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Protection - of - Rotating - Machinery - Intro and Problems

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moses kakwena
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170 views

Protection - of - Rotating - Machinery - Intro and Problems

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moses kakwena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7: Rotating Machinery Protection

7.1 Introduction
The protection of rotating equipment involves the consideration of more possible failures or abnormal operating
conditions than any other system element. Although the frequency of failure, particularly for generators and large
motors, is relatively low, the consequences in cost and system performance are often very serious. Paradoxically,
despite many failure modes that are possible, the application principles of the protection are relatively simple. There
are none of the complications requiring a pilot scheme. Those failures involving short circuits are usually detected by
some type of differential or overcurrent relay. Many failures are mechanical in nature and use mechanical devices
such as limit, pressure or float switches, or depend upon the control circuits for removing the problem. 1,2

Some of the abnormal conditions that must be dealt with are the following.

1. Winding faults:
o stator — phase and ground fault

2. Overload

3. Overspeed

4. Abnormal voltages and frequencies.

For generators we must consider the following.

5. Underexcitation

5. Motoring and startup.

For motors we are concerned with the following.

7. Stalling (locked rotor)


8. Single phase

9. Loss of excitation (synchronous motors).

There is, of course, some overlap in these areas, particularly in overloads versus faults, unbalanced currents and
single phasing, etc. Thus, relays applied for one hazard may operate for others. Since the solution to a given failure
or abnormality is not the same for all failures or abnormalities, care must be taken that the proper solution is applied
to correct a specific problem. In some instances tripping of the unit is required; in other cases reduction in load or
removing some specific equipment is the proper action. This will be discussed in greater detail as we examine each
type of failure.

Several of these abnormal conditions do not require automatic tripping of the machine, as they may be corrected
in a properly attended station while the machine remains in service. Hence, some protective devices only actuate
alarms. Other conditions, such as short circuits, require fast removal of the machine from service. The decision,
whether to trip or alarm, varies greatly among utilities and, in fact, between power plants of a given utility or
between units in a single plant. The conflict arises because there is a justifiable reluctance to add more automatic
tripping equipment than is absolutely necessary. Additional equipment means more maintenance and a greater
possibility of incorrect operation. In today's systems, the loss of a generator may be more costly, in terms of overall
system performance, than the delayed removal of a machine. On the other hand, failure to promptly clear a fault, or
other abnormality, may cause extensive damage and result in a longer, more expensive outage. The decision is not

Chapter 7 - Rotating Machinery Protection


Power System Relaying, Third Edition
by  Stanley H. Horowitz and Arun G. Phadke
John Wiley & Sons © 2008 Citation
obvious nor is it the same for all situations. It requires judgment and cooperation between the protection engineer
and the appropriate operating and plant personnel.

Protection of Rotating Machinery

Problems

7.1 Consider the power system shown in Figure 7.29 which represents a unit-connected generator prior
to being synchronized to the system and protected with an over-current relay connected as a
differential relay. Determine the maximum load, select a CT ratio for the generator differential, calculate
the relay operating currents for a three-phase fault at F1 and F2 and set the relay. Assume there is no
CT error and the relay has the CO-11 time—current characteristics shown in Appendix D (section D.2).

7.2 Repeat problem 7.1 assuming that the line-side CT has an error of 1 % of its secondary current. Set
the over-current relay so it will not operate for an external fault.

7.3 Repeat problem 7.1 for a phase-to-phase fault at F1.

7.4 Figure 7.30 shows a percentage differential relay applied for the protection of a generator winding.
The relay has a 0.1 A minimum pickup and a 10 % slope. A high-resistance ground fault has occurred
as shown near the grounded-neutral end of the generator winding while it is carrying load with the
currents flowing at each end of the generator as shown. Assume that the CT ratios are as shown in the
figure and they have no error. Will the relay operate to trip the generator under this condition? Would
the relay operate if the generator were carrying no load with its breaker open? Draw the relay operating
characteristic and the points that represent the operating and restraining currents in the relay for the
two conditions.

7.5 Consider the system shown in Figure 7.31 with the generator, transformer and system parameters
as shown. Calculate three-phase and phase-to-phase currents due to faults at F1 and F2 and determine
the restraining and operating currents in the percentage differential relay for the four conditions.

7.6 For the system shown in Figure 7.32, draw the operating characteristics of an over-current and a
percentage differential relay and show the tripping points for a fault at F1 if RN is, respectively, 0.5, 5
and 50 Ω.

7.7 Draw the one-line diagram showing a 200 hp motor connected to a 4 kV bus. Assume the following
bus and motor parameters:
phase-to-phase bus fault = 15 000 A
three-phase bus fault = 25 000 A
maximum ground fault = 1500 A
motor full-load current = 25 A
motor locked rotor current = 150 A
motor starting time = 1.5 s.
Select and set the phase and ground relays using the time—current characteristic of the three relays
shown in Appendix D.

7.8 Repeat problem 7.7 for a 1500 hp, 6.9 kV motor with the same bus fault parameters and motor full-
load current of 110 A, locked rotor current of 650 A and a starting time of 3 s.

Chapter 7 - Rotating Machinery Protection


Power System Relaying, Third Edition
by  Stanley H. Horowitz and Arun G. Phadke
John Wiley & Sons © 2008 Citation
7.9 For the distribution transformer, unit-connected generator shown in Figure 7.16 and the parameters
given in Example 7.7, determine the value of the secondary resistor that will protect 85 % of the
winding. You may assume that a part winding voltage and leakage reactance is proportional to its
length.

Figure 7.29: One-line diagram for problem 7.1

Chapter 7 - Rotating Machinery Protection


Power System Relaying, Third Edition
by  Stanley H. Horowitz and Arun G. Phadke
John Wiley & Sons © 2008 Citation
Figure 7.30: System for problem 7.4

Figure 7.31: System for problem 7.5

Chapter 7 - Rotating Machinery Protection


Power System Relaying, Third Edition
by  Stanley H. Horowitz and Arun G. Phadke
John Wiley & Sons © 2008 Citation
Figure 7.32: System for problem 7.6

Chapter 7 - Rotating Machinery Protection


Power System Relaying, Third Edition
by  Stanley H. Horowitz and Arun G. Phadke
John Wiley & Sons © 2008 Citation

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