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№ 8297

An Experimental Investigation on Concrete Paver

Block by Using Plastic, Flyash and Rice Husk Ash

Satish Kene and Arun Patel

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June 18, 2022

 “An experimental investigation on concrete paver block by using
plastic, flyash and rice husk ash”

Satish D. Kene1 and Dr. Arun Patel2

1.Department of Civil Engineering, RKDF University, Bhopal – Madhya
Pradesh, India, SVPCET ,Nagpur - Maharashtra, India
satishkene2285@gmail.com
2. Department of Civil Engineering, RKDF University, Bhopal – Madhya
Pradesh, India
arunpatel123@gmail.com

ABSTRACT—: The world's growing industrialization and urbanisation have resulted in a lot of
infrastructure construction. This process causes a number of issues, including a shortage of
building supplies and an increase in the output of garbage as well as other things. In this research
work we studied the recycle of garbage like rice husk ash (RHA), fly ash (FA) and plastic. In
M20 and M25 concrete, fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) are used to partially, in place of
cement, and plastic is used to partially replace the aggregate. For most of the construction work
both above mix is used. The impact of partially substituting RHA and FA for cement and plastic
with aggregate on concrete was thoroughly studied in this extensive experimental study. In this
paper, we started with a proportion of 20% FA and 0% RHA mixed together in concrete by
replacing cement, and ended with a proportion of 0% FA and 20% RHA, with a steady rise of
RHA by 1% and a steady decline of FA by 1%, and waste plastic was added 10% to replace the
same amount of aggregate in all proportions. To determine the physical qualities of FA, RHA,
plastic, cement, and aggregate, tests were done. Paver blocks with a square shape are
investigated experimentally for strength for seven days, fourteen days, twenty-four days, and
fifty-four days. The results suggest that M25 concrete with a combination of (16 percent FA + 4
percent RHA) depending on cement weight and 10% plastic depending on aggregate weight has
the highest compressive strength and has the potential to be used as an appropriate paver block
material. Simultaneously, paver blocks' compressive strength is observed to be dropping as RHA
increases.
KEYWORDS: - Plastic, Rice husk ash, Fly-ash, Paver blocks, Environmental effect and
quality control.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Fine aggregates, coarse aggregates (10 mm and below), Cement, water are the essential
components of concrete paver blocks. The entire performance of concrete paver blocks is
governed by mixing procedure, material properties, w/c ratio, and curing method. Pavers come in
a variety of forms, dimensions, and colours to satisfy the imaginations of landscaping designers
and naturalists. They're arranged in a variety of patterns. Natural resources are finite over the
world, as is the accumulation of garbage from industry, agricultural, and residential areas. This
can be avoided by using materials that are unconventional and novel in the construction of
sustainable structures. Waste products such as FA, plastic, and RHA can be reused to
counterbalance for an absence of renewable sources and to find new methods to safeguard the
surroundings.
Fly ash, waste plastic, and rice husk ash are used in paver blocks to diminish aggregate
and cement content resulting in higher affordability and strength. It will support in environmental
conservation and provide a method for the safe waste disposal like FA, plastic and RHA.
FA and RHA, as well as plastic, are developed as supplementary constituent for cement
and aggregate respectively in paver blocks.
 Fly ash: - The minerals calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), and Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) found
in fly ash aid in setting and hardening, as well as serving as a workability agent.
 Rice husk ash: - It has a silica concentration of 98 percent, which improves strength,
hardness and durability.
 Plastic: - Crushed plastic can provide reinforce to cement blocks to improving
the toughness, strength, load bearing capacity, lowering the block's weight, and reducing
the amount of aggregate used, among other things.

The creation of cement paver blocks necessitates the use of resources because materials of origin
are plentiful nonetheless, it is in short supply. On the flip side, during the entire production
process, there is an imbalance of ecology and habitat. To make a high-quality paver block, you'll
need raw materials with specific qualities. It is feasible to replace up to 30% of the raw materials
with alternative materials that have the appropriate qualities for a high-quality paver block. Due
to its high silica content, rice husk ash provides strength, hardness and strength. Rice husk ash is
a left-over commodity from industrial area that is readily accessible. Fly ash is a left-over
commodity that stays after coal is burned in a thermoelectric power station and may could be
utilised as a paver block material's raw material. During paver block manufacturing, fly ash acts
as a workability agent. Plastic is a third essential additional raw material, and as we all know,
plastic is a serious environmental issue. Plastic gives reinforcement, increasing the tensile
strength and load bearing capability required for paver block or road building fabrication. All
three extra components contribute to the paver block's good and necessary qualities. It also aids
in the conservation of the earth's finite resources.
The current study's goals and scope are as follows:
 Natural resources and environmentalism can be served by replacing 30% of the
resources.
 Utilization of a variety of waste resources and the provision of cost-effective construction
materials.
 Examine the characteristics of FA, plastic and RHA.
 Determine the best mix design for the paver block in terms of the amount of FA, plastic,
RHA required.
  Compare the expected compressive strength of paver blocks made up of many ingredients
of FA, plastic and RHA to cement concrete blocks.
 Protect the environment by properly disposing of rubbish.
 Carry out a water absorption test and compare the results to those of a cement concrete
block.

2.0 Materials and Methods

The research described in this study looked into the behaviour of Paver blocks made by
combining cement with FA, RHA, and plastic. RHA, FA, OPC, and plastic were studied first for
their physical and chemical properties.
2.1 Cement
The OPC (43 Grade) was used, having a specific gravity of 3.15. The cement took 50 minutes to
harden initially and 365 minutes to set completely. Table 1 shows its chemical content.
Table 1: The cement (OPC) chemical characteristics, RHA and FA are listed here.

Materials Cao Al2O3 Fe2O3 SiO2 MgO LOI SO3 K2O Na2O3

FA 20.00 25.00 6.00 40.00 3.72 3.00 1.75 0.81 0.97

(SiO2+ Al2O3+ Fe2O3)

RHA 0.99 78.21 4.90 -------- -------- --------- ---------
=82.63
Cement 62.91 5.20 19.71 2.54 2.54 0.96 2.72 0.90

2.2 Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

The RHA for this project collected from Tumsar Bhandara's Ellora Paper Plant. Rice husk ash
has a bulk density of 0.781 g/cc and specific gravity of 2.10. RHA, which is formed by burning
rice husk (RH), has a good sensitivity and pozzuolana property. The use of RHA in concrete is
recommended as per IS 456-2000.
2.3 Fly Ash
Nagpur Koradi Thermal Power Plant provided the fly ash. One of the most common types of ash
is fly ash. By-products of the coal-burning process are referred to as FA. FA is typically
collected after power plant funnels, whereas bottom ash is collected from the furnace's bottom.
Fly ash is on a regular basis used to augment Portland cement in the manufacturing of cement
concrete, where it has both scientific and commercial advantages.
2.4 Plastic
One of the most pressing environmental challenges now is plastic pollution. Despite the fact that
massive amounts appear to be involved of plastic garbage are inevitable in the environment in
which we live. Crushed, and graveled plastic can be used to strengthen cement blocks, providing
toughness, strength, and load bearing capacity while reducing the block's weight and reducing
the amount of aggregate used.

2.5 Aggregate

As a fine aggregate, decent grade river sand was incorporated. 2.68, 2.32, and 1690 kg/m3 are the
specific gravity, fineness modulus and dry density respectively. The coarse aggregate material
was sieved via a 20 mm sieve. The specific gravity is 2.7 and a dry density of 1550 kg/m3.
2.6 Chemical Admixture
To keeping fresh concrete workable, a chemical limited type hyper plasticizer was introduced.
The hyper plasticizer dosage was kept equal on a mass based, ranging from 1 to 1.6 percent of
the weight of cement. A commercial AC-Green Slump-GS-02 and Glenium- AG-30 JP – BASF
plastisizer used to make concrete more workable.
3.0. Experimental Programme
Tests on RHA, FA, cement, concrete, Plastic, and paver blocks with a partial substitution of
cement with FA and RHA and 10% replacement aggregate with plastic are part of the
experimental design.
3.1 RICE HUSK ASH
1. Standard consistency is 17%
2. The initial setup time is 195 minutes and the final setup time is 265 minutes.
3. The Compressive Strength of RHA is 11 N/mm2
4. Specific Gravity is 2.09.
3.2 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
For the duration of the experiment, OPC 43 grade (IS: 8112-1989) cement was used. On OPC, the
physical examination are listed below.
1. Standard consistency is 22% and Specific Gravity = 3.15
2. The initial setup time is 30 minutes and the final setup time is 10 hrs.
4. Specific Gravity is 3.15.
3.3 TEST ON CONCRETE
Based on preliminary investigations done in the constituent materials, an M25 mix is designed
according to IS 10262, 1982 specifications. The following are the results of tests performed on
fresh concrete.
1. Vee-Bee test as per IS Code (1199:1959) = 13sec.
2. Slump test as per IS Code (1199-1959) = 55mm
3. Flow test as per IS Code (1199-1959) =78 %.
4. Compaction factor as per IS Code (1199-1959) = 0.95.
3.4 Mixture Proportioning
The mix proportion of the paver block mixture adopted IS 10262-1982. The OPC control
mixture's objective mean strength was 32.1 N/mm2, with an entire cement content of 435.45 kg
per m3, FA of 476 kg per m3, and CA of 1242.61 kg per m3. The water/cement ratio was kept
continuous at 0.444, while the plasticizer quantity was changed to keep all mixes at a slump of
(200-240 mm). Before water was added FA, RHA, cement, sand, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate, and plastic were appropriately mixed as per the ratio 1:1.1:2.85 by weightiness in line
with (BS 8110)19 to achieve homogeneous mixture. After a 5-minute total mixing time, the
paver block samples are prepared and before demoulding, the mould was left for 24 hours. Paver
blocks was put in curing tank till the testing day arrived. RHA and FA were utilize to substitute
cement in percentages of 2, 4, 6, and up to 20%, while plastic was used to replace 10% of the
replacement aggregate.
For casting, 100mm x 100mm x 100mm paver block moulds were used. For each layer,
twenty-five strokes of a 16 mm rod were used to compact the concrete in three layers. Before the
blocks were demolded and placed in the curing tank, the concrete was left in the mould for 24
hours to set. For 7, 14, 28, and 54 days, the paver blocks were cured in the tank.

3.5 Testing methods

Testing is carried out in accordance with the IS code. The compression strength of cubes was
tested according to IS: 516 – 1959.

4.0 Test Result

To determine the strength related parameters, such as compressive strength, an experimental
examination is carried out on paver block test specimens. The experimental outcomes of the tests
evaluation acted upon on test specimens to explore the optimum proportion of cement
replacement with FA & RHA and aggregate replacement with waste plastic were offered in this
paper.

4.1 Testing of Compressive strength (IS 15658: 2021)

The strength of paver block samples is measured for 7, 14, 28, and 54 days using a compressive
testing machine. The test results are tabulated once compressive strength testing has been
completed.
Table No. 2 Table for compressive strength of paver block.
Compressive Strength of Paver Block in mpa
MIX respective number of days
Plastic as a
FA as a % RHA as a %
Sr. % of
of cement of cement 7 14 28 54
No. aggregate
weight weight
weight
1 control mix concrete 18.7 26.7 33.2 42.3
2 20 0 14.2 27.6 34 36.5
3 18 2 14.5 25 31 34
4 16 4 15.2 23.2 31.1 34
5 14 6 15.5 23.2 28 33.2
6 12 8 15 22.5 26.2 31.2
7 10 10 10 14 19 26 30
8 8 12 14 17.8 24.8 28.3
9 6 14 13.3 18.6 25 28
10 4 16 13.1 18.2 25.6 27.3
11 2 18 12.9 17.7 24.5 26.9
12 0 20 12.7 17.1 24 26.5

Paver blocks with a square shape are tested experimentally for strength for seven days, fourteen
days, twenty-four days, and fifty-four days, according to table no. 2. According to the findings,
M25 concrete with a mix of (16 percent FA + 4 percent RHA) based on cement weight and 10%
plastic based on aggregate weight has the highest compressive strength and could be used as a
suitable paver block material. Simultaneously, the compressive strength of paver blocks is shown
to be decreasing as RHA increases.

4.1.1 Relation between different mix and compressive strength of paver block in days.

M25 concrete with a ratio of (16 percent FA + 4 percent RHA) based on cement weight and 10%
plastic based on aggregate weight has the maximum compressive strength, according to the
observations, and could be used as an appropriate paver block material. Simultaneously, as RHA
grows, the compressive strength of paver blocks is revealed to be diminishing.

4.1.2 Relation between % of Mix and compressive strength of paver block.

Relation between compressive strength of Paver block and different mix

Comp. Strength in N/mm2

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Control (20 + 0)(18 + 2)(16 + 4)(14 + 6)(12 + 8) (10 + (8 + 12)(6 + 14)(4 + 16)(2 + 18)(0 + 20)
Mix 10)
% of ( FA + RHA) by Cement & % of Plastic by Aggregate

4.1.3 Relation between workability and different mix.

Relation between Workability and different mix

60
Workability in mm

50
40
30
20
10
0
Control (20 + 0)(18 + 2)(16 + 4)(14 + 6)(12 + 8) (10 + (8 + 12)(6 + 14)(4 + 16)(2 + 18)(0 + 20)
Mix 10)
% of ( FA + RHA) by Cement & % of Plastic by Aggregate

The workability of RHA concrete has been seen to deteriorate with the addition of RHA.
1.4 Relation between different mix and % of water absorption of Paver block.

Relation between % of water absorption of Paver block and different mix

% of Water Absorption 9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
Control (20 + (18 + (16 + (14 + (12 + (10 + (8 + (6 + (4 + (2 + (0 +
Mix 0) 2) 4) 6) 8) 10) 12) 14) 16) 18) 20)
% of ( FA + RHA) by Cement & % of Plastic by Aggregate

The water absorption of paver block increases after the addition of percentage increase of rice
husk ash as compare to control mix.
4.2 Result and Discussion
The highest strength findings were found to be (16 percent FA + 4 percent RHA) by the weight
of cement and 10% plastic by the weight of aggregate in the current study. According to the test
results it is observed that the addition of fly ash, rice husk ash, and waste plastic to the paver
block reduced the compressive strength of the paver block. At the same time, it has been
discovered that rising the proportion of RHA in concrete affects its workability.
5.0 Conclusion
The following are some of the inferences that can be derived from the above research results:
1. For varying mix proportions, the strength of paver blocks increases as the percentage of FA
and RHA increases up to exchanging (16 percent FA and 4 percent RHA) of cement and 10
percent plastic of aggregate in Concrete.
2. Due to the higher percentage of RHA in paver block concrete, a slight increase in the water
cement ratio is required. Because RHA is a permeable substance.
3. With increasing rice husk ash replacement, concrete workability in paver blocks has also been
discovered to decline.
4. The water absorption of paver block increases after the addition of percentage increase of rice
husk ash as compare to control mix.

5. It was noticed that when rice husk was burned, it created a significant amount of silica (more
than 80 percent). As a result, it offers great insulation value.
6. Because rice husk ash contains more silica, we may choose to utilize RHA in concrete paver
blocks to enhance durability.

7. Although RHA is dangerous to humans and RHA has no cost, we prefer it to silica fumes in
concrete paver blocks.
8. RHA concrete's workability has been observed to diminish, but FA increases concrete's
workability, therefore RHA and FA are used together in concrete paver blocks to reestablish
concrete's workability.

9. It is possible to employ RHA with plasticizers and admixtures in paver blocks to increase
strength while substantially replacing cement.

10. The current research focuses on creating both underweight and high-density concrete.

11. Construction costs will be decreased, and waste plastic will be disposed of in a more
environmentally friendly manner.
12. The average weight of a paver block can be reduced by 15% by using rice husk ash and
plastic.
13. To summarise, using FA, RHA and plastic in a paver block is the greatest alternative for
disposing of FA, RHA and plastic and as a result eliminates environmental pollution.
6.0 References
a. Satish D. Kene and Dr. Arun Patel (2020),“A Survey Based on Utilization of Fly Ash,
Rice Husk Ash and Plastic waste in Paver blocks” In IJERT, Volume 9, Issue 9 ,
September – 2020.
b. Sarang Shashikant Pawar and Shubhankar Anant Bujone (2017), “Use of Fly ash and
Plastic in Paver Block”. International research journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET) Volume: 04 Issue: 11|Nov – 2017.
c. B. Shanmugavalli, K.Gowtham, P. Jeba Nalwin2 and B. Eswara Moorthy (2017) “Reuse of
Plastic Waste in Paver Blocks”. International research journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) Volume: 06 Issue: 02|Feb – 2017.
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pavement blocks”. International journal of pure and applied mathematics. Volume: 119
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