Authoritarian States

MAO & HITLER - FACTORS AND CONDITIONS FOR RISE TO POWER

What factors and conditions led to the rise to power of Hitler and Mao?
Similarities: economic difficulties, appeal of ideology (BUT FOR DIFFERENT REASONS), use of force (to varying extents), use of propaganda, personal factors. Social Factors were different
Prescribed Hitler Mao
Content

Economic - Treaty of Versailles resulted in repatriations of £6.6 billion, crippling Germany’s economy - Great Depression => resulted in Chinese GDP shrinking by 35%
Conditions - Industry operated at 47% of pre-war performance - Heavy taxes on people (70%), widespread poverty
- Weimar Republic printing money = hyperinflation, banks were closed in 1932 - 4% of population controlled 50% of the land
- 6 million people were unemployed - KMT received economic aid from American and British => “not patriotic”
- China was then largely an agricultural nation, lagging behind the West

Social - Treaty of Versailles humiliate Germany - Peasants (80% of population) faced high taxes (up to 70%) under GMT
Conditions - Army was reduced from 4.5 million to 100,000. - Warlord Period => even higher taxes, poor working conditions, tough military rule, economic output was
- Germany had to accept war-guilt shrinking during Warlord Period
- German territory was ceded - Quality of life much higher in cities, coasts => 20% went to primary school, 1% to secondary school
- Conservative elite still held power in Weimar Republic => supportive of Hitler’s fight for German strength - Land Redistribution in 1924 (allowed peasants to feel like they’d gotten revenge)
- Mao’s CCP treated peasants well (under Mao’s orders)

Political - Feeling that the Weimar were “November Criminals” (for accepting ToV terms) - Treaty of Versailles and 21 Demands were regarded as unfair and humiliating for China
Conditions - Political instability and deadlock - 6 coalition governments between 1924 and 1929 - Defeat to Japan in Sino-Japanese War was extremely embarrassing
(and factors - Nazi Party by 1930 had almost 200 seats (majority) of parliament - Qing Dynasty had collapsed, “dynastic” system of rule had proven to be outdated (abdication of PuYi
for Hitler’s - Hitler manipulated Weimar Constitution superbly 1911)
Case) - In 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor after a series of backroom negotiations and - Republic of China failed (YSK bribery, domination of government led to 1915 rebellion against him)
parliamentary elections (Ebert thought this would keep Hitler under control) - Defeat of China in Sino-Japanese War led to radical new ideologies (New Culture Movement, May 4th
- Reichstag Fire occurred - Hitler enacted Article 48 to unilaterally take control of the government, Movement) destroyed Confucian ideals
purging many communists and political foes
- Hitler controlled the Government through Article 48, abolished powers of state, dissolved
parliament

Personal - Hitler was recalled for many Germans as a golden age of strong rule - Shrewd and opportunistic conference: used the 1935 Zunyi Conference to deliver blistering attack on
Factors - Brilliant speaker, good organiser and politician. Different to leaders of Weimar. Bolsheviks, ousting them from China
- Driven, charismatic, proud and determined. Got German people to support him. - Humble, working-class background. Father was abusive. Would regularly visit farms (propaganda points)
- Adaptive/perceptive visionary: Adopted Marxist-Leninism to suit China, focus on rural population
- Communist ideology appealing to peasants - promised them a better life after years of neglect

Use of Force - Used Article 48 to purge an estimated 4000 political opponents - Futian Incident and 1942 Yenan Campaign, Mao killed 10,000 individuals
- Allowed SA to parade the streets, attack political opponents, force people to vote for Nazi Party in 1930 - Purged 2,000 party members in late 1940s claiming an anti-Bolshevik league had infiltrated Communists
and 1932 elections
- Night of Long Knives: assassinated 85 political leaders in one evening (Rohm, Strasser, von Papen, von
Schleicher). Cleared the path for Hitler’s RTP, also, was good as public resented these leaders for their
‘thuggish brownshirt tactics’

Propaganda - Hitler flew across the country visiting villages and towns and meeting people (most of campaign $ was - Turned 6,000 mile long march into a major propaganda victory (even though 90% of CCP was eliminated)
spent on this) - Used Long March and split following the First United Front to discredit the KMT, assume role of true
- Cult of personality was developed - portrayed as a strong, saviour of Germany. Newspapers, TV nationalists of China
advertisements, entertainment business (films, poetry, theatre) all containing messages of Hitler’s - Used events like Luding Bridge Incident to emphasise CCP bravery
strength, and denounced Weimar Republic for “backstabbing Germany” - Portrayed as a Father figure, “Uncle/Father Mao” - famous posters of him behind a rural Chinese setting
- Students in schools pledged allegiance to Hitler, Nazi teachers in school to indoctrinate children (boys as as a god-like figure watching over the peasants
soldiers, women as bearers of children)
 CONSOLIDATION OF POWER
How did Hitler and Mao consolidate their power/rule?
Prescribed Hitler Mao Zedong
Content

Political Moves ● Nazis replaced old Weimar Legal system (which preached people’s rights and freedoms) with a new
system, which emphasised race and the community above the individual ● Political Structure: claimed to have “elections” for each official, when really they were all hand-picked.
○ Under this new system of law, highest duty of to Fuhrer citizen was obedience and to show Politburo was filled with people loyal to Mao, they would just rubber stamp his policies
risrespect was a crime
○ Military Commander and Political Commissar for each of the 6 sections China was divided into
○ Judges had to swear oath of allegiance to Hitler
○ No one could practice law unless they belonged to League of National Socialist German were always from PLA - giving Mao control, regardless of who the Chairman was, of each region
Lawyers and bureau
● Decree for the Protection of People and State February 1933 allowed for indefinite detention without trial ● 100 Flowers Campaign (1956)
● 1934 the people's Court was set up to deal with treasonable offences – the court proceedings presided ○ Initially, was designed to promote discussion/feedback for Mao. Criticism became too intense,
over by Roland Freisler was secret and there was no right of appeal except to Hitler Mao used 100 Flowers Campaign to identify and purge opponents via Anti-Right Campaign
(1957-1959)
■ 500,000 intellectuals were branded rightists, 1,000 were executed.
■ By 1958, 1 million party members had been expelled/sent to re-education camps

Economic ● Hitler abolished trade unions in May 1933 and made it compulsory for all workers to join the German ● Businesses were nationalized in 1953 (including banks)
Policies Labour front (DAF) – a nazi organisation headed by Dr. Robery Ley ● Collectivization: allowed Mao to have control over richer/poorer groups, and since they were in groups it
○ Special committees called the Trustees of Labour established to settle disputes between was easier to track/control them (Ex: Great Leap Forward)
workers and employers about wages and working conditions
● Anti-movements
■ Trustees tended to side with employers
○ Most workers enjoy the highest standard of living under the Nazis between 1933-9 ○ Series of movement launched against the ‘remnants of the bourgeois class’ whom the CCP
■ Unemployment fell from nearly 6 million in 1932 to only a few hundred thousand by 1939 regarded as politically or socially suspect
■ Wages higher than they had been in the last years of the Weimar Republic although not ○ Chinese people were encouraged to inform on anyone they knew who was unwilling to accept
as much as in 1928 new regime
○ German Labour Front took over responsibility for the workers Leisure and Recreation ○ Special govt. Department drew up a dangan, a dossier, on every suspected person
■ Non-Nazi recreational clubs closed down, even chess clubs ■ If an individual's dossier was dubious he stood very little chance of obtaining housing or
○ Ley set up two new organisations called ‘Beauty of Labour’ and ‘Strength through Joy’
work
■ Beauty of Labour campaigned to persuade employer to provide better working
conditions factory canteens and purple lighting and ventilation ● Anti-landlord campaign
■ Strength through joy held a number of activities with high turn out: ○ The property of landlords was confiscated and redistributed among their former tenants
○ Some landlords allowed to keep a portion of their land provided that they become peasants but
KDF Activity Number of participants great majority were put on public trial and denounced enemies of the people
○ As many as 1 million landlords killed during PRC’s land campaign of early 50s
Concerts 2.5 million

Theatre 7.4 million

Gymnastics Clubs 2.5 million

Holiday Outings 1.4 million

Hikes 1.9 million

○ KDF Also launched a scheme to design and mass produce cheap cars that ordinary workers
could afford to buy
■ Originally called KDF-wagen but later became known as People's Car Volkswagen

Forceful ● Concentration camps ● Resist America and Aid Korea Campaign (1950), Three Antis (1951), Five Antis (1952)
Repression/ ○ Dachau The first concentration camp opened in March 1933 ○ Estimated 250,000 “western sources of influence” purged
Handling Dissent ○ Never fewer than 10000 prisoners in the camps and in total about 225 000 Germans were ○ Extension of previous methods such as Yenan Campaign, to eliminate any new threats
imprisoned for Political crimes in the years of 1933 to 1939
○ Discipline in the camps was brutal, the diet poor and living conditions inadequate
 ○ Prisoners made to do hard labour and was subjected to sadistic beatings and torture ● Labour Camps, Public “trials”, Social scrutiny (neighbours policing each-other in the name of
● Policing and Security Forces Nationalism), Mass Campaigns. Neighbors spied on eachother.
○ Alongside the ordinary police forces use jobs were to detect crime and keep under a new system ● Cultural Revolution (1966-76): abolish “traditional China” to get rid of Confucianism. Eliminate
of policing developed – both systems under Himmler
intellectuals, further Mao’s Cult of Personality.
○ Goering set up Gestapo in Prussia 1933
■ Gestapo heavily dependent on denunciations by ordinary Germans e.g. in Wurzburg ○ 200 artists killed, all music was to be revolution-related, religious sites were destroyed, 1.5
54% of all race related charges were initiated by private citizens million were killed
○ Gestapo and security service (SD) rooted out and dealt with political offenders and opponent of ● Imposition of military control
the regime ○ 1950 in a series of ‘reunification‘ campaigns three pLA armies were despatched west and south
■ SD was set up in 1931 by Himmler increasingly they were given the task of gathering ○ Officially they were sent in order to help improve local conditions and troops did contribute to
intelligence and monitoring public opinion such schemes as road building
● The SS
○ Main purpose was to impose martial law and repress any sign of an independence movement
○ SS created 1925 and became powerful after the Night of Long Knives
○ 220 000 members by 1935 ■ One army sent to Tibet
○ Death's Head units of the SS ran concentration camps from 1934 ■ A second went to Xinjiang
○ Himmler also built up Waffen SS – members who were more highly trained and better equipped ■ A third went to southern province of Guangdong
with motorised vehicles and tanks
○ During WWII the SS to control and many factories the SS became a kind of state within a state
and played a major part in the ruling of territories conquered by Nazis and in carrying out what
Himmler called ‘the final solution of the Jewish question’
○ Einsatzgruppen units of SS rounding up and killed thousands of Jews gypsies and slavs in
Poland and Russia from autumn 1939 onwards

Propaganda ● Fuhrer Cult ● Portrayed as the saviour of women in China (banned arranged marriages, child marriages, polygamy,
○ Cult of Fuhrer established gave right to vote, and right to property).
○ The book’ The Hitler no-one knows’ sold 420000 copies between 1932 and 1940 ○ Enormously popular amongst women, propaganda frequently highlighted his pro-women policies
○ Hitler's birthday celebrated with mass rallies and parades
● 1.5 million propagandists working under Mao to promote his Cult of Personality
○ Kershaw argues that Hitler was an increasingly victim of the Fuhrer myth and began to confuse
fantasy with reality especially in foreign policy ● Roadside loud-speakers, posters, all newspapers were controlled, all films were controlled
● Media and Arts controlled ● LITTLE RED BOOK (everyone had to have one) to expose everyone to his Communist ideals, hugely
○ March 1933 ministry for popular enlightenment and propaganda set up by Goebbels successful
● Goebbels regarded radio as the most important medium: the Reich Radio Company brought all
broadcasting under Nazi control
○ Cheap radios was mass produced in 1932 fewer than 25% of households had a radio by 1939
70% did
● 1933 there were 4700 daily papers in Germany by 1944 1000
○ Eher Verlag (Nazi publishing house) controlled 66% of 1939
○ The sole newsagency permitted was run by the Nazis
● All films had to pass censors and about half of Germany's best known film stars emigrated
● New rituals created to celebrate the Nazi state: the Nuremberg rallies, celebrations of the Munich
Putsch and Hitler's birthday
● Nazis stood for traditional art, music, literature and Drama and they, in common with many ordinary
Germans who were puzzled by and hostile to the highly experimental culture of which Berlin was a
centre in the 1920s
○ Ziegler, the president of the Reich Chamber of Art, and other nazis objected to the abstract
expressionist paintings, they wanted to return to realism
○ Ziegler organised An exhibition of the kind of paintings with the Nazis disapproved calling at the
Exhibition of degenerate of art
■ Nazis blamed Jews and communists for the spread of this kind of art and regarded it as
a conspiracy to undermine German culture
● Nazis also wanted literature and Drama which would reflect their ideas
○ May 1933 ‘Burning of the books’ in Berlin
■ Libraries ransacked for books which Nazis disapproved of and student hurled books into
a public bonfire
● Artists, writers and composers forced to join Nazi organisations in order to pursue their art and refusal to
join these organisations meant that it was impossible to get their work displayed
○ All publications were censored by the government and censors looked at political
views,character and race of it’s author not the content of the book
○ This censorship produced art was boring and unadventurous
 INDEPENDENT POLICIES (for specifics, not related to consolidation/RTP)
Comparison between domestic policies of Hitler and Mao (women, economy, society, politics etc.)
Prescribed Hitler Mao Zedong
Content

Aims and Aims: 1950 Agrarian Land Reform

results of Reduce unemployment, rearm, achieve autarchy - Agrarian Reform Land -Redistribution of holdings to middle/low class peasants
economic - 1953: 90% agricultural land had changed holdings
policies Methods: First Five Year Plan (1953-57)
Unemployment Goal:
- RAD (Reich Labour Service): Reich Labour Service Act 1935 → mandatory 6 months of military training Follow the Soviet model, with planning highly centralised and focused on heavy industry
for men aged 18-25, RAD dug ditches of farms, planted forests - 1952-56 - coal, steel, automobile, transport
- Unemployment Relief Act (1935): Built hospitals, 3,500 km of Autobahn - Growth rate → 9%, high relative to USSR in 1930s
- Robert Ley’s DAF (German Labour Front): To appease workers after abolishing trade unions, subsidised - Sino Soviet Agreement - 10,000 economic advisors, but China had to pay with reserves and concessions
holidays, sporting, cinemas, Volkswagen installation payment scheme (10 million DAF holidays in 1938). - China had to pay high-interest loans which soured relations between Mao and Stalin - only 5% of
- Four Year Plan (1936-1939): Retrained key sectors of the workforce the capital sent to China was genuine industrial investment
- Public Works Project
Rearmament: Result:
- “Guns not butter” motto → economy focussed on rearmament at expense of other industries - Huge new industrial centres were built (e.g. the Anshan steel complex which employed 35,000 workers) and
- Increase number in the army and navy factory management changed from a team-based approach to one-man management.
- Aimed to construct 2 battleships and 21,000 aircraft - By Feb 1956 nationalised all Chinese private industry and business.
Self- Sufficiency (Autarchy): - Boosted urbanisation (Urban population increase from 57 mill in 1949 to 100 million 1957).
- Hitler blamed Germany’s dependence on foreign imports of food and raw materials, which were - Important infrastructure improvements e.g. Yangzi River Rail and Road Bridge linking Northern and
blockaded during the war Southern China.
Food: - Heavy industry output nearly trebled and light industrial output rose 20%
- Food Through the National Food Corporation, targets were set for every stage of food production from
farmers to shopkeepers Collectivisation (1950-1959)
- Peasants resented these policies but they had moderate success Goal:
Industrial Raw Material Increase agricultural output and fulfill their ideological aims
- Home production of iron, steel and coal were increased
- Germans were unable to produce rubber and oil thus, scientists were put to work to find alternatives Result:
- An alternative to rubber called buna was created and manufactured - 1958-1960 → grain production fell from 200-143m tonnes, meat production from 4-1m tonnes whilst terrified
Four Year Plan (1936-1939) officials reported huge increases.
- Aimed to achieve Autarchy - Led to great famine and Mao resigning from state chairman in 1959.
- Increase agricultural production (subsidies for farmers) - This was due to stupid policies such as killing sparrows (Four Pests campaign), planting winter wheat in
- Government regulation of imports and exports (high tariffs on all imports) boggy, frozen ground and planting seeds very close to each other.
- Achieve self-sufficiency in raw materials (scientists tried to turn coal into oil, find alternative for rubber,
petrol, cotton and coffee) Great Leap Forward (GLF - 1958-1961)
Goal:
Results Aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a socialist society through rapid
Unemployment industrialization and collectivization. Based on two principle assumptions
- Unemployment from 6 million (1932) to under 1 million (1939) - Peasants would produce a surplus of food to be sold abroad to raise money for expansion of chinese
- Some historians believe that Hitler’s success with unemployment was more due to removing people from industry
the count (no Jews, women, men aged 18-25 in their military training): Historian Adam Tooze describes - The workers, largely through the mass production of steel, would create a modern industrial economy,
the ‘hidden unemployed’ and calculated that there were still 4 million out of work in 1935 powerful enough to compete with the soviet union and capitalist west

Rearmament Reasons for:

- 100,00 (1933) to 1,400,000 (1939) men in the army ● Slow economy and agricultural growth
- Only 5,000 aircraft (out of 21,000) made ● Lack of revolutionary enthusiasm
- Had little to export to get materials for rearmament → national debt almost tripled between 1928 and 1938 ● Revolutionary momentum required to avoid capitalism
● Re-establish power after failure of Hundred Flowers
Self-Sufficiency: ● Over take Soviet Union
- Food production increased by 20% (1928 - 1938)
- By 1939 Germany was self-sufficient in bread, potatoes and sugar Events:
- This conflicted with the aim of rearmament as Germany needed high amounts of iron ore ● Teams of peasants mobilised for mass water and irrigation projects
 - Imports rose from 4.5 million in 1933 to 21 million in 1938 ● Co-operative and collectives:
- Still imported ⅓ of raw materials ○ End of 1958: 27,000 communes, 11 million tonnes of steel
- Migration to cities caused labour shortage (seen in farming income rise of 41%) ○ Destruction of family life - shared hospitals, shops, kitchens, schools etc.
- In 1937 Hitler abandoned it, but not the wider aim of protecting Germany’s economy in the event of war. ● Second Five Year Plan
- Wanted to prioritise rearmament ○ -Agriculture AND Industry: backyard furnaces
○ Massive effort to create industrial base, but unrealistic, idealistic goals
○ Soviet agronomist, Lysenko policies: killing birds to save grain (stupid! mess with food chains), close
cropping --> densely planted seeds
○ State owned enterprises --> centralised industry, failed due to lack of incentives

Result:
- Quickly produced farm machinery produced in factories feel to pieces when used.
- Steel produced by the backyard furnaces were frequently too weak to be of any use and could not be used
in construction - its original purpose.
- The harvest of 1959 was 170 million tons of grain - well below what China needed.
- 1960 was 144 million tons, even lower.
- Between 1959-1962 estimated 20 million people died of starvation or diseases.
- 1959-1962: Great Chinese Famine (Mao: 'I see no famine')
- 80 million lives
- Peng sent private letter to Mao about concerns of GLF's shortcomings → Mao turned on Peng and publicly
circulated the letter, dismissed Peng of his Minister post and threatened to go to countryside to start another
peasant rebellion and overthrow CCP
- Great Famine 1958-61
- as many as 80 million people died of starvation
- parents sold their children and cannibalism was rife, but China's leadership did not act
- officials continued to claim that production targets were being met
- speaking the truth was too dangerous
- Mao’s response
- Mao eventually came to accept what was happening but didn't accept blame
- he blamed:
- the peasants for hoarding food
- local officials for being incompetent
- bad weather, which had affected harvests
- his reputation was tarnished and he withdrew from the political frontline
- Outcome
- Liu and Deng, who confronted Mao, revoked Mao's reforms
- allowed private farming to operate again
- eventually food supplies improved
- Famine came to an end
- Mao would later punish both Liu and Deng for going against Marxist ideals

Assigned Power:
- CCP gives extensive power to mayors and party secretaries in 700-odd municipalities
- System of promotion incentives to keep them responsive to the central government
- Led to whatever Beijing needs, Beijing Gets, no matter the costs to environment or human rights

Aims and Aims: Hundred Flowers Campaign

results of ● Nazification of politics ● WHY did Mao launch the campaign?
political ● Establishing totalitarian control of Hitler as Fuhrer ○ April 1956: Mao declares 'Let a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend.'
policies ● Elimination of of opposition and establishment of support ○ Encouraged critical debate to promote progress in the fields of art, literature and science.
● February 1957: speech, Mao encouraged criticism saying the CCP thought it could learn from the people
Methods: and be rectified.
● Gleichschaltung – the process of nazification by which Nazi Germany successively established totalitarian ● April 1957: campaign underway
control ● June 1957: campaign was out of hand and CCP criticised all over China for: -poor policies -authoritarianism
○ 1933-7 was the period with the systematic elimination of non-nazi organisations -corruption -poor living standards
● For workers, recreational organization called Kraft durch Freude (Strength through Joy) under the ● June 1957: Mao ended the campaign
German Labor Front (DAF) was set up ● Results – Anti-Rightist Movement
 ○ This brough hobbies and private leisure under control ○ Suppressed all those that spoke out during Hundred Flowers
○ 25 million members – largest Nazi Organisation ○ End of 1957: 300,000 condemned as rightists, including writer Ding Ling
○ Reichsberufswettkampf, a national vocational competition was held for workers to compete
● Sondergericht – were special courts where Jews, Slavs, Communists were tried (bias and their outcome 3 Antis Campaign 1951
was predetermined) ● The Three-anti Campaign was launched in Manchuria at the end of 1951
● 1934 – People’s court were used to put enemies on trial, with judges only being from the Nazi Party ● It was aimed at members within the Communist Party of China, former Kuomintang members and
● Nuremberg Laws 1935 – could fire someone from their job because they were Jewish bureaucratic officials who were not party members.
● Note: These are more rise to power but some policies he put in to consolidate political control ● Three antis imposed were:
○ "First Gleichschaltung Law" (Erstes ;lchschaltungsgesetz, 31 March 1933), passed using ○ corruption
Enabling Act, dissolved the diets of all Länder except the recently-elected Prussian parliament, ○ waste
which the Nazis already controlled → Giving control of state authority and the Nazis ○ bureaucracy
○ "Second Gleichschaltung Law" (Zweites Gleichschaltungsgesetz, 7 April 1933) deployed one
Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) 5 Antis Campaign 1952
○ The Law concerning the reconstruction of the ‘Reich’ (Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reiches) ● The Five-anti campaign was launched in January 1952. It was designed to target the capitalist class
(30 January 1934) formally did away with the concept of a federal republic, converting Germany ● The Communist party set a very vague guideline of who could be charged, and it became an all out war
into a highly centralized state. States were reduced to mere provinces, as their institutions were against the bourgeoisie in China. Deng Xiaoping warned the people "not to be corrupted by capitalist
practically abolished altogether. All of their powers passed to the central government. thinking"
○ The Law Concerning the Highest State Office of the Reich (1 August 1934) prescribed that upon ● Five antis imposed were:
the death of the incumbent president, that office would be merged with the office of the ○ bribery
chancellor, and that the competencies of the former should be transferred to the "Führer und ○ theft of state property
Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler", as the law stated. ○ tax evasion
○ cheating on gov't contracts
Results: ○ stealing state economic info
● Hitler able to establish control over Germany, and declare himself Fuhrer
● Established and enforced Nazi control over Germany

Terror
Aims:
● To control the German state

Methods:
● Reichstag Fire Decree, suspended the provisions of the German constitution that protected basic
individual rights, including freedom of the press, freedom of speech, and freedom of assembly. Also
permitted increased state and police intervention into private life, allowing officials to censor mail, listen in
on phone conversations, and search private homes without a warrant or need to show reasonable cause

Results:

Aims and Aims: Art

results of - Hitler considered himself an art expert and wanted all forms of art to represent Nazi ideals and ideology. ●LIN BIAO
cultural - Gain control of cultural life ○ Revolutionary art
policies - Hitler created the Reich Chamber of Culture headed by Joseph Goebbels. ○ Uniting/education people
Historiography ○ Revolutionary aims -Eliminating bourgeoisie
- Henry Grosshans = Adolf Hitler who came to power in 1933 (quote): "saw Greek and Roman art as ○ PLA paintings+posters → featured RED = morality, revolution
uncontaminated by Jewish influences. Modern art was [perceived by him as] an act of aesthetic violence ● Jiang Qing
by the Jews against the German spirit. ○ Model revolutionary operas and ballets
○ 'Three Prominences' = positive characters, heroism, central character
Methods: ○ 1960s: Opera for revolutionary purposes
Paintings ○ Encouraged 'socialist realism' style → utopian vision, spread revolutionary message
- Hitler had stated clearly in ‘Mein Kampf’ where his thoughts lay with regards to modern art as found in ○ Destroying four olds: 'historic culture, Han Chinese, Buddhist Tibetan, Muslims'
Dada and cubism: “This art is the sick production of crazy people. Pity the people who are no longer able Religion:
to control this sickness” ● Marxist ideology against religion: Opium of the masses
- Popular themes ● Banned religion (religious clothing and practice were illegal), public loudspeakers denounced religion
- the Volk at work in the fields, a return to the simple virtues of Heimat (love of homeland), the ● China = atheist state
manly virtues of the National Socialist struggle, and the lauding of the female activities of child ● Devotion and loyalty to CCP → Maosim=religion
bearing and raising symbolized by the phrase Kinder, Küche, Kirche ("children, kitchen, church"). ● Marxist ideology against religion:
Music ○ Opium of the masses
- Music was expected to be tonal and free of jazz influence ● Religious Affairs Bureau (RAB)
- regime made concentrated efforts to shun modern music (which was considered degenerate and ○ implicitly and, more often than not, explicitly banned religions
 Jewish in nature) and instead embraced classical German music ● Wall posters, the traditional way by which Chinese governments spread their propaganda and loud speakers
- Nazis promoted the works of German composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van at every corner kept up a running condemnation of religion
Beethoven, Anton Bruckner, and Richard Wagner, while banning performances of pieces by "non-Aryans" ● Foreign nuns and priests were expelled from China
such as Felix Mendelssohn and Gustav Mahler ● Priests and monks were not allowed to wear their traditional dress
Literature ○ Cases of police encouraging the public to strip the clothes off the clergy who dared to walk abroad in
- The most widely-read-or displayed-book of the period was Hitler's Mein Kampf their traditional distinctive clothing
- Promoted writers such as writers such as Adolf Bartels and Hitler Youth poet Hans Baumann ● Confucianism, Buddhism and Christianity all condemned and denounced in mass propaganda
- Themes of War as a Spiritual Experience, Blood and Soil and historical ethnicity ● Priests, monks, temples, shrines, monasteries all forbidden/destroyed
- Banned ‘un-national’ literature ● Religious/superstitious rituals/customs replaced by political discussions held by the CCP
- Book burnings ● Patriotic churches = allowed to stay open if they professed support for CCP and had no other authority
- 1933 Book Burning (25,000 books burnt) ● Sparked clash with Vatican + Pope in Rome
- 2,500 German writers left (1933-1939) ● Impact of Cultural Revolution
Artitecture: ○ Attacked as one of the 'four olds'
- Nazi architecture adopted many elements of neoclassicism and of art deco in keeping with Adolf Hitler's ○ No religious practiced permitted
personal fascination with Ancient Rome ○ Monasteries, churches, mosques, temples destroyed
- favored hugeness ○ Priests rounded up and imprisoned
- designed to make the individual feel small and insignificant through its use of high ceilings ○ Cemeteries attacked and destroyed, vandalised
- "Theory of Ruin Value” ○ Mao worship created as form of religion: -'Asking for guidance, thanking for kindness and reporting
- Postulated that if a society was to exist past their existence, aesthetically pleasing art and back'
architecture must remain ○ Bowing 3 times, reading passages from 'Little Red Book', wishing Mao 'ten thousand years'
Rallies: ○ Loyalty dance - honouring his portrait
- Nuremberg Rallies to show German military power, glorify state
- Emphasised order and discipline
Radios:
- Controlled by Goebbels’ Reich Radio Company
- Cheap (35 marks) → 70% of population had one, good method of control
- Daily ‘hour of the nation’
- Limited range so no foreign influence
Sport:
- 1936 Berlin Olympic Games aimed to demonstrate Aryan superiority
- 10 African Americans won 13 medals, Jesse Owens broke 11 records, event backfired.
- Nazi Germany won the most medals, a total of 89, with 33 gold medals.

Results:
- Extensive control of German life
- Book burnings meant many essential texts were destroyed and humanity lost information contained within
them

Aims and Youth Family

results of Aims: ● Constitution: upheld traditional values BUT Maoist policies contradicted:
social ● Indoctrinate with Nazi ideology ○ Split families up via communes
policies ● Create loyalty & willingness to sacrifice to greater good of nation → nationalism/anti-individualism ○ Undermined filial piety → communal living
● "Separate spheres" → boys were to be strong fighters & girls were to bear children ○ 'Loyalty to state and party' = children encouraged to speak out against parents, youth told to take
revolutionary action against older generation
● 1933 - Government takes over and increases in supporters → expansion of movement
● 1936 - Membership and all other youth organizations banned Health
● Camping outdoor activity, fun games → intimidation and oath to loyalty ● Life Expectancy - 1957: 57 → 1958: 68
● Later, greater focus on military drills and Nazi ideology → separate for boys and girls ● Infant Mortality - 1954: 139/1000 → 1980: 20/1000
● Hospitals in communes, barefoot doctors had 3-5 months training
Methods: ● Education of epidemic diseases
● 1926 – Hitler Youth established ● The Four Pests: 'rats, flies, mosquitoes, mice'
○ By 1933 its membership stood at 100,000, and 1936 4 million
○ 1936 it was compulsory to join Education
● Boys joined Deutsches Jungvolk which promoted military athletics ● Mao’s view on education
● Girls joined the Bund Deutscher Madel where they were prepared to become good housewives and ○ Condemned old-style education through books, Western influence on curriculum
mothers ○ Believed in education through experience
● By 1934 education was coordinated by the Reich ○ Education: vital for building of socialist state, economic development
○ 15% of the timetable was physical education ○ Mass literacy required for political indoctrination
○ History was changed to idolise Hitler ● Primary Education
 ○ Biology changed to make Aryans to appear like the superior race ○ 1956: Less than half of children 7-16 attending school → 1976: 96% attending
○ Only 6.4% of national budget spent
Results: ○ Cultural Revolution undermined progress
● Successes ● Literacy
○ 95% loyal to Hitler ○ 'key schools' → best teachers, difficult examinations for students (supposedly meritocratic), though
children of high ranking officials got most places
○ Rapid membership increase after 1933, plus compulsory membership
○ Higher education expanded, universities remodelled
○ Brainwashed kids → students prepared to sacrifice themselves for Nazi loyalty ○ Students sent to USSR universities in 1950s
○ Hitler Youth became dominant monopoly over German's Youth's spare time ○ 1949-1966: Peasants taught to read, simplified characters, 1500 basic characters
● Failures ○ 1962-66: Socialist Education Movement sent students to countryside to organise party
○ Many youth managed to escape the "compulsory memberships" and rival groups emerged administration → 3 -isms 'collectivism, patriotism, socialism' and 4 clean ups 'politics, economy,
○ Many turned away from Hitler Youth in later 1930s CCP ideology and organisation'
○ The Hitler Youth became less successful with more military training and Nazi lectures etc. ○ 1966: only 10% under 45 illiterate
● Cultural revolution Impact
○ Growing opposition to Hitler Youth - rejection of it + non-Nazi ideas
○ 1965: 'The more books you read, the more stupid you become' ~1966-1970: 130 million stopped
○ Universities saw a great decrease in numbers as a result of anti-intellectual stress → Brain Drain attending school/university
○ Progress undermined by new policy that all education had to be centred around Mao and revolution
Other ○ 1966: Beijing University (and others), teachers dragged out of classes, beaten, made to wear dunce
● Volksgemeinschaft → German expression meaning "people's community which sought to unify Germany hats, abused by students. All universities closed for 2 years.
racially and socially, and rejected Old religions, ideologies and class divisions instead forming a united ○ 1966-1976: 12 million young people sent to countryside to experience peasant work, instead of
German identity based around ideas of race, struggle and state leadership attending school
○ Manual labour rather than formal education - harmed long term success of young people, unable to
graduate ~Scholars, writers, intellectuals, teachers - all imprisoned/killed.

Impact of Women Marriage Act of 1950:

social Aims: ● arranged marriages were discontinued
policies on ● Kinder, Küche, Kirche (children, kitchen, church) ● concubinage was abolished
women ○ Promote nuclear family ● the paying of the bride-price was forbidden
○ Housewife ● women and men who had previously been forced to marry were entitled to divorce their partners
○ piety ● husbands could not insist on their wives having bound feet
● Hitler’s concern of birth rate drop ● all marriages had to be officially recorded and registered
○ Kinder, Küche, Kirche ● Women were legally allowed to sell land and property
○ fewer women allowed in universities ○ however, undermined by the collectivization program in which ended the private holding of land by
either men or women and required people to live in communes
○ no women allowed in civil service
○ abortion was made illegal Results:
● Impact of War - many women used their new freedom to divorce and remarry
○ abrupt change in policy - Disruptive to society: some women had four husbands in four year
■ conscription into army
■ reintroduced women in the workplace Pros for Women
○ war destroyed social conventions ● 1950-51: upsurge in divorces initiated by women
● 1954: Equal pay, education, work opportunities
● 1958-59: 3.2 → 8m - Women working in industry
Methods: ● 1976: 45% female primary school students, 41% middle school, 24% university
● Workplace discrimination, forced women from employment through bribes of social benefits
○ Women banned from professional posts (1933) and judicial roles (1936) Cons for Women
○ Hitler reduced amount of women at universities to 10% ● First 5 year plan:
● Law for the Encouragement of Marriage ○ Communes: Women now worked, ate in masses therefore no need to cook at home
○ Loan of 1000 marks from government ○ 80% field work done by women, but paid 25% less
○ Money can be claimed by birth of children ○ Less than 13% CCP members were women
○ Women needed to give up job ○ Prejudice within society still prevalent (female babies)
● Cross of Honor of the German Mother ● Famine on Women:
○ Awarded for 4+ babies ○ Wife/teenage daughter selling
● Laws against make up, hair perming/colour ○ Mothers had to sacrifice daughters for sons
● Lebensborn (1936) ○ When mothers were sold, children left abandoned → sold as slaves
○ SS members meet Aryan girls to impregnate and increase Aryan race ○ Girl infants dumped at hospitals, railway stations etc.
● Law for Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring ○ Prostitution became widespread → sex for food
○ Sterilised women “unsuitable” to have children i.e. non-Aryans
● German Women’s Enterprise
 ○ All women’s societies dissolved and merged into this
○ Ran “mother schools” to train housewives and mothers

Impact of Minorities: Minorities:

social - Jews ● Tibetans
policies on - Gypsies / Romani ● Uighurs
minorities - Black people ● Hui Muslims
- Disabled people ● Mongols
- Homosexuals
- Anyone that was not pure “Aryan” Impacts:
● No authority over themselves, Communist party firmly believed that they knew what was best for the
Methods: minorities
- 1933-1934: Exclusion of Jews from public life (banned from being civil servants, public positions, ● Promised independence during the revolution but were given “autonomy” in the end
practicing law) ● Given rights to develop/express culture and representation politically, with limits
- 1935: Legal segregation - Nuremberg Laws ● Followed Stalin’s guidelines on treatment of minority
● Cultural Revolution
Impacts: ○ 6,000 monasteries destroyed in Tibet
- Hitler used the Jews as scapegoats and blamed the loss of the war on them ○ 790,000 people persecuted in Inner Mongolia
- Similarly blamed them for the post-war economic deprivation ○ Schools destroyed, books burned
- Jews were stereotyped as frugal and unpleasant individuals - I.e. films such as the Eternal Jew would ● Shadian Incident
stereotype Jews - played in cinemas to spread anti-Jew propaganda ○ 1,000 Hui killed by PLA
● Tibet
○ 1950 PLA Reunification Campaigns → Xinjiang and Tibet.
○ Mao claimed that Tibet was originally part of China (but they were actually separate in culture, race
etc.)
○ 1950: Within 6 months, despite 60,000 Tibetans resisting, CCP gained control over Tibet
○ 1951: CCP control over Xinjiang (Mao feared their independence/association with S.U.)
○ Reconstruction of Tibert
■ 17 point agreement: No socialist land reform to be carried out
■ Wiping out Tibetan identity:
● Renamed 'Xizang'
● Tibetan language, history and teachings of Dalai Lama prohibited → Mandarin
Chinese official language
● Those who resisted were imprisoned
● Mass migration of Chinese to Tibet → many Tibetans ended up in Sichuan after
reorganisation of provincial boundaries
○ 1955: Tibetans in Sichuan sparked open fighting in resistance to land reform
○ 1959: Revolt and Genocide -PLA sent to suppress demonstrations → destroyed their religion:
priests, nuns, monasteries -March 1959: Dalai Lama fled -4 million died as a result of the Genocidal
Famine (purposely extended to Tibet by Mao)
○ Tibetan Government in Exile

Extent of Propaganda:
authoritarian - 13th March 1933 Joseph Goebbels was appointed minister for the Reich Ministry of Popular
control Enlightenment and Entertainment
- The media (radio, cinema, poster, speeches, and rallies were used expansively
- “Its most important role was in strengthening the regime.” (Herzstein)

Cult of Personality:
- that he was the “messiah” or savior come to help Germany in her time of need.
- Portrayed as a great hero, with many attributes.
- This increased public awareness of the Nazi party, and made Hitler highly popular and favorable.
- The propaganda method gave Hitler a way to instill his regime into the minds of the nation.
- All textbooks and homes had a picture of Hitler