Chapter-1 - Group6

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study
The Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC) was established by

Congress in 1916 with the passage of the National Defense Act. The act authorized the
loan of federal military equipment and active or retired military personnel to serve as
instructors in secondary schools, with a prescribed program of military training and
instruction. Schools were required to maintain a minimum enrollment of 100 students
over the age of 14 and provide three hours of military instruction per week for a period of
three years (Coumbe & Harford, 1996).In 1992 that ROTC was first implemented and subject to the UP
and the year1935 made it mandatory for all colleges and universities(Philippine Constabulary) .ROTC is
one of the choice courses in the National Service Training (NSTP)program of the government, which aims
to prepare youth for service in the country.Aside from ROTC, other courses in the program are the Civil
Welfare Training Service(CWTS) and Literacy Training Service (LTS). NSTP is mandatory for all
collegestudents, (NSTP Law of 2001).
February 27 2017 alaw approved by President Duterte to bring back the ROTC. TheGrade XI and
GradeXII students is now required to join the ROTC (Pia Radana,Nov 22 2018).ROTC to the old and new
batch of uc-ccje students who undergone the program. The program has given a lot of benefits to ccje
students because the desire to serve develops leadership, and discipline in their selves. As cited by
Stevenson (2018).
According to John Montesi, The Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program has been present on
college campuses for more than a century and is currently offered at more than 1,700 colleges and
universities. While some programs are larger or better known than others, each institution offers its own
opportunities, in addition to the common advantages of being part of the program. First and foremost,
ROTC offers preparation to become an officer in the military, including the United States Army or Air
Force. By participating in ROTC concurrently with your college education, you can enter the reserves or
active duty forces with advanced ranking. Additionally, ROTC provides money for college tuition.
Because of this, many students choose ROTC as a way to combine their sense of purpose and duty with a
way to pay for their college education.
Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis
This study aims to determine the impact of ROTC among criminology students and specifically seeks
their attention to answer this following questions:
1. What is/are Positive/Negative Impact of ROTC to the students?
2. What is/are the benefits in joining the ROTC?
3 How should the facilitator supervise the officers to achieve a better result?
Purpose/Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to investigate and gather information to know the impact whether ROTC
participation influences educational outcomes associated with accomplishment, responsibility, service,
and citizenship in UC criminology of department. This study affects the character trait and by
understanding of the ROTC portion of the military science of the NSTP by criminology students of the
University of the Cordilleras. These Military Science courses are meant to train criminology students to
improve their teamwork, discipline and community knowledge.
To the students. This research aims to raise awareness as to the effects of ROTC program to the students
who will be part of the said program, especially among Criminology students.
To the Teachers. This study can be used for them as a reading tool that can add knowledge concerning the
problems of the program and also the benefits of the ROTC program. As a crucial member of the society,
the role of the teachers contributes to the betterment and improvement of the training among ROTC
students.
To the society. This study can be utilized as a guide for the people as to whether or not the ROTC
program is a useful tool to the students
To the future researchers. This research can be used as a basis or reference to future researchers who
intend to study the same subject.
Theoretical Framework
Society upholds the principle of individual choice as sacrosanct to its national identity and ethos as a
democracy. The society’s views on gender roles have been blurred towards a more egalitarian
opportunities; however, there are differing views on mandatory service generally along generational lines.
The U.S. society has been against conscription and a military draft, but there is some support for the idea
of national service.
As cited by Gen. Padilla (2017), he said, if the youth will understand the reasons of the training, they
will learn many skills such as basic life support, first aid training, basic self-defense, combat preparations,
survival skills and others.
According to Alley, the most valuable impact ROTC has on its participants is its leadership training.
Even if a person drops the program, the lessons they learn in responsibility, communication, and problem
solving will be useful in whichever career he or she chooses.
Pema Elda, Mehay Stephen (2010) stated that The Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps is a high school
program that combines classroom teaching with extracurricular activities. The program is located primarily in inner
city schools and serves at-risk students. Its goals are multidimensional and include military preparation and
improving academic achievement. Using High School and Beyond data we find that the program’s effects depend on
the timing and intensity of involvement. Test scores, graduation rates, and enlistments are higher for students who
participate early in high school and for those who persist in the program. Conversely, we find few effects for
students participating in the last two years of high school.
Bevan (2014) suggests that the inductive process of coding is best accomplished through
bracketing participant themes by setting aside the personal attitudes and allowing the voice of each
participant to emerge. Successfully accomplishing this created the capability of isolating the most relevant
information, processing it in a way that provided meaning. Ultimately, the information gathered and
organized can have a positive influence on other leader development programs in education.
Given the observational nature of the ELS: 2002 data set used in this study, a randomized
experiment, although widely accepted among researchers as the gold standard in estimating causal effect
(Mosteller & Boruch, 2002), was not found to be a feasible approach for this study. A fixed effects model
was considered given its advantage in controlling for stable variables that cannot be measured; however, it
was not found to be an appropriate model given the lack of repeated longitudinal data on independent
variables (Allison, 2009). Regression discontinuity was also considered and found inadequate as a
statistical model given the absence of an intervention as an instrumental variable for JROTC
As such, other causal models were considered and explored for use with this study. The idea and
theoretical justification of Propensity Score Matching (PSM), as developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin
(1983), and later described as “Rubin’s Causal Model” by Holland (1986), was considered and adopted as
the statistical model used in this research. The use of PSM, within the framework of Rubin’s Causal
Model, is widely accepted and used among educational researchers to address a variety of observational
studies within the field of education (Domingue & Briggs, 2009: Garrido, 2014).
According to Alley, the most valuable impact ROTC has on its participants is its leadership
training. Even if a person drops the program, the lessons they learn in responsibility, communication, and
problem solving will be useful in whichever career he or she chooses.
Conceptual Framework
 What is/are Positive/Negative

Impact of ROTC to the
students
•Research Determined the impact of
 What is/are the benefits in •Analysis ROTC among the criminology
joining the ROTC •Presentation students at the University of
•Survey through questionnaire the Cordilleras
 How should the facilitator
supervise the officers to
Statem
achieve a better result

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Chapter 1

Background of the Study

The Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC) was established by

Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis

1. What is/are Positive/Negative Impact of ROTC to the students?

2. What is/are the benefits in joining the ROTC?

Purpose/Significance of the Study

 What is/are Positive/Negative

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