Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

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Vol. 9 Issue 09, September-2020

A Review Paper on “Utilization of Fly Ash, Rice

Husk Ash and Plastic Waste in Paver Blocks”
Mr. Satish Deoraoji Kene 1, a * Dr. Arun Patel 2, b
1
Ph.D Scholar, RKDF University, Gandhi Nagar Campus, Bhopal (MP), India
2
Professors, RKDF University, Gandhi Nagar Campus, Bhopal (MP), India

Abstract: The main purpose of this research paper is that, contribute towards the solution for safe disposal of wastage
prevention from environmental pollution of agricultural and plastic, Fly ash and Rice husk ash.
industrial waste. This can be recycle into making the paver
block with cement concrete. Now a days concrete plays an Waste material used as supplementary materials of cement
important role in every construction industries practices. in the paver block like plastic, Fly ash and Rice husk ash.
Paver block is an attractive engineering and inexpensive
alternative to both flexible and rigid pavement in various 1. Rice husk ash: - Due to 98% silica content, which
countries together with India. Interlocking concrete increases strength, hardness, strength and durability.
pavements are special dry mix precast piece of concrete
commonly used in exterior landscaping pavement 2. Fly ash:- Fly ash is with Ca, Si and Al2o3 etc, which
applications. For better look, easy laying and finish paver provide help in setting and hardening and acts as a
block are supreme material. The strength, durability and workability agent.
aesthetically pleasing surfaces have made paving blocks
attractive for many commercial, municipal and industrial 3.Plastic:- Crushed, gravelled any type of plastic can give
applications such as parking areas, pedestrian walks, traffic reinforcement to cement block, which provide toughness,
intersections, container yards and roads. This paper is survey strength load bearing capacity lower down the weight of
of the use of waste plastic, Fly ash and rice husk ash in
the block and save the quantity of aggregate etc.
concrete paver blocks is aimed at reducing cement content
and leading to better frugality and durability. It will also help In manufacturing of cement paver block resources are
in safety of the environment effects and contribute towards
required as raw materials are available but in limited
the solution for safe disposal of wastage plastic, Fly ash and
Rice husk ash. Waste material used as supplementary quantity. On the other hand imbalance of ecology and
materials of cement and aggregate in the paver block like, Fly habitat occurs during the complete manufacturing
ash, Rice husk ash and plastic. processes to manufacture good quality paver block raw
materials with necessary properties are required. It is
Keywords: Paver block, Fly ash, ricehuskash, plastic, Quality possible to replace upto 30% raw materials by other
control and impact on environment. materials which possess the properties necessary for good
INTRODUCTION quality paver block. Rice husk ash is with 98% silica
content which can be used and provides hardness, strength
Concrete paver blocks are made with concrete basically and durability. Rice husk ash is a waste product of industry
consisting of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and available easily. Fly ash is a waste product remains
(10 mm and below), water, etc. Overall performance of after burning of coal in thermal power plant which can be
concrete paver blocks used is mainly governed by used as a raw material for paver block material. Fly ash is
properties of materials, water cement ratio, mixing process always with some percentage Ca and Si etc. Fly ash works
and curing process. To suit the imagination of landscape as a workability agent during manufacturing of paver
architectures and natures, pavers are having various shapes, block. Third very important supplementary raw material is
sizes and colours. They are placed in variety of pattern. plastic, as we know the plastic is very big environmental
Natural resources are depleting worldwide, at the same problem. It can be remove out from waste and use for
time the generated wastes from the industry, agriculture manufacturing of paver block or for road construction.
and residential area are increasing significantly. The Plastic provide reinforcement which increases tensile
sustainable development for construction involves the use strength and load bearing capacity. All above three
of Non-conventional and innovative materials. The supplementary materials imparts good and necessary
recycling of waste materials just like plastic, fly ash and properties in paver block. It also helps in saving the impact
rice husk ash in order to compensate the lack of natural on environment due to use of the resources of mother earth.
resources and to find alternative ways conserving the
environment. LITERATURE SURVEY

The use of waste plastic, Fly ash and ricehuskash in Sarang Shashikant Pawar and Shubhankar Anant
concrete paver blocks is aimed at reducing cement content, Bujone [1] (2017), thoroughly explains all the aspects of
aggregate and leading to better frugality and durability. It “Use of Fly ash and Plastic in Paver Block”. Paver blocks
will also help in safeguarding the environment effects and are constructed by using waste like fly ash, plastic sag strip
and wire plastic. In this research work the paver block
made with the help of some percentage of plastic and

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Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 9 Issue 09, September-2020

flyash by weight of cement and aggregate added in trekking areas are discarded or burned which leads to the
concrete help to reduce plastic bag and also improve the pollution of environment and air. These waste plastics are
properties of the paver block. The plastic and fly ash use in to be effectively utilised. High-density polyethylene
paver block will reduce the cost. (HDPE) and polyethylene (PE) bags are cleaned and added
with sand and aggregate at various percentages to obtain
B. Shanmugavalli, K.Gowtham, P. Jeba Nalwin2 and B. high strength bricks that possess thermal and sound
Eswara Moorthy [2] (2017) the research paper is about insulation properties to control pollution and to reduce the
“Reuse of Plastic Waste in Paver Blocks”. They give overall cost of construction; this is one of the greatest ways
concepts about disposal of waste materials including waste to avoid the gathering of plastic waste which is an on-
plastic bags has become a thoughtful problem. Here the degradable pollutant.
strength properties of pavement blocks including of waste
plastics and the design considerations for pavement block A.Panimayam, P.Chinnadurai, Anuradha and
incorporating waste plastic bags is presented. It will be a K.Pradeesh, A.Umar Jaffer [6] (2017) he studied on
bonus to modern society and environment. The main aim is “Utilisation of Waste Plastics as a Replacement of Coarse
to use the plastic nature in construction fields with limited Aggregate in Paver Blocks”. This Paper suggests reuse of
additions and the replacement of cement with plastic waste plastics as partial replacement of coarse aggregate in M20
in paver block will reduce the cost of paver block when concrete. Usually M20 concrete is used for most
compared to that of convention concrete paver blocks. It constructional works. Waste Plastics were progressively
will be absolutely a cost economical and can be applied in rises in 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% to replace the same
different practices. quantity of Aggregate. Tests were conducted on coarse
aggregates, fine aggregates, cement and waste plastics to
Mohan D.M.S, Vignesh.J, Iyyappan.P and C.Suresh[3] determine their physical properties. Paver Blocks of I
(2018) conducted a study on “Utilization of plastic bags in section of casted and tested for 7, 14 and 28 days strength
pavement blocks”. He introduces the concept of addition of and the result shows that the compressive strength of M20
waste plastic bags with cement concrete to improve the concrete with waste plastics is 4% for Paver Blocks.
properties of paver block. In this research work he
conclude that if we are using 20% plastic by the weight of Mohammad Jalaluddin [7] (2017) researched on “Use of
aggregate which does not affect the properties of paver Plastic Waste in Civil Constructions and Innovative
block as well as the compressive strength of this block is Decorative Material (Eco- Friendly)” presented a alteration
equal to conventional block. He also conclude that the to the use of plastic in civil construction, the mechanisms
weight of plastic paver block is reduces up to 15% of used include everything from plastic screws and hangers to
conventional block and reduces the cost of construction and bigger plastic parts that are used in decoration, electric
also helps to avoid disposal problem of plastic. Lastly he wiring, flooring, wall covering and waterproofing. Plastic
strongly conclude that the use of plastic in paver block is use in road construction that have shown same confidence
the best option for the disposal of plastic and ultimately in terms of using plastic waste in road construction, i.e.
reduces plastic pollution in the environment. Hence the use plastic roads and paver block. He said that Plastic will
of plastic in paver block constituent is helpful in reducing increase the melting point of the bitumen. Rain water will
plastic waste in a useful way. not seep through because of the plastic in the tar. So, this
technology will result in lesser road repairs.
Koli Nishikant, Aiwale Nachiket, Inamdar Avadhut and
Abhishek Sangar [4] (2016) proposes a “Manufacturing of A.I. Essawy a, A.M.M. Saleh b, Magdy T. Zaky c, Reem
concrete paving block by using waste glass material”. This K. Farag b, A.A. Ragab b [8] (2013) researched on
technology has been introduced in in construction for “Environmentally friendly road construction” this Paper
specific requirement namely footpaths, parking areas etc. proposes a reuse of waste polymers is considered an good-
In this research work he added different proportions of looking solution for environmental white pollution and
waste glass fine aggregate and flyash, In this research work reducing of the costs of road pavement and maintenance.
he conclude that the use of waste glass as fine aggregate The environmentally friendly hot mix asphalt (HMA) for
decreases the unit weight of concrete, workability of paving can be prepared using some industrial wastes as
concrete mix increases with the increase in flyash and polypropylene and polyester fibres.
waste glass content. Also he conclude that bending strength
decreases with the increase in waste glass content as well Ghassan Abood Habeeb*; Hilmi Bin Mahmud [9] (2010)
as cost of the paver block reduces. For all above conclusion conducted a study on “Properties of rice husk ash and its
it is conclude that the best ratio of fine crushed glass which use as cement replacement material”. This paper
leads to higher strength of concrete in order to produce investigates the properties of rice husk ash (RHA)
concrete blocks, and the effect of waste glass replacement produced by using a ferro-cement furnace. The effect of
on the expansion caused by Alkali-silica reaction (ASR). grinding on the particle size and the surface area was first
investigated, then the XRD analysis was conducted to
Dinesh.S, Dinesh.A and Kirubakaran.K [5] (2016) verify the presence of amorphous silica in the ash.
presented an “Utilisation of waste plastic in manufacturing Furthermore, the effect of RHA average particle size and
of bricks and paver blocks”. In this paper he said that the percentage on concrete workability, fresh density,
large amount of plastic is being brought into the tourist superplasticizer (SP) content and the compressive strength

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Vol. 9 Issue 09, September-2020

were also investigated. Although grinding RHA would cementitious content of 450 kg m−3 exhibited better results
reduce its average particle size (APS), it was not the main than other utilized contents. In particular, the replacement
factor controlling the surface area and it is thus resulted ratios of 10 and 30% of RHA presented higher mechanical
from RHA's multilayered, angular and microporous properties than those of FA for each group. The water
surface. Incorporation of RHA in concrete increased water permeability decreased as the cementitious content
demand. RHA concrete gave excellent improvement in increased due to the decrease in air content for all mixtures.
strength for 10% replacement (30.8% increment compared The water permeability loss ratios increased as the
to the control mix), and up to 20% of cement could be cementitious content decreased.
valuably replaced with RHA without adversely affecting
the strength. Increasing RHA fineness enhanced the Satish H. Sathawanea, Vikrant S. Vairagadeb and
strength of blended concrete compared to coarser RHA and Kavita S Kene [12] (2013) presented a “Combine Effect of
control OPC mixtures. Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash on Concrete by 30% Cement
Replacement”. The work presented in this paper reports the
Nitesh kushwah and Sandeep K. Shrivastav[10] (2019) effects on the behaviour of concrete produced from cement
researched on “Comparative Study on Impact of Rice Husk with combination of FA and RHA at different proportions
Ash and Fly Ash in Concrete Mix Design for Different on the mechanical properties of concrete such as
Grades of Concrete.” This study is about the addition of compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile
furnace incinerated Rice Husk Ash into concrete with fly strength. Investigation reported that compressive strength
ash. The primary objective of this research work is to increases by 30.15% in compared with targeted strength
investigate the mechanical properties like compressive and reduces by 8.73% compared with control concrete at
strength and to reduce the overall cost of construction. 28 days, flexural strength increases by 4.57% compared
RHA and fly ash was used to replace cement partially at with control concrete at 28 days, split tensile strength
different rates, fly ash is used at the rate of 0%, 5% and decreases by 9.58% compared with control concrete at 28
10% and RHA at the rate of 5% and 10%. The physical days, were obtained at combination of 22.5% FA and 7.5%
properties of RHA were determined by particle size RHA. Partial replacement of FA and
analyzer. Pozzolanic reactivity of RHA is dependent on
silica form. The silica form in RHA is determined by RHA reduces the environmental effects, produces
incineration process. To decide it is in crystalline form economical and eco-friendly concrete.
optimum cement replacement ratio of RHA and fly ash CONCLUSION
found at 5%+5%. In this investigation firstly two lower
grades concrete M-15 and M-20 were prepared and the best This survey paper gives the detail survey of the work
result was found with M--15 grade of concrete, then carried out in paver block made with the help of plastic, fly
experiment were done with higher grades i.e. M-30 and M- ash and rice husk ash. Paver block made by three
35 grades and there is slight increase in compressive composite materials, has a high compressive strength. The
strength in higher grades. main constituents of paver block are cementing concrete.
The above literature survey shows that the used of plastic
MOHAMED AMIN AND BASSAM ABBDELSALAM & fly-ash in different proportions. The desired strength is
ABBDEL SALAM [11] (2019) conducted a study on achieved but at the expense of more cements consumption
“Efficiency of rice husk ash and fly ash as reactivity which also increases the cost of product. In the view of
materials in sustainable concrete.” This paper presents the above literature we found that the consumption of cement
recycling of rice husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (FA) from may be reduce by addition of rice husk ash. A renewable
power plants as reactivity materials for producing zero cost material for the construction of cost effective
sustainable (green) concrete. This research aims to paver blocks.
investigate the efficiency of RHA and FA replacement
ratios on fresh and hardened properties of concrete It is found after analysis that there is need of some
mixtures. The experimental program consisted of 21 advanced paver block made with the help of all three basic
concrete mixtures, which were divided into three groups. waste materials generated in agricultural and industrial area
The cementitious material contents were 350, 450 and that is plastic, flyash and ricehuskash. The proposed paver
550 kg m−3 for groups one, two and three, respectively. block is also expected to be cost efficient (effective) as
The replacement ratios from the cement content were 10, compared to cement concrete paver block strength as we
20 and 30% respectively, for each recycle material (RHA are going to use the zero cost waste plastic, fly ash and rice
and FA). The slump and air contents of fresh concrete were husk ash. In the proposed paver block as we are using light
measured. The compressive strength, splitting tensile weight waste material like plastic and rice husk ash,
strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity and replacing heavier cement material producing light weight,
bond strength of hardened concrete as mechanical easy transportable paver blocks. Hence we are proposing a
properties were also analysed. The compressive strength process which will reduce the hazardous materials in the
was monitored at different ages: 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 d. The environment like plastic, fly ash and rice husk ash etc.
water permeability test of hardened concrete as physical therefore by implementing paver block; we are capable to
properties was conducted. Test results showed that the offer a green technology, sustainable construction and
RHA and FA enhanced the mechanical and physical environment friendly product to the society.
properties compared with the control mixture. The

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Vol. 9 Issue 09, September-2020

All above three supplementary materials imparts good

and necessary properties in paver block and also helps in
saving the impact on environment due to use of the
resources of mother earth.
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