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Class 12 - Genetics Notes

Genetic material is stored and transmitted through DNA, RNA, genes, and chromosomes. DNA is copied through semi-conservative replication where each original DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of a new strand. During replication, the two DNA strands separate and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to form new strands, with one strand synthesized continuously and the other non-continuously in fragments. DNA controls protein synthesis through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to protein using tRNA and ribosomes.

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39 views

Class 12 - Genetics Notes

Genetic material is stored and transmitted through DNA, RNA, genes, and chromosomes. DNA is copied through semi-conservative replication where each original DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of a new strand. During replication, the two DNA strands separate and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to form new strands, with one strand synthesized continuously and the other non-continuously in fragments. DNA controls protein synthesis through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to protein using tRNA and ribosomes.

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Dimas Hernady
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENETIC MATERIALS

2. Copying of DNA (Replication)


Genetics is the study of heredity and hereditary variation.
DNA is copied by semi-conservative method; each DNA strand serves as a
A. DNA, GENES and CHROMOSOMES
template for synthesis of a new DNA molecule.
Gene is a length of DNA coding for a protein. Genes are on chromosomes.
Cells copy their DNA when they are going to divide.
Chromosomes are made of DNA and histone proteins. Chromosomes are
Synthesis of new DNA molecules is done by DNA polymerase enzymes.
located inside nucleus. Humans have 46
chromosomes. The two DNA strands are separated by helicase enzyme. RNA primase forms
short RNA pieces (primers) on the separated strands. Then DNA polymerase
Histone proteins help in DNA packaging and folding.
adds nucleotides to the primers to synthesise the new DNA strands.
Chromatin is the uncoiled form of chromosome.
* RNA primers are needed because DNA polymerase can’t add nucleotides if
Chromosomes are classified into 4 according to there is no existing nucleotides.
their shapes;
One of the new DNA strands is synthesized continuously (leading strand) and
 Metacentric; both chromosome arms have the other one is synthesized non-continuously (lagging strand) as short pieces of
same length DNA called Okazaki fragments. This is because DNA polymerase can form DNA
 Submetacentric: lower arm is longer only in 5’ to 3’ direction.
 Telocentric; upper arm is not present
 Acrocentric; upper arm is very short

B. NUCLEIC ACIDS

 Large molecules, made of nucleotides which are joined by phosphodiester


bonds
 2 types; DNA and RNA.

Functions:

 Storing genetic information


 Regulating metabolic activities of cells
 Maintaining genetic continuity between generations.

Each nucleotides consists of;

 a 5-carbon sugar, (deoxyribose or ribose)


 a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, Then, RNA primers are replaced with DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase.
cytosine, thymine and uracil). Finally ligase enzyme joins the DNA pieces together.
{A and G are called purines, C,T and U are
(Study picture 3.16; page 117, erlangga book)
called pyrimidines.]
 a phosphate 3. DNA to Protein
1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) vs RNA (Ribonucleic acid) DNA controls protein synthesis in two steps; transcription (DNA to mRNA) and
translation (mRNA to protein)
Characteristics DNA RNA
Type of sugar Deoxyribose Ribose In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA and starts
Bases ACGT ACGU
forming mRNA in 5’ to 3’ direction. The first 3 letters (start codon) of mRNA is
Double or single stranded Double Single
always AUG. RNA polymerase copies the DNA until one of the stop codons (UAA,
How is it produced? Replicates itself by Sythesised for DNA by
UAG and UGA). Product of transcription in eukaryotes is pre-mRNA with introns
DNA polymerase. RNA polymerase.
Functions Storing information Transferring and exons. Exons are coding segments while introns are non-coding.
and regulating information and
In mRNA processing, pre-mRNA is modified by removing introns. Then it is called
metabolic activities protein synthesis
mRNA and it moves into cytoplasm.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology In translation, ribosome reads mRNA starting with the 5’ end and synthesise a
chain of amino acids (protein/polypeptide).

tRNAs bring amino acids to ribosomes. For each amino acid there is a different t
RNA.

When a ribosome reads the start codon (AUG), the tRNA with matching anti-
codon (UAC) brings methionine amino acid into ribosome. Then for each one of
the following codons, tRNAs with matching anticodons bring amino acid. When
ribosome reads the stop codon, no more amino acids are added and protein
synthesis is completed.

rRNA is found in the structure of ribosomes.

(Study diagrams 3.22,23,24,25; page 125-127, erlangga book)

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