Machine Design Vol 12-1

UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD
FACULTY OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES

ADEKO – ASSOCIATION FOR DESIGN, ELEMENTS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
machine design
Vol.12(2020) No.1
ISSN 1821-1259, E-ISSN 2406-0666
editors:
siniša kuzmanović
MILAN RACKOV
novi sad, 2020

Publication
“Machine Design”
editors
Siniša KUZMANOVIĆ, Ph.D. Eng., University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences
Milan RACKOV, Ph.D. Eng., University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences
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ISSN 1821-1259
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University Politehnica Timisoara, Eftemie Murgu University of Resita, University of Novi Sad,
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Prof. Ladislav GULAN, Ph.D. Prof. Athanassios MIHAILIDIS, Ph.D. Prof. Adisa VUČINA, Ph.D.
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University of Zenica, University of Belgrade, University of Novi Sad,
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technical editorial board
Vasile ALEXA, Ph.D. Jana GULANOVA, Ph.D. Žarko MIŠKOVIĆ, MSc.
University Politehnica Timisoara, Slovak University of Technology, University of Belgrade,
Faculty of Engineering – Hunedoara, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Hunedoara, Romania Bratislava, Slovakia Belgrade, Serbia
Milan BANIĆ, Ph.D. Ivan KNEŽEVIĆ, MSc. Sorin RAŢIU, Ph.D.
University of Niš, University of Novi Sad, University Politehnica Timisoara,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering – Hunedoara,
Niš, Serbia Novi Sad, Serbia Hunedoara, Romania
Jozef BUCHA, Ph.D. Zoran MILOJEVIĆ, Ph.D. Roman RUZAROVSKY, Ph.D.
Slovak University of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology
Bratislava, Slovakia Novi Sad, Serbia STU, Trnava, Slovakia
Maja ČAVIĆ, Ph.D. Aleksandar MILTENOVIĆ, Ph.D. Milan TICA, Ph.D.
University of Novi Sad, University of Niš, University of Banja Luka,
Faculty of Technical Sciences, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Novi Sad, Serbia Niš, Serbia Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Editors,
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CONTENTS:
Research papers
1. Design of a Hydraulic System for Water Supply in a Poundo Yam Process Plant
Olayinka Mohammed OLABANJI ............................................................................................................................. 1
2. Development of 3D Models from 2D Drawings of Electrochemical Discharge Machine

Pravin PAWAR, Amaresh KUMAR, Raj BALLAV ................................................................................................. 7
3. Design of a Single Mast Retractable Carport Canopy

Olakunle KAYODE, Kehinde ADELEKE, Eyitope ALADE .................................................................................. 15
4. Maximization the Power Transmitted in Drive Belt Transmissions

Julio Cézar De ALMEIDA ....................................................................................................................................... 21
IN MEMORIAM: Prof. Ph.D. Eng. Veniamin GOLDFARB
MANUSCRIPT FORMAT
machine design, Vol.12(2020) No.1, ISSN 1821-1259 pp. 1-6
DOI: 10.24867/MD.12.2020.1.1-6
Research paper
DESIGN OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FOR WATER SUPPLY IN A POUNDO YAM

PROCESS PLANT
Olayinka Mohammed OLABANJI
Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria
Received (12.12.2019); Revised (27.03.2020); Accepted (30.03.2020)
Abstract: This article presents the design of a hydraulic system for water supply in a post harvest process plant used for
production of Poundo yam flour. The design obtained the operational parameters of the components of the hydraulic
system. The volumetric flow rate of water obtained from the design analysis was used to estimate the volume of water
required by unit machines utilizing water in the process plant and a summation of these volumes provides the total
volume of water utilized by the entire process plant. The results obtained for the total volume of water utilized by the
process plant when operating with a buffer storage indicates that a dam should be built in order to make water
available at a less financial expense for realization of profit from the sales of the product.
Key words: Hydraulic System Design, Water Supply System, Process plant, Hydraulic Components Design
1. INTRODUCTION needed in the washing and peeling processes to remove

mud from the outer skin of the yam and wash away the
The importance of food availability to the people of a outer skin after peeling respectively. It is also needed in
nation cannot be overemphasized. It is believed that the the parboiling process as hot water to parboil the sliced
strength of a nation’s economy can be measured from the yam cubes before drying. In essence, it is essential to
availability of food to feed her citizens. Hence, if food design a hydraulic system to supply water to these
availability is considered as an indicator to economic machines and estimate the required amount of water for
advancement, then it is possible to say that economic operating them for each batch of operation of the process
advancement can be achieved by improving the plant in order to plan production and save water.
technologies on post-harvest operations of agricultural
products. In view of this, it becomes imperative to 2. HYDRAULIC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
develop improved technologies that can be adapted to
farm products in order to achieve meaningful industrial As described in Fig. 2, the pump is designed to lift water
progress in the processing of harvested foods [1, 2]. from the storage tank to the machines at the same rate
Considering yam (Dioscorea spp.) which is the because as the tubers of yam leaves the washing machine
agricultural product of discussion in this article, it is a it moves directly to the peeling/slicing and parboiling
dicotyledonous annual plant and an important source of machine. Water is expected to be sprayed by the nozzles
carbohydrate for many people of the sub-Saharan region which are arranged linearly on both sides of the machine
especially in Nigeria. It is one of the major food crops in wall and are separated at an opposite distance equal to the
West Africa, the Caribbean, Asia, India and part of Brazil. average diameter of yam (Fig. 3). Hence water is
It can be consumed as boiled yam, roasted yam, fried expected to be available as the washed yam arrives at the
yam, pounded yam and Amala which is stiff glutinous peeling machine. Also, water is supplied to the parboiling
dough [3, 4]. The tubers of yam cannot be stored much machine then boiled and pumped to the parboiling
longer after harvest before decaying, and so processing chamber before the arrival of the sliced cubes from the
follows immediately after harvesting. A recent processed peeling/slicing machine.
form of this tuber crop is Poundo yam which is also In order to effectively design a hydraulic system, it is
referred to as instant pounded yam flour (IPYF). It is a necessary to consider the physical dimensions of the hose
processed white powder form of yam (dehydrated yam based on water storage position and the position of the
flour) which can be produced from series of unit machines that use water in the entire process plant. Fig. 4
operations such as washing, peeling and slicing, shows the layout of the hose from the tank to the
parboiling, drying, milling, and sieving and packaging [5, machines.
6].
In order to ensure a clean production process, these 3. DESIGN ANALYSIS
operations are mechanized to form a Poundo yam process
plant as presented in Fig. 1 [5, 7]. The hygiene of the final As presented in equation 1, the total lift of the pump
product depends on cleaner production in the washing,
( TLP ) which is the manometric height is a summation of
peeling and slicing and parboiling machines which is a
function of water supply to the process plant. Water is the total suction lift ( TsL ) and total discharge lift ( TdL ).
7
*Correspondence Author’s Address: Federal University of Technology P. M B 704 Akure, Ondo State Nigeria,
omolabanji@futa.edu.ng
Olayinka Mohammed Olabanji: Design of a Hydraulic System for Water Supply in a Poundo Yam Process Plant;
Machine Design, Vol.12(2020) No.1, ISSN 1821-1259; E-ISSN 2406-0666; pp. 1-6
The total suction lift is a summation of the static suction summation of the static discharge lift ( SdL ), head loss
lift ( S sL ), head loss ( H sL ) and velocity head ( VsL ) in the ( H dL ) and velocity head ( VdL ) in the discharge line [8].
suction line. Similarly, the total discharge lift is also a In essence, equation 1 can be expressed in equation 2.
Fig.1. Process plant for Poundo Yam
Fig.2. Unit operations using water in the process plant
Fig.3. Water supply to washing machine

2
Fig.4. Hose layout for water supply
TLP  TsL  TdL (1) In order to obtain the volumetric flow rate of water into
the machines from the pump, it is necessary to apply the
TLP  S sL  H sL  VsL  SdL  H dL  VdL (2) modified Bernoulli’s equation between points A and B in
Fig.4. This will enable the determination of the velocity
The head losses in the suction and discharge lines due to
frictional force in equation two can be obtained from of water flow to the machines ( VB ) when the pump is in
equations 3 and 4 respectively. Also, the velocity heads in operation as presented in equation 7 [10, 11].
suction and discharge lines can be obtained from 1
 T P  H dL   2
Bernoulli’s equation between the suction and delivery   2  PA  PB   2 Z A  ZB   L   (7)
VB     VA  
points as presented in equations 5 and 6 respectively. It is   2 g 2 g 
worthwhile to know that the static suction lift and static   w 

discharge lift are also obtained from the dimensions of the Where PA and PB represents the pressures at points A and
pipe in Fig. 4. In essence, the static suction lift is 300 mm B, VA is the velocity of water at the entrance of the pump
which is the distance from the storage tank exit to the
during operation while Z A and Z B are the heights of
pump inlet while the static discharge lift is the summation
of all other distances from the pump exit to the delivery points A and B above the datum reference. Hence, the
points [9]. volumetric flow rate ( Q fw ) and mass flow rate ( M fw ) of
 0.024 Dsh  0.005  water during operation can be obtained from equations 8
4VsL S sL   and 9 respectively [12].
 4.725 Dsh 
H sL  (3) 2
2 gDsh  DdhVB
Q fw  (8)
4
 0.024 Ddh  0.005 
4VdL SdL   2
 4.725Ddh   w DdhVB
H dL  (4) M fw  (9)
2 gDdh 4
Further, the efficiency of the pump (  pump ) is a ratio of
Where Dsh and Ddh are the diameter of the hose in the
suction and discharge lines respectively. the Water Horse Power of the pump (WHP) to its Shaft
If the pressures in the suction and delivery sides of the Horse Power (SHP). The water horsepower is a function
pump are represented as ( Psu ) and ( Pde ) respectively and of the mass flow rate of the pump while the shaft
horsepower is the power transmitted to the input shaft of
the density of water is represented as (  w ) then;
the pump from the prime mover. The SHP can be
 P  Psu  obtained from the drive efficiency of the prime mover
VsL   de   VdL  SdL  S sL (5)
 w g  (  pm ) and Brake Horse Power (BHP) of the pump which
 P  Pde  is the actual horsepower needed by the pump to deliver
VdL   su   VsL  SdL  S sL (6)
 w g  the manometric height. The WHP can be obtained from
3
equation 10, while the pump’s efficiency and its specific velocity of the water at entry and exit of the nozzle can be
speed (  S pump ) (which is a function of the number of obtained from the continuity equation. Hence, equation 15
can be re-written as equation 16 so that the momentum
revolutions of the prime mover ( N pm )) are obtained in
force depends on the areas at entry ( Aen ) and exit ( Aex )
equations 11 and 12 respectively [13, 14].
of the nozzle.
2
 w gDdhVBTLP FM  Q fw Vex  Ven  (15)
WHP  (10)
4
2  1 1 
2
 w gDdhVBTLP pm FM   Q fw     (16)
 pump  (11)  Aex Aen 
4 BHP
The pressure force can be obtained from the pressure of
1
the water at the inlet of the nozzle. In order to obtain the
  D2 V 2
N pm  dh B  pressure at the entry of the nozzle ( Pen ), Bernoulli’s
 4 
 S pump  (12) equation can be applied between the entry and exit sides
3
of the nozzle. In this case, the datum distance is negligible
TLP  4
  for both points under consideration and as such we have;
Further, it is essential to consider the nozzle because it w
receives the water and sprays the tubers of yam in the
Pen  Pex  Vex  Ven  (17)
2
washing machine as described in Fig. 3. The nozzle assists
Where Pex is the pressure of water at the exit of the
in increasing the velocity, momentum and acceleration of
the water in order to create a fluidic impact force that can nozzle. Applying the continuity equation, an expression
remove sticky soils from the yam as they are washed. The for the entry pressure in terms of entry and exit areas, exit
nozzles direct the flow of water to the yam with the help of pressure and mass flow rate of water into the nozzle can
its circular and convergent shape. The selection of a nozzle be derived as; [16]
is based on the diameter of the exit area, coverage required, M fw  1 1 
pressure available and nozzle discharge. These Pen  Pex     (18)
2  Aex Aen 
considerations are necessary to obtain a uniform
distribution coverage, the desired rate of application and In essence, the pressure force can be obtained from the
break up of nozzle drops. In view of this, it is desirable to entry pressure in equation 18 as presented in equation 19.
determine the exit diameter of the nozzle ( d enoz ) from the M fw  Aen 
FP  Aen Pex    1 (19)
volumetric flow rate of water from the discharge pipe of 2  Aex 
the pump, as presented in equation 13 [15].
Hence, considering equations 14, 16 and 19, the reactive
1 force of the nozzle can be derived as;
 2 1 2
d enoz   DdhVB C  
2 gTdL 2  (13)  1 1  2 Aen M fw 
  FR       Q fw     Aen Pex (20)
 Aex Aen   2 
Where C is the Coefficient of discharge of the nozzle
which is a function of friction and contraction losses. The 4. PERFORMANCE OF WATER SUPPLY
coefficient discharge of a good nozzle is usually taken as SYSTEM IN THE FABRICATED PROCESS
0.95. Further, the forces acting on the nozzles are the PLANT
pressure forces ( FP ) and the reactive forces ( FR ). The
reactive force is the force exerted by the nozzle on the To reduce the cost of fabrication and realization of a
water. It is the force that the pump must overcome in prototype for the Poundo yam process plant, all the unit
machines were fabricated from locally sourced materials.
order to supply water to the washing machine. It is These machines are assembled as shown in Fig. 5 [5].
numerically obtained with a negative sign indicating that The fabricated process plant was operated based on a
it is a reactive force. The summation of these forces must constant supply of water because the washing machine,
be equal to the momentum force ( FM ) [11]. Thus; peeling/slicing machine and parboiling machine operates
on a continuous supply of water. This implies that there is
FM  FP  FR (14)
a stream of constant water supply that need to be supplied
Also, the momentum force is a function of the volumetric from the start of the operation. However, it is desired to
flow rate of water from the pump and the velocities of the determine the actual volume of water required to operate
water at entry ( Ven ) and exit ( Vex ) of the nozzle as these machines using water in the process plant. This is
necessary because the process plant may be operated
presented in equation 15. Considering equation 15, the
4
where there is no constant supply of water. Hence, it is Table1. Performance of the machines utilizing water in
essential to determine the actual volume of water needed the process plant
w
to operate the plant ( V pp ) as presented in equation 21. Production Machine’s Time
Rate (kg/hr) output Utilized per
Capacity batch (hr)
S/N Machines
(kg)
No Buffer No Buffer No Buffer
Buffer added Buffer added Buffer added
1 Washing
200 200 700.00 2100 3.50 10.50
machine
2 Peeling
and
240 240 720.00 2160 3.00 9.00
Slicing
Machine
3 Parboiling
234 234 701.00 2103 3.00 9.00
Machine
Table 2. Determination of volume of water utilized by unit

machines and entire process plant
Volume of water
Time Utilized Utilized per batch
per batch (hr) (m3/batch) at
S/N Machines
Q fw  0.012 m3 s
No Buffer No Buffer
Fig.5. Fabricated Process Plant Buffer added Buffer added
1 Washing
3.50 10.50 2.52 7.56
w
V pp w
 Vwm w
 V psm w
 V pm (21) machine
2 Peeling and
w w w Slicing 3.00 9.00 2.16 6.48
Where Vwm , V psm and V pm represents the volume of
Machine
water utilized by the washing, peeling/slicing and
3 Parboiling
parboiling machine respectively. Further, the addition of 3.00 9.00 2.16 6.48
Machine
buffers in the process plant in order to increase the plant’s
4 Whole
capacity will also require the estimation of the actual 9.50 28.50 6.84 20.52
Process Plant
volume of water needed for operation with or without
buffers. This will enable the management of the process
plant to forecast the running cost of making water Table 3. Hydraulic system parameters determined from
available for operation of the plant. the design analysis
In order to achieve estimating of the actual volume of S/N Parameter Units Value
water required by the process plant, the volumetric flow 1 Mass Flow Rate Kg/s 12
rate of water which is estimated to be 0.0012 m3/s as 2 WHP Watts 1931
obtained from equation 8 is applied to determine the 3 Pump’s Efficiency % 86
volume of water used by the machines when operating 4 BHP Watts 2634
with or without buffer storage. An extract of the 5 Specific Speed of Pump m/s 20.2
performance of the washing machine, peeling/slicing 6 Velocity of Water Discharge m/s 16.7
machine and parboiling machine from the whole process
7 Total Discharge Lift m 13.8
plant as obtained from [5] is presented in Table 1. The
8 Total Suction Lift m 2.6
volume of water used by each of these machines is
9 Head Loss due to Static lift m 0.052
estimated and presented in Table 2. Other parameters
10 Head Loss due to Discharge lift m 1.7
such as mass flow rate, WHP, pump’s efficiency, BHP,
11 Exit Diameter of Nozzle m 0.03
the velocity of water discharge, total suction and
12 Momentum Force of Nozzle N 115
discharge lift, nozzle exit area, pressure, reactive and
13 Pressure Force of Nozzle N 201
momentum force on the nozzle and the nozzle entry
pressure are obtained from the design analysis of the 14 Reactive Force of Nozzle N -86
hydraulic system. 15 Nozzle’s Entry Pressure N/m2 103075
5
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION [3] Ayodeji, S. and T. Abioye. 2011. Development and
Performance Evaluation of a parboiling machine for
Considering the results obtained from Table 2 poundo-yam flour processing plant. Journal of
representing the volume of water utilized by the unit Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied
machines and whole process plant, it is evident that the Sciences. Vol 2, No 5, 853-857.
process plant will utilize 6.84 m3 of water when operating [4] Oke, M.O., S. Awonorin, O. Oyelade, J. Olajide, G.
with no buffer storage to produce 701 kg of Poundo yam Olaniyan, and P. Sobukola. 2009. Some thermo-
in 9.5 hrs. Also, a total volume of 20.52 m3 of water is physical properties of yam cuts of two geometries.
used by the process plant to 2103 kg of Poundo yam in African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol 8, No 7.
28.5 hrs. However, it is worthwhile to note that the total
time of operation of the process plant presented in this [5] Olabanji, O. 2019. A Framework for Production
article is based on the time spent by the unit machines Capacity and Time Utilization of Mono Product
utilizing water. This implies that the operational time for Sequential Process Plants. International Journal of
other unit machines will be added in order to determine Engineering Technologies. Vol 5, No 2, 1-12.
the actual time utilized by the whole process plant. The [6] Olaoye, J.O. and S.N. Oyewole. 2012. Optimization
increase in the volume of water in the result obtained for of some “poundo” yam production parameters.
the process plant per batch is an indication that the results Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR
follow the expectations that more water will be needed Journal. Vol 14, No 2, 58-67.
when operating with buffer storage than when there is no [7] Peter, A.S., O.M. Olabanji, and A.M. Kanisuru.
buffer storage in the plant.
2012. Design of a process plant for the production of
However, a total volume of 20.52 m3 (20520 litres) of
water utilized by the process plant in 28.5 hrs when poundo yam. International Journal of Engineering
operating with buffer storage is very high and as such a (IJE). Vol 6, No 1, 10-24.
dam needs to be developed to serve as a source of clean [8] Couper, J.R., W.R. Penney, J.R. Fair, and S.M.
water for the process plant. This is necessary for the Walas. 2012 Chemical Process Equipment Selection
management of the process plant in order to make a profit and Design Third Edition. 2012, 225 Wyman Street,
because continuous payment of bills for supply of this Waltham, MA 02451, USA; The Boulevard,
high volume of water will hinder the realization of profit Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK:
from the sales of the final product. Further, the hydraulic Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier.
system parameters obtained from the design analysis (as [9] Bloomer, J.J. 2000 Practical fluid mechanics for
presented in Table 3) indicates that the hydraulic system engineering applications. 2000: Marcel Dekker.
will provide effective supply of water to the process plant.
[10] Young, D.F., B.R. Munson, T.H. Okiishi, and W.W.
Huebsch. 2010 A brief introduction to fluid
6. CONCLUSION mechanics. 2010: John Wiley & Sons.
[11] Edward J. Shaughnessy, J., I.M. Katz, and J.P.
Post harvest processing of food crops is an important
Schaffer. 2005 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics.
activity that can guarantee food security in a nation. A
hydraulic system for water supply in a process plant is 2005, 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York
designed and evaluated in this article. The design analysis 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-
obtained all the design parameters needed for effective 195154-51-1. 1057.
operation of the process plant. It is important to design a [12] Yunus, A.C. 2010 Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals
system for water utilization in the process plant because And Applications (Si Units). 2010: Tata McGraw
its helps the management of the process plant to know the Hill Education Private Limited.
running cost that will be required in terms of water usage. [13] Karassik, I.J., J.P. Messina, P. Cooper, and C.C.
The design will also provide an insight to the location of Heald. 2001 Pump Handbook Third Edition. 2001,
the process plant because a dam need to developed Printed in the United States of America: The
considering the fact that a high volume of water is McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ISBN 0-07-034032-3.
estimated when operating the plant with buffer storage. 1789.
Hence, the development of a dam for water supply is
inevitable for effective operation of the process plant. [14] Thin, K.C., M.M. Khaing, and K.M. Aye. 2008.
Design and Performance Analysis of Centrifugal
REFERENCES Pump. World Academy of Science, Engineering and
Technology. Vol 46, No 1, 422-429.
[1] Kader, A.A. 2004 Increasing food availability by [15] Butts, T.R., L.E. Butts, J.D. Luck, B.K. Fritz, W.C.
reducing postharvest losses of fresh produce. in V Hoffmann, and G.R. Kruger. 2019. Droplet size and
International Postharvest Symposium 682. pp. 2169- nozzle tip pressure from a pulse-width modulation
2176. sprayer. Biosystems engineering. Vol 178, No 52-69.
[2] Abass, A.B., G. Ndunguru, P. Mamiro, B. Alenkhe, [16] Giles, R.V., J.B. Evett, and C. Liu. 1994 Theory and
N. Mlingi, and M. Bekunda. 2014. Post-harvest food Problems of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. 1994,
losses in a maize-based farming system of semi-arid New York, United States: Schaum's Outline Series
savannah area of Tanzania. Journal of stored products McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-023316-0. 378.
research. Vol 57, No 1, 49-57.
© 2020 Authors. Published by the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
license 3.0 Serbia (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/rs/).
6
DOI: 10.24867/MD.12.2020.1.7-14
Research paper
DEVELOPMENT OF 3D MODELS FROM 2D DRAWINGS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL

DISCHARGE MACHINE
Pravin PAWAR1, * - Amaresh KUMAR1 - Raj BALLAV1
1 Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India, 831014
Abstract: The electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) technology is a hybrid non-conventional method that can
be used to machine all types of materials. Most researchers have studied the experimental results of the ECDM
machine, but very few literatures are available which explained how to develop this ECDM machine setup. Therefore,
to solve this problem current research work is taken into consideration. In this paper, the 2D drawings were used to
build 3D models of each part of the ECDM machine setup. The development of all models was built by using Solidworks
Software. These models were assembled to form the 3D machine model which was further used for fabrication of the
ECDM machine setup. This setup is used for the machining of non-conducting material. The 3D models of the ECDM
machine show basic ideas of developing the actual demo model of the ECDM setup.
Key words: ECDM, 2D Drawing, 3D Model, CAD
1. INTRODUCTION experimental research work in previous years due to its

simple design model. The ECDM machining process has
The product modularization can be done by using used for the application of arrays of holes in the various
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) models. It raises the materials, surface modification, nanoparticle formation,
efficiency of the development process of product and Hydrogen gas formation, micro-channels, fabrication of
reduces the time necessary for product development. It miniature components, heat treatment and micro-filters
also supports product design changes, reduces [5]. Gao et al. fabricated a gravity feed based ECDM
manufacturing cost, increases productivity, enhances the machine. In this machine, the gravity feed mechanism
quality of product and also increases profit of was applied to the workpiece [6]. Furutani et al.
organization. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems developed a new gravity feed ECDM machine in which
assist inventors to produce digital illustrations of their the six electrodes were set radially at the upper frame and
designs by manipulating, storing, and visualizing in path at the lower electrode [7]. Zhang et al. have used
information concerning the designed artifact’s the gravity feed mechanism that was applied to the
conformation. The CAD systems are exceedingly workpiece. In this machine, the cathode tool was fixed in
informed for the demonstration’s denotative significance the spindle which can be moved downward and upward
in the designer’s conceptual world. Feature-based directions, also revolves at different speeds by the
computer-aided design is a normally arranged 3D computer control method [8]. Jiang et al. have made the
modeling technology that is typically used for the ECDM machine for machining of soda-lime glass
industrial purposes. In this technology, the 3D CAD material in which the gravity-feed method was applied to
model is developed gradually and chronologically adding the workpiece by weight to offer continuous force [9].
geometric features through parent/child relationships, Also, it produced micro holes on the zirconium oxide
which produces an interconnected structure. The 3D ceramic material through copper tool electrode in the
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model used to denote gravity feed based ECDM machine [10]. The material
components before the design process. However, there is removal rate, tool wear rate, radial overcut, machined
also a need to analyze these designs by using softwares depth and surface roughness were investigated mostly as
with various factors including cost, feasibility, design, output responses by researchers [11]. This paper is the
materials, machine tool, and fabrication, etc. [1, 2]. The next version of paper published previously by Pawar et al.
modern machine tools are used for machining of all types They explained 2D drawings of all parts of gravity feed
of materials from this the electrochemical discharge ECDM machine in their research article [12] and these 2D
machine is also used for machining of all types of drawings are used to create 3D models of each part as
materials. It is a hybrid non-conventional manufacturing well as assembly of ECDM machine. In simple words, 3D
process that combined with two machining techniques models were developed and that is represented in this
named as electro-chemical and electro-discharge paper. The developed models were used for the
processes [3]. The ECDM process was originally created fabrication of a real prototype model of the ECDM
by Kurafuji in the year 1968 [4]. The gravity feed machine. This fabricated ECDM machine can be used to
mechanism based on ECDM is most commonly used for cut different glass and ceramic materials.
*Correspondence Author’s Address: Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, National Institute of Technology
Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India, 831014, pravin.1900@gmail.com
Pravin Pawar, Amaresh Kumar, Raj Ballav: Development of 3D Models from 2D Drawings of Electrochemical Discharge Machine;
2. BASIC MECHANISM OF ECDM Figure 2 indicates a 2D drawing of the machine table

which is fabricated by stainless steel material having sizes
The basic working principle of the ECDM process is of 1275×630×675 mm3 and thickness 3mm of plate. The
presented in Fig. 1. In this process anode and cathode
corners of this plate are welded by L type channel plate
electrodes were dipped in aqueous electrolyte medium.
When D.C. voltage is applied between cathode and anode with a length of 675mm which will give support to the
electrodes then electrolysis arises at 30V approximately. base plate. The total weight of this table is near about
In these conditions, oxygen bubbles were created at the 50kg. All other parts of the ECDM machine overloaded
anode electrode and hydrogen gas bubbles were generated into this machine table [12]. Figure 3 shows a 3D model
at the cathode tool electrode. When the voltage is raised of the ECDM machine table. The model is developed by
up then the current also rises which creates a great using a 2D drawing of a machine table which shows a
quantity of bubbles and bubble layer nearby the cathode
virtual model of the ECDM machine table. The
electrode. The extreme voltage goes beyond the critical
voltage then the bubbles coalesce into a gas film to the Solidworks software was used for making of this 3D
cathode electrode point. At that stage, the light arises in model.
the film where an electrical discharge generated between
electrolyte and cathode [13].

Fig.1. Basic Mechanism of ECDM Fig.3. 3D Model of ECDM Machine Table
3. DEVELOPMENT OF 3D MODELS FROM Figure 4 shows the 2D drawing of a compound sliding

2D DRAWINGS table which is stable on the top position of the machine
table. The compound sliding table is made by cast iron
The 3D models of ECDM machine developed by using and steel material which is used for sliding movement of
2D drawings include various parts such as machine table, the X-axis and Y-axis ways. The sliding table dimension
single-axis sliding table, compound sliding table, was 253×253 mm2. This compound sliding table is
electrolyte container, stepper motor mounting plate, fastened with a machine table by using nut and bolts. The
height piece, workpiece fixture, welded bracket, pulley, handle was used for sliding movement to X-axis and Y-
pulley bracket, counterweight, and cathode electrode. axis. When handle rotates it moves in backward and
forward directions due to the lead screw placed below the
sliding table [12]. Figure 5 shows the 3D model of a
compound sliding table which was developed by using
2D drawing. This model gives an idea about the clear
picture of the compound sliding table which is further
used for assembly of the 3D machine model. Figure 6 and
figure 8 represents 2D drawings of single-axis sliding
table i.e. sliding base and sliding block which is stable on
a welded bracket. The welded bracket is fixed to height
piece and all these parts attached to a machine table. This
single-axis sliding table is used for upward and downward
directions providing to the cathode tool electrode. The
cathode tool electrode is attached to the stepper motor
spindle. The table can be travel by manually through the
handle [12]. Figure 7 and figure 9 shows development of
3D models by using the 2D drawings of sliding base and
sliding block. It shows 2 model components of a single-
axis sliding table i.e. single-axis sliding block and sliding
Fig.2. 2D Drawing of ECDM Machine Table [12]
base.
8
Fig.7. 3D model of Single axis (Z-Axis) Sliding Block
Fig.4. 2D Drawing of Compound sliding table [12]
Fig.8. 2D Drawing of Single axis (Z-Axis) Sliding Block

[12]
Fig.5. 3D Model of Compound sliding table
Fig.9. 3D Model of Single axis (Z-Axis) Sliding Block
Figure 10, 12, 14 and 16 shows that 2D drawings of parts

which is made up of acrylic material i.e. electrolyte
container, workpiece mounting fixture, pulley bracket,
and the support plate. The square-sized acrylic container
is joined with four strips at the bottom which is fitted on a
compound sliding table. The workpiece mounting fixture
is used to clamp the workpiece material size of 125×150
mm2. The gravity feed mechanism is applied to workpiece
mounting fixture with the help of pully, pully mounting
bracket, wire rope and counterweight [12]. Figure 11, 13,
15 and 17 represents 3D models of electrolyte container,
workpiece mounting fixture, pulley bracket and support
Fig.6. 2D drawings of Single axis (Z-Axis) Sliding Base plate which is exactly developed according to 2D
[12] drawings dimensions.
9
Fig.14. 2D Drawing of pulley mounting bracket [12]
Fig.10. 2D Drawing of Electrolyte container [12]
Fig.15. 3D model of pulley mounting bracket
Fig.11. 3D model of Electrolyte container
Fig.16. 2D drawing of Support plate [12]
Fig.12. 2D Drawing Workpiece mounting fixture [12]
Fig.17. 3D Models Support plate
Figure 18 and figure 20 indicates a welded-bracket and

height piece for holding a single axis (Z-axis) sliding
table. The height-piece is made up of a mild steel square
block with a size of 155×155 mm2. The block is fixed to a
Fig.13. 3D model of Workpiece mounting fixture machine table with the help of nut and bolts. The welded-
10
bracket is utilized for mounting a single axis sliding table aluminum material [12]. Figure 23, 25, 27, 29 and 31
on the height-piece [12]. Figure 19 and figure 21 represents 3D models of the handle, clamp plate, pulley
represents 3D models of welded-bracket and height-piece. plate, flange, and pulley. These models are developed by
The Solidworks software is used for developing these using 2D drawings of the handle, clamp plate, pulley
components. plate, flange, and pulley.
Fig.21. 3D Model of welded bracket
Fig.18. 2D Drawing of Height piece [12]
Fig.19. 3D model of Height piece
Fig.22. 2D Drawing of Handle [12]
Fig.23. 3D model of Handle
Fig.20. 2D drawing of welded bracket [12]
Figure 22, 24, 26, 28 and 30 shows 2D drawings of

various other components which are the parts of the
ECDM machine setup. These are handle, clamp plate,
pulley plate, and flange. These components are used for
different functions of the ECDM machine. The handle,
clamp plate, pulley plate, and flange are made up of mild
steel material. However, the pulley is made up of Fig.24. 2D Drawing of flange [12]
11
the location of the micro-stepping drive, Arduino Uno

board and stepper motor, and these are clamped to the
mounting plate with the help of nut and bolts. The
mounting plate can be traveled upward and downward
direction using the Z-axis sliding table [12]. Figure 33
represents a 3D model of Mounting Plate for Arduino
Uno board, Micro-stepping drive and Stepper motor
which shows a virtual model of the mounting plate.
Fig.25. 3D model of flange
Fig.29. 3D model of clamp plate
Fig.26. 2D Drawing of plate [12]
Fig.30. 2D drawing of pulley [12]
Fig.27. 3D model of plate
Fig.31. 3D Model of Pulley
Fig.28. 2D drawing of clamp plate [12]
Figure 32 shows a 2D drawing of mounting plate for the

micro-stepping drive, Stepper motor, and Arduino Uno
board, which is made up of aluminum material. The Fig.32. 2D drawing of Mounting Plate for Micro-stepping
precise holes are drilled on a mounting plate according to drive, Arduino Uno board, and Stepper motor [12]
12
and 3D models. The handy and compact size machine is

fabricated which can be beneficial for cutting and drilling
operations on all types of materials.
Fig.33. 3D model of Mounting Plate for Micro-stepping

drive, Arduino Uno board, and Stepper motor
Figure 34 shows a 2D drawing of a cathode tool electrode

which is made up of different materials having a total
length of 150 mm and a 3 mm diameter. The conical
shape is provided to the tool tip-point of the cathode
electrode. In this tool electrode there is provision of slot
for the purpose of connection of negative terminal of
power supply. This cathode electrode is used for making Fig.35. 2D model of ECDM Cathode Electrode
holes in different types of workpiece materials [12].
Figure 35 represents a 3D model of cathode electrode
which is developed from a 2D drawing of the cathode tool
electrode. It gives an idea about the actual look of a
cathode electrode.
Fig.36. 2D Drawing of ECDM Machine Assembly [12]
Fig.34. 2D drawing of ECDM Cathode Electrode [12]
Figure 36 represents 2D drawing of the assembly of

ECDM machining setup which includes all parts ECDM
machine and connected one another. The various parts
includes such as machine table, workpiece mounting
fixture, electrolyte container, supporting plate, clamping
plate, rubber packing, compound sliding table, ECDM
tool electrodes, Stepper motor, micro-stepping drive,
Arduino Uno Board, Plate, motor mounting plate, sliding
block, sliding base, welded bracket, height piece, pulley
handle, flange, power supply for stepper motor (SMPS),
rubber packing, wire rope, dead weight, and mounting
bracket etc. [12]. Figure 37 shows a 3D assembly model
of the ECDM machine setup developed by using 2D
assembly drawing. The whole ECDM machine looks like
the 3D model. Figure 38 shows a fabricated ECDM
machine that is developed with the help of 2D drawings Fig.37. 3D Model of ECDM Machine assembly
13
of Important Elements of Hand Drill And Angle

Grinder Table Stand. Machine design, Vol. 11, No. 2,
(pp. 59-62), ISSN 1821-1259
[3] Goud, M.; Sharma A.K. & Jawalkar, C. (2016). A
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Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) and
possibilities to enhance the material removal rate.
Precision Engineering, Vol. 45, (pp. 1-17), ISSN
0141-6359
[4] Kurafuji, H. & Suda, K. (1968). Electrical discharge
drilling of glass. Annals of the CIRP, Vol. 16, (pp.
415-419), ISSN 0007-8506
[5] Pawar, P.; Ballav, R. & Kumar, A. (2018). FEM
Analysis of Different Materials Based on Explicit
Dynamics ANSYS in Electrochemical Discharge
Machine. In: U. Dixit, R. Kant. (eds), Simulations for
Design and Manufacturing, Lecture Notes on
Fig.38. Fabricated ECDM machine Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, Springer,
Singapore, (pp. 231-258), 2018. ISBN 978-981-329-
4. CONCLUSION 487-5
[6] Gao, C.; Liu, Z. & Li, A. (2014). Study of micro
The machining of non-conducting materials is a very drilling on pyrex glass using spark assisted chemical
difficult task due to its physical properties. Thus a hybrid engraving. Micro and Nanosystems, Vol. 6, no. 1,
machining process i.e. ECDM machining is used to (pp. 26-33), ISSN 1876-4037
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materials. For the fabrication of machine the design, (2010). Measurement of current in electrochemical
development, and fabrication stages are the most discharge machining by forced discharge dispersion.
important factors and without this it is very difficult to Pulse, Vol. 6, no. 5, (pp. 1-4), ISSN 1881-0888
build a machine for new researchers. Hence, to solve this [8] Zhang, Z.; Huang, L.; Jiang, Y.; Liu, G.; Nie, X.; Lu,
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shows the development of ECDM machine 3D models properties of electrochemical discharge effect based
from 2D drawings. The previously published 2D on pulse power supply. The International Journal of
drawings are used for the development of 3D models Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 85, no. 9-
from parts model to assembly model of ECDM machine. 12, (pp. 2107-2114), ISSN 0268-3768
These 2D drawings are developed on software in which [9] Jiang, B.; Lan, S. & Ni, J. (2014). Investigation of
we can try various changes according to the requirement micro-drilling assisted electrochemical discharge
without wasting extra money as well as time and final machining. In Proceedings of 9th international
machine design is prepared for the actual machine. The workshop on microfactories, University of Hawaii,
2D drawing provides us the component specification of Honolulu, USA, (pp. 96-100).
the whole machine which is useful to build the machine in [10] Doloi, B.; Bhattacharyya, B.; & Sorkhel, S.K.
a specific design which will give an idea of machine (1999). Electrochemical discharge machining of
structure as well as it provides the lacunae of machine nonconducting ceramics. Defence Science Journal,
designing if any. The conceptualization of the design Vol. 49, No. 4, (pp. 331-338), ISSN 0011-748X
model is shown in this paper. Thus current fabricated [11] Pawar, P.; Ballav, R. & Kumar, A. (2015).
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materials. This paper may be helpful for the development Machining (ECDM) Process: A Literature Review.
of new ECDM machines as well as other types of Journal Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Vol.
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[12] Pawar, P.; Kumar, A. & Ballav, R. (2018).
Development and Manufacturing of Arduino Based
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14
DOI: 10.24867/MD.12.2020.1.15-20
Research paper
DESIGN OF A SINGLE MAST RETRACTABLE CARPORT CANOPY

Olakunle KAYODE1 * - Kehinde ADELEKE2 - Eyitope ALADE3
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Abstract: Design solution to failure of carport canopy structural frame under severe weather conditions is presented.
The carport is conceived to be a single mast structure supporting an overhead retractable canopy operated by screw
mechanism. The retraction of the canopy deny extreme weather conditions such as strong wind or heavy snowfall a
surface area on which to act upon thereby generating excessive load that may collapse the whole structure. The design
process followed well established design procedure. Critical components were analyzed for functionality and safety. A
proof of concept model at a reduced scale was fabricated which successfully demonstrated the efficacy of the
deployment and the retracting mechanism.
Key words: Carport, Retractable canopy, Power screw, Polyethylene canvas, DC motor.
1. INTRODUCTION typically fall between 7.5 to 9 feet (2.25 to 2.7m) wide

and 10 to 20 feet (3.0 to 6.0m) long [6]. However for this
Carport canopies are common residential or public design, the height of the concept carport mast was
building structures for protection of vehicles from the predetermined as 2.4m, while the maximum surface
elements most especially, sun rays. Extended exposure of dimensions of the covering fabric when fully deployed is
vehicles to direct sunlight had been shown to cause prefixed as 2.6m by 4.12m. With these basic dimensions,
premature fading of vehicle paintwork [1], while the concept retractable carport canopy is as depicted in
excessive interior heat may affect the quality of interior Fig. 2.
plastic parts and fabric overtime [2]. Carport covering
fabric is usually fixed. However this type of design can
prove dangerous in extreme weather conditions such as
during heavy snowfall or strong wind. Excessive ice
weight on the fabric may lead to the collapse of the
support structure which is not usually design to carry
additional load other than that of the canopy. The canopy
can also provide undesired surface area for wind pressure
to act upon leading to generation of large force that may
eventually collapse the support structure. However, a
solution to these problems is to make the covering fabric
(the canopy) retractable so that during these type of
extreme weather conditions, the surface area they act
upon can be reduced to a minimum if not totally reduced
to zero. Also making the canopy structure to rest on a
single mast will allow easier maneuverability of the
vehicle when being parked under the canopy by reducing
the number of obstructions compared to when it is
supported by two or four props depending on the design.
This paper thus presents design of a single mast
retractable carport canopy to solve the issues earlier
stated. Generally the design process is both sequential and
iterative. A schematic of a typical design procedure which Fig.1. General procedure in machine design
serves as a guide for this work is as depicted in Fig. 1
based on [3- 5]. The canopy is conceived to deploy and retract using
power screw mechanism (Fig.2-b). Power screws are used
2. BASIC PARAMETERS AND THE CONCEPT to convert rotary motion into translation motion. In
majority of power screw applications, the nut has axial
Dimensions of parking lot space for individual vehicle motion against the resisting axial force while the screw
varied from country to country. In the United States, they rotates in its bearings [4]. This relative motion between
*Correspondence Author’s Address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osun State University, PMB 4494, Oke-Baale, Osogbo,
Nigeria, olakunle.kayode@uniosun.edu.ng
Olakunle Kayode, Kehinde Adeleke, Eyitope Alade: Design of a Single Mast Retractable Carport Canopy;
screw and nut is at the heart of the operating mechanism 3.1. Screw Forces Analysis and Motor Sizing.
of this present design. The power screw is rotated by an
electric motor in its bearing. The screw’s nut with the The screw forces analysis diagram is as shown in Fig. 3.
The screw thread was based on ACME thread form.
ACME threads are commonly used when rapid movement
is required or large forces are transmitted. This thread is
the most common form used in screw mechanisms for
industrial machines [7].
The force F required to slide the canopy and rib
subassembly over the steel guide rods is given by
F=μsW (1)
Where μs is coefficient of static friction for steel on steel
dry surface taken as 0.6 [8], F= Ff (force to overcome
friction) and W = Fn (the normal reaction).
W = (Wc + Wr)g (2)
Where Wc is the mass of canopy (kg), Wr is the mass of
the four mobile ribs(kg), and g is acceleration due to
gravity(m/s2). Wc = (weight/unit area of canopy X area of
(a) canopy).
Weight/unit area of canopy is taken as 500g/m2 [9].
Wc = 5.36kg.
Wr = ρ.l.x.y.n (3)
(b)
Fig.2. Conceptual sketch of the retractable carport

canopy (a) and the details of the screw mechanism (b). Fig.3. Screw forces analysis diagram
outermost rib (r5) integral to it is advanced back or forth Where ρ is density of aluminum alloy 6063 (rib material)
depending on the screw direction of rotation. The ribs r2 taken as 2720 kg/m3 [10], l is length (2.4m), x is the width
to r4 are dummy mobile ribs, while rib r1 closest to the (60mm) and y is the depth (60mm) of the rib (if the rib is
motor is fixed. Ribs r2-r5 slides on two parallel guide initially assumed for now to be a prismatic bar of
shafts which pass through the bosses on the canopy ribs rectangular section), and n is the number of mobile ribs
[Fig. 2-b]. When the powered rib (r5) is driven outward (four in number).
from the motor, it drags the fabric along from its limp Wr = 93.66 kg, hence
form till it become tight, and then the stretched portion of W = 971.30N.
the fabric starts to drag along rib 4. The process continues Thus, F= 582.80 N.
for the rest of the ribs (r2 and r3) until the canopy is fully The canopy is expected to fully deploy in a minute. The
deployed over the parking space. Retraction is actualized total length of the active section of the screw is fixed at
when the power screw rotates in the opposite direction 4.12 m (length of canopy). ACME thread Steel screw of
and slides the ribs back towards the mast. A plastic cover nominal diameter 40mm is selected. In practice power
extending along the entire length of the screw mechanism screws are provided by specialist suppliers who provide
and partially wrapped round it protect it from the technical literature which includes all the necessary data
elements. The ribs are to be made from aluminum alloy for selecting power screws from their range [11]. From
(6063) for strength and comparative lightweight, the rest [4] the pitch p of 40mm ACME thread screw is given as
of the metallic parts (mast, guide rod etc) from rust 6mm. For deployment time t in minute, the screw speed N
resistant structural steel, the screw cover from a suitable in revolution per minute (rpm) is given by
plastic, while the canopy is made from high quality, N = l/pt (4)
waterproof polyethylene canvas. N = 687 rpm. The speed (ω) in angular notation is given
by
3. DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF ω = 2πN, (5)
IMPORTANT COMPONENTS ω=72 rad/s.
The torque T required to turn the screw under the force F
The following sub-sections present design calculations for is given by;
the main components of the carport. T= P (d/2) (6)
16
Where d is the mean diameter of the screw and the Where E is the modulus of elasticity for aluminum taken
tangential force P of the screw circumference is given by as 71000N/mm2 [13] and I is section modulus calculated
[4]; as637632 mm4. The deflections δf and δw were obtained
as 5.55 mm and 0.93 mm respectively. Both values are
P=F (7)
within the predetermined maximum safe deflection value
tan ϕ = 0.1 [4], of up to 10mm.
tan α = pitch/(πd) = 0.0516 (8)
P is determined as 88.51 N. The torque is determined as
1.64 Nm. The power of the motor to turn the screw is
given by;
Power = Tω (9)
The minimum value of the motor power is determined as
117.90 W. The motor is to be a DC permanent magnet
electric motor. The motor selected is IMPERIAL
ELECTRIC permanent magnet motor P56 SD 113 rated
700W and 1070 rpm with VAC integral rectified to VDC.
The motor shaft is capable of rotating in either direction
(data sheet available at www.imperialelectric.com). Fig.5. Deflection forces acting on the ribs.
3.2. Rib Boss Sizing 3.4 Mast

For non interference of the power screw on the ribs The mast carries the weight of all other components;
sliding on the guide rod, the screw is elevated by height h hence its structural integrity under both the steady and
above the parallel guide rods (Fig.4). To prevent jamming dynamic loadings of the deployment and retraction
of the rib bosses while sliding on the guide rods under process is very critical. With the imposed loads and
force F which is not collinear with friction force Ff, the boundary conditions, FEM simulations were carried out
bosses, and by extension, the rib must have a minimum for the mast to determine the stresses and displacements
width x. x is 60mm (section 3.1), thus h is given by [8]as; (Fig. 6).
h= (10)
Where μk is coefficient of kinetic friction for steel on steel

dry surface taken as 0.4 [8]. Thus h=75mm.
Fig.4. Schematic of rib boss analysis.
3.3. Canopy Rib(s) Cross-Sectional Shape and

Dimensions.
Due to the weight of the canopy, the screw force F as well
as its own weight, the ribs are subjected to both transverse
and longitudinal deflections (Fig.5). The ribs are
fashioned from hollow square section aluminum alloy
pipe 60mm by 60mm with thickness 6mm. The
cantilevered length L of the ribs had been pre-fixed at
2.4m (overall length is 2.6m). The forces acting on the
ribs are as depicted in Fig.5. Force F and W (section 3.1)
are taken to be evenly spread along the length of the
cantilever with values f=0.0606N/mm and w=0.01011
N/mm respectively. The deflection δf and δw respectively
caused by F and W were determined thus [12];
δf= fL4/8EI (11)
Fig.6. Mast FEM simulations showing results for Von
δw=-wL4/8EI (12)
Mesis stress, Bending stress and displacement.
17
The upper section of the mast is made from 15mm (6’’)

rust resistant steel pipe; while the lower portion is
fashioned from 220mm (9’’) pipe. The maximum bending
stress results obtained from the simulations is 12.60 MPa
which is less than the ultimate tensile strength and yield
stress of 448MPa and 345 MPa respectively for the
material [10]. The maximum deformation (or
displacement) is 0.17 mm. This implies that there is no
risk condition of overloading leading to excessive
deformation or failure of the mast.
4. ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING OF NON

STANDARD COMPONENTS
The fully dimensioned orthographic drawings of the main Fig.11. The Nut sub-assembly
components are as shown in Fig 7-13. All dimensions are
in mm. The orthographic and isometric views of the
assembled retractable carport canopy are depicted in
Fig.14 completed with part list. The drawings were
produced using SOLIDWORKS.
Fig.12. Screw mechanism protective cover

Fig.7. Guide rod(s)
Fig.8. The Prop
Fig.9. The Rib(s)
Fig.10. Canopy canvass cutting instruction Fig.13. The Mast sub-assembly

18
(a)
(b)
Fig.15. The proof of concept model carport canopy (a)

when fully deployed, (b) when partially retracted.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The design of the retractable single mast carport canopy is

a worthwhile project going by high cost due to car
damage that may occur during extreme weather
conditions. The design met the project task criteria
initially set. The components involved in the construction
are readily source locally and fabrication processes
required are well established in industry, this shall make
the overall cost of production to be comparatively low
and cost effective. The proof of concept model at a
reduced scale successfully demonstrated the efficacy of
Fig.14. The assembly drawing the deployment and the retracting mechanism. The next
step is the construction of a full scale prototype in orders
to asses its real life performance and to note area of which
5. PROOF OF CONCEPT MODEL further improvements may be required.
A 1/10 working model of the design (the DC motor is not

in proportional with the physical scaled size) was
fabricated using materials similar to those specified in the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
design and operated to serve as a proof of concept (Fig.
15). The approximate speed of the motor used under test The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of
conditions was 550 rpm while the screw’s pitch is 0.8mm. Timileyin ADEJUMO and Ismail ADEREMI who are
The deployment time for the model under these research students at the Department Of Mechanical
conditions was 51 seconds as expected based on Equation Engineering, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
4. Figure 13 shows the proof of concept model carport especially in the aspect involving the fabrication of the
canopy when fully deployed, and when partially retracted. proof of concept model.
19
REFERENCES [8] Meriam, J. and Kraige, L. (1998) Engineering

Mechanics – Statics. 4th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[1] www.gerbercollision.com (accessed 21 Dec. 2019) [9] www.amazone.com>meiduo-tarpaulin (accessed 21
[2] www.carwise.com (accessed 21 Dec. 2019) Dec. 2019
[3] Tica, M., Colic, B., and Capljak, S. (2015). [10] www.engineeringtoolbox.com/metal-alloys-densities
Construction solution and estimate of important (accessed 11 Dec. 2019)
elements assemblies of log splitter. Machine Design, [11] Gopinath, R. (2014) Design of a Power Screw.
vol. 7, No. 3, 79-84. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 20 (5):
[4] Khurmi,R. and Gupta, J. (2008). A textbook of 630-634, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2014.20.05.77
Machine Design. 14th Revised Ed. S.Chand. [12] Ryder, G. (1969). Strength of Materials. 3rd Ed.
[5] Budynas, R. and Nisbeth, J. (2011) Shigley’s ELBS/ MacMillan.
Mechanical Engineering Design. 9th Ed. McGraw- [13] Callister.W,Jr. (2007). Materials Science and
Hill. Engineering: An Introduction . 7th Ed. John Wiley &
[6] www.reference.com (accessed 21 Dec. 2019) Sons,Inc.
[7] Myszka, D. (2012) Machines and Mechanism –
Applied Kinematic Analysis. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall.
20
DOI: 10.24867/MD.12.2020.1.21-24
Research paper
MAXIMIZATION THE POWER TRANSMITTED IN DRIVE BELT

TRANSMISSIONS
Julio Cézar de ALMEIDA1, *
1 Federal University of Paraná, Mechanical Engineering Course, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
Abstract: The need for power transmission between axles is a constant in systems and devices mechanics in general. In
practical terms, transmissions mechanics are conventionally carried out by means of belts, chains or any of the main
types of gears available, making the designer involved in these circumstances is aware of the main particularities of
each of the types of transmission options to choose from. Belt transmissions generally provide a good number of
advantages, which favor its use in different cases and practical situations. The main objective of this article is to define
the maximum power that can be transmitted through a determined configuration of a system by friction belts.
Key words: belt transmissions; power transmitted
1. INTRODUCTION  dp  3dp1 
a  maxdp 2 ; 2  (1)
 2 
Belts and roller chains drives are called “flexible drives”.
In contrast, for example, gears drives are called rigid or
non-flexibe drives. There are thus two types of drives –
the rigid and flexible. The main difference between these
two types of drives is in the presence of an intermediate
element (belt ou chain, normaly) between the driving and
driven shafts.
Belt drives for power transmission are classed as
frictional drives. The belt transmits power by friction
contact between the belt and the driving and driven
pulley. Belt drives offer the following advantages
compared with other types of drives: a) considerable
distance between the axes of driving and driven shafts; b)
operation smooth and silent; c) capacity to absorb shocks
and damp vibrations and d) low initial costs. Belts are Fig.1. Conventional belt transmission (Almeida et al.,
commonly classified according to their cross-section, with 2017)
V-belts, flat belts and timing belts having a greater
The belt length (L) for a given distance between centers
dominance in the context of general industrial can be calculated by:
applications.
This paper makes a quantitative analysis in the context of
(dp 2  dp1 ) 2
the maximum power that can be transmitted from a belts L  2a  1,57( dp1  dp 2 )  (2)
transmission, particularly the specific cases of flat belts 4a
and V-belts.
The diameter of the drive pulley should be taken from a
minimum recommended by the manufacturers, with the
2. GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF A BELT
aim of minimizing the bending efforts of the belt when
DRIVE passing through the smaller diameter pulley.
In the end, the contact angles (in rad) corresponding to the
A conventional belt transmission comprises parallel motor and driven pulleys can be defined by the relation:
shafts, two separate pulleys (motor and driven) and an
open belt as shown in figure 01. The wheelbase (a) should
 (dp 2  dp1 ) 
be at a value compatible with the pulleys diameters and at     2 arcsin   (3)
the same time compatible with the better transmission  2a 
capacity. The manufacturers recommend to adopt the
highest numerical value among: where:
*Correspondence Author’s Address: Federal University of Paraná, Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Course, Av. Cel.
Francisco H. dos Santos, 100 - Jdim das Américas, 81530-000, Curitiba - PR, Brazil, j.cezar@ufpr.br
Julio Cézar de Almeida: Maximization the Power Transmitted in Drive Belt Transmissions;
  contact angle (rad) The substitution of equation (7) in equation (8) with the
a  wheelbase (mm) corresponding integration results in:
dp1  motor pulley (mm)
dp 2  moved pulley (mm) F1  mv 2
 e  (9)
L  belt length (mm) F2  mv 2
3. ANALYSIS OF BELTS EFFORTS similarly, for V-belts, due to the angle of the pulley
channel, we have:
The forces acting on the diferencial element of a flat belt
are show in figure 2.  
  
 
  
F1  mv 2  sin 
e  2 
(10)
F2  mv 2
Fig.2. Forces on the diferencial element of belt

(Almeida et al., 2017)
where:
F and F  dF   tensions in the belt
dN  normal reaction between the surfaces of the belt
and pulley
 fdN   frictional force at the interface
Fig.3. Forces on the V belt (Almeida et al., 2017)
dS  centrifugal force, which may be considered in the
case of the differential element by:
4. THE MAXIMUM POWER
dS  mv 2 d (4)
The transmission of power by a belt only if makes it
m  belt mass possible if there is an initial tension (Fi) on the same. This
v  tangential belt velocity initial tension, called of the preload, should not be too
high so as not to damage the belt due to this excessive
resulting, after the equilibrium of the forces in the normal tension, as well as excessively requesting the shaft and the
and tangential directions, respectively: corresponding support bearings. Should also not very low,
in order not to slide the belt excessively on the pulleys.
This initial tension depends upon the length of the belt,
F  dF  cos d   F cos d   dN  0 (5) the elasticity of de belt material, the geometry of pulleys
 2   2  and the centre distance (Bandhari, 2007).
In practice, the following mathematical relationship can
F  dF sin d   F sin d   mv 2 d  dN  0 (6) be demonstrated to determine this preload:
 2   2 
F1  F2
The simplification of the higher order differential terms, Fi  (11)
as well as the corresponding trigonometric simplifications
2
allow to write at the end: Replacing equation (11) in equation (9), it becomes
possible to obtain the relationship:
dN  dF  0 (7)
 1  e   
mv 2 d  dN  Fd  0 (8) 
F1  F2  2 Fi  mv 2  
 
 (12)
1 e 
22
As the transmitted power (P) is worth: The belt tension is maximum when v = 0. Thus:
P  F1  F2 v 660
 2.34  F2  282 N
F2
Therefore:
- equation (11):
 1  e   

P  2 Fi v  mv 3    
 (13) 660  282
1 e  Fi   471N
2
whose differentiation in relation to speed allows to
- equation (14):
conclude:
1/ 2
P  471 
v
 
 Fi v  mv 3  0  Fi  3mv 2  0 v   
 3(0.25) 
 25.1m / s
1/ 2 For the maximum power transmission:

F 
v i  (14)
 3m  - equation (11):
Equation (14) represents the optimum velocity of the belt F1  F2

471   F1  F2  942 N
for maximum power transmission. 2
5. CALCULATION EXAMPLE - equation (9):
To demonstrate the calculations of the maximum power

F1  0.2525.1
2
F1  157.5
condition, the resolution of a simple application example  2.34   2.34
F2  0.2525.1 F2  157.5
2
is considered, aiming to present numerical values for a
given power transmission using a flat belt.
Table 1 summarizes the input data for the proposed resulting in:
problem.
F2  345.22 N F1  596.78 N
Table 1. Input data
Parameter Value And, finally:
dp1 80 mm
P
596.78  345.2225.1  6.31kW
dp2 180 mm 1000
a 210 mm For other tangential velocities, different results are

obtained, which are tabulated in table 2:
 0.32
Table 2. Final results
m 0.25 kg/m
Velocity F1 F2 P
F1 660 N
5 m/s 657.46 N 284.54 N 1.86 kW
F1, in this case, matches the maximum permissible tension
on the belt. 10 m/s 649.93 N 292.07 N 3.58 kW
- equation (3): 15 m/s 637.40 N 304.60 N 4.99 kW
 (180  80)  20 m/s 619.84 N 322.16 N 5.95 kW

    2 arcsin   2.66rad
 2(210) 
22.5 m/s 609.19 N 332.81 N 6.22 kW
- equation (9):
25.1 m/s 596.78 N 345.22 N 6.32 kW
F1  0.25v 2
 e 0.32( 2.66)   2.34 30 m/s 569.69 N 372.31 N 5.92 kW
F2  0.25v 2
23
The graphs in figures 4 and 5 illustrate, respectively, the 6. CONCLUSION

relationship between the tangential speed of the belt and
the transmitted power, and the relationship between the The present work provided a more accurate assessment of
tangential speed of the belt and the maximum tension the functioning of a power transmission system through
acting on the belt. belts. The optimum speed for belt operation was defined,
as well as, the variation of the speed with the transmitted
power was demonstrated.
REFERENCES
Fig.4. Velocity of belt x Power transmited [1] Almeida, J.C.; Fonseca, K.; Barbieri, R. (2017).
Elementos de Máquinas (in portuguese). Elsevier,
ISBN 8535252312, Curitiba-PR-Brasil.
[2] Bandhari, V.B. (2007). Design of Machine
Elements. McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-9339221126,
India.
[3] Budynas, R.G.; Nisbett, J.K. (2014). Shigley's
Mechanical Engineering Design. McGraw-Hill.
ISBN 9780073398204, New York, NY.
[4] Deutschman, A. D., Michels, W. J., Wilson, C. E.
(1975). Machine Design Theory and Pratice, Ed
Macmillan, ISBN 0023290005, New York, NY.
[5] Mascenik, J.; Murcinkova, Z. (2019). Experimental
determination of the belt transmission slip.
Fig.5. Velocity of belt x Tension in the belt Management Systems in Production Engineering.
24
IN MEMORIAM: Prof. PhD. Eng. Veniamin I. GOLDFARB (1941 – 2019); Machine Design, Vol.12(2020) No 1, ISSN 1821-1259
IN MEMORIAM Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation,

Honorary Professor of ISTU. He was awarded the Medal
of Academician V.I. Vernadsky 2nd degree, Medal of
Academician S.P. Kapitsa “To the author of a scientific
invention” by the St. George Cross of the Russian
Academy of Natural Sciences for his merits in economics
and science.
Prof. V.I. Goldfarb has been the recognized leader of the
“gear community” of Russia, organizing a large number
of national and international conferences on gears,
representing Russian gear science at all major
international forums. In the period 1991-2004, he initiated
the publication of the IFToMM bilingual (English-
Russian) journal “Gearing and Transmissions” and was
heading its editorial board. He initiated the formation and
was leading the scientific department of the Institute of
Mechanics, specializing in the research and
implementation of gears.
The main scientific developments of Prof. V.I. Goldfarb
consisted of the classification and study of spatial gear
schemes, rational structuring of the process of computer-
aided design of worm gears, the development of a "non-
differential" method for finding surfaces formed by
enveloping, and the study of a variety of spiroid gears.
In the last two decades of his career, prof. V.I. Goldfarb
devoted to the practical implementation and improvement
of spiroid gears and gearboxes in pipeline valves. Under
his leadership, it was possible to create a large number of
competitive products and to establish their efficient
production. As a scientist, Prof. Goldfarb has always been
Prof. PhD. Eng. Veniamin I. GOLDFARB distinguished by the depth of knowledge, clarity of
1941 - 2019 presentation, logical sequence, impeccability and
precision of conclusions.
With a heavy heart, we inform you that on November Prof. Goldfarb was a brilliant teacher. His lectures were
12th, 2019, at the age of 78, Veniamin I. Goldfarb passed unique in content and form. He generously shared his
away. knowledge with students. He was a supervisor of 10 PhD
Prof. V.I. Goldfarb was a Doctor of Technical Sciences, students and a consultant to 6 Doctors of Science. A large
Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, number of gear scientists from other scientific schools got
Director of the Institute of Mechanics of Kalashnikov the support of Prof. Goldfarb.
Izhevsk State Technical University, member of the Of course, this obituary cannot convey all the sorrow that
International Federation for the International Federation we, the students and colleagues of Prof. Goldfarb, are
for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science feeling these days. He was a kind and demanding teacher,
(IFToMM), Chairman of the Technical Committee for a friend who was always ready to help, an interesting
Gears (IFToMM Gearing TC) from 1998 to 2005, interlocutor and a person of many talents.
member of the Executive Council (IFToMM EC) from
2007 to 2011, Vice President of the Federation from 2011 We grieve with the family of Prof. V.I. Goldfarb.
to 2015, member of the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO ), Honorary Member of the Slovak
Union of Mechanical Engineers and the Bulgarian Union
of Mechanical Engineers, New York Academy of
Sciences, Academician of the International
Informatization Academy and the Russian Academy of
Natural Sciences.
Prof. V. I. Goldfarb was the author of more than 300 Deputy Director of the Institute of Mechanics of
scientific publications, including 7 monographs in the Kalashnikov ISTU, Deputy Director of Mechanic, LLC.
field of research, development and implementation of Doctor of Technical Science, Professor
gear transmissions. For more than a quarter of a century, Evgenшy S. Trubachev
he led a scientific school - the creative community of
talented and successful, young scientists, where 16 Senior researcher of the Institute of Mechanics of
doctoral and 38 PhD dissertations were completed, more Kalashnikov ISTU,
than 20 patents of the USSR and Russian Federation were Associate professor of English Department of
obtained. Kalashnikov ISTU.
Prof. V. I. Goldfarb - Laureate of the State Prize in the PhD in Engineering
field of science and technology, Honorary Worker of Natalya A. Barmina

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UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD

FACULTY OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES

novi sad, 2020

technical preparation and cover design

Electronic version of journal available on

machine design is covered by the following indexes

CIP – Каталогизација у публикацији

MACHINE Design / editors Siniša Kuzmanović, Milan Rackov. - 2009- .-

Siniša Kuzmanović & Milan Rackov

2. Development of 3D Models from 2D Drawings of Electrochemical Discharge Machine

3. Design of a Single Mast Retractable Carport Canopy

4. Maximization the Power Transmitted in Drive Belt Transmissions

IN MEMORIAM: Prof. Ph.D. Eng. Veniamin GOLDFARB

DESIGN OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FOR WATER SUPPLY IN A POUNDO YAM

Received (12.12.2019); Revised (27.03.2020); Accepted (30.03.2020)

1. INTRODUCTION needed in the washing and peeling processes to remove

Fig.1. Process plant for Poundo Yam

Fig.2. Unit operations using water in the process plant

Fig.3. Water supply to washing machine

Fig.4. Hose layout for water supply

Table 2. Determination of volume of water utilized by unit

DEVELOPMENT OF 3D MODELS FROM 2D DRAWINGS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL

Received (27.12.2019); Revised (27.03.2020); Accepted (30.03.2020)

Key words: ECDM, 2D Drawing, 3D Model, CAD

1. INTRODUCTION experimental research work in previous years due to its

2. BASIC MECHANISM OF ECDM Figure 2 indicates a 2D drawing of the machine table

3. DEVELOPMENT OF 3D MODELS FROM Figure 4 shows the 2D drawing of a compound sliding

Fig.7. 3D model of Single axis (Z-Axis) Sliding Block

Fig.4. 2D Drawing of Compound sliding table [12]

Fig.8. 2D Drawing of Single axis (Z-Axis) Sliding Block

Fig.5. 3D Model of Compound sliding table

Fig.9. 3D Model of Single axis (Z-Axis) Sliding Block

Figure 10, 12, 14 and 16 shows that 2D drawings of parts

Fig.14. 2D Drawing of pulley mounting bracket [12]

Fig.10. 2D Drawing of Electrolyte container [12]

Fig.15. 3D model of pulley mounting bracket

Fig.11. 3D model of Electrolyte container

Fig.16. 2D drawing of Support plate [12]

Fig.12. 2D Drawing Workpiece mounting fixture [12]

Fig.17. 3D Models Support plate

Figure 18 and figure 20 indicates a welded-bracket and

Fig.21. 3D Model of welded bracket

Fig.18. 2D Drawing of Height piece [12]

Fig.19. 3D model of Height piece

Fig.22. 2D Drawing of Handle [12]

Fig.23. 3D model of Handle

Fig.20. 2D drawing of welded bracket [12]

Figure 22, 24, 26, 28 and 30 shows 2D drawings of

the location of the micro-stepping drive, Arduino Uno

Fig.25. 3D model of flange

Fig.29. 3D model of clamp plate

Fig.26. 2D Drawing of plate [12]

Fig.30. 2D drawing of pulley [12]

Fig.27. 3D model of plate

Fig.31. 3D Model of Pulley

Fig.28. 2D drawing of clamp plate [12]

Figure 32 shows a 2D drawing of mounting plate for the

and 3D models. The handy and compact size machine is

Fig.33. 3D model of Mounting Plate for Micro-stepping

Figure 34 shows a 2D drawing of a cathode tool electrode