) Gallium arsenide
d) Zinc
Answer: c
96. Gallium arsenide MESFETs are advantageous than Silicon FETs.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
97. The PIN-FET hybrid receivers are a combination of ______________
a) Hybrid resistances and capacitances
b) Pin photodiode and low noise amplifier (GaAs MESFETs)
c) P-N photodiode and low noise amplifier (GaAs MESFETs)
d) Attenuator and low noise amplifier (GaAs MESFETs)
Answer: b
98. PIN-FET hybrid receiver is designed for use at a transmission rate of _____________
a) 130 Mbits-1
b) 110 Mbits-1
c) 120 Mbits-1
d) 140 Mbits-1
Answer: d
99. It is difficult to achieve higher transmission rates using conventional __________
a) Voltage amplifier
b) Waveguide Structures
c) PIN-FET or APD receivers
d) MESFET
Answer: c
100. Which receiver can be fabricated using PIN-FET hybrid approach?
a) Trans-impedance front end receiver
b) Gallium arsenide receiver

c) High-impedance front-end
d) Low-impedance front-end
Answer: a
111. A silicon p-i-n photodiode utilized with the amplifier and the receiver is designed to accept data at a
rate of ___________
a) 276Mbits-1
b) 274 Mbits-1
c) 278Mbits-1
d) 302Mbits-1
Answer: b
112. What is usually required by FETs to optimize the figure of merit?
a) Attenuation of barrier
b) Matching with the depletion region
c) Dispersion of the gate region
d) Matching with the detector
Answer: d
113. _____________ refers to any spurious or undesired disturbances that mask the received signal in a
communication system.
a) Attenuation
b) Noise
c) Dispersion
d) Bandwidth
Answer: b
114. How many types of noise are observed because of the spontaneous fluctuations in optical fiber
communication systems?
a) One
b) Four
c) Two
d) Three
Answer: d
115. ______________ is caused due to thermal interaction between the free electrons and the vibrating
ions in the conduction medium.
a) Thermal noise
b) Dark noise
c) Quantum noise
d) Gaussian noise
Answer: a
116. A small leakage current still flows from the device terminals even if there is no optical power
incident on the photo detector.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
117. ___________ distribution provides the description the random statistics of light emitted in black
body radiation.
a) Poisson
b) Cumulative
c) Probability
d) Bose-Einstein
Answer: d
118. The probability of zero pairs being generated when a light pulse is present is given by which of the
following equation?
a) P(0/1) = exp(-Zm)
b) P(x) = exp (Zm)
c) P(y) = x (0) + x(1)
d) P(z) = P(-Zm)
Answer: a
119. The minimum pulse energy needed to maintain a given bit-error-rate (BER) which any practical
receiver must satisfy is known as ___________
a) Minimal energy
b) Quantum limit
c) Point of reversed
d) Binary signaling
Answer: b
120. A digital optical fiber communication system requires a maximum bit-error-rate of 10-9. Find the
average number of photons detected in a time period for a given BER.
a) 19.7
b) 21.2
c) 20.7
d) 26.2
Answer: c
121. For a given optical fiber communication system, P(e) = 10-9, Zm = 20.7, f = 2.9×1014, η = 1. Find the
minimum pulse energy or quantum limit.
a) 3.9×10-18
b) 4.2×10-18
c) 6.2×10-14
d) 7.2×10-14
Answer: a
122. An analog optical fiber system operating at wavelength 1μmhas a post-detection bandwidth of
5MHz. Assuming an ideal detector and incident power of 198 nW, calculate the SNR (f = 2.99×1014Hz).
a) 46
b) 40
c) 50
d) 52
Answer: c
123. The incident optical power required to achieve a desirable SNR is 168.2nW. What is the value of
incident power in dBm?
a) -37.7 dBm
b) -37 dBm
c) – 34 dBm
d) -38.2 dBm
Answer: a
124. In the equation given below, what does τstands for?
Zm = ηP0τ/hf
a) Velocity
b) Time
c) Reflection
d) Refractive index
Answer: b
125. A measure of amount of optical fiber emitted from source that can be coupled into a fiber is
termed as ______________
a) Radiance
b) Angular power distribution
c) Coupling efficiency
d) Power-launching
Answer: c
126. The ratio r = (n1 – n)/(n1 – n) indicates ____________
a) Fresnel reflection
b) Reflection coefficient
c) Refraction coefficient
d) Angular power distribution coefficient
Answer: b
127. A GaAs optical source having a refractive index of 3.2 is coupled to a silica fiber having a refractive
index of 1.42. Determine Fresnel reflection at interface in terms of percentage.
a) 13.4%
b) 17.4%
c) 17.6%
d) 14.8%
Answer: d
128. A particular GaAs fiber has a Fresnel reflection magnitude of 17.6% i.e. 0.176. Find the power loss
between the source and the fiber?
a) 0.86 dB
b) 0.78 dB
c) 0.84 dB
d) 0.83 dB
Answer: c
129. Two joined step index fibers are perfectly aligned. What is the coupling loss of numerical aperture
are NAR= 0.26 for emitting fiber?
a) -0.828 dB
b) -0.010 dB
c) -0.32 dB
d) 0.32 dB
Answer: b
130. Two joined graded index fibers that are perfectly aligned have refractive indices αR = 1.93 for
receiving fiber αE = 2.15 for emitting fiber. Calculate the coupling loss.
a) 0.23 dB
b) 0.16 dB
c) 0.82 dB
d) 0.76 dB
Answer: a
131. How many types of misalignments occur when joining compatible fiber?
a) One
b) Two
c) Five
d) Three
Answer: d
131. Losses caused by factors such as core-cladding diameter, numerical aperture, relative refractive
index differences, different refractive index profiles, fiber faults are known as ____________
a) Intrinsic joint losses
b) Extrinsic losses
c) Insertion losses
d) Coupling losses
Answer: a
132. A step index fiber has a coupling efficiency of 0.906 with uniform illumination of all propagation
modes. Find the insertion loss due to lateral misalignment?
a) 0.95 dB
b) 0.40 dB
c) 0.42 dB
d) 0.62 dB
Answer: c
133. A graded index fiber has a parabolic refractive index profile (α=2) and core diameter of 42μm.
Estimate an insertion loss due to a 2 μm lateral misalignment when there is index matching and
assuming there is uniform illumination of all guided modes only.
a) 0.180
b) 0.106
c) 0.280
d) 0.080
Answer: d
134. Determine coupling efficiency if the misalignment loss in a graded index fiber is 0.102.
a) 0.136
b) 0.898
c) 0.982
d) 0.684
Answer: b
135. In a single mode fiber, the losses due to lateral offset and angular misalignment are given by 0.20
dB and 0.46 dB respectively. Find the total insertion loss.
a) 0.66 dB
b) 0.26 dB
c) 0.38 dB
d) 0.40 dB
Answer: a
136. The intrinsic loss through a multimode fiber joint is independent of direction of propagation.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
137. The intrinsic loss through a multimode fiber joint is independent of direction of propagation.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
138. FSK modulation is attributed to the use of __________ frequencies unlike ASK modulation.
a) One
b) Three
c) Two
d) Four
Answer: c
139. BER of FSK modulation scheme is ________ as to the ASK modulation scheme.
a) Twice
b) Thrice
c) Unequal
d) Same
Answer: d
140. ___________ can also be used in place of multilayered filters in the dual filter direct detection FSK
receiver.
a) Bragg gratings
b) Ceramic gratings
c) Aluminum arsenide
d) Bragg diodes
Answer: a
141. FSK synchronous detection is _________ more sensitive than asynchronous heterodyne detection.
a) 0.24 dB
b) 0.45 dB
c) 0.9 dB
d) 0.12 dB
Answer: b
143. The asynchronous heterodyne detection is _________ more sensitive than the dual filter direct
detection FSK receiver.
a) 0.9 dB
b) 0.23 dB
c) 0.43 dB
d) 0.40 dB
Answer: d
144. The use of __________ was undertaken to separate the polarization in an analog to digital
conversion.
a) FSK
b) DSP
c) ASK
d) DP-FSK
Answer: b
145.The important blocks of optical receiver are
a) photodetector/front-end
b) amplifier/ linear channel
c) signal processing circuitry/ data recovery
d) all the above

Answer: d
146.Filter circuit reduces the noise output from the amplifier.state,true or false
a) true
b) false
Answer: a
147.Decision circuit converts the analog signal into _______level binary signal
a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: b
148.The preamplifiers are ________amplifiers
a) front
b) end
c)front end
Answer: c
149.Benefits of transimpedance amplifier
a) wide dynamic range
b) no equalization required
c) easy control
d) all the above
Answer: d
150.________ is an unwanted electric signal in signal processing
a) error source
b) bandwidth
c) noise
d) preamplifiers
Answer: c
151.All noise source are Gaussian in ___________
a) algebra
b) statistics
c) integration
Answer: b
152.Short noise due to
a) gate leakage current
b) gate leakage voltage
c) collector leakage current
d) collector leakage voltage
Answer: a
153.The preamplifier in optical communication receiver are
a) low –impedance preamplifier
b) high –impedence preamplifier
c) transimpedance preamplifier
d) all the above
Answer: d
154. The photodiode parameters are
a) quantum efficiency
b) capacitance
c) both a and b
Answer: c
155.The amplifier parameters are
a) quantum efficiency
b) capacitance
c) input impedance
d) bias resistance
Answer: c
156. The formula of BER
a) BER=Ne+Nt
b) BER=Ne/Nt
c) BER=Ne*Nt
d) BER=Ne-Nt
Answer: b
157. All noise are flat in sprectrum. State true/false
a) true
b) false
Answer: a
158. All noise sources are uncorrelated (statistically independent)
a) true
b) false
Answer: a
159._____________is sent, no pulse is present at the decoding time
a) 1 pulse
b)1/2 pulse
c) none of the above
d) 0 pulse
Answer: d
160. The cutback technique is also referred as ______________
a) attenuation
b) optical power measurement
c) differential method of determining total fiber attenuation
d) insertion loss method
Answer: c
161. The popular methods of fiber refractive index profile measurement
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer: b
162. The lowest frequency at which H(f) is reduced to half is referred to as_______________________
a) fiber bandwidth
b) fiber refractive
c) fiber cut off
Answer: a
163.Principals of good conductor design is
a) low coupling loss
b) easy of assembly
c) easy of connection
d) all the above
Answer: d
164. List out the variable error source
a) gain fluctuation
b) thermal noise
c) amplifier noise
d) all the above
Answer: d
165. The insertion loss of mechanical splicing is
a) 0.2db
b) 0.4db
c) 0.3db
d) 0.5db
Answer: c
166. The insertion loss of fusion splicing is
a) 0.3-0.4db
b) 0.1-0.15db
c) 0.2-0.23db
d) 0.1-0.2db
Answer: b
167. How many types are there in connecting fiber optic cables
a) 2
b) 5
c) 3
d) 6
answer: c
168. Optical fiber connectors are
a) subscriber channel connector
b) straight tip connector
c) MT-RJ connector
d) all the above
Answer: d
169. The connector may be attached by applying epoxy in installing fiber connectors. State true/false
a) true
b) false
Answer: a
170. Elastic tube technique for fiber splicing has to elastomeric internal parts one os which
has_____________
a) d groove
b) v groove
c) s groove
d) l groove
Answer: b
171. The splice loss of elastic tube splicing ranging between _____________
a) 0.12-0.25db
b) 0.14-0.32db
c) 1.12-1.25db
d) 1.14-1.32db
Answer: a
172. The splice loss depends on fiber size and eccentricity .state true/false
a) true
b)false
Answer: a
173. The mechanical splice is also called as_____________
a) d groove
b) v groove
c) s groove
d) l groove
Answer: b
174. How many types of splicing are there
a) 2
b) 5
c) 3
d) 6
answer: a
175. Fiber related losses characteristics is
a) varaiance in core diameter
b) core area ellipticity
c) core cladding concentricity
d) all the above
Answer: d
176. Fresnel reflection is a phenonmena of reflection that exists in ___________________
a) fiber connection
b) fiber to fiber connection
c) both and b
Answer: b
177. Lateral misalignment occurs when axes of two fiber are separated by
a) distance ’s’
b) distance ‘v’
c) distance ‘d’
Answer: c
178. Longitudinal misalignment occurs when fiber have same axes but their end faces are separated by
a) distance ’s’
b) distance ‘v’
c) distance ‘d’
Answer: a
179. What is the other name of lateral misalignment
a) longitudinal misalignment
b) axial misalignment
c) angular misalignment
Answer: b
180. Fiber to fiber joints depends are
a) the optical power coupled
d) distributed of power at joint
c) fiber end face quality
d) all the above

Answer: d
181. Some drawbacks of using lens are
a) complexity increases
b) complexity decreases
c) equal complexity
answer: a
182. Important types of lensing schemes are cylindrical lens and imaging sphere. State true/false
a)true
b)false
Answer: a
183. How many types of lensing schemes
a) 4
b) 2
c) 6
d) 8
Answer: c
184. Optical output from a sources is measured in _______________
a) steradian
b) radians
c) watts/steradian
d) watts
Answer: b
185. Power coupling considerations are
a) fiber aligments
b) coupling process
c) fiber core sizes
d) all the above
Answer: d
186. Expansion of OTDR
a) optical time domain refraction
b) optical time domain reflectometer
c) optical time domain reflection
Answer: b
187. The wavelength band of photodiode Ge is
a) 780-1600nm
b) 250-350nm
c) 350-450nm
d) 840-1650nm
Answer: a
188. The wavelength band of photodiode InGaAs is
a) 780-1600nm
b) 250-350nm
c) 350-450nm
d) 840-1650nm
Answer: d
189. Which technique are used in fiber attenuation measurement
a) cutback technique
b) insertion loss
c) OTDR trace
d) all the above
Answer: d
190. 1. How many circuits are present in an equivalent circuit for the digital optical fiber receiver?
a) Four
b) One
c) Three
d) Two
Answer: a
191. __________ compensates for distortion of the signal due to the combined transmitter, medium
and receiver characteristics.
a) Amplification
b) Distortion
c) Equalization
d) Dispersion
Answer: c
192.__________ compensates for distortion of the signal due to the combined transmitter, medium
and receiver characteristics.
a) Amplification
b) Distortion
c) Equalization
d) Dispersion
Answer: c
193. Noise contributions from the sources should be minimized to maximize the receiver sensitivity.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
194. How many amplifier configurations are frequently used in optional fiber communication receivers?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: c
195. How many amplifier configurations are frequently used in optional fiber communication receivers?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: c
196. The high-impedance front-end amplifier provides a far greater bandwidth than the trans-
impedance front-end.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
197. The mean square thermal noise current in the trans-impedance configuration is _________ greater
than that obtained with the high-input-impedance configuration.
a) 30
b) 20
c) 15
d) 10
Answer: b
198. The major advantage of the trans-impedance configuration over the high-impedance front end is
______________
a) Greater bandwidth
b) Less bandwidth
c) Greater dynamic range
d) Less dynamic range
Answer: c
199. The trans-impedance front end configuration operates as a __________ with negative feedback.
a) Current mode amplifier
b) Voltage amplifier
c) Attenuator
d) Resonator
Answer: a
200. A high-impedance amplifier has an effective input resistance of 4MΩ. Find the maximum
bandwidth that may be obtained without equalization if the total capacitance is 6 pF and total effective
load resistance is 2MΩ.
a) 13.3 kHz
b) 14.2 kHz
c) 15.8 kHz
d) 13.9 kHz
Answer: a
UNIT 5
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
1. Each stage of information transfer is required to follow the fundamentals of ____________
a) Optical interconnection
b) Optical hibernation
c) Optical networking
d) Optical regeneration
Answer: c
2. ____________ is a multi-functional element of optical network.
a) Hop
b) Optical node
c) Wavelength
d) Optical attenuation
Answer: b
3. A signal carried on a dedicated wavelength from source to destination node is known as a

___________
a) Light path
b) Light wave
c) Light node
d) Light source
Answer: a
4. The fundamentals of optical networking are divided into _______ areas.
a) Two
b) One
c) Four
d) Three
Answer: d
5. The optical networking fundamentals are _____________ of the transmission techniques.
a) Dependent
b) Independent
c) Similar
d) Dissimilar
Answer: b
6. The network structure formed due to the interconnectivity patterns is known as a ____________
a) Network
b) Struck
c) Topology
d) D-pattern
Answer: c
7. In the __________ topology, the data generally circulates bi-directionally.
a) Mesh
b) Bus
c) Star
d) Ring
Answer: b
8. The ring and star topologies are combined in a ________ configuration.
a) Mesh
b) Fringe
c) Data
d) Singular
Answer: a
9. The full-mesh configuration is complex.
a) False
b) True
Answer: b
10. How many networking modes are available to establish a transmission path?
a) Three
b) One
c) Two
d) Four
Answer: c
11. Packet switching is also called as ___________
a) Frame switching
b) Cell switching
c) Trans-switching
d) Buffer switching
Answer: b
12. ___________ mode is temporary, selective and continuous.
a) Cell switching
b) Buffer switching
c) Cache
d) Circuit switching
Answer: d
13. A _______________ is a series of logical connections between the source and destination nodes.
a) Cell circuit
b) Attenuation circuit
c) Virtual circuit
d) Switched network
Answer: c
14. ____________ refers to the process whereby a node finds one or more paths to possible
destinations in a network.
a) Routing
b) Framing
c) Lightning
d) Cloning
Answer: a
15. How many stages are possessed by the control plane?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) Five
Answer: b
16. System desidn major consideration involves
a) information transfer capability of fiber
b) terminal equipment and technology
c) distance of transmission
d) all the above
Answer: d
17. An optical communication system should have following basic required specification
a) cost of system
b) cost of maintenance
c) reliability
d) all the above
Answer: d
18. For analysing the performance of any link following important aspects are to be consider
a) channel data rate
b) bit –error rate
c) both a and b
Answer: c
19. Transmission link compounds of optical source (LED/LASER) and their characteristics are
a) core size
b) attenuation
c) bandwidth
d) output power
Answer: d
20. When the link length extends between ___________losses associated with fiber cable increases
a) 20-100km
b) 30-45km
c) 45-55km
d) 25-80km
Answer: a
21. An _____________ amplify the optical bit stream without converting it into electrical form
a) optical communication
b) optical source
c) optical amplifier
d) optical detector
Answer: c
22. The spacing between two___________
a) detector
b) repeator
c) source
d) amplifer
Answer: b
23. The spacing between two repeater or optical amplifier is called as____________
a) regenerator
b) bandwidth
c) repeater spacing
d) pont to point fiber
Answer: c
24. What is the other name of bandwidth budget
a) link power budget
b) power budget
c) rise time budget
Answer: c
25. Two important analysis for deciding performance of any fiber link are
b) power budget
c) both a and b
Answer: c
26. ______________ analysis is used to determine whether the receiver has sufficient power to achieve
the desired signal quality
b) bandwidhth budget
c) rise time budget
Answer: a
27. adequate bandwidth for a system can be assured by developing a_____________
b) power budget
c) rise time budget
Answer: c
28. How many types are include system consideration ?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
Answer: b
29. The overall system consideration includes following steps are
a) selection of photodetector
b) selection of optical fiber
c) selection of optical source
d) all the above
Answer: d
30. Which system is preferred in system consideration
a) shorter distance
b) longer distance
c) both
Answer: a
31. The range of shortest distance in system consideration is
a) 400-500nm
b) 800-900nm
c) 1300 or 1550nm
d) 1200 or 1500nm
Answer: b
32. The range of longer distance in system consideration is
a) 400-500nm
b) 800-900nm
c) 1300 or 1550nm
d) 1200 or 1500nm
Answer: c
33. The factors of the selection of photodetector are includes
a) complexity of circuit
b) cost of design
c) bias requirement
d) all the above
Answer: d
34. The factors of selection of optical source includes
a) complexity of circuit
b) cost of design
c) bias requirement
d) data rate
Answer: d
35. Fiber selection depends on
a) optical source and tolerate dispersion
b) optical detector and tolerate dispersion
c) optical fiber and tolerate dispersion
Answer: a
36. Some important factors for selection of fiber are
a) numerical aperature
b) attenuation characteristics
c) environmental losses
d) all the above
Answer: d
37. All the losses from source to detector comprises the ________________in the system
a) system margin
b) total loss
c) splicing loss
d) connector loss
Answer: b
38. ____________ consider the losses due to components aging and temperature fluctuations.
a) power budget
b) power loss
c) link power margin
Answer: c
39. The formula of total optical loss
a) connector loss + (splicing loss + fiber attenuation) + system margin
b) connector loss + (splicing loss - fiber attenuation) + system margin
c) connector loss + (splicing loss + fiber attenuation) - system margin
d) connector loss - (splicing loss + fiber attenuation) + system margin
Avswer: a
40. _____________ gives the important information for initial system design
b) power budget
c) rise time budget
Answer: c
41. _______________ analysis determines the dispersion limitation of an optical fiber link
b) power budget
c) rise time budget
Answer: c
42. Connectors, couplers and splices do not affect the system ___________
a) time
b) speed
c) both
Answer: b
43. Rice time and fall time determines the overall response time and hence the resulting
a) bandwidth
b) time budget
c) attenuation
d) dispersion
Answer: a
44.Many different wavelengths between _______________can be sent over a fibre simultaneously
a) 1200-1500nm
b) 1500-1600nm
c) 1300-1600nm
d) 1400-1600nm
Answer: c
45.The technique of combining multiple wavelengths is called ____________
a) WDM
b) OADM
c) NLS
d) PDH
Answer: a
46.Different fiber lines of __________ are combined by optical multiplexer
a) same data rates and same wavelengths
b) different data rates and same wavelengths
c) different data rates and different wavelengths
d) same data rates and different wavelengths
Answer: c
47.Features of WDM
a) capacity upgrade
b) transparency
c) wavelength routing
d) all the above
Answer: d
48.How many features of WDM
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 2
Answer: b
49.How many types of WDM
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 2
Answer: d
50.A ____________ WDM system is used to combine different source
a) bidirectional
b) unidirectional
c)both a and b
Answer: b
51.In bidirectional WDM system, two or more wavelengths can be transmitted simultaneously in either
directions over the same fiber. State true or false
a) false
b)true
Answer: b
52.______ can carry 4 to 16 wavelengths per fibre
a) CWDM
b) WDM
c) UDWDM
d) DWDM
Answer: a
53.________ can carry more than 32 wavelengths per fibre
a) CWDM
b) WDM
c) UDWDM
d) DWDM
Answer: d
54.________ can carry more than 100 wavelengths per fibre
a) CWDM
b) WDM
c) UDWDM
d) DWDM
Answer:c
55.WDM systems today primarily use the 1.55 micrometre wavelength region for two reasons. State
true or false
a) true
b) false
Answer: a
56.The ITU decided to standardize the grid in the frequency domain baced on equal chennal spacings
of________
a) 40 GHz
b) 50 GHz
c) 70 GHz
d) 80 GHz
Answer: b
57.The wavelengths and frequencies used in WDM system have been standardized on a frequency grid
by _________
a) CWDM
b) WDM
c) ITU
d) UDWDM
Answer: c
58.Dense wavelength division multiplexing
a) DWDM can carry more than 32 wavelengths per fibre
b) efficient BW utilization
c) better capacity because of increased density
d) all the above
Answer: d
59. Coarse wavelength division multiplexing
a) no effective BW utilization as space between wavelengths are more
b) amplification is difficult
c) less cost
d) all the above
Answer: d
60.___________ uses single mode fibre to carry multiple light waves of different frequencies
a) DWDM
b) WDM
c) UDWDM
Answer: a
61.DWDM is a data transmission technology having very small capacity and efficiency. State true or false
a) false
b) true
Answer: a
62.DWDM system uses EDFA for its long haul applications, and to overcome the effects of dispersion
and attenuation channel spacing of ________ is used
a) 500 GHz
b) 200 GHz
c) 100 GHz
d) 250 GHz
Answer: c
63. basic networks of optical networks
a) station
b) node
c) topology
d) all the above
Answer: d
64.How many topologies are used in network topologies
a) 4
b) 5
c) 3
d) 2
Answer: c
65.Types of networks in optical networks are
a) LAN
b) MAN
c) WAN
d) all the above
Answer: d
66.A _________________ is a device that routes data packets based on their logical addresses in
interconnected networks
a) routing
b) router
c) switched communication networks
d) node
Answer: b
67.A common point where one or more data channels are terminateds is called __________
a) station
b) network
c) node
d) topology
Answer: c
68.A group of interconnected devices is called ___________
a) switching
b) topology
c) station
d) network
Answer: d
69._____________ is the process of selecting paths in a network through which data traffic is sent
a) router
b) topology
c) routing
d) node
Answer: c
70.In ring topology consecutive nodes are connected by point-to-point links to form a open ring. State
true or false
a) true
b) false
Answer: b
71.Linear bus configuration is similar to Ethernet topology using _________
a) axial cable
b) co-axial cable
c) data cable
Answer: b
72.The power budget analysis can be studied for ________ different situations
a) 3
b) 4
c) 2
d) 5
Answer: c
73.Largest distance power transmission occurs between __________
a) station N
b) station 1
c) station 1 and station N
Answer: c
74.The losses increases linearly with number of ___________
a) station N
b) station 1
c) station 1 and station N
Answer: a
75.Fractional losses are contributed by the elements
a) connector loss
b) tap loss
c) fibre attenuation loss
d) all the above
Answer: d
76.Fractional power losses occurs at the elements
a) two tap points, one for each station
b) four connecting points ,two for each station
c) two couplers, one for each station
d) all the above
Answer: d
77.The power balance equation is
a) excess loss for star coupler + fibre attenuation(2L) + 2 Connector loss + splitting loss for star coupler
b) a) excess loss for star coupler + + 2 Connector loss + splitting loss for star coupler
c) a) excess loss for star coupler + fibre attenuation(2L) + splitting loss for star coupler
d) a) excess loss for star coupler + fibre attenuation(2L) + 2 Connector loss
Answer: a
78.__________ is an acronym for synchronous optical NETwork
a) SDH
b) SONET
c) DWDM
d) WDM
Answer: b
79.SONET consists of
a) section layer- frame format and electro –optic conversion
b) line-synchronization and multiplexing onto SONET frames
c) path –end to end transport
d) all the above
Answer: d
80.Physical realization of SONET involves
a) section- single run of fibre optic cable
b) line-one or more sections
c) path – end to end circuit
d) all the above
Answer: d
81. Function of photonic layer is
a) power level
b) framing
c) order wire
d) error monitoring
Answer: a
82. Function of section layer is

a) power level
b) wavelength
c) order wire
d) pulse shape
Answer: c
83. Function of line layer is
a) synchronization
b) multiplexing
c) error monitoring
d) all the above
Answer: d
84. STS-1 consists of
a) 670 octets
b) 810 octets
c) 90 octets
d) 3 octates
Answer: b
85. STS consists of_____________ rows
a) 5
b) 6
c) 8
d) 9
Answer: d
86. STS-1 frame transmitted every _____________us
a) 150
b) 125
c) 135
d) 115
Answer: b
87. STS transmission rate is ____________Mbps
a) 51.84
b) 51.94
c) 45.84
d) 45.94
Answer: a
88. STS stands for
a) synchronous transport system
b) synchronous transport signal
c) synchronous time system
d) synchronous time signal
Answer: b
89. In STS-3c, there is only one path overhead field for the entire
a) STM
b) SDH
c) SPE
d) LTE
Answer: c
90. Basics frame STM-1 consists of
a) 270*9=2430 octets
b) 9*9=81 octets section overhead
c) 2349 octets payload
d) all the above
Answer: d
91. Higher rate frames are derived from multiples of __________according to value of N
a) STS-3c
b) STS-1
c) STM-1
d) STS-3
Answer: c
92. The signal flow can be bidirectional . state true / false
a) true
b) false
Answer: a
93. How many categories consists of SONET network topology
a) 3
b) 2
c) 5
d) 4
Answer: a
94. Which one is linear network in SONET network
a) UPSR
b) BLSR
c) point to point
Answer: c
95. Which one is ring network in SONET network
a) UPSR
b) multipont
c) point to point
Answer: a
96.Expansion of UPSR
a) unidirectional path system ring
b) unidirectional path switching ring
c) unidirectional pattern system ring
d) unidirectional path signal ring
Answer: b
97. How many types of configuration in ring topology
a) 3
b) 2
c) 5
d) 4
Answer: b
98. A________ optical interface is a form of fiber optic technology
a) series and parallel
b) series or parallel
c) parallel
d) series
Answer: c
99. The data rate of high speed light wave link is
a) 40Gbps/ channel
b) 30Gbps/ channel
c) 10Gbps/ channel
d) 20Gbps/ channel
Answer: d
100. Cross talk is ___________-20db micrometer pitch
a) greater than
b) equal
c) lesser than
d) lesser than or equal
Answer: c
101. The forms of optical TDM schemes are
a) bit- interleaved optical TDM
b) time- slotted optical TDM
c) both a and b

Answer: c
102. Ultra – high capacity WDM uses
a) TDM
b) EDFA
c) SDH
d) SONET
Answer: b
103. The optical sources produces very narrow __________ optical pulses of repetitions B
a) return to zero
b) non return to zero
c) return to one
d) non return to one
Answer: a
104. The full of TDM
a) time domain modulation
b) time dependent modulation
c) time data modulation
Answer: a
105. How many modulator used in TDM
a) 3
b) 2
c) 5
d) 4
Answer: d
106. The time slotted optical TDM, the access node share a fast channel having burst rates at _______
a) 120GB/sec
b) 110GB/sec
c) 100GB/sec
d) 130Gb/sec
Answer: c
107. The high speed signal wih uniform pulse separation helps in ________ ways
a) 3
b) 2
c) 5
d) 4
Answer: b
108. Features of time slotted TDM
a) transfer large data block quickly
b) switches large aggregation of traffic
c) high rate and low rate access to uses
d) all the above
Answer: d
109. Advantages of time slotted TDM
a) traffic statistics are provided depending on user rate
b) lower delay
c) higher throughput
d) all the above
Answer: d
110. Drop and continue refer that the channel is removed at the node but allowed to pass through to
the next _______
a) OADM
b) TDM
c) SONET
d) TWDM
Answer: a
111. Advantages of using soliton signals
a) very high data rate >50 Gb/ sec

b) large distance over 19000km can be covered
c) both a and b
Answer: c
112. The_________ exhibits a unique characteristics of getting shorter with distant travelled
a) soliton pulse
b) soliton signals
c) pulse width
d) data rate
Answer: a
113. Soliton parameters are
a) FWHM
b) dispersion length
c) soliton peak power
d) all the above
Answer: a
114. The ___________is used for signalling and measuring transmission error rates
a) TOH
b) FWHM
c) WDM
d) TWDM
Answer: a
115. The transport overhead composed of
a) section overhead
b) line overhead
c) AU pointer
d) all the above
Answer: d
116.SONFET/SDH layers
a) photonic layer
b) section layer
c) path layer
d) all the above
Answer: d
117.Path overhead is responsible for OAM function for positive path layer. State true or false
a) true
b) false
Answer: a
118.calculate the number of independent signals that can be sent on a single fiber in the 1525-1565 nm
band. Take the spectral spacing as per ITU-T recommendation G.692
a) 50 signals
b) 40 signals
c) 30 signals
d) 60 signals
Answer: a
119.__________ is based on principle of spread – spectrum techniques
a) SONET
b) O-CDMA
c) WDM
d) PCM
Answer: b
120.___________ is the popular architectures of SONET/SDH network
a) 2-fibre UPSR
b) ITU-TG.57
c) ANSI IT.105.06
d) UPSR
Answer: a
121.A soliton pulse is a pulse of light of sufficient intensity and correct wavelength, travelling down a
special non-linear optical fibre__________
a) soliton signals
b) soliton pulse
c) time-slotted TDM
d) OADM
Answer: b
122.The n1 represents
a) cladding refractive index
b) core refractive index
c) responsivity
d) sensitivity
Answer: b
123._________ is WDM can add or drop multiplexers, cross connects and wavelength converters
a) capacity upgrade
b) transparency
c) wavelength switching
d) wavelength routing
Answer: c
124.A logical manner in which nodes are inter-connected by a transmission medium is called as
__________
a) station
b) node
c) switching
d) topology
Answer: d
125.In star topology ,all nodes are connected through point-to-point link to central node called a
__________
a) hub
b) stations
c) receiver
d) optical coupler
Answer: a
126._____________ network is a type of WDM network that has several nodes connected in a star
topology
a) PDH Network
b) broadcast –and –select Network
c) Drawbacks of broadcast and select Network
d) Network topologies
Answer: b
127. Management of _________ network is carried out from a control point and is limited
a) PDH Network
b) broadcast –and –select Network
c) Drawbacks of broadcast and select Network
d) Network topologies
Answer: a
128._________ does not need time and frequency management because all their users transmit using
the whole BW at the same time
a) SDH
b) SONET
c) O-CDMA
d) WDM
Answer : c
129.Optical CDMA is a new technique in optical fibre communication and seems to outperform
traditional TDM and WDM. State true or false
a) true
b) false
Answer: a
130.____________ is an optical repeater device that is utilised to boost the intensity of optical signals
being carried through a fibre optic communication system
a) SONET
b) CDMA
c) PDH
d) EDFA
Answer: d
131.Higher –order solitons can be used for nonlinear pulse compression. State true or false
a) false
b) true
Answer: b
132.The combination of the section and line overhead comprises the transport overhead, and the
remainder is the _________
a) SPE
b) STS-1
c) SONET
d) PTE
Answer: a
133.For STS-1, A single SONET frame is transmitted in __________
a) 120 micrometre
b) 125 microseconds
c) 120 microseconds
d) 130 micrometre
Answer: b
134. The use of ring topology for fibre optic LANs is known as _______________
a) LAN
b) WAN
c) FDDI
d) MAN
Answer: c
135.The scheme of combining a number of wavelengths over a single fibre is called _________
a) DWDM
b) WDM
c) SDH
d) PCM
Answer: b
136. Which of the following is used to provide wavelength signal service among the nodes?
a) Regularization
b) Optical enhancing
c) Hopping
d) Pulse breakdown
Answer: c
137. How many types of hopping are present?
a) Two
b) One
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: a
138. How many switching layers are possessed by MG-OXC?
a) Two
b) Three
c) One
d) Six
Answer: b
139. _____________ supports a great number of wavelength channels and reduces the number of
switches within the optical network.
a) Waveband switching
b) Optical remuneration
c) Optical genesis
d) Wavelength multiplexing
Answer: a
140. Individual wavelength channels and wavebands are terminated through ________________ layers.
a) WXC and PXC
b) WXC and FXC
c) BXC and FXC
d) WXC and BXC
Answer: d
141. The routing and wavelength assignment problem addresses the core issue of _____________
a) Traffic patterns in a network
b) Wavelength adjustment
c) Wavelength continuity constraint
d) Design problem
Answer: c
142. How many techniques of implementation are there for routing wavelength assignment (RWA)?
a) Two
b) Six
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: a
143. ____________ deals with establishing the light path in frequently varying traffic patterns.
a) Wavelength routing
b) Wavelength multiplexing
c) Static RWA
d) Dynamic RWA
Answer: d
144. Static RWA problem is also known as _____________
a) Routing problem
b) Virtual topology problem
c) Static wavelength problem
d) Light path problem
Answer: b
145. The ___________ provides information about the physical path and wavelength assignment for all
active light paths.
a) Network state
b) RWA
c) LAN topology
d) Secluded communication protocol
Answer: a
146. ________________ plays an important role in determining the blocking probability of a network.
a) CGA algorithm
b) Semi-pristine environment
c) RWA algorithm
d) Pass key protocol
Answer: c
147. Wavelength assignment in RWA is independent on the network topology.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
148. Static RWA technique is semi-permanent.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
149. ____________refers to the amount of loss a data link can tolerate while maintaining proper
operation
a) power penalty
b) power budget
c) both a and b
Answer: b
150. An EDFA is “ doped “ with a material called erbium. State true/false
a) true
b) false
Answer: a

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Unit 1

b) Karpon and Bockham

c) Hondros and debye

2. Who proposed the use of clad waveguide structure?

c) Kao and Hockham

b) Law of refraction (Snell’s Law)

4. The light sources used in fibre optics communication are ____________

a) LED’s and Lasers

d) Less than and equal to

a) Phase propagation constant

a) 90 degree to each other

b) Less than 90 degree

c) Greater than 90 degree

d) 180 degree apart

16. What is refraction?

a) Bending of light waves

b) Reflection of light waves

c) Diffusion of light waves

d) Refraction of light waves

b) Partial internal reflection

c) Total internal reflection

d) Limiting case of refraction

a) Low in single mode and considerable in multimode fiber

b) Low in both single mode and multimode fiber

c) High in both single mode and multimode fiber

d) High in single mode and low in multimode fiber

24. For lower bandwidth applications ______________

b) Photonic crystal fibers are advantageous

c) Coaxial cables are advantageous

d) Multimode fiber is advantageous

26. Meridional rays in graded index fibers follow ____________

a) Straight path along the axis

b) Curved path along the axis

c) Path where rays changes angles at core-cladding interface

27. What is the unit of normalized frequency?

28. Skew rays follow a ___________

a) Hyperbolic path along the axis

b) Parabolic path along the axis

d) Path where rays changes angles at core-cladding interface

a) The intermodal delay effect

b) Geometric distribution of light in a propagating mode

c) Fractional power flow in the cladding of fiber

32. Which equation is used to calculate MFD?

c) Allen Cahn equations

37. Numerical aperture is constant in case of step index fiber.

39. Multimode step index fiber has ___________

a) Large core diameter & large numerical aperture

b) Large core diameter and small numerical aperture

d) Small core diameter & small numerical aperture

a) 1.2 to 90 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.69μm

b) 3.2 to 30 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.59μm

c) 2.6 to 50 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.85μm

d) 1.6 to 60 dB km-1 at wavelength 0.90μm

42. Multimode step index fibers have a bandwidth of ___________

b) Higher purity than multimode step index fibers.

d) Impurity as same as multimode step index fibers.

b) Same as multimode step index fibers

c) Lesser than multimode step index fibers

a) Larger than multimode step index fibers

b) Smaller than multimode step index fibers

c) Same as that of multimode step index fibers

d) Smaller than single mode step index fibers

47. Multimode graded index fibers use incoherent source only.