Abacus

Abacus +
Hematology Analyzer
Service Manual
Release 1.09
DIATRON Messtechnik Ges.m.B.H.

A-1141 Wien, Ameisgasse 49-51/2.
AUSTRIA
Tel.: (431) 914-85-00, 911-38-48
Fax: 914-85-07-15
Web: www.diatron.com
DIATRON MI Ltd.
H-1038 Budapest, Papírgyár u. 58-59.
HUNGARY
Tel.: (361) 436-98-00
Fax: (361) 436-98-00
Web: www.diatron.com
E-mail: support@diatron.com
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2 Diatron MI PLC
Revision history:
Revision Section Modification By At

1.00 All PRELIMINARY Support 10-11.2006
Team
1.09 All Updating tubing schematic Cust.Serv May 2007
rev 1.09

Abacus+ Service Manual 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1. NAME AND SERIAL NUMBER.................................................................................................................... 7
1.2. INTENDED USE ........................................................................................................................................ 7
1.3. INTEGRATED SOFTWARE ......................................................................................................................... 8
2. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................. 9
2.1. MAIN ELECTRONIC PARTS OF THE ANALYZER .......................................................................................... 9
2.1.1. Counting chambers with electrodes and measuring apertures ................................................... 10
2.1.2. HGB Head ................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.3. Cell counter Amplifier Board ...................................................................................................... 11
2.1.4. Control and Measurement Board (COMB) with DIMM-PC core ............................................... 12
2.1.5. DIMM-PC* Module .................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.6. Configuration and ID E2PROM board (IDEPROM) .................................................................. 13
2.1.7. Pneumatic and Power Board (PPB) ........................................................................................... 14
2.1.8. Opto-boards for stepper motors .................................................................................................. 15
2.1.9. Valve boards ............................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.10. Pressure Sensor ........................................................................................................................... 16
2.1.11. Digital Reagent Sensor Board..................................................................................................... 16
2.1.12. LCD Display Module with High Voltage Board ......................................................................... 17
2.1.13. Keypad ........................................................................................................................................ 18
2.1.14. External Power Supply ................................................................................................................ 18
2.2. MAIN MECHANIC AND FLUIDIC PARTS OF THE ANALYZER ..................................................................... 19
2.2.1. Sampling needle .......................................................................................................................... 20
2.2.2. Washing head .............................................................................................................................. 20
2.2.3. H&V moving unit ........................................................................................................................ 21
2.2.4. Main Dilutor................................................................................................................................ 22
2.2.5. Micro Dilutor .............................................................................................................................. 23
2.2.6. Puffer reservoir ........................................................................................................................... 23
2.2.7. Pump ........................................................................................................................................... 23
2.3. ASSEMBLED ANALYZER ........................................................................................................................ 24
2.3.1. Abacus+ ...................................................................................................................................... 24
3. ADJUSTMENT ........................................................................................................................................... 27
3.1. MECHANICAL SETTINGS ........................................................................................................................ 27
3.1.1. Opto wheel setting ....................................................................................................................... 27
3.1.2. Sampling needle setting ............................................................................................................... 28
3.2. HARDWARE SETTINGS ........................................................................................................................... 28
3.2.1. Amplifier offset setting ................................................................................................................ 28
4. OPERATION OF THE FLUIDIC SYSTEM ........................................................................................... 29
4.1. BASIC PROCESSES ................................................................................................................................. 30
4.1.1. Sampling process ........................................................................................................................ 30
4.1.2. Needle washing process .............................................................................................................. 31
4.1.3. Diluting processes ....................................................................................................................... 32
4.1.4. Fluid transfer from MIX chamber to WBC chamber ................................................................... 33
4.1.5. Lysing process ............................................................................................................................. 34
4.1.6. Counting process ......................................................................................................................... 35
4.1.7. Aperture priming process ............................................................................................................ 36
4.1.8. WBC chamber draining process.................................................................................................. 37
4.1.9. RBC chamber draining process .................................................................................................. 38
4.1.10. Cleaner priming process ............................................................................................................. 39
4.2. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF FLUIDIC SYSTEM ................................................................................................... 40
4.2.1. Initialization ................................................................................................................................ 40
4.2.2. Wake up ....................................................................................................................................... 40
4.2.3. Measurement cycle ...................................................................................................................... 41
4.2.4. Standby ........................................................................................................................................ 47
4.2.5. Cleaning ...................................................................................................................................... 48
4.2.6. Hard cleaning ............................................................................................................................. 48
4.2.7. Shutdown ..................................................................................................................................... 48
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4 Diatron MI PLC
5. CHECKING THE PROPER OPERATION ............................................................................................. 49

5.1. SELF TEST ............................................................................................................................................. 49
5.1.1. Self test Screens ........................................................................................................................... 49
5.1.2. Normal range of Self Test parameters ......................................................................................... 50
5.1.3. Troubleshooting Guide for Self test ............................................................................................. 50
5.2. SERVICE MENU ..................................................................................................................................... 51
5.2.1. Entering to Service Menu ............................................................................................................ 51
5.2.2. Main Service Menu ...................................................................................................................... 51
5.2.3. Edit service contact ..................................................................................................................... 51
5.2.4. Device Information ...................................................................................................................... 51
5.2.5. Service Calibration ...................................................................................................................... 52
5.2.6. Settings ........................................................................................................................................ 52
5.2.7. Service Testing Menu .................................................................................................................. 55
5.2.8. Valve Test Menu .......................................................................................................................... 55
5.2.9. Motor Test Menu ......................................................................................................................... 55
5.2.10. Display and Keyboard Test ......................................................................................................... 56
5.2.11. Stress Mode ................................................................................................................................. 56
5.2.12. Miscellaneous Settings ................................................................................................................ 57
5.2.13. Multi-user Rescue Code .............................................................................................................. 57
6. SERVICE OPERATION ............................................................................................................................ 58
6.1. OPENING THE INSTRUMENT ................................................................................................................... 58
6.2. MDA (MONOCHROME DISPLAY ADAPTER) EMULATION MODE ............................................................. 58
6.3. KEY BIOS SETTINGS FOR CORRECT OPERATION .................................................................................... 58
6.4. CHECKING THE BIOS SETUP.................................................................................................................. 60
6.5. BIOS-DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................................. 60
6.6. DOS FUNCTIONS ON THE INSTRUMENT .................................................................................................. 62
7. TROUBLESHOOTING ............................................................................................................................. 63
7.1. ERROR CODES ....................................................................................................................................... 64
7.1.1. Software/system errors ................................................................................................................ 64
7.1.2. Pneumatic errors ......................................................................................................................... 64
7.1.3. Measure errors ............................................................................................................................ 65
7.1.4. Printing errors ............................................................................................................................. 66
7.1.5. Other errors ................................................................................................................................. 67
7.2. WARNING MESSAGES ............................................................................................................................ 68
7.2.1. Pneumatic warnings .................................................................................................................... 68
7.2.2. Database relating warnings ........................................................................................................ 69
7.2.3. Warnings relating to QC measure ............................................................................................... 69
7.2.4. Calibration relating warnings ..................................................................................................... 69
7.2.5. Hardware relating warnings ....................................................................................................... 70
7.2.6. Other warnings ............................................................................................................................ 70
7.3. POSSIBLE CAUSES OF NOISE .................................................................................................................. 71
7.3.1. Contaminated reagent ................................................................................................................. 71
7.3.2. Bad earth grounding ................................................................................................................... 71
7.3.3. External electrical noise .............................................................................................................. 72
7.3.4. Internal noise sources.................................................................................................................. 72
8. MAINTENANCE ........................................................................................................................................ 74
8.1. WEEKLY MAINTENANCE BY USER ........................................................................................................ 74
8.1.1. Cleaning the washing head ......................................................................................................... 74
8.2. PERIODIC MAINTENANCE BY SERVICE .................................................................................................. 74
8.2.1. Check Self test and Device statistics ............................................................................................ 74
8.2.2. Cleaning and Greasing Dilutor Block ......................................................................................... 74
8.2.3. Checking and Lubricating Dilutor Piston Tips ........................................................................... 74
8.2.4. Cleaning and Lubricating Needle Moving Mechanics ................................................................ 74
8.2.5. Checking and Replacing Washing Head ..................................................................................... 74
8.2.6. Checking and Replacing Peristaltic Pump Tube ......................................................................... 74
8.2.7. Checking condition of lyse tubing ............................................................................................... 75
8.2.8. Bleaching of Fluidic System ........................................................................................................ 75
9. SPARE PARTS ........................................................................................................................................... 76
rev 1.09

10. APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................ 80

10.1. WARNING FLAGS ................................................................................................................................... 80
10.2. SERIAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL ................................................................................................... 82
10.2.1. General Description .................................................................................................................... 82
10.2.2. Format of Packages Sent ............................................................................................................ 83
10.2.3. Format of Acknowledge of the Receiver...................................................................................... 83
10.2.4. Detailed Description of Packages ............................................................................................... 83
10.2.5. Serial Protocol 1.0 ...................................................................................................................... 88
10.2.6. Serial Protocol 1.7 ...................................................................................................................... 89
10.2.7. Serial Protocol 2.20, 2.23 ........................................................................................................... 90
10.2.8. Serial Protocol 3.0 ...................................................................................................................... 91
10.3. ABACUS+ CABLING DIAGRAM ............................................................................................................... 95
10.4. ABACUS+ TUBING SCHEMATICS ............................................................................................................ 96
10.5. RECOMMENDED KIT OF TOOLS .............................................................................................................. 97
10.6. ELECTRONIC SCHEMATICS .................................................................................................................... 97
rev 1.09

6 Diatron MI PLC
rev 1.09

1. INTRODUCTION
Although Abacus+ is a member of Diatron‟s Abacus junior instrument, it has special
and different characteristics compared to other junior family members. We issue a
dedicated Service Manual for this instrument; information herein applies for
Abacus+.
To be well up in the instruments, please read this manual carefully to have the
knowledge for servicing the instruments perfectly and avoid extra costs and wasting
precious time.
This Abacus+ Service Manual contains the functional descriptions of the analyzer,
operation of the fluidic systems, adjustments and settings, and very important information for
the Service Personnel about the service operations and possible problems.
1.1. Name and serial number

Name: Abacus+ Hematology Analyzer
Serial No.: Every instrument has its own serial number, which is printed on the rear panel
label and it can be read out from Device Information or from the self test
submenu. This identity number is write-protected by DIATRON.
1.2. Intended use

Abacus+ hematology analyzer is a fully automated cell counter for in vitro diagnostic use.
The compact instrument was developed for small clinics, point-of-cares and vet offices.
Abacus+ can process 60 samples per hour and is intended to determine the following 18
hematology parameters from a 25µl whole blood sample:
WBC - LYM# - MID# - GRA# - LYM% - MID% - GRA% (three-part WBC differential)
HGB - RBC - HCT - MCV - RDW - MCH - MCHC
PLT - MPV - PCT – PDW
rev 1.09

8 Diatron MI PLC
1.3. Integrated software

The integrated software controls the instrument operations, displays, stores, recalls data,
and allows the user to perform QC and calibration procedures and modify the user settings.
The software version number can be read out from the Device Information or from the Self
test submenu.
Software is absolutely “Plug and Play”, it can read out and detect the type and the serial
number of the instrument, therefore it will run the correct program for the hardware, without
any user or service help. Every Abacus+ software version is upgradeable (using an USB
drive) by the latest program developed by DIATRON, and it can be downloaded from:
www.diatron.com
rev 1.09

2. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
2.1. Main electronic parts of the analyzer
Abacus+ contains the following electronic parts:
1. Counting chambers with electrodes and measuring apertures
2. HGB Measuring Head
3. Cell Counter Amplifier Board (behind the chambers)
4. CPU Board with DIMM-PC and measurement processing unit (COMB Board)
5. Pneumatic and Power Board (PPB) with motor controllers, valve & pneumatic
controller, pump driver and power supply for internal printer (+8V) and digital circuitry
(+5V)
6. Safe configuration E2PROM board connecting CPU board and PPB
7. Motors with common opto-board of needle moving motors (H/V)
8. Main dilutor block with opto-board for diluent, lyse
9. Micro-dilutor block with opto-board for sampling
10. Valve boards (set of 5 and max. 7)
11. Peristaltic Pump
12. Pressure Sensor
13. Digital Reagent Sensor Board
14. Graphic LCD Display Module with High Voltage Board
15. LCD and Keyboard controller and Keyboard Panel
16. Internal Printer
Abacus+ Electronic Functional Block Diagram
rev 1.09

10 Diatron MI PLC
2.1.1. Counting chambers with electrodes and measuring apertures

Impedance method is used for determination of volume and number of cells. In this method
a known volume of dilution is drawn through a small aperture. Constant current is passed
through the aperture from one side to the other. When a cell passes through the aperture, it
causes a change in resistance, which generates a voltage pulse.
The amplitude of the voltage pulse is proportional to the ratio of cell volume per aperture
volume. This is used to determine the volume of cells. The number of cells can be obtained
by counting the pulses.
In the instrument there are two Cellcounter Probes: WBC probe with 100 μm aperture, and
RBC probe with 80 μm aperture. Both have a ground electrode assembly and U-shaped
metal fixing as it is shown in the next figure.
Assembled Cell-counter Probe Measuring tubes
Red rings mark

measuring tubes:
One: RBC – 80 μm
Two: WBC – 100 μm
O-ring
U-shaped metal fixing
Measuring tube Reference electrode
The aperture is made of ruby and it is moulded into the measuring tube.
2.1.2. HGB Head

Hemoglobin head is placed on the two sides of the WBC chamber.
It contains: light source (LED) at 540 nm wavelength and Photo Detector (TSL235). The
Photo Detector converts the light to frequency. The HGB concentration is a logarithmic
function of this frequency measured by the FPGA circuit of the COMB card.
Connection to the amplifier
LED TSL235
rev 1.09

The analyzer performs enhanced Hemoglobin measurement technology for HGB

measurement. The output of HGB head is frequency (TSL235 detector is light to frequency
converter). This signal is counted by a digital counter in the FPGA circuit/micro-controller.
This counter counts up while the LED is on and counts down while the LED is off, the LED
and the counter directions are switched with a 100 Hz signal. This method provides “real
time backlight correction”, which makes the HGB measurement more precise in changing
backlight environment situation as well.
There are two kinds of HGB measurements:
Sample measurement (before RBC counting)
Diluent measurement (in WBC washing phase)
The HGB result is calculated from these measurements by:
HGB log (CNTdiluent light / CNTsample light)
In spite of the fact that Abacus+ is less sensitive to incident light changes it is
recommended to keep side door closed during measurements.
2.1.3. Cell counter Amplifier Board

Amplifier board includes its own voltage regulator, the connection interfaces to HGB head, to
high voltage board and to COMB card. In this board there is the current generator circuit,
which works from 50 V measuring voltage (generated by High Voltage Board) and the probe
voltage (DC) is amplified with a voltage follower (output: ELV). Nominal measuring current is
870 µA.
Amplifier board includes two input connectors for the chambers (measuring electrodes).
There are two reed relays on the input side: IC10 can select between the two channels
(RBC, WBC) with RSW signal; IC11 connects high voltage to the selected probe with HSW
signal. Test circuit makes possible to generate test pulses (with TEST and PLS signals
through FETs) for checking the proper operation of the amplifier channel.
Connection to the HVB Reed relays Connection to COMB (AMP and DIGIO)
rev 1.09

12 Diatron MI PLC
Amplifier board includes a 3-stage main amplifier channel, which gains to the input signal to
the 0...5 V range (this is the input range of the A/D converter, which is placed on the COMB
card). There is an offset potentiometer, P1 in the third amplifier stage, manufacturer sets the
correct offset voltage.
Adjust the offset voltage only in case it is out of the +/- 5mV range.
DHON signal (from the COMB card) switches on the LED in the HGB head via a transistor
(Q3), but the Photo Detector in the HGB head is working continuously.
The other side of the amplifier board contains special connectors for the chambers and the
HGB head.
2.1.4. Control and Measurement Board (COMB) with DIMM-PC core

The compact COMB incorporates a single PC and its environmental functions, as well as the
specific measurement processing functions in one board.
PS2 COM 1
USB B USB USB
keyboard
nnection
Speaker IDEPROM
connection
HVB
connection
Display
Amplifier
connection
connection
Floppy
connection
DIGIO IDE
connection
PC system of the COMB board is based on the DIMM-PC module, which is a credit card
size PC with AMD Elan SC520 133 MHz micro-controller. DIMM-PC itself contains 16 or
32Mbyte RAM and same size of FlashDisk that acts like a hard disk. DIMM-PC module is
easily replaceable as it has an open socket (it has also a screw for safe fixing). COMB card
contains single ICs and some drivers/protection-circuits for the interfaces such as COM1,
PS2, USB, IDE and Speaker.
Measurement processing is based on a FPGA circuit. After power on, the FPGA holds the
DIMM-PC in wait state (with –IOCHRDY signal) until the PIC configures the FPGA circuit from
the IDEPROM (status LED is red during configuration). After that the FPGA controls the
entire pneumatic system through the Pneumatic I2C bus, the Keyboard and Display module
with video RAM for MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) emulation, and Start button &
status LED. FPGA circuit also performs measurement data acquisition by using the 10-bit
A/D chip. FPGA makes digital data processing and stores the results in the internal FIFO
memory. Cell parameters are sent to the DIMM-PC by single DMA cycles.
rev 1.09

2.1.5. DIMM-PC* Module

The MB4 board incorporates a credit-card sized PC, named DIMM-PC*. The processor on
the DIMM-PC is a 133MHz Pentium-class core, with 32Mbytes on-board RAM, and
32Mbytes on-board FlashDisk. This is the HDD (hard disk drive) of the analyzer, so
instrument software with all user settings, calibration, database, etc. is stored on the DIMM-
PC.
DIMMPC® is the Trade Mark of Kontron Embedded Modules GmbH
Hard Disk
Flash BIOS
(FlashDisk)
FlashDisk
32 Mbytes RAM
controller
Clock
generator
On-board SMPS
Super I/O
AMD Elan
Edge connector SC520 CPU
2.1.6. Configuration and ID E2PROM board (IDEPROM)

This board is the interconnection between COMB and PPB cards: Pneumatic I2C bus, power
lines and internal printer signals are connected through this card. The board also contains a
24FC256 serial E2PROM, which stores the FPGA‟s configuration data and identity
information of the instrument (Serial Number, OEM, model, etc.).
2
E PROM
Keeping the hardware identity information (write-protected), IDEPROM allows running the
correct software.
rev 1.09

14 Diatron MI PLC
2.1.7. Pneumatic and Power Board (PPB)

PPB card contains the main power regulator circuits, valve and motor driver circuits and
other connections for the fluidic and pneumatic system‟s parts.
PUMP MDIL X_Y_SR
Peristaltic pump Micro dilutor Horizontal, Vertical &
connection connection Sample rotor connection
PRESSURE
Pressure sensor
connection
REAGENT_SENSOR
Reagent sensor
connection
VALVES
Valve connections
+12V_IN
Power input
PRINTER
Internal
printer
connection
I_PCB_CONNID
board connection FLOPPY/CD
5V voltage
regulator Power to
Floppy/CD DIL_MDIL
(on chassis)
Main Dilutor
connection
PPB card contains the main power regulator circuits, valve and motor driver circuits and
other connections for the fluidic and pneumatic system‟s parts.
Power system generates +5V (Digital power), +8V (Printer power) and +12V (Motor and
valve power) from the single +12V DC input signal.
Motor driver part consists of six separated PIC micro-controllers with power drivers.
Horizontal, Vertical and Sample rotor motors have one combined ribbon cable connection.
Main Dilutor (with two motors) and Micro-dilutor have separated connectors.
Valve driver section is based on the valve driver PIC micro-controller and three 8-bit,
powered output shift registers (with built in protection diodes) and there are two common
ribbon cable connections for the 4 valve boards. The peristaltic pump has a separated
Darlington driver circuit for more reliable operation.
All the 7 (6 for motors, 1 for pneumatic) microcontroller have 2 LEDs: a yellow one and a
green one.
The yellow one indicates motor moving or holding and active valve or pump moving. (it
means current flows into motors, valves or pump)
rev 1.09

The green one has 3 states:

dark: (after initialization phase) error state,
blinking: communication in progress - normal state
on(just lighting): OK - normal state
2.1.8. Opto-boards for stepper motors

There are five stepper motors in the system: Horizontal and Vertical motors, which make the
movements of the sampling needle; the main Dilutor motors (2), which move the syringes
and the micro Dilutor motor, which drives the sampling phase. The stepper motor opto
boards make the connections between the motor driver ICs and motors, and have opto
switches for the motor‟s home and end positions. The actual status of the stepper motor‟s
optos is indicated by two LEDs on each stepper motor opto boards.
Dilutor and Micro-dilutor have its own separated opto-board, located directly in the units.
Horizontal and Vertical motors have a common Opto-board, called XYopto Board:
Connections for Hoirizontal &

Vertical motors
Opto switches & LEDs for Horizontal motor Opto switches & LEDs
for Vertical motor
The other side of the board contains a ribbon cable connection to the COMB.
2.1.9. Valve boards

There are two kinds of valve boards: Valve board 0-5 and Valve board 6-12.
The valve boards are connected to controller and driver chips are located on the PPB.
Valves
Valve Board
Connection to PPB
rev 1.09

16 Diatron MI PLC
2.1.10. Pressure Sensor

This is an MPX5100AP calibrated pressure sensor, which can measure the required air
pressure and vacuum. The Pressure Sensor is connected directly to the PPB card.
Connection to Puffer reservoir
Connection to:
PPB
The pressure sensor can operate from +5V only. It is a calibrated sensor with 0-1.1 Bar input
range. Do not apply more than 1.5 Bar to it, because it can ruin the pressure sensor.
2.1.11. Digital Reagent Sensor Board

This board contains four liquid detector opto-detectors (optos) and a reference opto for
automatic temperature and stray light compensation. The reference opto is located in the
middle and it has the same temperature and backlight conditions as the sensing ones.
Reference detector
Control LEDs Reagent detectors
The Reagent Sensor Board is connected to the PPB card, and the valve driver micro-
controller makes the sensing and compensating operations.
Instrument makes automatic initialization – called calibration – of reagent sensors during
priming phase of fluidics.
rev 1.09

2.1.12. LCD Display Module with High Voltage Board
LCD &
Keypad
controller
LCD module
Start key
connection and
status LED
LCD backlight
lamp
Keypad connector
Display assembly contains the 240x128 dots graphics LCD display and the high voltage
board. LCD has a high voltage backlight lamp (high voltage board generates the required
voltage).
There is a special temperature compensation circuit in the display module, which makes
possible to use the LCD module in wide temperature ranges with the adjusted contrast.
High Voltage Board (HVB) generates LCD backlight voltage (300V), aperture cleaning
voltage (150V), and measuring voltage (50V). The high voltage board is connected to the
system through the amplifier board and the COMB card. This unit contains INVC191
inverter, which is a high voltage, high frequency circuit producing suitable voltage for CCFL
(cold cathode fluorescent lamp) of the LCD.
The CFSW digital signal (from the COMB card) controls HVB: logical LOW turns inverter on.
The MVON digital signal (from the COMB card) switches the measuring voltage (50 V) on/off
by O1 opto switch.
Warning! Be careful with servicing this board in active state, because the high
voltage (300V) at LCD lamp connector can cause damages or electric shock.
Start key is a micro-switch, connected to the COMB card (through the Display ribbon cable).
The status LED indicates the actual status of the analyzer and it has two colors: red and blue
(See User‟s Manual). The LED has three pins and the actual color depends on the controlled
pins. Start key and status LED are controlled by COMB.
Connection to
COMB and
amplifier
Connection
to LCD lamp
rev 1.09

18 Diatron MI PLC
2.1.13. Keypad
The analyzer has a 29-button foil keypad including numerical keypad (0-9, “.”), cursor
moving, OK and Del buttons, and 6-6 function buttons, above and under the LCD display as
it is shown in the picture below:
Function buttons Status LED Cursor buttons
2.1.14. External Power Supply

The analyzer works with an external power supply. The next figure shows the power supply
unit generating 12VDC.
115V or 230V
AC inlet
12V DC outlet
The power supply modules have an auto range input, which makes possible to use them
with 230V or 115V mains outlet and it has the CE and UL safety certification. The input
socket of the power supply is a standard 3-terminal plug, with power cable connection; the
output is a special, lockable socket as it is shown in the picture.
rev 1.09

2.2. Main mechanic and fluidic parts of the Analyzer

Abacus+ Hematology Analyzers consist of the following mechanic and fluidic parts:
1. Sampling needle
2. Washing head
3. H&V moving unit
4. Micro Dilutor
5. Dilutor
6. Chambers
7. Cell-counter probes
8. Puffer reservoir
9. Pump
10.Valves
11.Tubing
rev 1.09

20 Diatron MI PLC
2.2.1. Sampling needle

Sampling needle is assembled in the H&V moving unit and it makes the sample aspirations.
Correct setting of sampling needle is necessary and very important (see Chapter
Adjustments).
2.2.2. Washing head

Washing head is located at the bottom of the H&V moving unit and it is for cleaning the outer
surface of the sampling needle. This washing process is made with diluent reagent and the
fluid is drained by the pump. The arrows on the picture show the direction of diluent flow
during sampling needle washing.
Clean diluent
Pump to waste
Clean or replace washing head yearly, or after 10 000 measurements.
rev 1.09

2.2.3. H&V moving unit
This unit contains slides to move the sample sampling needle in Horizontal and Vertical
directions, two stepper motors, XYR opto board, opto wheel, washing head and the sampling
needle. It moves the needle to the desired position: from sampling position, to washing head,
and to the measuring chamber.
Sampling needle
holder
Sampling needle XYR opto board Vertical opto wheel
Washing head
Vertical
motor
Horizontal
motor
Both stepper motors have optical end-switch sensors for detecting these positions. These
are required for correct initialization and error detection. All sensors have status LEDs to
show actual conditions.
The Vertical motor works with a special opto wheel for detecting home & end positions. See
the Adjustment section of this manual to place this wheel to the proper position.
Greasing of the horizontal/vertical guiding rods should be done regularly using

“Photolube” (A598), a PTFE-based thin lubricant.
It is recommended to check and repeat greasing of guiding rods every year, or after
10000 measurements.
rev 1.09

22 Diatron MI PLC
2.2.4. Main Dilutor

There are two stepper motors, a common motor opto board, four syringes and piston rods
with gear transmission.
Maintenance should be provided to the piston tips, by applying neutral silicon
grease to the cogged end of the Macro and Lyse pistons, between the syringe and
the tip itself. This will ensure optimum sealing and longer lifetime of piston tips.
Greasing of the cogged transmission parts (cogwheel and cogged bar) should be
done regularly using machine grease.
It is recommended to check and repeat greasing of piston tips, and transmission

gear every year, or after 10000 measurements.
Lyse syringe and

Diluent syringes
piston
Control
Control
LEDs
LEDs
rev 1.09

2.2.5. Micro Dilutor

Micro dilutor is taking the precise sample (25 or 50μl) into the sampling needle. It includes a
stepper motor, a motor opto board and the micro syringe.
Connection to Valve
Connection to
sampling needle
Connection to PPB
Motor opto board
Flexible clutch
Stepper motor
2.2.6. Puffer reservoir

The glass puffer reservoir is directly connected to the pressure sensor.
During measurement, there is no pump activity, so the puffer reservoir maintains measuring
vacuum stable. The instrument measures atmospheric pressure and adjusts measuring
vacuum according to it.
2.2.7. Pump
Pump generates regulated vacuum and drains the fluidic system. It is connected to the PPB
and it has its own driver circuit (Darlington).
If the tube of the peristaltic pump becomes worn, it can be broken, causing Pressure error.
It is recommended to check the state of the tube, and replace it every 2 years, or
after 20 000 measurements. Always replace the peristaltic pump tube to the same
PharMed® type, with the same length.
For servicing the tube of the pump, open the peristaltic pump from its top (see picture) and
remove the tube together with the white plastic side wall (see picture):
In case of damaged tubes, it can be replaced by a new one by opening the two metal locks
located at the two ends of the tube (see picture).
rev 1.09

24 Diatron MI PLC
2.3. Assembled Analyzer

2.3.1. Abacus+
Front Panel
Built-in thermal
printer (optional) 240x128 dots
Graphic LCD
Foil keypad
Function keys
START button
Rear panel:
Power switch
12V DC inlet
Warning labels
USB ports
Serial Port
USB slave port
Reagent inlets PS/2 external

keyboard port
rev 1.09

Construction – front:
Valve block
Pressure
sensor
Electronic
block
H&V unit
Speaker
Valve block
Construction – right side

:
Valve block
Needle moving
mechanics
Reagent
sensor
Puffer reservior
Microdilutor
Measuring
chambers Pump
Valve block Dilutor block
rev 1.09

26 Diatron MI PLC
Construction – left side:
Pneumatic and
Power Board
(PPB)
ID Eprom Board
(IDEPROM)
Control and Speaker

Measurement Board
(COMB)
rev 1.09

3. ADJUSTMENT
Mechanical and hardware adjustments are described in this section. Software settings are
included in Section 5.2.
3.1. Mechanical settings

There are two important mechanical settings in the system:
Opto wheel setting (Vertical motor)
Sampling needle setting
The manufacturer adjusts the analyzer during production. However, in case of
repairs in the mechanical system, these adjustments should be checked. The
omission of these settings can cause malfunction or damages to the instrument.
3.1.1. Opto wheel setting

This setting is necessary for the vertical motor movements because this adjustment sets the
opto end-switches of the H&V moving unit. The top of this block is called HV head and it is
shown in the figure below.
Set the distance to 1-2 mm between the moving

carriage and the stable part of the head.
Loose „A” screws to allow free movement of the timing
belt. Screw „B”
Adjust the opto wheel to home position, i.e. home hole
must be in home sensor, and LED corresponding to Screw „A”
home opto sensor goes on.
Fasten „A” screws.
Opto wheel
End opto
End hole
Home opto
Home hole
Check the end position as well: move the needle down. Adjustment is successful if end LED
goes on before moving part reaches end of mechanical range.
Once this adjustment is necessary, never miss sampling needle setting described in the next
section.
rev 1.09

28 Diatron MI PLC
3.1.2. Sampling needle setting

This adjustment sets the sampling needle to the operational position.
In Service menu, in Miscellaneous submenu of AJ/AJvet and in Service menu of AJB select
Needle setting.
The software moves the needle back and up, and turns on horizontal and vertical motors
(AJ/AJvet) to keep needle in place. AJB holds only the vertical motor during needle setting.
Sampling needle
Bottom plane of
Teflon stuffing ring
washing head
Tubes to/from the
washing head
Check the setting of the needle. If end of the needle is at the bottom of the washing head,
needle is set correctly. If not, open screws “B” (see above), and adjust the needle to the
bottom of the washing head. Fasten “B” screws.
Set the end of the tip to the washing head’s bottom plane, while the carriage is held
by motors. (Needle setting menu). Fix the „B” screws.
Be careful with the bent upper end of the sampling needle, because if badly
aligned, during movement it can hit other mechanical components causing
mechanical jam, and therefore damages or error.
3.2. Hardware settings
3.2.1. Amplifier offset setting

Amplifier offset should be between ±5mV. Run self test to determine whether offset is within
this range. If it is out of range, it should be re-set, by the following way.
1. Locate the opening for offset setting potentiometer on the
measuring block (see enclosed picture).
2. In Service menu select Offset adjustment menu.
3. Adjust the potentiometer to reach 0 mV.
Opening for offset adjustment on measuring block
rev 1.09

4. OPERATION OF THE FLUIDIC SYSTEM

This section describes the main steps of Abacus+ fluidic functions. The instrument‟s Fluidic
Schematics are shown in section 2.2 of this manual. The following figures show total
measurement flow diagram and detailed descriptions of basic processes for understanding
the fluidic system work.
The following steps are introduced in this section:
1. Basic processes
1.1. Sampling process
1.2. Needle washing process
1.3. Diluting process
1.4. Fluid transfer from MIX chamber to WBC chamber
1.5. Lysing process
1.6. Counting process
1.7. Aperture priming process
1.8. WBC chamber draining process
1.9. RBC chamber draining process
1.10. Cleaner priming process
2. Main functions of the fluidic system
2.1. Initialization
2.2. Wake up
2.3. Measurement cycle
2.4. Standby
2.5. Cleaning
2.6. Hard cleaning
2.7. Shutdown
In the detailed process description figures, the active tube is filled with black or gray color,
while an arrow ( ) shows the direction of the flow. Moving mechanic parts have another
arrow indicating direction of movement. In the section of the basic processes only relevant
valves are mentioned in this section (ON or OFF) while all the other valves are in either ON
or OFF state depending on the status of the instrument and other parallel running process.
Abacus+ employs a software waste full checking feature. Software integrates volume of the
reagents used.
rev 1.09

30 Diatron MI PLC
4.1. Basic processes
4.1.1. Sampling process

The aspirating needle aspirates 25 µl (50 µl in prediluted mode) of blood sample. The Micro-
dilutor syringe makes the aspirating while the M5 Micro-dilutor motor moves down.
There is another sampling process for the second (RBC) dilution, when 35 μl of primary
dilution is aspirated from the MIX by the aspirating needle. Both of the samples are
separated from the diluent with a small air bubble and there is another air bubble between
the sample and the end of the needle.
rev 1.09

4.1.2. Needle washing process

The instruments clean the sampling needle with diluent in the washing head after sampling.
It is important to clean the outer surface of the sampling needle to avoid inaccurate
sampling.
The Macro syringe doses and the pump drains the diluent from the washing head, while the
sampling needle moves upwards so that the total length of it is washed and cleaned. This
process is called total sampling needle washing, and it is mainly used after taking primary
sample from sample tube.
Another process, which is washing only a smaller part of the sampling needle, is the same
but the needle does not move in the total length. Some procedures perform this kind of
sampling needle washing.
The M3 Macro syringe pushes the diluent through V11 (Off), V12 (On). The Pump aspirates
the diluent from the washing head through V4 (On), while the M2 Vertical motor moves the
sampling needle up.
rev 1.09

32 Diatron MI PLC
4.1.3. Diluting processes

Before the dilutions the MIX and the RBC chambers are filled up with 1 ml of diluent. This
method prevents the chamber from dirt and makes the diluting process faster.
The sampling process has aspirated 25µl of sample (or 35µl of primary dilution), which is in
the sampling needle. In the first diluting step the sample is dispensed into the MIX chamber
with 3 ml of diluent (1.0 ml is waiting in the MIX chamber), which comes from the Macro
syringe through V11 (On) and Micro-dilutor, while the M3 Dilutor motor moves upwards. This
process makes the 1:160 first dilution rate in the MIX chamber.
The second sampling process aspirates 35 μl of primary dilution and then it is added with 4.0
ml of diluent (1.0 ml + 3.0 ml) into the RBC chamber. This process makes 1:18285 dilution
rate in the RBC chamber.
rev 1.09

4.1.4. Fluid transfer from MIX chamber to WBC chamber

In Abacus+, during this step the liquid remaining in the mixing chamber flows via the V0
(On) into the WBC chamber, because the vacuum – which is in the puffer reservoir and
maintenated by the pump – aspirates the fluid through V5 (On) and V3 (On), while V2 and V1
are Off. Simultaneously, the peristaltic pump supports this procedure via V4 (On).
rev 1.09

34 Diatron MI PLC
4.1.5. Lysing process

During this step the primary dilution remaining in the mixing chamber flows into the WBC
chamber, like a simple MIX WBC transfer, but in this case simultaneously, 0.8 ml of lysing
reagent is added through V9 (On), while the Lyse syringe moves upwards. This process
makes the 1:192 dilution rate and good mixing with lyse.
rev 1.09

4.1.6. Counting process
The regulated vacuum (it is generated by the pump in the puffer reservoir) aspirates the
diluted sample (WBC and RBC) from the chamber through V2 (On) valve. The instrument
counts the cells for 5 seconds in both counting phases (at first WBC and after it the RBC).
rev 1.09

36 Diatron MI PLC
4.1.7. Aperture priming process

In this process the aperture branch and backsides of the apertures are filled with diluent and
. After generating vacuum in the puffer reservoir the pump continues the drainig of the
aperture branch (V2 and V3 On, V1 and V5 Off) meanwhile the diluent syringe of M4 dilutor
unit pushes diluent through V10 (On), V6 (On) and V8 (On).
rev 1.09

4.1.8. WBC chamber draining process

The WBC chamber draining is performed via V3 (On) and V4 (On) valves by the pump while
the V5 must be off. The WBC chamber draining is always executed without using the puffer
reservoir. So other tasks like RBC chamber draining can be performed parallel with this
operation.
rev 1.09

38 Diatron MI PLC
4.1.9. RBC chamber draining process

The RBC chamber is drained by the vacuum in the puffer reservoir through V1 (On) valve
(V2 must be off). This vacuum is made (and maintenated) by the peristaltic pump. During the
draining the pump can perform either other task like WBC chamber draining or needle wash,
or can help the draining of the RBC chamber.
rev 1.09

4.1.10.Cleaner priming process

The cleaner solution is primed by vacuum in the following way: V7 (On), Cleaner Detector,
V6 (On), back side of the RBC aperture, back side of the WBC aperture, V2 (On), V3 (On),
V4 (On) and the peristaltic pump. The V1 and V5 valves are off. The flow of the cleaner is
controlled by the vacuum, generated in the puffer reservoir before the start of the priming.
After the priming the remaining cleaner between the cleaner detector and V6 (approx. 1 ml)
can be dosed into the mix chamber.
rev 1.09

40 Diatron MI PLC
4.2. Main functions of fluidic system
4.2.1. Initialization
Fluidic initialization process performs the following steps:
Positioning all mechanical components (stepper motors) by scanning moving range
(with end-switches)
Checking the atmospheric pressure
Checking of pump and pressure sensor by generating measuring vacuum
Priming of reagents and calibrating reagent sensors
Fill the tubing with the reagents
Cleaning of tubing & measuring chamber
Cleaning of aperture with high-pressure back-flush, cleaner reagent & high-voltage
burning
4.2.2. Wake up
If the instrument is in standby state the wake up process is taken place in order to make the
instrument ready to measure. During this process the needle is go out and down to the
sampling position and the M1 and M2 stepper motor hold it until the start button pressed or
the instrument go into standby. While the needle is moving the microdilutor (M5) is aspirate
some air into the needle (this bubble is going to separate the dilent and the blood). After this
procedure the status LED is turned blue and measurement can be started.
Simultaneously the MIX and the WBC chamber is drained (WBC draining, MIX WBC, WBC
draining). During the last WBC chamber draining the MIX is filled with 5.0 ml diluent. Then
this volume is moved into the WBC chamber.
rev 1.09

4.2.3. Measurement cycle
Before the start of the measurement cycle the instrument is in ready state (status LED is
green). In this state the sampling needle is in the sampling position: out and down. The Mix
chamber is empty, the WBC chamber contains 5.0 ml of diluent (the wake up process or
previous measurement put it into the chamber and the blank HGB measured with this liquid
used). The RBC chamber contains the last rinsing amount of diluent of the previous
measurement cycle or the standby volume.
The following two flowcharts introduce the entire measurement cycle. One of these
flowcharts describes the fluidic transfers related the needle, the other one the chamber
related activities. The flowcharts has synchronization points where one of them waiting (W)
for the others signal (S).
Needle
process
Dilutor (M3)
moves down Sampling
(primes diluent)
Needle washnig, needle

positioning over the MIX
chamber
S1
Dilutor (M3)
moves down
(primes diluent)
W1
S2
Needle moves down

into the MIX
chamber
rev 1.09

42 Diatron MI PLC
W2
First dilution
(MIX chamber)
S3
Dilutior (M3 )
moves down RBC sampling
W3
Needle (short)
washing
S4
Dilutior (M3) Needle positioning

moves down over the RBC
chamber
W4
Second dilution
(RBC chamber)
S5
Dilutior (M3)
moves down
Needle up
rev 1.09

W5
Microdilutor
syncronization
Fill up the MIX

chamber with 2.5ml
of diluent
S6
W6
Fill the MIX chamber

with 2.5ml of diluent
S7
Dilutior (M3) moves

down
Perform wake up
process
END
rev 1.09

44 Diatron MI PLC
Chamber process
HGB blank delay Dilutor (M4) moves

W1
down and primes
diluent
Measuring HGB
S1
blank
RBC chamber Fill up the MIX

draining chamber with 1 ml
of diluent
Dilutor (M4) moves

down and primes
diluent
Fill up the RBC

chamber with 1 ml
of diluent
WBC chamber
draining
S2
W2
S3
Lysing
rev 1.09

Dilutor (M4) moves

W3
down and primes
diluent
Aperture priming
Generating
measuring vacuum
WBC counting
RBC counting HGB measurement
S4
RBC chamber WBC chamber

draining draining
Pull out 0.2 ml of

Lyse
W4
Yes Autoclean? No
Fill up the RBC Fill up the RBC

chamber with 0.8 ml chamber with 2.5 ml
of diluent of diluent
rev 1.09

46 Diatron MI PLC
MIX WBC
Yes No
Autoclean?
Cleaner Priming
WBC chamber Fill up the MIX

draining chamber with 2.5 ml
of diluent and cleaner
Fill up the RBC

chamber with
diluent
Aperture Priming
MIX WBC
Dilutor (M4) moves High voltage cleaning

down and primes pulses; backflush
diluent
RBC chamber
draining
WBC chamber Fill up the MIX

S5
draining chamber with 2.5 ml
of diluent and cleaner
Dilutor (M4) moves

down and primes
diluent
W5
Fill up the RBC

chamber with 4.5 ml
of diluent
rev 1.09

MIX WBC
Autoclean?
Yes
Dilutor (M4) moves
No
down and primes
High voltage diluent
cleaning pulses;
backflush
Aperture Priming
Dilutor (M4) moves

down and primes
diluent
END
4.2.4. Standby
Standby process is executed when the instrument is in ready state and the standby time
(see Service Settings) ellapsed
In the beginning of the standby process the needle goes up and is washed and the
chambers are drained. After this the 3.0 ml diluent is put into MIX (via needle) and the
RBC chamber (via V8), and the diluent from the MIX is transferred into the WBC
chamber and at last MIX chamber is filled with 1 ml of diluent and the back side of the
apertures are primed. The diluent in the chambers prevent the apertures and chambers
from dirt, drying out and salt build up.
rev 1.09

48 Diatron MI PLC
4.2.5. Cleaning
Cleaning function drains all of the chambers and fills the RBC chamber and the MIX
chamber with 2.5 ml of diluent. After moving content of the MIX chamber into the WBC
chamber the aperture branch is primed with cleaner (see 1.x). The remaining cleaner
between the cleaner detector and the V6 valve is pushed into the MIX chamber with
diluent. After this the WBC chamber is drained and the cleaner with diluent transferred
here from the MIX chamber. Then the apertures are cleaned with high voltage burn and
with backflush. The RBC chamber rinsed with 5.0 ml of diluent and the remaining cleaner
is pushed out with diluent from the aperture branch (and back side off the apertures). At
least the volumes of the standby state are dosed into the chambers.
4.2.6. Hard cleaning

Before the hard cleaning a wakeup procedure is executed. After pressing the start button
the M3 dilutor aspirates 0.2 ml from the hard cleaning solution. Half of this amount is
dosed into the MIX chamber (diluted with 5.0ml diluent coming from the other dilutor unit
M4 through V10, V8 , V6) and the remaining cleaning solution is pushed into the RBC
chamber with 5.0 ml diluent (see diluting process). Then the M4 dilutor unit pulls and
pushes the diluted cleaner solution via the aperture combined with high voltage burns.
After this the chambers are drained and rinsed with diluent.
4.2.7. Shutdown
The fluidic shutdown performs the following steps:
Drains chambers
Perform a cleaning cycle
Priming chamber with diluent to avoid drying out of aperture (MIX 2.0 ml, RBC 5.0 ml,
WBC 5.0 ml)
Sampling needle is positioned above MIX chamber, needle up
All of the syringes are positioned down
rev 1.09

5. CHECKING THE PROPER OPERATION

There is a built-in Self test and Service menu in the analyzer.
5.1. Self test
5.1.1. Self test Screens

Self test can be used to check the operation of
the instrument.
The first panel shows general information about
the instrument. (See menu on the left.)
With the new COMB card, the PCPNIF firmware
version is empty, and the MPU firmware version
holds the COMB version number.
The second and third panel contains tested

parameters, as follow:
HGB light (LED is on).
Measuring Electrode voltage, current and
offset.
Amplifier Noise test during a 5-second period.
Amplifier transfer by generating 20000 test

pulses, incl. gain related peak value, noise
related deviation.
Atmospheric pressure stands for outer
pressure.
Vacuum reports pump operation (vacuum made
by the pump in a 10-second period of time).
Drift represents pressure loss of vacuum
measured in a 10-second period of time.
Power ±12V shows the amplifier voltage value.

Power Batt reports the voltage value of the
battery. If battery fails, system time will stop.
Core Temp shows CPU temperature of the
Control and Measurement Board (COMB).
Overall test result is displayed, which can be
Successful (in case of every test result is OK) or
Errors (if HIGH, LOW or ERROR).
At the end of a result line status message is displayed, which means that the actual test
result is at the normal range (OK), higher (HIGH), lower (LOW) than the pre-determined
limits, or the result is an error (ERROR).
rev 1.09

50 Diatron MI PLC
5.1.2. Normal range of Self Test parameters
Parameter Unit Lower bound Upper bound

HGB light count 3000 60000
HGB dark Count 0 3000
Electrode voltage V 45 55
Current µA 830 930
Offset mV -5.0 5.0
Amplifier test count 19990 20005
Peak of test pulses mV 1500 1800
deviation (noise) mV 0 80
Noise test pls/5sec 0 5
Outer pressure mBar 500 1050
Vacuum mBar 125 420
Drift mBar/10sec 0 10
Power +12V V 11.0 12.5
Power –12V V -13.0 -11.0
Power Batt. V 1.8 4.5
Core Temp. °C - -
5.1.3. Troubleshooting Guide for Self test
Parameter Mark Possible reason Remedy

HGB dark HIGH Instrument door open Close instrument door
Check HGB head connections
HGB head not connected or
LOW check HGB LED during
HGB LED out of order
HGB light measurement
Instrument door open or Close door or replace HGB
HIGH
HGB LED too bright LED resistor on amplifier board
LOW Fault on High Voltage Check measuring voltage (50V) on
Electrode voltage or HIGH or Amplifier board High voltage and Amplifier boards
LOW Check current generator, and test

Current or HIGH Fault on Amplifier board generator FET on Amplifier board
LOW Check the offset potentiometer on

Offset Fault on Amplifier board
or HIGH Amplifier board
LOW Amplifier Boards is not Check cables and connectors
Amplifier test connected to main board coming from the Amplifier
HIGH Instrument not grounded Check mains ground lead
Peak of pulses LOW Check current generator, and test
or HIGH Fault on Amplifier board generator FET on Amplifier board
Dev. (noise) HIGH Instrument not grounded Check mains ground lead
Noise HIGH Instrument not grounded Check mains ground lead
LOW Pressure sensor, cable or Check pressure sensor, cable
Outer pressure or HIGH connector problem connections and controller board
pressure connector
Vacuum LOW Peristaltic pump failure Check peristaltic pump
Drift HIGH Leakage in pneumatics Check tubing in pneumatics
rev 1.09

5.2. Service Menu

5.2.1. Entering to Service Menu
There is a Service menu for servicing and operation checking purposes. The entry point is in
the User‟s Service screen, where Service Information is displayed.
Enter the code to access Service menu: 6484
5.2.2. Main Service Menu

The Main Service menu provides access to submenus and service utilities.
5.2.3. Edit service contact

Here you can edit the Information card fields by
cursor keys, or by an external keyboard.
Press the OK button, if a field is completed.
This information will appear in the User Service
menu.
5.2.4. Device Information

In the Device Information menu the model name,
the serial number, the software version and
compilation date appear.
rev 1.09

52 Diatron MI PLC
5.2.5. Service Calibration

The analyzer provides a menu for Service calibration purposes.
In result calculations the service calibration factors are used as the user calibration factors,
so they are multiplied for each parameter: RBCDisp. = FactRBC User * FactRBC Serv. * RBCMeasured
If the user factor is near the bound (0.80 - 1.20), by setting the corresponding service factor,
the user factor can be adjusted to 1.00.
Example: Fact RBC User = 1.19 and Fact RBC Serv = 0.96, and
Fact RBC User = 1.00 and Fact RBC Serv = 1.14 gives the same result for RBC.
Apply user calibration factors function is used to combine user and service calibration
factors. The software will multiply the existing factors, and move them to the Service level to
set user factors to 1.00.
5.2.6. Settings
5.2.6.1. Pneumatic/Measurement options
Service Person can set the parameters of the automatic functions in this dialog menu.
Standby time: after how many minutes the
instrument goes to standby mode (default = 15
min).
Reblank time: after how many minutes the

instrument makes a blank measurement if it was
in standby mode (default = 1 hour). If it is set to
0, then no ReBlank is performed.
Rinse time: If this time is set, then the instrument will make an automatic, extended washing
procedure (with more diluent) of the chamber(s) to get wash dirt out of the chambers (dust).
If it is set to 0, then no Rinse is performed.
Autoclean cycle: after how many measurements the instrument makes an autocleaning.
Disable 3-part diff.: for using quick lyse (without 3-part differential) the errors and the bad
3-part parameters can be excluded from the results
Disable markers: setting this option to Yes will omit the vertical markers from printed
reports.
rev 1.09

Stretch histogram: setting this option to Yes

will modify the WBC histogram range from 0-
300 fl instead of 0-400 fl (this is recommended
for Veterinary mode).
Reagent code: This code can be used to
modify the offset of the HGB function. Enter a
value between 0 and 30 (default is 9).
Extended Probe Voltages: This option is ON by default. It makes the instrument accept the
physically highest probe voltages to allow operation at lower operating temperature range.
Maintenance day: You can select from week days. According to this setting, the instrument
will ask the user to do weekly maintenance during shut down.
Laboratory header lines: you can choose how many lines to contain the header of the
blood result.
Reagent pack: Using packed reagent in Reagent status menu system displays the reagent
pack installation day and the Reagent open stability period. User can change reagents only
together. In case of “No” reagents can be changed separately, the date of expiry is ignored.
Waste container capacity: it essential to set

the correct volume of the waste container for
proper usage of the software ”waste full” alert,
code: 5006. Set this value two liters less than
the total volume of waste container.
Lyse container capacity: Enter here volume of lyse container.

Cleaner container capacity: Enter here volume of cleaner container.
Rinse container capacity: For future development. Enter here 0.
It is possible, but not recommended ignoring the reagent volume check entering 0 as volume
of containers.
Clogging detections, bubble volumes for

development, do not touch them!
rev 1.09

54 Diatron MI PLC
5.2.6.2. Operation Settings
LCD light off delay: LCD backlight switches

off after 4 hours, by pressing key switches
back. Still the light is off, the LED is flashing
yellow.
Disable multi-user mode: by this setting the
multi-user mode can be disabled
Instrument startup procedure: You can select to start the instrument with Database screen
(without any pneumatic initialization) or with Measurement screen (with pneumatic
initialization).
Database capacity: You can choose here the capacity of database at installation.
Changing later all measured data will be lost. Using larger database the instrument software
startup time can be increased.
Native keyboard: Setting it to Yes will utilize the external PC keyboard with the language
specific layout.
Calendar mode: You can select between the Gregorian and the Jalaali (Persian) calendar.
All dates will be converted accordingly.
Patient data: There are two options:
Birthdate and Age. According to this setting,
both in the sample information dialog and in
the database, the instrument will prompt for
the age or the date of birth. If age is
specified, it can be given in years or months.
5.2.6.3. Edit Service Code
You can change here the default (6484)

service code to a maximum 12 character
alphanumeric code. It is recommended not
to change the code, if it was changed, it is
hardly recommended to save the new code.
rev 1.09

5.2.7. Service Testing Menu

Service Testing menu provides tools for checking hardware.
5.2.8. Valve Test Menu

In the menu on the left you can see the
valve numbers and a number under each
that represents the actual state of the
valve. P means peristaltic pump.
Selected valve number is shown in
inverse. 0 is Off state, 1 is On state.
Use cursor keys for selecting and setting
valve state, or press OK to toggle state.
5.2.9. Motor Test Menu

Pressing numeric key on keyboard the
regarding motors start operation repeatedly,
until pressing „1„ , or another key. All motors
stop at initial positions.
rev 1.09

56 Diatron MI PLC
5.2.10. Display and Keyboard Test

Display and keyboard test is provided to
check keypad and LCD panel.
Press a key to test and the LCD will show the
code of the pressed key, and will be invert the
colors at each touch of a key for testing that
every LCD dot is functioning.
5.2.11. Stress Mode
In Stress mode, the instrument performs measuring cycles without sample (blank
measurements) continuously. This can be used for burn-in tests, or to check pneumatic
system after changing any main fluidic parts.
You can have information about stability, cleanliness, HGB operation, and counting time
stability. Results of the last 10 PLT and HGB blank is displayed as well.
You can detect any kind of noise, or bubbles in the system if the PLT is not stable low, or
HGB has big variation. To exit from this mode press the START button (at the end of a
normal cycle) until the Stress operation is finished.
rev 1.09

5.2.12. Miscellaneous Settings

In this menu, you can directly perform
Software upgrade (this will restart the
instrument).
Clear Device Statistics: Device statistics
(number of measurements, aperture-clogging
and other errors) can be cleared.
Clear Database: The whole Database
(measurement results including histograms)
can be cleared.
Offset adjustment: You can adjust the offset on the amplifier board.
Needle setting: By entering this menu the needle will go to the position you can adjust it.
You can Log in as supervisor if the Multi-user mode was selected in the User‟s Settings
submenu. (Number 4 if present, shows the availability of this function.)
In supervisor mode, you have the ability to change any user passwords and you have full
access over user settings. Always log out after this supervisor log in.
5.2.13. Multi-user Rescue Code

It the supervisor password has been forgotten, there is a rescue code for service purposes
to access the supervisor level. The Service user data are as follows:
User ID: 0 (zero),
Name: Service,
Password: 729456 (This forms a capital "A" on the keypad)
rev 1.09

58 Diatron MI PLC
6. SERVICE OPERATION
6.1. Opening the instrument

On the right side of the instruments there is a side door, which allows reaching of the fluidic
system and the mechanical parts. Other parts of the analyzer (electronic parts, etc.) can be
reached by opening the top-left cover.
How to take off the top-left cover:
First unscrew the 5 cover fixing screws located on the rear panel, 3 screws on the upper side
and 2 screws on the vertical side. After this, pull the cover backwards a few centimeters to
release sliding locks, and then you can turn it upwards to take it off completely. Care for
internal printer flat cable: disconnect it from the printer connector. In this way you will be able
to reach the electronics.
6.2. MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) emulation mode

MDA emulation mode was developed to help the manufacturer and Service Personnel in the
checking phase of the instruments. This mode is available during the total operation but
especially useful for checking the BIOS setup and OS functions. This mode should be
handled the same as the service menu, the user does not have to know these options.
At power-on, the controller PIC display module displays the greeting screen. After 6
seconds, it starts to scan the keypad and behaves like an MDA adapter to the PC, although
the displayed screen is still holding the greeting screen.
If you switch to MDA emulation mode, the system boot events can be displayed, and the
CMOS SETUP program can be started, if necessary.
If the main program will not start in 90 seconds, the PIC will automatically switch to MDA
displaying mode to give information about the reason of hang-up. This can be some CMOS
failure, if the motherboard settings are lost for some reason, and the system is waiting for
user confirmation: F1 on external keyboard, or running setup - both require external
keyboard to be connected.
Hold the „i” button, and press and release the „.” button on the foil keyboard of the analyzer
to activate the MDA mode, which uses the LCD like a primary computer monitor (80
characters by 25 rows). The LCD is smaller than the standard monitor area therefore just
about a quarter of the total screen is displayed (40 characters by 16 rows).
to change the actual quarter displayed,

Quarter 1 on LCD Quarter 2 on LCD
use the arrows (cursor keys) on the
keypad,
to find the cursor, press the „i” button,
to go back to the normal graphic
displaying mode press „i .” again.
Quarter 3 on LCD Quarter 4 on LCD Definition of displayed LCD quarters in
MDA emulation mode
6.3. Key BIOS settings for correct operation

The required settings are enclosed in this section.
rev 1.09

(In MDA mode, continuous changing of screen may appear. To avoid this, press left and up
arrow on the keypad in any order.)
MAIN:
Legacy Diskette A: 1.44/1.25 MB
Primary Master: FlashDisk SDTE-XX
ADVANCED:
– PNP OS Installed: No
– Reset Configuration Data: No
▶ I/O device configuration:
Local Bus IDE Adapter: Disabled
Floppy disk controller: Enabled ; [in case of Floppy drive]
Base I/O address: Primary
Serial Port A: Enabled
Base I/O address: 3F8
Interrupt: IRQ4
Serial Port B: Enabled
Base I/O address: 2F8
Interrupt: IRQ3
Parallel Port: Enabled
Mode: EPP
Base I/O address: 378
Interrupt: IRQ7
▶ Watchdog Settings
Mode: Disabled
I/O Chip Select:
I/O Base: Disabled
– Halt on Errors: No
SECURITY:
Fixed disk boot sector: Normal
Virus check reminder: Disabled
System backup reminder: Disabled
BOOT:
Quick Boot mode: Enabled
▶ Boot Device Priority:
– CD-ROM Drive
– Hard Drive
DV-XX (Slave device)
FlashDisk SDTE-XX
Bootable Add-in Cards
– Removable Devices
Legacy Floppy Drives
– Network Boot
rev 1.09

60 Diatron MI PLC
6.4. Checking the BIOS setup

It is suggested to check it if the instrument hangs after switching on, or software does not
start (or cannot be upgraded from floppy disk).
Connect an external keyboard (US layout) to the instrument.
Press F2 and keep pressed and switch the instrument on.
Release F2 when the instrument beeps.
Switch the instrument to MDA emulation mode (by pressing "i." on the keypad)
Check the key points listed above (or from the enclosed Main Board Manual), if you find
differences, set these settings
Go to the Exit menu (upper right quarter of the display) and select Exit Saving
Changes. Confirm this by selecting Yes in the pop up window.
The instrument will restart with the new (correct) BIOS setup configurations
6.5. BIOS-Description
The DIMM-PC/520-I is equipped with a JUMPtec Embedded BIOS, which is located in a
Flash EPROM onboard. This device has an 8bit wide access. Faster access is provided by
the shadow RAM feature (default). For a detailed description of the BIOS Setup, please refer
to the section below.
The Setup Guide
With the PhoenixBIOS Setup program, it is possible to modify BIOS settings and control the
special features of the computer. The setup program uses a number of menus for making
changes and turning the special features on or off.
General Information
To start the PhoenixBIOS setup utility press <F2> during the string, Press <F2> to enter,
setup is displayed during boot-up. The Main Menu will be displayed.
The Menu Bar
The Menu Bar at the top of the window lists all the different menus. Use the left/right arrows
to make a selection.
The Legend Bar
Use the keys listed in the legend bar on the bottom to make your selection or exit the current
menu. The list below describes the legend keys and their alternates:
rev 1.09

Key Function
<F1> or <Alt-H> General help window
<Esc> Exit this menu
left or right Arrow key Select a different menu
up or down Arrow key Move cursor up and down
<Tap> or <Shift-Tap> Cycle cursor up and down
<Home> or <End> Move cursor to top or bottom of current window
<PgUp> or <PgDn> Move cursor to next or previous page
<F5> or <-> Select the previous value for the current field
<F6> or <+> or <Space> Select the next value for the current field
<F9> Load default configuration values for this menu
<F10> Save and Exit
<Enter> Execute command or select submenu
<Alt-R> Refresh screen
To select an item, simply use the arrow key to move the cursor to the field you want. Then
use the plus and minus keys to select a value for that field. The Save Value commands in
the Exit Menu save the values currently displayed in all the menus.
To display a sub menu, use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the sub menu you want.
Then press <Enter>. A pointer (4) marks all sub menus.
The Field Help Window
The help window on the right side of each menu displays the help text for the currently
selected field. It is updates as the cursor is moved to each field.
The General Help Window
Pressing <F1> or <Alt-F1> on any menu brings up the General Help Window that describes
the legend keys and their alternates. Press <Esc> to exit the General Help Window.
The Main Menu
You can make the following selections on the Main Menu itself. Use the sub menus for other
selections.
rev 1.09

62 Diatron MI PLC
6.6. DOS functions on the instrument

To run the computer part of the instrument like a normal PC, the Service Personnel should
have a floppy drive with cables (see chapter 9.5), and an MS-DOS 6.22 operating system
boot floppy disk.
Take off upper cover of instrument
Connect an external keyboard
Connect the floppy drive to PPB board Floppy/CD power connector, COMB board
FLOPPY connector.
Put the MS-DOS boot floppy into the floppy disk drive
After turning on, go to the BIOS setup (press F2 repeatedly on the keyboard and switch
to MDA mode by pressing "i." ).
Change the Boot Device Priority in the BOOT menu: The Removable Devices must
be the first in the list. Select Removable Devices and move it up by pressing “+” on the
keyboard.
Save the actual settings to CMOS, the instrument will restart (Exit Saving Changes)
The instrument will boot from the floppy and the software will be terminated
Switch to MDA mode by pressing "i."
Do not forget to restart the instrument and set back Boot Priority list after servicing,
(Hard Drive first)
rev 1.09

7. TROUBLESHOOTING
The analyzer checks the operations of several mechanic, fluidic and electronic parts during
measurement. The system shows the type of the error on the LCD display if any kind of
malfunction is detected.
The electronic parts have a very little chance to fail, only the connections and cables could
disconnect, which can cause the malfunction of the electronic system. The mechanic and
fluidic system have a bit more chance to go wrong because it has moving parts.
This section allows to know what to do when a troubleshooting message appears on the
screen.
rev 1.09

64 Diatron MI PLC
7.1. Error codes

%s: filename concerned, %d: error type concerned, %u: error specific string
7.1.1. Software/system errors
Code Message Reason(s) Remedy

Error %d on opening file Fatal system or The same as in case of error
1001
%s program error! 1000.
Cannot create file %s Fatal system or The same as in case of error
1002
program error! 1000.
Data file %s is corrupt, Stored data file is New stored data file will be
new will be created, all corrupt or missing! created automatically (by User
1003
stored measure data will Disk or software confirmation).
be lost error.
Error %d on indexing file Fatal system or The same as in case of error
1004
%s program error! 1000.
7.1.2. Pneumatic errors

Fatal pressure error. Cannot make the Check the pump and the tubes,
1100 Power off the system! measuring vacuum!! fittings and valves around the
puffer reservoir.
Waste is full! Waste container is Empty waste container!
Empty waste container! full!
1101 The system assumes that
you will do it before going
on!
Check Diluent container! Diluent reagent con- Replace the Diluent reagent
tainer become empty, container with a filled one.
or one of the diluent If this error still remains with a
1102 fluid sensor is too filled diluent reagent container,
sensitive or there are calibrate sensors, and check the
a lot of bubbles in the tubings and the fittings.
diluent tubes!
Check Lyse container! Lyse reagent Replace the Lyse reagent
containner become container with a filled one.
empty, or the lyse If this error still remains with a
1103 fluid sensor is too filled lyse reagent container,
sensitive or there are calibrate sensors and check the
lot of bubbles in the tubings and the fittings.
lyse tubes!
rev 1.09

Vacuum error The measuring vacu- Leakage in the pneumatic system

um has been (check the pump, fittings, tubings,
dramatically pressure sensor, puffer reservoir
1105
decreasing during and valves).
the measurement or
absolutely lost!
1106 Pneumatical error Fatal error in If frequently happens this error
occurred! mechanical check the proper operation of the
Device: %s subsystem. motor modules (home/end opto
Error code: %s switches, ribbon cables and
Status: %x moving of motors).
Retry?
1107 Check Cleaner container! Cleaner reagent Replace the Cleaner reagent
container became container with a filled one.
empty, or the clean If this error still remains with a
fluid sensor is too filled cleaner reagent container,
sensitive or there are calibrate sensors and check the
lot of bubbles in the tubings and the fittings.
cleaner tubes!
1113 Unrecoverable Fatal error in Check the proper operation of the
pneumatical error mechanical motor modules (home/end opto
occurred!\n subsystem. Possibly switches, ribbon cables and the
Device: %s\n mechanical jam. motor moving).
Error code: %s\n
Status: %x\n
Please turn off the
instrument and turn it on
again!
7.1.3. Measure errors

1200 Fatal “MeasInit” error. Fatal electronic error. Call service.
Power off the system!
1201 Fatal HGB error. HGB channel did not Call service.
Power off the system! give a ready signal!
rev 1.09

66 Diatron MI PLC
7.1.4. Printing errors

1400 Printer error %d Printer error! Check the connections between the
instrument and the printer and
check the printer setup in the
Settings/Printer settings sub-menu.
1401 Printer is out of paper Printer is out of paper Feed the printer with paper. Check
and error %d and there are some the connections between the
other printer errors! instrument and the printer and
check the printer setup in the
1402 Printer is out of paper Printer is out of Feed the printer with paper.
paper!
1403 Printer was not set up The selected printer Modify the printer setup in the
correctly type does not match Settings/Printer settings sub-menu.
to the printer!
1404 Paper width is too Paper width steps Modify the paper setup in the
large over the margin! Settings/Printer settings sub-menu.
Paper height is too Paper height steps Modify the paper setup in the
1405
large over the margin! Settings/Printer settings sub-menu.
Paper width is too Paper width steps Modify the paper setup in the
1406
small over the margin! Settings/Printer settings sub-menu.
Paper height is too Paper height steps Modify the paper setup in the
1407
small over the margin! Settings/Printer settings sub-menu.
Left margin is too large Left margin is too Modify the margin setup in the
1408
large! Settings/Printer settings sub-menu.
Top margin is too large Top margin is too Modify the margin setup in the
1409
large! Settings/Printer settings sub-menu.
Spacing is too large The distance Modify the vertical spacing setup in
1410 between two results the Settings/Printer settings
is too high! submenu.
Error #%d in printer Printer software error! Check the connections between the
initialization! instrument and the printer and
1411 check the printer setup in the
Try to make a software upgrade.
rev 1.09

7.1.5. Other errors

You have to add at least Multi-user problem Follow the instruction, or change
1900 one user to use multi to single user mode in the User
user mode! settings submenu.
%s sensor calibration Reagent container Replace the reagent container
failed! became empty, or with a filled one.
The system turned off the there are lot of If this is still a problem with a
1921 %s sensor. bubbles in reagent filled reagent container, turn on
tubes. the sensor and try recalibrating
and check the tubings and the
fittings.
rev 1.09

68 Diatron MI PLC
7.2. Warning messages
7.2.1. Pneumatic warnings

5001 Remove reagent tubing First message of Remove the reagent tubing and
at rear reagent inputs preparing for leave waste connected.
(Diluent, Lyse, and
shipment. After pressing the analyzer
Cleaner).
drains itself.
5002 Connect min. 100 ml Second message of Connect cleaning tube kit with at
distilled water to reagent preparing for least 100 ml distilled water and
inputs using cleaning
shipment. press . After this the
tube kit.
analyzer will be rinsed with the
distilled water.
5003 Remove cleaning tube Third message of Remove the reagent tubing and
kit. Keep reagent inputs preparing for leave waste connected.
free.
shipment. After pressing the analyzer
drains itself.
5004 You can power off the The preparing for Power off the instrument.
system! shipment function is
finished.
5005 Apertures are partially During the Try cleaning, perform blank
clogged. Try cleaning! measurement one or measurement. If the problem still
both of the apertures persists use the hard cleaning
were clogged (“C” for function.
WBC, “c” for RBC
aperture).
5006 Please empty waste The calculated waste Check and empty the waste
container! volume has reached container. Press .
its maximum level.
5008 There are no accepted The last blank If you press you will exit
blank values. measurement was from measurement.
Measure blank? unsuccessful. If you press the blank
measurement will start.
5009 The blank results are The reblank time has If you press you will exit
expired! expired. from measurement.
Measure blank? If you press the blank
measurement will start.
rev 1.09

7.2.2. Database relating warnings

5101 %u data record(s) is There are %u data Press .
selected. records present in
the database which
match the selection.
5106 No such type of data There are no %u Press and check the
data records present selection.
in the database
which match the
selection.
5108 Connect an USB storage This message Connect storage media into the
device with data! appears at View USB port and press .
external function.
5109 % data record(s) will be The analyzer will Insert USB storage media and
saved on an USB save %u number of press .
storage device.
data records.
Insert a storage device
into the USB port.
7.2.3. Warnings relating to QC measure

5200 Your previous QC data When you press If you press the new
will be lost. for accepting values will be accepted and all of
Are you sure? new QC target the measurements on the
values. selected QC level will be deleted.
If you press old values
remain
7.2.4. Calibration relating warnings

5300 Some or all of the During automatic Check the target values and the
calibration factors are out calibration at least control blood and repeat the
of range!
one of the factors are calibration. If the problem still
out of the range 0.8 persists contact the Service
or 1.2. Personnel.
rev 1.09

70 Diatron MI PLC
7.2.5. Hardware relating warnings

5400 +12V too low! The +12V is not Contact the Service Personnel.
sufficient, the
measurements are
unreliable.
5401 -12V too low! The -12V is not Contact the Service Personnel.
sufficient, the
measurements are
unreliable.
5402 Battery voltage too low! The battery has been Check Date and Time settings.
discharged. This problem has no effect on
measurement.
Contact Service Personnel.
7.2.6. Other warnings

5901 Insert software update Software upgrade After pressing the system
media! (USB). will restart.
The system will restart.
5904 This function will delete Delete. If you press all records will
all selected records. be deleted.
If you press it will be not
deleted.
Now it is safe to turn the Shut down process Power off the analyzer
5906 instrument off… has been finished.
Now it is time to wipe the Maintenance day You have to perform weekly
washing head with a maintenance.
damp cloth. Make sure it
5907 If you want to change the
is clean, then you
proceed. maintenance day contact Service
Personnel.
rev 1.09

7.3. Possible Causes of Noise

Generally high count of any particle - even if you think it should be low, or near zero - can be
caused by NOISE, i.e. something interferes with measurement.
The most important thing in these cases to identify the source of NOISE, otherwise you
cannot protect the system against it.
NOISE can come from has several sources, and the different NOISE sources are added.
Sometimes we have to fight one of them, but sometimes more. Only one of them is enough
to make problem.
7.3.1. Contaminated reagent

The most probable cause: real particles are in the reagent, and therefore the PLT blank is
continuously high (e.g. always 30-40). You can easily sort out this case by replacing
diluent by opening a new tank. PLT blank must go down is several blank measurements
(below 10).
How can a good reagent become bad by time?
If the reagent tube was contaminated, and some bacteria begin to grow inside, once you
put an infected reagent tube into a new tank, by time it can become infected as well, i.e.
the background (PLT blank) becomes high. Wash the reagent tube - which is in
connection with the reagent - with 1% of bleach solution, then rinse with clean distilled
water or diluent. It can avoid the bacteria to grow inside.
If tank is open – and cap is not installed or closed - external dust can make reagent
dirty.
7.3.2. Bad earth grounding

In this case external - ground referenced - noise can get into the system by ground
coupling. If system ground is not good enough, ground terminal can become a noise source
as well, i.e. external signals will be coupled into the system instead of protecting it.
If no earth ground is available, you can use a screw at the rear panel to connect a ground
potential to the case, so that noise immunity can be increased.
Measure voltage on ground terminal to make sure earth grounding is correct. AC voltage
lower than 1V is accepted in this case.
At some places - as a bad practice - electricians like to connect earth ground terminal to
neutral wire. Depending on the resistance of the neutral back wire (where it is really
earthed), several volts can appear, and this way any inductive noise will be coupled into the
instrument. It is better to create a real earth grounding and connecting it to the rear screw.
rev 1.09

72 Diatron MI PLC
7.3.3. External electrical noise

If another instrument is near the analyzer can radiate electromagnetic signals in the 1 kHz -
100 kHz frequency region it can be picked up by the system (especially if they are very close
to each other, or the grounding is not quite perfect).
You can easily identify this noise source: by relocating the instrument noise (high PLT blank)
disappears. In this case you have to identify the possible noise source (switch mode power
supplies, computer monitors, since they are not shielded, centrifuges due to high switching
noise of rotor contacts, etc.), the power of the electromagnetic source, because if high power
is present, maybe relocation does not solve your problems, sometimes the electric power
supply makes the coupling, so UPS solves the problem.
Another source of coupling in external noise can be the reagent tanks and tubes. Especially
radio transmitters can cause problems of radiating so that even the reagents (diluent) guides
in the noise. A metal pack for the diluent tank, then a good earth grounding of this metal box
allows this coupling to disappear forever.
7.3.4. Internal noise sources

The most annoying but real cause is some sort of internal noise. The reason for this
phenomenon is that inside electrode - hot point - of the measuring circuit must be well
insulated from surrounding electronics, otherwise inside noise sources can take their effect.
7.3.4.1.Bad chamber insulation:
bad shielding of the chamber (floating shield couples signals to the chamber, and does
not prevent against them). Check grounding of shield, remove it and clean the surface
between the shield and the metal base.
bad reference electrode connection (floating ground reference). Repair is required.
bad sealing of aperture. Replacement of measuring tube is required.
broken measuring chamber starts to conduct through the gaps (ground path).
Replacement of chamber is required.
contaminated draining tube starts to conduct due to protein or lipid build-up. It is very
easy to identify this case. After replacing the drain tube of the measuring chamber
(mainly WBC), WBC histogram peak, or PLT becomes low soon. Normally a good
cleaner is required to dissolve lipid or protein build-up. Sometimes the cleaner is not
strong enough to keep this tube clean enough. Periodic washing using 1% hand warm
bleach solution helps.
rev 1.09

7.3.4.2. Bad insulation of electronic signal paths:
In these cases check for any capacitive coupling of electronic signals to the chamber:
interference with HGB head (high-frequency signal is coupled to the chamber). HGB
head metal parts must be grounded. The ground comes externally, it must be in place,
otherwise HGB head does not shield, but couples in noise.
interference with internal high voltage inverter (high-frequency signal is coupled to
the chamber). Repair is required: avoid near contact of HVB cable to chamber or
shielded amplifier cable.
interference with internal start button (polling signal to start button may cause noise).
Guide start button wires as far from chamber as possible. You may try mix them up on
the start micro-switch if applicable.
interference with display cable (high-frequency LCD signal is coupled to the chamber
by the ribbon cable). Keep the ribbon cable far from the chamber.
interference with CPU fan or other digital logic traces (CPU fan or other digital signal
radiates to chamber or to the shielded amplifier cable). Try keeping the ribbon cables far
from the chamber and shielded cable.
7.3.4.3.C. Bad components, or connections:
bad soldering, salt residuals or component failure on amplifier (especially if some

reagent could get in the amplifier section). Cleaning of PCB/electrode socket or
replacement of amplifier is required. Check for the correct soldering of reference cable
and its connector.
circuit board bad soldering or component failure. Check the shielded cable
connections as well. Sometimes inside out connection (hot electrode goes outside as a
shield) is the problem: both ends of amplifier signal cable must be reversed.
analog signal ribbon cable (it picks up noise). Check the ribbon cable between the
circuit board and the amplifier. Maybe it is pinched under some screws or components.
This may cause trouble and even noise.
7.3.4.4.D. Pneumatic failures, liquid paths that conduct noise into the chamber:
liquid remains under the chamber in drain tube (during measurement the conducting
liquid remains inside the drain tube making noise to appear there).
 Check chamber draining path for clogging or salt crystals.
 Check the pump operation. Since draining of the chamber goes under pressure
control, maybe a bad pressure sensor or connection can cause trouble.
 Clean the draining path. Do not use alcohol, but bleach. Replace chamber if
necessary.
liquid remains in the washing inlet at top of the chamber (during measurement the
conducting liquid remains inside the chamber wash tube making noise to appear). The
software is not compatible with the mechanics, or related valve is bad/partly clogged, or
the tubing is clogged/loose.
lyse path guides in noise (during counting, if the a liquid in the draining tube is touching
lyse reagent in T-fitting, noise can appear). Check the lyse path, and the lyse valve as
well.
rev 1.09

74 Diatron MI PLC
8. MAINTENANCE
8.1. Weekly Maintenance by User
User should carry out on the first workday, before starting up the analyzer.
8.1.1. Cleaning the washing head

User should clean the lower surface of the sampling needle washing head using a
soft cloth, immersed in warm tap water to remove salt build-up.
8.2. Periodic Maintenance by Service

The instruments should be checked and maintenance must be carried out in every 6
months, or after 10 000 measurement cycles.
8.2.1. Check Self test and Device statistics

Run the built-in Self test and check the overall test result. Check the device statistics
to find common problems.
8.2.2. Cleaning and Greasing Dilutor Block

The dilutor block driving wheels and gear bar should be cleaned from dirt and must
be greased with A597 grease between the gear bar and the support, and between
cogged wheels.
8.2.3. Checking and Lubricating Dilutor Piston Tips

The cogged end of PTFE dilutor pistons should be cleaned and lubricated by neutral
silicon grease, A599. Apply just a thin layer, and move it along the perimeter of the
piston, so that some of the material goes into the gaps between the sealing rings.
Repeat this step for lyse and dilutor pistons as well. Check the condition of the micro
piston sealing, and replace if necessary.
8.2.4. Cleaning and Lubricating Needle Moving Mechanics

The H&V moving mechanics sliding bars should be cleaned from dust.
Lubricating of the sliding bars must be made using A598 Photolube, oil containing
PTFE. Grease or pure lubricating oil is not suitable.
8.2.5. Checking and Replacing Washing Head

Check the state of the washing head, and replace if necessary. After replacing
washing head, do not forget to perform correct adjustment of sampling needle height
(see Section 4.1.2).
8.2.6. Checking and Replacing Peristaltic Pump Tube

Replace peristaltic pump tube if needed. You can check it by opening the lock, and
removing the tube for inspection.
Check for leakage of the tubing. Reassemble the head.
rev 1.09

Warning! Be careful, DO NOT twist the tube while reposition it into the head,
because it will cause malfunction in a very short period of time.
8.2.7. Checking condition of lyse tubing

Lyse reagent get the tubing material hard, at connections air can be aspirated to the
system, which decreases volume of lyse reagent. Check the hardness of tubings at
rear panel lyse connection by hand. If you feel the Tygon tubing hard compared by
other tubing, replace them.
8.2.8. Bleaching of Fluidic System

It is recommended to run a bleaching procedure to remove stains from the fluidic
system.
1. Connect 2-5%, hand warm, clean bleach solution to all reagent inputs, and perform
priming on all reagent inputs.
2. Leave it in the tubing for not more than 2-3 minutes.
3. Remove the bleach, prime on air.
4. Connect distilled water (100 ml), and perform priming all reagents, again.
Connect reagents, and run priming again.
rev 1.09

76 Diatron MI PLC
9. SPARE PARTS
CODE NAME
AP104 Abacus+ plastic front panel
APX104 Front panel (Abacus+, excl. keyboard)
AP132 Foil keyboard
A133 HVB board with inverter (complete)
AP136 LCD display
A137 Lamp for LCD
AP140 Amplifier board (Abacus+, complate)
J156 Power supply
AP157 Mains switch
AP730 Loudspeaker
J100 PPB board (complete)
AP170 IDEEPROM board
J112 Control board (COMB 4.12)
J113 Control board for DIMMPC
A192 DIMMPC (CPU)
A195 DIMMPC safe ring
AP300 XY needle movement block (complete)
A301 Timing belt for XY block
A302 Stepper motor
A303 Bearing for XY block
A304 Timing pulley for X (mounted)
A305 Timing pulley for Y (mounted)
A306 Gear for Y opto
AP307 H&V motor opto board (complete)
A308 Opto switch I.
A309 Opto switch II.
A310 Head washer
AP311 Aspirator tip
A313 Seeger ring (D 19)
A314 Seeger ring (RA5)
A321 Return pulley for XY
AP400 Meas. Block excl. Amplifier (Abacus+)
A401 Cone for chambers
rev 1.09

CODE NAME
A402 Sealing ring for chamber
A403 U-shaped metal fixing for apertures
A404V2 Cone for WBC chamber
A405 Shield for WBC chamber
A406 Sealing ring for WBC chamber
AP450 MIX chamber
AP420 RBC chamber
A421 RBC aperture (80 µm)
A422 Ground electrode for RBC/WBC
AP430 WBC chamber
A431 WBC aperture (100 µm)
A433 Upper part for WBC chamber
A434 HGB meas. head ( complete )
J5P900 Microdilutor unit (complete)
AP501 Valve unit I. (complete)
AP502 Valve unit II.(complete)
A504 2/2 valve
A505 3/2 valve
A506 Valve coil for both valves
A507 2/2 valve head
A508 3/2 valve head
A510 Puffer reservoir Abacus
A511 Puffer reservoir holder (pair)
J530 Pressure sensor with cable (complete)
AP240 Reagent sensor board
A541 4/2 plastic tube (silicon)
A542 5/3 plastic tube (silicon)
A543 4/1.8 Tygon tube
A544 5/3 reagent tube
A545 3,2 mm T connector
A546 Y connector
A547 2,3/3,2 fitting
A548 O ring for WBC chamber
A549 O ring for apertures
rev 1.09

78 Diatron MI PLC
CODE NAME
A550 Diluent cont. connector
A551 Colour locking ring
A552 Colour lock nut (inside)
A553 Colour coding ring (outside)
A554 Luer female
A555 Luer male
A556 2,3 mm T connector
A557 Teflon regent cont. Connector
J558 Reagent tubing set
AP560 Peristaltic pump
A561 Tube for peristaltic pump
A563 Cassette for pump
A564 Fixing for pump (pair)
A565 Connector for pump (pair)
A610 Micro switch
APX105 Abacus+ cover with printer
APX107 Complete start bar
AP620 Instrument door
AP621 Door lock
AP640 Abacus+ sample union
A650 Screw for loudspeaker
A701 Mains cable
J728 5V regulator with cable
J7502 34P ribbon cable (XY block)
J7503 10P ribbon cable (printer)
C722 Amplifier shielded cable
AP701 Ground cable (15 cm)
AP7501 10P ribbon cable (reagent sensor)
AP7502 20+14P ribbon cable (LCD)
AP7503 20P ribbon cable (VALVE)
AP7504 20P ribbon cable (HVB board)
rev 1.09

CODE NAME
AP7505 34P ribbon cable (amplifier board)
AP7506 14P ribbon cable (microdilutor)
AP7507 26P ribbon cable (dilutor)
AP7508 3P ribbon cable (start button)
AP7509 10P ribbon cable (HUR)
AP132 Foil keyboard
AP140 Amplifier board (complete)
AP250 Dilutor block (complete)
AP251 Lyse syringe with piston
AP202 Lyse syringe
S210 Bearing for dilutor
J214 Dilutor panel ( mounted )
rev 1.09

80 Diatron MI PLC
10. APPENDICES
10.1. Warning flags
In the followings we summarize the warning flags and give an explanation of their possible
cause and a few hints to overcome the problem:
Uppercase letters refer to WBC or HGB problems:
Flag Meaning Recommended user action
W WBC three part Repeat the measurement. Possibly lyse problem.
warning or WBC Check the discriminators in the WBC histogram. If the
three part diff. discriminators are in the proper place (the populations can
unsuccessful be separated by eye) then the results can be accepted.
E No WBC three part Possibly lyse problem, but in some pathological samples
(too high lymphocytes), it can be happened.
H HGB blank is high, Repeat the blank measurement and accept it.
or no HGB blank Possibly lyse or diluent problem.
B WBC blank is high, Repeat the blank measurement and accept it.
or no WBC blank Possibly lyse or diluent problem.
L WBC/RBC limit Check the 1. RBC-LYM discriminator. If it is in the minimum
warning point (or close to it), accept the results. Otherwise repeat
the measurement.
If the retried action makes very similar results and the
discriminator is in a wrong place then the MID and GRA
results are OK, but the WBC and LYM results can be
higher because of the RBCs.
R Too many RBC cut Repeat the measurement. Possibly lyse problem.
from WBC If the WBC measuring time is too high (more than 8 sec.) it
could be aperture clogging. In that case perform cleaning
and repeat the measurement.
M* WBC coincidence is The results are out of the linearity range. Make a dilution
too high. Linearity with an external dilutor with a pre-defined dilution range. Do
error. not forget to correct the results with the defined factor.
D WBC data package Perform cleaning, redo measurement (aperture clogging).
errors If it is a general problem, please call your Service
Personnel.
S WBC time error The same action as in case of the D warning flag.
C WBC clogging Aperture clogging. The same action as in case of the D
warning flag.
Table 9. Summary of warning flags related to WBC/HGB
rev 1.09

Warning flags in lowercase refer to RBC or PLT problems:

Flag Meaning Recommended user action
p PLT blank is high, Repeat the blank measurement and accept it.
or no PLT blank Diluent problem. Replace diluent, open a new tank.
b RBC blank is high, Repeat the blank measurement and accept it.
or no RBC blank Diluent problem. Replace diluent, open a new tank.
l RBC/PLT limit The RBC/PLT valley is too high. It is rather a diagnostic
warning flag. If the discriminator is in a wrong place (in the PLT or
RBC histogram) then repeat the measurement for a correct
PLT result.
k RBC peak warning Perform cleaning and repeat the measurement (clogging).
If it is a general problem, change the RBC aperture.
m* RBC/PLT The same action as in case of the M warning flag.
coincidence is too
high. Linearity error.
d RBC/PLT data The same action as in case of the D warning flag.
package errors
s RBC/PLT time error The same action as in case of the D warning flag.
c RBC/PLT clogging The same action as in case of the C warning flag.
Table 10. Summary of warning flags related to RBC/PLT
rev 1.09

82 Diatron MI PLC
10.2. Serial Communication Protocol

This document describes protocols 1.0, 1.7, 2.20, 2.23 and 3.0.
Only protocol version 3.0 contains sending Limits for parameters.
10.2.1.General Description
Abacus+ software is able to make serial connection link to a receiver device (computer) by
connecting to the serial port of the instrument. If Serial Communication Speed (Utilities /
Settings / Customize / General Settings) Baud Rate setting is set to a valid value (other than
“Offline”), Abacus+ will try to initiate a communication sequence.
Abacus+ initiates serial communication, the receiver must respond to this request.
The hardware protocol is: 8 data bit, 1 stop bit, no parity. If the other side is not
responding within 1 second, Abacus+ will repeat the transmission twice, but if still no
response, the other side will be supposed to be not ready to receive data, and thus Abacus+
will not try to communicate any more.
From this state it can wake up by receiving an <ENQ> (ASCII code 5) character from the
other side, and Abacus+ will immediately respond with an <ACK> (ASCII code 6). From this
point Abacus+ will send data if it is ready for transmission.
The communication is based on packages. There are 7 package types:
INIT package: Device identification, software version, current date and time.
DATA package: Sample and patient information, measured parameters, and markers.
RBC package: Sample information, RBC histogram.
WBC package: Sample information, WBC histogram.
PLT package: Sample information, PLT histogram.
XML file with FULL record structure information
FULL record transmission
The communication sequence is always started with an INIT package. If the link is
successful, Abacus+ will send DATA package, and the receiver can request RBC, WBC and
PLT packages at acknowledge.
If serial communication protocol is set to version 3.0, Abacus+ will send XML and FULL
packages.
Special characters used in the communication:
Character ASCII code
<SOH> 1
<STX> 2
<ETX> 3
<EOT> 4
<ENQ> 5
<ACK> 6
<HT> 9
<LF> 10
<NAK> 21
<SPACE> 32
rev 1.09

10.2.2.Format of Packages Sent

The packages sent by Abacus+ are always between a <SOH> and <EOT> character, and
they consist of header, data and tail. The header consists of a package identifier and a
package type descriptor. The tail includes the checksum. Typical format:
<SOH>MID CMD<STX>MESSAGE<ETX>CHKSUM<EOT>
MID: Message ID, one capital letter between ‟ A‟ and ‟ Z‟
CMD: Command, one capital letter – package type descriptor
‟ I‟ for INIT;
‟ D‟ for DATA;
‟ R‟ for RBC;
‟ W‟ for WBC;
‟ P‟ for PLT.
„X‟ for XML descriptor
„F‟ for full record transmission
MESSAGE: the message consists of ASCII characters (between 32..128)
CHKSUM: two hexadecimal digits of a one-byte checksum which contains the lower byte of
the sum of characters between the <SOH> and <ETX> (incl. those, too).
10.2.3.Format of Acknowledge of the Receiver

The receiver must acknowledge transmission by the following message:
<ACK>CMD MID
CMD: the type of the next package to send – this makes possible to a request for
histograms. If no more packages are required, <SPACE> should be sent.
MID: the identifier of the package that acknowledged by this message.
If receiving of the message was not successful, <NAK> should be sent, and Abacus+ will
repeat the last package.
The receiver has approx. 1 second to reply. Otherwise Abacus+ will repeat the last
transmission, twice automatically. But if still no response after 3 trials, Abacus+ will not start
to communicate any more, even if there is data to send (see General Description).
10.2.4.Detailed Description of Packages

The packages sent by Abacus+ are placed between a header and a tail. There are 5 main
types of them: INIT, DATA and histogram packages, XML descriptor, and FULL record. The
histogram package can be: RBC, WBC, and PLT. Format is the same, only the type
descriptor differs.
INIT package
Abacus+ sends the general identifiers by this package during initiation of a communication:
DEVICE<HT>VERSION<HT>DATE<HT>TIME<HT>DB_VERSION
DEVICE: device identifier: „Abacus+”
VERSION: version of the software, e.g. „1.3”
DATE: date in YYYYMMDD format
TIME: time in HHMMSS format
VERSION: Database version in Mmm (Major.minorminor) format
rev 1.09

84 Diatron MI PLC
DATA package
This package contains sample and patient data, the measured parameters and the markers
of histograms. One data element consists of two items: name and value, which are
separated by a <HT> character, and closed by <LF>:
SNO<HT>152<LF> internal identifier
DATE<HT>19980715<LF> date of measurement (YYYYMMDD)
TIME<HT>114500<LF> time of measurement (HHMMSS)
PID<HT>2<LF> patient identifier (0..9999)
NAME<HT>JOE SMITH<LF> patient name (max. 32 characters)
MODE<HT>0<LF> patient type
WRN<HT>0<LF> warning bits 1 (32-bit hexadecimal)
PM1<HT>12<LF> PLT lower marker 2
PM2<HT>204<LF> PLT upper marker 2
RM1<HT>51<LF> RBC lower marker 2
WM1<HT>23<LF> WBC upper marker 2
WM2<HT>57<LF> WBC LYM-MID marker 2
WM3<HT>92<LF> WBC MID-GRA marker 2
PARN<HT>22<LF> number of parameters to send
P01<HT> 6.6<HT>0<LF> first parameter ID 3, value and flag 4
P02<HT>4.29<HT>0<LF> second parameter ID, value and flag

...
P22<HT> 8.2<HT>0<LF> last parameter ID, value and flag
Remarks:
1
Position and meaning of the warning flags:
Bit Mask Letter Meaning
0 0x00001 c, q RBC/PLT clogging.
3 0x00008 m RBC/PLT Coincidence is too high. Linearity error.
6 0x00040 b RBC Blank is high, or no RBC blank.
7 0x00080 p PLT blank is high, or no PLT blank.
8 0x00100 C, Q WBC clogging.
11 0x00800 M, N WBC coincidence is too high. Linearity error.
14 0x04000 B WBC Blank is high, or no WBC blank.
15 0x08000 H HGB Blank is high, or no HGB blank.
16 0x10000 E No WBC three part.
The detailed description can be found in the User‟ s Manual
rev 1.09

2
The markers are given in histogram channel between 0 and 255, where 0 means that the
marker could not be found.
3
The parameter IDs in Abacus+ are: P01: WBC (10 9 /l); P02: RBC (10 12 /l); P03: HGB (g/l);
P04: HCT (%); P05: MCV (fl); P06: MCH (pg); P07: MCHC (g/l); P08: PLT (10 9 /l); P09: PCT
(%); P10: MPV (fl); P11: PDWsd (fl); P12: PDWcv (%); P13: RDWsd (fl); P14: RDWcv (%);
P15: LYM (10 9 /l); P16: MON (10 9 /l); P17: GRA (10 9 /l); P18: LYM% (%); P19: MON% (%);
P20: GRA% (%); P21: RBCtime (sec); P22: WBCtime (sec).
4
The parameter value is always 4 characters wide, spaces from left added if necessary. It
can be 9999, if the value could not be displayed in 4 digits, or ---- if the value could not be
calculated because of an error.
The meaning of the parameter flags:
Flag Displayed Meaning
0 Value correct.
1 + Value high(more than upper limit)
2 Value low(less than lower limit)
3 * Value is unreliable.
4 E Value not given because of error. Value is----.
5 Value cannot be calculated. There is no value!
RBC, WBC and PLT package

The format of the histogram packages are the same, they differ in type descriptor only. The
package contains the sample data (to identify the package) and the histogram.
SNO<HT>152<LF> internal identifier

DATE<HT>19980715<LF> date of measurement (YYYYMMDD)
TIME<HT>114500<LF> time of measurement (HHMMSS)
PID<HT>2<LF> patient identifier (0..9999)
CHN<HT>256<LF> number of histogram channels (256)
9<HT> value of first histogram channel
...
1<HT> value of 255th histogram channel
0 value of the last histogram channel
rev 1.09

86 Diatron MI PLC
XML record descriptor package
Each time a communication is initialized, Abacus+ will send an XML file in ASCII mode. A
receiver application should be aware of this, by saving this XML file for later use.
This package contains the description of the FULL record format. FULL record format means
transmission of a record stored in Abacus+ as is, in binary format. Data sent in an „F‟
package should be interpreted according to the description in the XML file below. Would an
„F‟ package arrive without an „X‟ package received earlier, receiver application can ask for
the XML descriptor by sending a request for an „X‟ package. (See WBC, RBC, PLT
histogram package request.)
XML file sent by Abacus+:
<DB_Struct_DAT>
<Header>
<Field name="Head" type="char" length="9"/>
<Field name="Modified" type="DateTime" length="1"/>
<Field name="Length" type="DWORD" length="1"/>
<Field name="Order" type="BYTE" length="1"/>
<Field name="Dummy1" type="BYTE" length="1"/>
<Field name="Dummy2" type="WORD" length="1"/>
<Field name="Capacity" type="WORD" length="1"/>
<Field name="RecLen" type="WORD" length="1"/>
<Field name="Dummy3" type="BYTE" length="7"/>
</Header>
<Record>
<Field name="RecNo" type="WORD" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="RecNo"/>
<Field name="TimeStamp" type="DateTime" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="Date"/>
<Field name="OperatorID" type="WORD" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="OpID"/>
<Field name="SampleID" type="char" length="8" path="Measures/Measure" alias="SID"/>
<Field name="PatientID" type="char" length="20" path="Patient" alias="PID"/>
<Field name="Name" type="char" length="32" path="Patient" alias="Name"/>
<Field name="BirthDate" type="DateTime" length="1" path="Patient" alias="Birth"/>
<Field name="Sex" type="BYTE" length="1" path="Patient" alias="Sex" extID="Sex"/>
<Field name="Doctor" type="char" length="16" path="Measures/Measure" alias="Doctor"/>
<Field name="LimitsLow" type="float" length="23" path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_LimitLow" incr="1"/>
<Field name="LimitsHigh" type="float" length="23" path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_LimitHigh" incr="1"/>
<Field name="PatTypeName" type="char" length="20" path="Measures/Measure" alias="PatTypeName"/>
<Field name="VetMode" type="WORD" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_VET" source="PatTypeName"/>
<Field name="HistoRBC" type="BYTE" length="256" path="Measures/Measure/field_RBCH" alias="D" extID="Histo"/>
<Field name="HistoPLT" type="BYTE" length="256" path="Measures/Measure/field_PLTH" alias="D" extID="Histo"/>
<Field name="HistoWBC" type="BYTE" length="256" path="Measures/Measure/field_WBCH" alias="D" extID="Histo"/>
<Field name="PLTlo" type="BYTE" length="1" path="Measures/Measure/field_PLTH" alias="PM1"/>
<Field name="PLThi" type="BYTE" length="1" path="Measures/Measure/field_PLTH" alias="PM2"/>
<Field name="RBClo" type="BYTE" length="1" path="Measures/Measure/field_RBCH" alias="RM1"/>
<Field name="WBClo" type="BYTE" length="1" path="Measures/Measure/field_WBCH" alias="WM1"/>
<Field name="LYMhi" type="BYTE" length="1" path="Measures/Measure/field_WBCH" alias="WM2"/>
<Field name="GRAlo" type="BYTE" length="1" path="Measures/Measure/field_WBCH" alias="WM3"/>
<Field name="Param" type="float" length="23" path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_P" incr="1" extID="Param"/>
<Field name="Flag" type="BYTE" length="23" path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_P" alias2="_f" incr="1" extID="Flag"/>
<Field name="Warning" type="DWORD" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_WRN"/>
<Field name="Lyse" type="float" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_LYSE"/>
<Field name="Lyse_2" type="float" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_LYSE2"/>
<Field name="Options" type="WORD" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_OPT" extID="Options"/>
<Field name="PrVMinW" type="WORD" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="PrVMinW"/>
<Field name="PrVMaxW" type="WORD" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="PrVMaxW"/>
<Field name="PrVMinR" type="WORD" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="PrVMinR"/>
<Field name="PrVMaxR" type="WORD" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="PrVMaxR"/>
<Field name="PrVMinW2" type="WORD" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="PrVMinW2"/>
<Field name="PrVMaxW2" type="WORD" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="PrVMaxW2"/>
<Field name="Age" type="BYTE" length="1" path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_AGE"/>
<Field name="ClogReport" type="char" length="29" path="Measures/Measure" alias="ClogReport"/>
</Record>
<Misc>
<Field path="Measures/Measure" alias="Type" value="Haematology"/>
<Field path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_PLTH" value=""/>
<Field path="Measures/Measure/field_PLTH" alias="CHN" value="256"/>
<Field path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_RBCH" value=""/>
<Field path="Measures/Measure/field_RBCH" alias="CHN" value="256"/>
<Field path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_WBCH" value=""/>
<Field path="Measures/Measure/field_WBCH" alias="CHN" value="256"/>
<Field path=".." alias="Version" value="2.22"/>
<Field path="Measures/Measure" alias="Version" value="2.22"/>
<Field path="Measures/Measure" alias="MeasureMode" value="3"/>
</Misc>
<MaxParams value="23"/>
<DB_VESRION value="2.22"/>
</DB_Struct_DAT>
Explanation of a Field of Record tag (Record tag should be used to interpret „F‟ package):
< Starting tag of field descriptor
Field name=”RecNo” Name of field (can be used as reference in PC application)
tpe=”WORD” Type descriptor of field
length=”1” How many bytes should be used for storing (length)
… Technical tags
/> Closing of field tag
<Field name="LimitsLow" type="float" length="23" path="Measures/Measure" alias="field_LimitLow" incr="1"/>
rev 1.09

This field is an array, contains 23 entries, as indicated. Interpretation of these entries is not
listed in the XML file. You will find them below:
#define PAR_WBC 0
#define PAR_RBC 1
#define PAR_HGB 2 // always transmitted in g/l unit
#define PAR_HCT 3
#define PAR_MCV 4
#define PAR_MCH 5 // always transmitted in g/l unit
#define PAR_MCHC 6
#define PAR_PLT 7
#define PAR_PCT 8
#define PAR_MPV 9
#define PAR_PDWsd 10
#define PAR_PDWcv 11 // note that it matches with PAR_PDW
#define PAR_PDW 11 // note that it matches with PAR_PDWcv
#define PAR_RDWsd 12
#define PAR_RDWcv 13 // note that it matches with PAR_RDW
#define PAR_RDW 13 // note that it matches with PAR_RDWcv
#define PAR_LYM 14
#define PAR_MON 15
#define PAR_GRA 16
#define PAR_LYMp 17
#define PAR_MONp 18
#define PAR_GRAp 19
#define PAR_RBCt 20
#define PAR_WBCt 21
#define PAR_WBCt2 22
Use the above identifiers to interpret entries in the array.

PARAM and FLAG interpretation should happen accordingly.
This package starts with the „X‟ package identifier, contains 2 size descriptor bytes (SIZE1
and SIZE2), and the XML file in ASCII format. Use this as a descriptor of the structure sent
in F package.
<SOH><MESSAGE_ID >X<STX>
<SIZE1><SIZE2><PAYLOAD (XML file in ASCII format): SIZE1*256+SIZE2 BYTES>
<ETX><CHKSUM1><CHKSUM2><EOT>
FULL record package
This package starts with the „F‟ package identifier, contains 2 size descriptor bytes (SIZE1
and SIZE2), and a record in binary format. Interpretation of the binary information should
happen using field definitions of the XML file received in an „X‟ package.
<SOH><MESSAGE_ID >F<STX>
<SIZE1><SIZE2><PAYLOAD (actual binary record): SIZE1*256+SIZE2 BYTES>
<ETX><CHKSUM1><CHKSUM2><EOT>
rev 1.09

88 Diatron MI PLC
10.2.5.Serial Protocol 1.0
Receiver sends that it is ready to receive now.

<ENQ>
Abacus+ sends acknowledge.

<ACK>
Abacus+ sends INIT to initiate link (there is data to send):

<SOH>AI<STX>Abacus+<HT>1.3<HT>20011005<HT>125027<ETX>30<EOT>
Receiver sends acknowledge:

<ACK><SPACE>A
Abacus+ sends DATA package:

<SOH>BD<STX>SNO<HT>152<LF>DATE<HT>19980715<LF>TIME<HT>114500<LF>
PID<HT>2<LF>NAME<HT>JOE SMITH<LF>MODE<HT>0<LF>WRN<HT>0<LF>
PM1<HT>12<LF>PM2<HT>204<LF>RM1<HT>51<LF>WM1<HT>23<LF>WM2<HT>57<LF>
WM3<HT>92<LF>PARN<HT>22<LF>P01<HT> 6.6<HT>0<LF>P02<HT>4.29<HT>0<LF>
P03<HT> 167<HT>0<LF> ... P21<HT> 8.2<HT>0<LF>P22<HT> 5.3<HT>0<LF>
<ETX>7C<EOT>
Receiver acknowledges DATA transmission, and requests for RBC package:

<ACK>RB
Abacus+ sends RBC package:

<SOH>CR<STX>SNO<HT>152<LF>DATE<HT>19980715<LF>TIME<HT>114500<LF>
PID<HT>2<LF>CHN<HT>256<LF>9<HT>16<HT>26<HT> ... 1<HT>0<ETX>F2<EOT>
Receiver acknowledges RBC transmission, and requests for WBC package:

<ACK>WC
Abacus+ sends WBC package:

<SOH>DW<STX>SNO<HT>152<LF>DATE<HT>19980715<LF>TIME<HT>114500<LF>
PID<HT>2<LF>CHN<HT>256<LF>0<HT>15<HT>84<HT> ... 5<HT>3<ETX>69<EOT>
Receiver acknowledges WBC transmission, and closes the link.

<ACK><SPACE>D
It is possible to request for PLT histogram, but it is not shown in this example.
rev 1.09

Receiver sends that it is ready to receive now.

<ENQ>
Abacus+ sends acknowledge.

<ACK>
Abacus+ sends INIT next time to initiate link (there is data to send):
<SOH>AI<STX>Abacus+<HT>2.22<HT>20011005<HT>135212<ETX>30<EOT>
Receiver sends acknowledge:

<ACK><SPACE>A
Abacus+ sends DATA package:

SID<HT>2<LF>PID<HT>26<LF>NAME<HT>JOE
SMITH<LF>MODE<HT>0<LF>WRN<HT>0<LF>
<ETX>7C<EOT>
Receiver acknowledges DATA transmission, and requests for RBC package:

<ACK>RB
Abacus+ sends RBC package:

<SOH>CR<STX>SNO<HT>152<LF>DATE<HT>19980715<LF>TIME<HT>114500<LF>
SID<HT>2<LF>PID<HT>26<LF>CHN<HT>256<LF>9<HT>16<HT>26<HT> ...
1<HT>0<ETX>F2<EOT>
Receiver acknowledges RBC transmission, and requests for WBC package:

<ACK>WC
Abacus+ sends WBC package:

<SOH>DW<STX>SNO<HT>152<LF>DATE<HT>19980715<LF>TIME<HT>114500<LF>
SID<HT>2<LF>PID<HT>26<LF>CHN<HT>256<LF>0<HT>15<HT>84<HT> ...
5<HT>3<ETX>69<EOT>
Receiver acknowledges WBC transmission, and closes the link.

<ACK><SPACE>D
It is possible to request for PLT histogram, but it is not shown in this example.
rev 1.09

90 Diatron MI PLC
10.2.7.Serial Protocol 2.20, 2.23
This version utilizes a bit upgraded header information:
SID<HT>2<LF>PID<HT>26<LF>NAME<HT>JOE
SMITH<LF>MODE<HT>0<LF>WRN<HT>0<LF>
AGE<HT>24<LF><ETX>7C<EOT>
A parameter called AGE is included in the header info. This represents the age of the given
patient (if selected in service menu, and defined at sample info screen).
The interpretation of this value is:

If the age value is greater than 128, then it represents months in the following way:
MONTHS = AGE – 128 (months).
If it is less than 128, then it represents years.
This parameter has been removed in version 2.23
rev 1.09

This version utilizes a new approach to record transmitting:
It sends the INIT package, where instrument and PC should establish the communication.
After connection is established, Abacus+ will send an „X‟ package with the XML file to give a
description to the binary data sent in the „F‟ (FULL) package.
From then on, „F‟ packages are sent, and receiver software must interpret the binary data
using the descriptors in the XML file.
Structures, and data for interpreting „F‟ record, without using an XML parser to get data
based on <Record> tag of XML file (these structures are “locked” to HMII SW 2.68m):
typedef struct _DateTime
{
unsigned minute : 6; // 0..59 (64 = 2^6 : 6 bits)
unsigned hour : 5; // 0..23 (32 = 2^5 : 5 bits)
unsigned day : 5; // 1..31 (32 = 2^5 : 5 bits)
unsigned month : 4; // 1..12 (16 = 2^4 : 4 bits)
unsigned year : 12; // 0..4095 (4096 = 2^12 : 12 bits)
} DateTime;
#define MaxParams 23
struct TMeasData
{
WORD RecNo; // 2 bytes
DateTime TimeStamp; // 4 bytes
WORD OperatorID; // 2 bytes
char SampleID[8]; // 8 bytes
char PatientID[20]; // 20 bytes
char Name[32]; // 32 bytes
DateTime BirthDate; // 4 bytes
BYTE Sex; // 1 byte
char Doctor[16]; // 16 bytes
float LimitsLow[MaxParams];// 23 * 4 = 92 bytes
float LimitsHigh[MaxParams];// 23 * 4 = 92 bytes
char PatTypeName[20]; // 20 bytes
WORD VetMode; // 2 bytes
BYTE HistoRBC[256]; // 256 bytes
BYTE HistoPLT[256]; // 256 bytes
BYTE HistoWBC[256]; // 256 bytes
BYTE PLTlo; // 1 byte
BYTE PLThi; // 1 byte
BYTE RBClo; // 1 byte
BYTE WBClo; // 1 byte
BYTE LYMhi; // 1 byte
BYTE GRAlo; // 1 byte
float Param[MaxParams]; // 23 * 4 = 92 bytes
BYTE Flag[MaxParams]; // 23 * 1 = 23 bytes
DWORD Warning; // 4 bytes
float Lyse; // 4 bytes
float Lyse_2; // 4 bytes
WORD Options; // 2 bytes
WORD PrVMinW; // 2 bytes
WORD PrVMaxW; // 2 bytes
WORD PrVMinR; // 2 bytes
WORD PrVMaxR; // 2 bytes
WORD PrVMinW2; // 2 bytes
WORD PrVMaxW2; // 2 bytes
BYTE Age; // 1 byte
char ClogReport[29]; // 29 bytes
// Total: 1240 bytes
};
rev 1.09

92 Diatron MI PLC
Data map of TmeasData inside an F package
Field name explanation note

no. of bytes data type
RecNo Internal Record ID 1 2 WORD
TimeStamp Timestamp of sample 2 4 DateTime
OperatorID Operator ID. Important in multiuser mode only. 1 2 WORD
SampleID Sample ID 3 8 char
PatientID Patient ID 3 20 char
Name Patient name 3 32 char
BirthDate Birth date of patient 2 4 DateTime
Sex Gender of patient 4 1 BYTE
Doctor Doctor's name 3 16 char
LimitsLow Array of Low limits for parameters, 23 values 5 23 x 4 bytes float array
LimitsHigh Array of High limits for parameters, 23 values 5 23 x 4 bytes float array
PatTypeName Species name 3 20 char
VetMode Internal ID of species 6 2 WORD
HistoRBC Array of RBC histogram, 256 values 7 256 BYTE
HistoPLT Array of PLT histogram, 256 values 7 256 BYTE
HistoWBC Array of WBC histogram, 256 values 7 256 BYTE
PLTlo Lower threshold of PLT graph 7 1 BYTE
PLThi Upper threshold of PLT graph 7 1 BYTE
RBClo Lower threshold of RBC graph 7 1 BYTE
WBClo Lower threshold of WBC graph 7 1 BYTE
LYMhi Upper threshold of LYMs on WBC graph 7 1 BYTE
GRAlo Lower threshold of GRAs on WBC graph 7 1 BYTE
Param Array of measured values (23 elements) 5 23 x 4 bytes float array
Flag Array of flags of measured values (23 elements) 8 23 x 1 bytes BYTE array
Warning Binary representation of measurement flags 9 8 DWORD
Lyse Volume of lyse reagent used for sample, ml 5 4 float
Lyse_2 Volume of lyse reagent used for sample, ml 5 4 float
Options Options set for sample 10 2 WORD
PrVMinW Probe voltage min for WBC 11 2 WORD
PrVMaxW Probe voltage max for WBC 11 2 WORD
PrVMinR Probe voltage min for RBC 11 2 WORD
PrVMaxR Probe voltage max for RBC 11 2 WORD
PrVMinW2 Probe voltage min for WBC2 11 2 WORD
PrVMaxW2 Probe voltage max for WBC2 11 2 WORD
Age Age of patient as filled in PatID dialog 12 1 BYTE
ClogReport Clogging information of sample 3 20 char
rev 1.09

Note 1:
WORD data format is stored back to front.

E.g. Decimal value 13553
Hexadecimal value 34 F1
Stored as: F1 34
Note 2:
DateTime type is a packed binary format.

It contains YEAR-MONTH-DAY-hour-minute in the following format:
YYYYYYYYYYYY MMMM DDDDD hhhhh mmmmmm
e.g.:
11/27/2005, 13:37 is stored as:
2005 in binary on 12 bits is: 0111 1101 0101

11 in binary on 4 bits is: 1011
27 in binary on 4 bits is: 1 1011
Concatenating these we get: 0111 1101 0101 1011 1101 1011 0110 0101
In hexadecimal these become: 7D 5B DB 65, and gets stored back-to-front
It is stored as: 65 DB 5B 7D
Note 3:
Character strings are stored in character arrays, space not used within a string is always filled with 0‟s:
String to store: George

Gets stored on 20 chracters as: „G‟ „e‟ „o‟ „r‟ „g‟ „e‟ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Note 4:
Sex is decoded as:

Sex = 0 Not specified
Sex = 1 Male
Sex = 2 Female
Note 5:
Float numbers are stored on 4 bytes, according to the IEEE 745 standard
Note 6:
Vetmode stores the internal database identifier for the record. It is of no importance here.
Note 7:
Histogram representation. Each histogram is stored in an array of 256 bytes. Each byte represents the
histogram value at the given point, as a value from 0 to 255.
PLTlo – lowest PLT volume. Actual volume: PLTlo x 50 fl / 256

PLThi – highest PLT volume. Actual volume: PLThi x 50 fl / 256
RBClo – lowest RBC volume. Actual volume: RBClo x 200 fl / 256
WBClo – lowest WBC volume. Actual volume: WBClo x 400 fl / 256
LYMhi – highest LYM volume. Actual volume: LYMhi x 400 fl / 256
GRAlo – lowest GRA volume. Actual volume: GRAlo x 400 fl / 256
rev 1.09

94 Diatron MI PLC
Full scale and resolution of histograms:

PLT – 50 fl, 1 fl x 50/256
RBC – 200 fl, 1 fl x 200/256
WBC – 400 fl, 1 fl x 400/256
Note 8:
Flags for individual parameters. See page 4, remark 4
Note 9:
Warning flags, see page 3, remark 1.
Note 10:
Options flag
„Options‟ field interpretation:
Option (mask) Displayed Meaning

0x0001 PREDIL sample was run in pre-diluted mode
0x0002 RBCEXT sample was run in RBC extended mode (not used in HMII code)
0x0004 WBCONLY sample was run in WBC only mode - RBC related values filled with
0.0
Note 11:
Probe voltages, max and min values for separate measurements. Each value is stored on 1 byte.
Actual Probe Voltage of given measurement can be calculated as PrVxxxx * 50V /1024.
Note 12:
„Age‟ field interpretation:
Age_unit = (Age > 128) ? MONTH : YEAR;

if (Age_unit == MONTH) Age_of_patient = Age - 128; // this in ‟MONTHS‟
else Age_of_patient = Age; // this in ‟YEARS‟
Note: depending on database settings, either BirthDate, or Age gets filled.
LimitsLow, LimitsHigh and Param match in their structure, they contain values for parameters in the
order below (indices go from 0 to MaxParams-1):
WBC RBC HGB HCT MCV MCH MCHC PLT PCT MPV PDWsd
PDWcv/PDW RDWsd RDWcv/RDW LYM MID GRA LYMp MIDp GRAp
RBCt
WBCt WBCt2
Units can be found on page 4, note 3.
'Flags' has the same order, but contains values 0..5 each referring to the corresponding parameter
'Flags' field value interpretation can be found on page 4, note 4
rev 1.09

10.3. Abacus+ cabling diagram
rev 1.09

96 Diatron MI PLC
10.4. Abacus+ tubing schematics
Abacus + V12 V 11 V 10 V9 V8 V7 V6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
Csövezés
Tubing schematics 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P
Version 1.4 2007.03. 14 .
A +Tubing. vsd
8 1
4 2
PUFF
L D D D
MIX RBC WBC
Pump
L
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 3 2 3
2 2 2
C
V0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
Left open W
rev 1.09

10.5. Recommended kit of tools

PC standard keyboard (PS/2)
Floppy drive with cables: A154+J727+J7505
Screwdrivers:
Cross Slot Screwdrivers (Philips)
Slot Screwdrivers
Hexagon Screwdrivers (3.5, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5 mm sizes)
Pocket digital multimeter
Diagonal Cutter (plier)
Nipper
10.6. Electronic schematics

Electronic schematics can be found in the following Appendices (in PDF).
Board name File name

COMB board AJ-Comb_v4.12
PPB board AJ-PPB_v4.0
IDEEPROM board AJ-IDBoard_v3.0
Measuring board AMB_v1.2
Dilutor Opto board AJ-DilOpt2M_v3.1
Micro Dilutor board AJ-MicroD_v3.0
Display board AJ-DispIC_v4.0
Keypad AP-keypad_v1.2
Reagent Sensor board AJ-ReagS_v3.0
START button AP-Start_v1.0
XYD Opto board AE-XYDOpto_v1.0
Valve Module 1-5 AJ-valve_0-5_v3.0
Valve Module 6-12 AJ-valve_6-12_v3.1
HVB board HVB_v2.1
HGB measure HGB_v1.2
rev 1.09

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Abacus +

DIATRON Messtechnik Ges.m.B.H.

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Revision Section Modification By At

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5. CHECKING THE PROPER OPERATION ............................................................................................. 49

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10. APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................ 80

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1.1. Name and serial number

1.2. Intended use

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1.3. Integrated software

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Abacus+ Electronic Functional Block Diagram

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2.1.1. Counting chambers with electrodes and measuring apertures

Assembled Cell-counter Probe Measuring tubes

Red rings mark

U-shaped metal fixing

Measuring tube Reference electrode

2.1.2. HGB Head

Connection to the amplifier

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The analyzer performs enhanced Hemoglobin measurement technology for HGB

2.1.3. Cell counter Amplifier Board

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2.1.4. Control and Measurement Board (COMB) with DIMM-PC core

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2.1.5. DIMM-PC* Module

2.1.6. Configuration and ID E2PROM board (IDEPROM)

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2.1.7. Pneumatic and Power Board (PPB)

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The green one has 3 states:

2.1.8. Opto-boards for stepper motors

Connections for Hoirizontal &

2.1.9. Valve boards

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2.1.10. Pressure Sensor

Connection to Puffer reservoir

2.1.11. Digital Reagent Sensor Board

Control LEDs Reagent detectors

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2.1.12. LCD Display Module with High Voltage Board

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Function buttons Status LED Cursor buttons

2.1.14. External Power Supply

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2.2. Main mechanic and fluidic parts of the Analyzer

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2.2.1. Sampling needle

2.2.2. Washing head

Clean or replace washing head yearly, or after 10 000 measurements.

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2.2.3. H&V moving unit

Sampling needle XYR opto board Vertical opto wheel

Greasing of the horizontal/vertical guiding rods should be done regularly using