Easa Amc20-27
Easa Amc20-27
Easa Amc20-27
AMC 2027 Effective: 23/12/2009
Annex III to ED Decision 2009/019/R of 16/12/2009
1. PURPOSE
This AMC provides an acceptable means that can be used to obtain airworthiness
approval of an Area Navigation (RNAV) system based on a Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS) standalone receiver or multisensor system including at least one GNSS
sensor in order to conduct RNP Approach (RNP APCH) operations.
RNP APCH procedures are characterised by existing charted RNAV (GNSS) approach
procedures designed with straight final approach segments.
This AMC also defines operational criteria necessary to conduct safely RNP APCH
operations in designated European airspace.
This AMC addresses RNP APCH operation without vertical guidance (Non Precision
Approach operation) and with vertical guidance based on barometric vertical navigation
(APV BAROVNAV operation). Final approaches utilising SBAS (Localiser Performance
with Vertical guidance (LPV) operation) are addressed in separate AMC material.
APV BAROVNAV systems are based on barometric altimetry for the determination of the
aircraft position in the vertical axis. The final approach segment of VNAV instrument
flight procedures are performed using vertical guidance to a vertical path computed by
the onboard RNAV system. The vertical path is contained in the specification of the
instrument procedure within the RNAV system navigation database. For other phases of
flight, barometric VNAV provides vertical path information that can be defined by
altitudes at fixes in the procedure. It should be noted that there is no vertical
requirement in this AMC associated to the use of VNAV guidance outside of the final
approach segment. Vertical navigation on the initial or intermediate segment can be
conducted without VNAV guidance.
An applicant may elect to use an alternative means of compliance. However, those
alternative means of compliance must meet safety objectives that are acceptable to the
Agency or the competent authority. Compliance with this AMC is not mandatory. Use of
the terms shall and must apply only to an applicant who elects to comply with this AMC
in order to obtain airworthiness approval or to demonstrate compliance with the
operational criteria.
2. BACKGROUND
This document addresses and defines airworthiness and operational criteria related to
RNAV systems approved for RNP APCH based on GNSS with or without vertical guidance
based on BAROVNAV. It relates to the implementation of area navigation within the
context of the Single European Sky 1 , in particular in relation to the verification of
conformity of the airborne constituents, per Article 5 of EC Regulation 552/2004 2 . It
addresses general certification considerations of standalone and multisensor systems
1
Regulation (EC) No 549/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004
laying down the framework for the creation of the single European sky (the framework
Regulation) (O J L 096 , 31/03/2004, p. 01).
2
Regulation (EC) No 552/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on
the interoperability of the European Air Traffic Management network (O J L 096, 31.3.2004, p.
26).
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onboard aircraft, including their functional requirements, accuracy, integrity, continuity
of function, and limitations, together with operational considerations.
This document is applicable to RNP APCH operations only. It does not address RNP AR
APCH operations (see AMC 2026).
This AMC identifies the airworthiness and operational requirements for RNP APCH
operations including APV BAROVNAV operation. Operational compliance with these
requirements must be addressed through national operational regulations, and may
require a specific operational approval in some cases.
Use of BAROVNAV information for RNP APCH with LNAV minima only is possible using
the CDFA (Continuous Descent Final Approach) concept. This use is possible provided the
navigation system is able to compute a vertical continuous descent path on the Final
Approach segment and operator complies with EU OPS 1.430 section. It should be noted
that this AMC does not address such operational approval authorisation.
3. SCOPE
This AMC includes airworthiness and operational criteria related to RNAV systems based
on a GNSS standalone receiver, or multisensor systems including at least one GNSS
sensor, intended to be used under Instrument Flight Rules, including Instrument
Meteorological Conditions, in designated European airspace. It contains also
airworthiness and operational criteria related to systems based upon the use of
barometric altitude and RNAV information in the definition of vertical paths and vertical
tracking to a path to conduct APV BAROVNAV operation.
Section 4.2 of this AMC refers to documents which contribute to the understanding of the
RNP APCH concept and which may support an application for approval. However, it is
important that an operator evaluates his aircraft system and the proposed operational
procedures against the criteria of this AMC.
Compliance with this AMC does not, by itself, constitute an operational authorisation to
conduct RNP APCH operations. Aircraft operators should apply to their national authority.
Since this AMC has been harmonised with other RNP implementation and operational
criteria outside of Europe, i.e. USA/FAA, it is expected to facilitate interoperability and
ease the effort in obtaining operational authorisation by operators.
This AMC does not cover RNP approaches where special authorisation is required (RNP
AR APCH). RNP AR APCH is addressed in a separate AMC.
4. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
4.1 Related Requirements
CS 25.1301, 25.1302, 25.1307, 25.1309, 25.1316, 25.1321, 25.1322, 25.1325,
25.1329, 25.1431, 25.1581.
CS 23.1301, 23.1309, 23.1311, 23.1321, 23.1322, 23.1325, 23.1329, 23.1335,
23.1431, 23.1581.
Equivalent requirements of CS/FAR 27 and 29 if applicable.
EUOPS 3 1.035, 1.220, 225, 1.243, 1.290, 1.295, 1.297, 1.400, 1.420, 1.845, 1.865,
1.870, 1.873 and 1.975.
JAROPS 3.243, 3.845, 3.865.
National operational regulations.
3
Council Regulation (EEC) No 3922/91 on the harmonisation of technical requirements and
administrative procedures in the field of civil aviation. Regulation as last amended by Regulation
(EC) No 1899/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 (O L J
377, 27.12.2006, p. 1).
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4.2 Related Material
4.2.1 ICAO
ICAO Annex 10 International Standards and Recommended
Practices Aeronautical Telecommunications
ICAO Doc 7030/4 Regional Supplementary Procedures
ICAO Doc 9613 Performance Based Navigation Manual (PBN)
ICAO Doc 8168 PANS OPS (Procedures for Air Navigation Services
Aircraft Operations)
4.2.2 EASA
AMC 2511 Electronic Flight Deck Display
AMC 205 Airworthiness Approval and Operational Criteria for
the use of the Navstar Global Positioning System
(GPS)
ETSOC115( ) Airborne Area Navigation Equipment using Multi
Sensor Inputs
ETSOC129( ) Airborne Supplemental Navigation Equipment Using
the Global Positioning System (GPS)
ETSOC145( ) Airborne Navigation Sensors Using the Global
Positioning System (GPS) Augmented by the Wide
Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
ETSOC146( ) StandAlone Airborne Navigation Equipment Using the
Global Positioning System (GPS) Augmented by the
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
ETSOC106( ) Air Data Computer
EASA OPINION Nr. 01/2005 Conditions for Issuance of Letters of Acceptance for
Navigation Database Suppliers by the Agency (i.e. an
EASA Type 2 LoA). EASA OPINION Nr. 01/2005 on
"The Acceptance of Navigation Database Suppliers"
dated 14 Jan 05
4.2.3 FAA
AC 254 Inertial Navigation Systems (INS)
AC 2511( ) Electronic Display Systems
AC 20129 Airworthiness Approval of Vertical Navigation (VNAV)
Systems or use in the U.S. National Airspace System
(NAS) and Alaska
AC 20138( ) Airworthiness Approval of GNSS equipment
AC 20130A Airworthiness approval of navigation or flight
management systems integrating multiple navigation
sensors
AC 2313091C Equipment, systems, and installation in Part23
airplanes
AC 20153 Acceptance of data processes and associated
navigation data bases
4.2.4 Technical Standard Orders
FAA TSOC115( ) Airborne Area Navigation Equipment using Multi
Sensor Inputs
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5.2.2 APV BAROVNAV
BAROVNAV is applied where vertical guidance and information is provided to the flight
crew on instrument approach procedures containing a vertical path defined by a vertical
path angle.
Detailed guidance on obstacle clearance is provided in PANSOPS (Doc 8168, Volume II).
Missed approach procedure may be supported by either RNAV or conventional (e.g.
based on NDB, VOR, DME) segments.
5.3 Publication
The instrument approach chart will clearly identify the RNP APCH application as
RNAV(GNSS).
For non APV BAROVNAV operation, the procedure design will rely on normal descent
profiles and the chart will identify minimum altitude requirements for each segment,
including an LNAV OCA(H).
For APV BAROVNAV operation, charting will follow the standards of ICAO Annex 4 to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation for the designation of an RNAV procedure
where the vertical path is specified by a glide path angle. The charting designation will
remain consistent with the current convention and will promulgate a LNAV/VNAV
OCA(H).
If the missed approach segment is based on conventional means, the navaid facilities or
airborne navigation means that are necessary to conduct the missed approach will be
identified in the relevant publications (e.g. approach charts).
The navigation data published in the applicable AIP for the procedures and supporting
navigation aids will meet the requirements of ICAO Annex 15 and Annex 4 to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation. The chart will provide sufficient data to
support navigation data base checking by the crew (including waypoint name, track,
distance for each segment and vertical path angle).
All procedures will be based upon WGS 84 coordinates.
5.4 Communication, ATS surveillance and ATC coordination
RNP APCH does not include specific requirements for communication or ATS surveillance.
Adequate obstacle clearance is achieved through aircraft performance, operating
procedures and procedure design. Where reliance is placed on the use of radar to assist
contingency procedures, its performance will be shown to be adequate for that purpose,
and the requirement for a radar service will be identified in the AIP.
RT phraseology appropriate to RNP APCH operations will be promulgated.
It is expected that ATC will be familiar with aircraft VNAV capability, as well as issues
associated with altimeter setting and temperature effect potentially affecting the
integrity of the APV BAROVNAV operation.
The particular hazards of a terminal and approach area and the impact of contingency
procedures following multiple loss of RNP APCH capability will be assessed.
ATC may use radar vectoring techniques to place aircraft onto final approach axis when
the RNAV system supports this function. Air Navigation Service Providers implementing
such operation in their airspace should inform airspace users of this operational
possibility in the relevant AIP.
5.5 Service provider assumption for APV BAROVNAV operation.
It is expected that air navigation service provision will include data and information to
enable correct and accurate altimeter setting onboard the aircraft, as well as local
temperature. This data will be from measurement equipment at the airport where the
approach is to take place (remote or regional pressure setting are not authorised).
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The specific medium for transmission of this data and information to the aircraft may
include voice communication, ATIS or other media. In support of this, it is also expected
that MET service providers will assure the accuracy, currency and availability of
meteorological data supporting APV BAROVNAV operations. In order to minimise the
potential for misssetting of barometric reference, Air Traffic Controllers will confirm QNH
with flight crews prior to commencement of the approach.
6. RNP APCH AIRWORTHINESS CRITERIA
6.1 General
The following airworthiness criteria are applicable to the installation of RNAV system
intended for IFR approach operation, certified according to CS23, 25, 27 and 29
This AMC uses FAA Advisory Circulars AC 20138/AC 20138A (GPS standalone system)
or AC 20130A (Multisensors systems) as the basis for the airworthiness approval of an
RNAV system based on GNSS. For APV BAROVNAV operation, this AMC uses FAA
Advisory Circular AC 20129 as the airworthiness basis with additional requirements.
This AMC is to be used as Interpretative Material to show compliance with the applicable
CS codes on each application, e.g. xx.1301 and xx.1309.
6.2 Equipment qualification
6.2.1 General
If the RNAV installation is based on GNSS standalone system, the equipment shall be
approved in accordance with TSOC129a/ETSOC129a Class A1 or ETSOC146()/TSO
C146() Class Gamma, operational class 1, 2 or 3.
If the RNAV installation is based on GNSS sensor equipment used in a multisensor
system (e.g. FMS), the GNSS sensor shall be approved in accordance with TSOC129( )/
ETSOC129( ) Class B1, C1, B3, C3 or ETSOC145( )/TSOC145( ) class Beta,
operational class 1, 2 or 3.
Multisensor systems using GNSS should be approved in accordance with AC20130A or
ETSOC115b/TSOC115b, as well as having been demonstrated for RNP capability.
Note 1: For GNSS receiver approved in accordance with ETSOC129()/TSOC129(),
capability for satellite Fault detection and Exclusion (FDE) is recommended, to
improve Continuity of function.
Note 2: GNSS receivers approved in accordance with ETSO145/TSOC145a or ETSO
C146/TSOC146a (DO 229C) and used outside SBAS coverage area may
trigger inappropriate Loss of Integrity (LOI) warning. DO229D paragraph
2.1.1.6 provides a correct satellite selection scheme requirement to address
this issue. Although most of the ETSOC145/TSOC145a or ETSO146/TSO
C146a approved receivers comply with this satellite selection scheme, a
confirmatory statement from the equipment manufacturer is still necessary. It
should be noted that such confirmatory statement is not necessary for
equipment compliant with TSOC145b or TSOC146b.
6.2.2 Altimeter sensor requirement for APV BAROVNAV operation
In addition to requirements of paragraph 6.2.1 above, the RNAV equipment that
automatically determines aircraft position in the vertical plane should use inputs from
equipment that can include:
a) ETSOC106/TSOC106, Air Data Computer; or
b) Air data system, ARINC 706, Mark 5 Air Data System, ARINC 738 (Air Data and
Inertial Reference System); or
c) Barometric altimeter system compliant with DO88 “Altimetry” and/or ED26 “MPS
for Airborne Altitude Measurements and Coding Systems”; or
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d) Type certified integrated systems providing an Air Data System capability comparable
to item b).
6.3 Accuracy
6.3.1 Horizontal
The Lateral and Longitudinal Total System Error (TSE) of the onboard navigation system
must be equal to or better than:
a) ±1 NM for 95% of the flight time for the initial and intermediate approach segments
and for the RNAV missed approach.
Note: There is no specific RNAV accuracy requirement for the missed approach if
this segment is based on conventional means (VOR, DME, NDB) or on dead
reckoning.
b) ±0.3 NM for 95% of the flight time for the final approach segment.
The Lateral Total System Error (TSE) is dependent on the Navigation System Error
(NSE), Path Definition Error (PDE) and Flight Technical Error (FTE).
In order to satisfy the ±0.3 NM TSE accuracy for the final approach segment, FTE (95%)
should not exceed ±0.25 NM whatever the operating mode (manual, flight director or
Autopilot):
a) A demonstrated FTE (95%) of ±0.25NM is assumed for manual mode if a
standardised CDI is installed (compliant with the fullscale deflection sensitivity
requirement of TSOC129a paragraph (a).3.(viii) or RTCA/DO229() paragraph
2.2.1.4.2.1) Otherwise, it should be demonstrated that an FTE of ±0.25 NM can be
maintained under all foreseeable conditions through a dedicated flight test
evaluation.
b) A demonstrated FTE (95%) of ±0.25NM is assumed when coupled to a flight director.
c) A demonstrated FTE (95%) of ±0.125 NM is assumed when coupled to an autopilot.
Outside of the Final Approach Segment, a demonstrated FTE of ±0.5 NM may be
assumed.
Positioning data from other types of navigation sensors may be integrated with the
GNSS data provided it does not cause position errors to exceed the Total System Error
(TSE) budget, otherwise a means must be provided to deselect the other navigation
sensor types.
Note: The horizontal positioning error component of TSE is assumed to be equal to the
2D navigation accuracy of systems/sensors qualified to AC20138, 20138A, and
20130A
An acceptable means of complying with these accuracy requirements is to have an RNAV
system approved for RNAV approaches in accordance with 2D navigation accuracy
criteria of FAA AC 20138, AC 20138A or AC 20130A.
6.3.2 Vertical accuracy for APV BAROVNAV operation.
a) Altimetry System Error (ASE)
Altimetry system performance is demonstrated separately from the APV BAROVNAV
certification through the static pressure system certification process. With such approval
(e.g. CS 25.1325), each system must be designed and installed so that the error in
indicated pressure altitude, at sealevel, with a standard atmosphere, excluding
instrument calibration error, does not result in an error of more than ±9 m (±30 ft) per
185 km/hr (100 knots) speed for the appropriate configuration in the speed range
between 1·23 VSR0 with wingflaps extended and 1·7 VSR1 with wingflaps retracted.
However, the error need not be less than ±9 m (±30 ft).
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Altimetry systems meeting such a requirement will satisfy the Altimetry System Error
(ASE) requirements for APV BAROVNAV operation. No further demonstration or
compliance is necessary.
Note 1: Altimetry Error refers to the electrical output and includes all errors attributable
to the aircraft altimetry installation including position effects resulting from
normal aircraft flight attitudes. In high performance aircraft, it is expected that
altimetry correction will be provided. Such correction should be done
automatically. In lower performance aircraft, upgrading of the altimetry system
may be necessary.
Note 2: Positioning data from other sources may be integrated with the barometric
altitude information provided it does not cause position errors exceeding the
vertical accuracy requirement.
b) VNAV Equipment Error
The error of the airborne VNAV equipment (excluding altimetry, horizontal coupling and
flight technical error) on a 99.7 per cent probability basis should be demonstrated to be
less than:
Descent Along Specified Vertical
Profile (angle) (ft)
At or below 5000 ft (MSL) 100
5000 ft to 10000 ft (MSL) 150
10000 ft to 15000 ft (MSL) 220
Note 1: VNAV Equipment Error is the error associated to the vertical path computation.
It includes path definition error (PDE) and approximation made by the VNAV
equipment for the vertical path construction if any.
c) Horizontal Coupling Error
The Horizontal coupling error (vertical error component of along track positioning error)
is a function of the horizontal NSE (see 6.3.1) and is directly reflected in the along track
tolerance offset used in APV BAROVNAV procedure design criteria.
This Horizontal Coupling error in this context is assumed to be 24 ft on a 99.7 per cent
probability basis using a longitudinal positioning accuracy of 0.05 NM at 95% and a
vertical path of 3°.
Note: For straight approaches, it is assumed that longitudinal accuracy does not
include an FTE component. An arbitrary TSE (based on NSE) of 0.2NM is applied
instead of 0.3NM.
d) Vertical Flight Technical Error (FTE)
The vertical FTE on a 99.7 per cent probability basis should be demonstrated to be less
than
Descent Along Specified Vertical
Profile (angle) (ft)
At or below 5000 ft (MSL) 150
5000 ft to 10000 ft (MSL) 150
10000 ft to 15000 ft (MSL) 150
Note 1: FTE performance requirements are more stringent compared with AC 20129
and the ICAO PBN manual where 200 ft (at or below 5000 ft MSL) and 300 ft
(from 5000 ft to 15000 ft MSL) are required.
Note 2: Use of a flight director or autopilot may be required to support such an FTE
requirement.
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e) Vertical Total System Error (TSE)
The Vertical Total System Error (using the Root Sum Square (RSS) of all errors
components described above) on a 99.7 per cent probability basis is as follow:
Note 1: If an installation results in larger Fight Technical Errors, the Total Vertical Error
for the system should be determined by combining the demonstrated errors
using the root sum square (RSS) method. The result should be less than the
values listed.
Note 2: The manual monitoring of the altimeters to comply with the DA/DH is
independent of the BAROVNAV system and provides additional mitigation.
An acceptable means of complying with the above accuracy requirements is to have the
VNAV system approved for RNAV approaches in accordance with FAA AC 20129 and to
provide evidence that the FTE, or VTSE, or operation procedures to bound the FTE are
within the required limits.
f) Vertical Path Error at FAP due to the vertical flyby transition
Error due to the capture of the vertical path starting from the FAP altitude should be
limited. This momentary deviation below the published minimum procedure altitude at
the FAP is acceptable provided the deviation is limited to no more than 50 feet
(assuming no VNAV equipment error).
Note: ED75 B paragraphs 1.5.7.2 and 3.2.8.5 provides guidance regarding the VNAV
path transitions and, in particular, the vertical flyby transition
6.4 Integrity
During operations on instrument approach procedures, the probability of displaying
misleading navigational or positional information to the flight crew during the approach,
including the final segment, shall be remote.
In the horizontal plane and during operations on the initial, intermediate segment and
for the RNAV missed approach of an RNP APCH, the system, or the system and pilot in
combination, shall provide an alert if the accuracy requirement is not met, or if the
probability that the lateral TSE exceeds 2 NM is greater than 10 5 . During operations on
the final approach segment of an RNP APCH, the system, or the system and pilot in
4
The ASE value has been computed using the following formula:
ASE (ft) = 8.8 10 8 x(h+∆h) 2 + 6.5 10 3 x (h+∆h)+ 50
where h is the height of the local altimetry reporting station and Dh is the height of the
aircraft above the reporting station.
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combination, shall provide an alert if the accuracy requirement is not met, or if the
probability that the lateral TSE exceeds 0.6 NM is greater than 10 5 .
For APV BAROVNAV operation, in the vertical plane the integrity is relying on system
development assurance, crew procedures and use of airborne systems independent from
the VNAV computer system (e.g. primary altimeter system). The integrity requirement is
satisfied by applying appropriate quantitative numerical methods, qualitative operational
and procedural considerations and mitigations. The airborne VNAV system must be
designed in accordance with the major failure condition regarding the computation of an
erroneous vertical guidance. Two independent altimetry systems (sources and displays)
must be operational and crew must crosscheck the displayed altitude during the
approach and, in particular, when determining the Decision Altitude (DA). Operator
procedures and crew training should highlight the importance of having the current
altimeter setting for the selected instrument procedure and runway and the respect of
temperature limitation if the VNAV system does not compensate automatically.
Note 1 An airborne safety objective of Remote recognises that not only is the
navigation system design evaluated consistent with known industry and
regulatory system safety assessment views, but is now augmented with a
comprehensive assessment of system performance assurance, system
features/functions, human interface, flight crew procedures, maintenance and
training, that is unique for RNP. The result is that the safety assurance provided
greatly exceeds that of conventional navigation systems.
Note 2: An airborne objective of Remote is applicable to an instrument approach in
particular on the final segment, i.e. from the FAF down to the runway. It is
possible to satisfy this objective when considering the RNP system’s unique
requirements for RNP monitoring and integrity alerting, situational awareness
information, error checking via the human machine interface and cockpit
displays of independent flight information. Furthermore, the pilot should respect
all vertical constraints associated to the procedure (start of descent, stepdown
fix,…) in order to respect obstacle clearance.
Note 3: The probability to fail to detect a GPSinduced position error larger than 0.3 NM
is less than 10 7 /Fh if the receiver is compliant with ETSOC129( )/TSOC129( ),
ETSOC145/TSOC145a or ETSOC146/TSOC146a. This 10 7 /Fh criterion is the
combined probability of the missed detection probability (less than or equal to
10 3 /Fh) and the probability of receiving an erroneous satellite signal (less than
or equal to10 4 /Fh).
Note 4: Traditionally, this requirement has not specifically addressed the airborne
system operational software or airborne system databases (e.g. navigation
database). However, it is expected that where the RNAV airborne software has
been previously shown compliant with the criteria of ED12B/DO178B, Level C,
as a minimum, it is acceptable for the operations associated with this AMC.
Note 5: Probability terms are defined in CS AMC 25.1309, AC 23.13091() AC 271B or
AC 292C.
Note 6: For RNP APCH operation, the onboard monitoring and alerting function is
provided through the use of ABAS (RAIM or an equivalent algorithm) in
conjunction with crew monitoring of the FTE.
Note 7: For aircraft and systems approved for RNP AR operations, per AMC 2026, the
crew alerting based upon RNP is an acceptable alternative.
6.5 Continuity of function
It shall be demonstrated that:
(a) The probability of loss of all navigation information is Remote.
(b) The probability of nonrestorable loss of all navigation and communication functions
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is Extremely Improbable.
Loss of the RNP APCH functions with or without BAROVNAV guidance is considered a
minor failure condition if the operator can revert to a different navigation system and
proceed to a suitable airport. For RNP APCH operations at least one RNAV system is
required.
Note 1 From an operational point of view, the operator should develop contingency
procedure for the loss of the RNP APCH capability during the approach.
Note 2: Probability terms are defined in CS AMC 25.1309, AC 23.13091() AC 271B or
AC 292C.
7. FUNCTIONAL CRITERIA
7.1 Required Function for RNP APCH
Item Functional Description
1 Navigation data, including a to/from indication and a failure indicator, must be
displayed on a lateral deviation display (CDI, (E)HSI) and/or a navigation map
display. These must be used as primary flight instruments for the navigation of
the aircraft, for manoeuvre anticipation and for failure/status/integrity indication.
They must meet the following requirements:
1) The displays must be visible to the pilot and located in the primary field of
view (±15 degrees from pilot’s normal line of sight) when looking forward
along the flight path.
2) The lateral deviation display scaling must agree with any alerting and
annunciation limits, if implemented.
3) The lateral deviation display must also have a fullscale deflection suitable
for the current phase of flight and must be based on the required total
system accuracy. For installations having a lateral deviation display, its full
scale deflection must be suitable for the phase of flight and based on the
required trackkeeping accuracy. Scaling is ±1NM for the initial and
intermediate segments and ±0.3 NM for the final segment.
4) The display scaling may be set automatically by default logic or set to a
value obtained from a navigation database. The fullscale deflection value
must be known or made available for display to the flight crew.
Enhanced navigation display (e.g. electronic map display or enhanced EHSI) to
improve lateral situational awareness, navigation monitoring and approach (flight
plan) verification could become mandatory if the RNAV installation does not
support the display of information necessary for the accomplishment of these
crew tasks.
2 Capability to continuously display, to the pilot flying, the RNAV computed desired
path (DTK), and the aircraft position relative to the path (XTK), on the primary
flight instruments for navigation of the aircraft.
Note: Where the minimum flight crew is two pilots, it shall be possible for the
pilot not flying to verify the desired path and the aircraft position relative to
the path.
3 A navigation database, containing current navigation data officially promulgated
for civil aviation;
a) which can be updated in accordance with the AIRAC cycle and
b) from which approach procedures can be retrieved in their entirety and
loaded into the RNAV system.
The resolution to which the data is stored must be sufficient to ensure that the
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Item Functional Description
assumption of no path definition error is satisfied.
The database shall be protected against flight crew modification of the stored
data.
Note: When a procedure is loaded from the database, the RNAV system is
required to fly it as published. This does not preclude the flight crew from
having the means to modify a procedure or route already loaded into the
RNAV/GNSS system as permitted by paragraph 10. However, the
procedure stored in the database must not be modified and must remain
intact within the database for future use and reference.
4 Means to display the validity period of the navigation database to the flight crew.
5 Means to retrieve and display data stored in the navigation database relating to
individual waypoints and navigation aids, to enable the flight crew to verify the
procedure to be flown.
6 Capacity to load from the database into the RNAV system the whole approach
procedure to be flown.
7 Display of the identification of the active (To) waypoint, either in the pilot’s
primary field of view, or on a readily accessible page on the RNAV CDU, readily
visible to the flight crew.
8 Display of distance and bearing to the active (To) waypoint in the pilot’s primary
field of view. Where impracticable, the data may be displayed on a readily
accessible page on the RNAV CDU, readily visible to the flight crew.
9 Display of distance between flight plan waypoints. The navigation system must
provide the ability to display the distance between flight plan waypoints.
10 Display of distance from present position to any selected waypoint. The
navigation system must provide the ability to display the distance to any
waypoint selected by the flight crew. Such selection should not impact the active
flight plan.
11 Display of ground speed or time to the active (To) waypoint, either in the pilot’s
primary field of view, or on a readily accessible page on the RNAV CDU, readily
visible to the flight crew.
12 Capability for the “Direct to” function.
13 Capability for automatic leg sequencing with display of sequencing to the flight
crew.
14 Capability to execute database procedures including:
a) flyover and
b) flyby turns.
15 Capability to execute leg transitions and maintain tracks consistent with the
following ARINC 424 path terminators (automatic capability), or their equivalent:
Initial Fix (IF),
Track to Fix (TF),
Direct to Fix (DF)
Note: Path terminators are defined in ARINC Specification 424, and their
application is described in more detail in documents PANSOPS,
EUROCAE ED75()/RTCA DO236(), ED77/RTCA DO201A, and
EUROCONTROL Document NAV.ET1.ST10.
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Item Functional Description
16 Capability to automatically execute leg transitions consistent with ARINC 424 FA
path terminators, or the RNAV system must permit the pilot to fly a course and
turn at a designated altitude. If manual intervention is necessary to turn at the
designated altitude, the associated crew workload shall be assessed
17 Indication of the RNAV system failure leading to the loss of navigation function in
the pilot’s primary field of view (e.g. by means of a navigation warning flag on
the navigation display).
18 Indication of the Loss Of Integrity (LOI) function (e.g. loss of RAIM) in the pilot’s
normal field of view (e.g. by means of an appropriately located annunciator).
Note: Systems providing RNP alerts that reflect loss of GNSS integrity are
considered acceptable.
19 Capability for the accomplishment of holding patterns and procedure turns.
Activation of this function shall at least:
a) Change automatic waypoint sequencing to manual.
b) Permit the pilot to readily designate a waypoint and select a desired course
(by means of a numerical keypad entry, HSI course pointer, CDI omni
bearing selector, etc.) to or from the designated waypoint (TO/FROM mode
operation is acceptable).
c) Retain all subsequent waypoints in the active flight plan in the same
sequence.
d) Permit the pilot to readily return to automatic waypoint sequencing at any
time prior to the designated fix (“TO” waypoint) and continue with the
existing flight plan.
7.2 Additional required function for APV BAROVNAV operation
In addition to the required function specified in paragraph 7.1, the system shall meet the
following requirements:
Item Functional Description
1 APV BAROVNAV deviation must be displayed on a vertical deviation display
(HSI, EHSI, VDI).
This display must be used as primary flight instruments for the approach. The
display must be visible to the pilot and located in the primary field of view (±15
degrees from pilot’s normal line of sight) when looking forward along the flight
path.
The deviation display shall have a suitable fullscale deflection based on the
required vertical track error.
The nonnumeric display must allow the fight crew to readily distinguish if the
vertical deviation exceeds ±75 feet.
If the nonnumeric display does not permit the fight crew to readily distinguish
excessive vertical deviations, the approach must be conducted with the flight
director and/or the autopilot and a numeric display should allow the pilot to
readily distinguish if the vertical deviation exceeds ±75 feet
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Item Functional Description
2 Capability to continuously display, to the pilot flying, the vertical deviation
relative to the Final approach segment on the primary flight instruments for
navigation of the aircraft.
Note: Where the minimum flight crew is two pilots, a means for the pilot not
flying to verify the desired path and the aircraft position relative to the
path shall be provided.
3 The navigation system must be capable of defining a vertical path in accordance
with the published vertical path.
Note: The VNAV equipment error budget (see 6.3.2.b) includes the path
approximation error.
4 User Interface (Displays and Control)
The display readout and entry resolution for vertical navigation information shall
be as follow:
7.3 Recommended Function for RNP APCH
Item Functional Description
1 Capability, following ATC instructions, to immediately provide horizontal track
deviation indications relative to the extended final approach segment, in order to
facilitate the interception of this extended final approach segment from a radar
vector.
2 Course selector of the deviation display automatically slaved to the RNAV
computed path.
Note: Systems with electronic map display in the pilot's primary field of view
having a depiction of the active route are sufficient.
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7.4 Recommended Function for APV BAROVNAV operation
Item Functional Description
1 Temperature compensation: Capability to automatically adjust the vertical flight
path for temperature effects. The equipment should provide the capability for
entry of altimeter source temperature to compute temperature compensation for
the vertical flight path angle. The system should provide clear and distinct
indication to the flight crew of this compensation/adjustment.
2 Capability to automatically intercept the vertical path at FAP using a vertical fly
by technique.
Note: Vertical Fly By performance is described in ED75 B paragraphs 1.5.7.2
and 3.2.8.5
8. AIRWORTHINESS COMPLIANCE
8.1 General
This section details a means of airworthiness compliance for new or modified installations
(Para 8.2) and for existing installations (Para 8.3). It also details specific points that
should be considered during these approval processes (Para 8.4).
Relevant documentation demonstrating airworthiness compliance should be available to
establish that the aircraft is equipped with an RNAV systems meeting RNP APCH
requirements without or with vertical guidance (APV BAROVNAV).
8.2 New or Modified Installations
In demonstrating compliance with this AMC, the following specific points should be
noted:
The applicant will need to submit to the Agency a compliance statement which shows
how the criteria of this AMC have been satisfied. The statement should be based on a
plan, agreed by the Agency at an early stage of the implementation programme. The
plan should identify the certification data to be submitted which should include, as
appropriate, a system description together with evidence resulting from the activities
defined in the following paragraphs.
Compliance with the airworthiness requirements for intended function and safety may be
demonstrated by equipment qualification, system safety analysis, confirmation of
appropriate software design assurance level (i.e. consistent with paragraph 6.4),
performance analyses, and a combination of ground and flight tests. To support the
approval application, design data will need to be submitted showing that the objectives
and criteria of Sections 6 and 7 of this AMC have been satisfied.
Use of the RNAV systems and the manner of presentation of lateral and vertical (if
provided) guidance information on the flight deck should be evaluated to show that the
risk of flight crew error has been minimised.
8.2.1 Specific Installation criteria
The following points need to be taken into consideration during the airworthiness
approval process.
a) Where other conventional navigation systems, apart from the RNAV system, provide
display and/or guidance to a flight director/Autopilot, means should be provided for:
a navigation system source selector as the only means of selection;
clear annunciation of the selected navigation system on or near the navigation
display;
display of guidance information appropriate to the selected navigation system;
and
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delivery of guidance information to a flight director/autopilot appropriate to the
selected navigation system.
b) Annunciation for flight director, autopilot and selected navigation system should be
consistent, and compatible with the original design philosophy of the cockpit.
c) Loss of navigation capability should be indicated to the flight crew.
d) Equipment failure scenarios involving conventional navigation systems and the RNAV
system(s) should be evaluated to demonstrate that:
adequate alternative means of navigation are available following failure of the
RNAV system; and
reversionary switching arrangements, e.g. VOR/GPS#2 on HSI#1, do not lead to
misleading or unsafe display configurations.
The evaluation should consider also the probability of failures within the switching
arrangements.
e) If barometric altitude input is used by the RNAV system (e.g. Baro aiding for RAIM
function), loss of altitude information should be indicated by the RNAV system.
f) The coupling arrangements between the RNAV system and the flight
director/automatic pilot should be evaluated to show compatibility and to demonstrate
that operating modes, including RNAV system failures modes, are clearly and
unambiguously indicated to the flight crew.
g) The use of the RNAV system and the manner of presentation of lateral and vertical (if
provided) guidance information on the flight deck should be evaluated to show that
the risk of flight crew error has been minimised. The crew should be aware, at any
time, of the system used for navigation.
h) The installation configuration features provided by the RNAV system which affect
airworthiness approval or operational criteria, such as: external CDI selection;
external CDI calibration; entering of GPS antenna height above ground; serial
Input/Output port configuration; reference datum, should not be selectable by the
pilot. Instructions on how to configure the RNAV system for the particular installation
should be listed in the appropriate manual.
i) Controls, displays, operating characteristics and pilot interface to RNAV system should
be assessed in relation to flight crew workload, particularly in the approach
environment. Essential design considerations include:
Minimising reliance on flight crew memory for any system operating procedure or
task. Developing a clear and unambiguous display of system modes/submodes
and navigational data with emphasis on enhanced situational awareness
requirements for any automatic mode changes, if provided.
Use of context sensitive helps capability and error messages (for example, invalid
inputs or invalid data entry messages should provide a simple means to
determine how to enter “valid” data).
Placing particular emphasis on the number of steps and minimising the time
required to accomplish flight plan modifications to accommodate ATS clearances,
holding procedures, runway and instrument approach changes, missed
approaches and diversions to alternate destinations.
Minimising the number of nuisance alerts so the flight crew will recognise and
react appropriately when required.
8.3 Existing Installations
Aircraft that are approved for RNP AR APCH operations are considered compliant with
this AMC.
An existing statement in the AFM that indicates the aircraft is approved:
to perform RNP 0.3 GNSS approaches or,
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for instrument approaches including a specification of RNP GNSS capability that
meets RNP 0.3
is considered acceptable for lateral performance.
If this is not the case, the applicant will need to submit to the Agency a compliance
statement which shows how the criteria of this AMC have been satisfied for existing
installations. Compliance may be established by inspection of the installed system to
confirm the availability of required features and functionality. The performance and
integrity criteria of Sections 6 and 7 may be confirmed by reference to statements in the
Aircraft Flight Manual or to other applicable approvals and supporting certification data.
In the absence of such evidence, supplementary analyses and/or tests may be required.
To avoid unnecessary regulatory activity, the determination of eligibility for existing
systems should consider acceptance of manufacturer documentation. In this specific
case, an AFM amendment is recommended to reflect the RNP APCH aircraft capability.
The addition of this aircraft capability in the AFM without any technical modification
applied to the aircraft could be considered as a Minor change by the Agency.
8.4 Specific Installation assessment
8.4.1 Lateral and vertical FlyBy transition mechanism
The applicant should demonstrate that the turn indication during lateral flyby transitions
is accurate enough to keep the aircraft within the theoretical transition area as described
in ED75 B paragraph 3.2.5.4. Lateral Flyby transition assessment should be evaluated
in manual and in autopilot mode. If the equipment provides positive course guidance
through the turn (during the flyby transition), then no specific flight test is required.
The applicant should demonstrate that the vertical indication during vertical flyby
transitions is accurate enough to keep the aircraft within the profile described in ED75 B
paragraph 3.2.8.5. Vertical Flyby transition assessment should be evaluated in manual
and in autopilot mode. It is recalled that momentary deviation below the published
minimum procedure altitude at the FAP is acceptable provided the deviation is limited to
no more than 50 feet assuming no VNAV equipment error.
8.4.2 Enhanced navigation displays
It is recognised that enhanced navigation display (such as IFR approved electronic
moving map or enhanced EHSI) improves crew lateral situational awareness and
navigation monitoring. It is strongly recommended that the RNAV installation
incorporates an IFR approved moving map display. This may be a standalone display or
may be integrated within the aircraft electronic display system or directly integrated
within the GNSS standalone receiver. For certain cases an enhanced navigation display
is required (see Para 7.1 Item 1).
The graphical map display should incorporate at least the active flight plan, map ranges
consistent with the flight operation, available navigation aids, and airports. Design and
installation of enhanced navigation display should be approved during the approval
process; in particular the evaluation of the manmachine interface (colour, symbol,
cluttering aspect, display location, display size, etc.).
Enhanced navigational display is considered an essential function for the crew to verify
the approach procedure loaded from the navigational database. This display is also a key
element for the navigation crew monitoring (e.g. flight plan progress).
8.4.3 Intermixing of equipment
Simultaneous use of RNAV systems with different crew interfaces can be very confusing
and can lead to problems when they have conflicting methods of operation and
conflicting display formats. For approach operations, simultaneous use of RNAV
equipment which is not identical or compatible is not permitted.
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9. AIRCRAFT FLIGHT MANUAL/PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
For new or modified aircraft, the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) or the Pilot’s Operating
Handbook (POH), whichever is applicable, should provide at least the following
information:
a) A statement which identifies the equipment and aircraft build or modification
standard certificated for RNP APCH operation with or without vertical guidance (APV
BAROVNAV). This may include a very brief description of the RNAV/GNSS system,
including the RNAV/GNSS airborne equipment software version, CDI/HSI equipment
and installation and a statement that it is suitable for RNAV operations. A brief
introduction to the RNAV(GNSS) approach concept using ICAO RNP APCH
terminology may also be included.
b) Appropriate amendments or supplements to cover RNP APCH approach operations in
the following sections:
· Limitations – including use of VNAV, FD and AP; currency of navigation database;
crew verification of navigation data; availability of RAIM or equivalent function;
restrictions on use of GNSS for conventional Non Precision Approaches.
· Normal Procedures
· Abnormal Procedures – including actions in response to a Loss of Integrity (e.g.
‘RAIM Position Warning’, (or equivalent) message or a ‘RAIM not available’, (or
equivalent) message).
Note: This limited set assumes that a detailed description of the installed system and
related operating instructions and procedures are available in other approved
operational or training manuals.
10. RNP APCH OPERATIONAL CRITERIA
This section describes acceptable operational criteria for approach operations, subject to
the limitations given below. The operational criteria assume that the corresponding
installation/airworthiness approval has been granted by the Agency.
Operational criteria apply to the use of the RNAV system for RNP APCH operations on
any aircraft operated under IFR in accordance with EU legislation or the applicable
operational regulations in the fields for which the EU legislation has not yet been
established.
Operations of the RNAV system should be in accordance with the AFM or AFM
supplement. The operational procedures to be addressed by the operator are detailed in
APPENDIX 4. The (Master) Minimum Equipment List (MMEL/MEL) should be amended to
identify the minimum equipment necessary to satisfy operations using the RNAV system.
The operator should determine the operational characteristics of the procedure to be
flown. It is recommended that the process described in paragraph 10.3 and APPENDIX 2
of this AMC should be followed to validate its operational use by the crew.
Depending on the aircraft capability and the approach procedure, RNP APCH procedures
may be conducted with lateral (LNAV), lateral/vertical (LNAV/VNAV) or equivalent mode
engaged, and coupling with either a flight director or autopilot.
Prior to the operation, the operator needs to be authorised by his/her competent
authority for such operations.
10.1 Flight Operations Documentation
The relevant parts and sections of the Operations Manual (e.g., Aircraft Operations
Manual, check lists, training of crew) should be revised to take account of the operating
procedures detailed in this section and, in particular those in APPENDIX 4. The operator
should make timely amendments to the Operations Manual to reflect relevant RNP APCH
procedure without or with vertical guidance (APV BAROVNAV) and database checking
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strategies. Manuals and check lists need to be submitted for review by the responsible
authority as part of the authorisation process.
The aircraft operator should propose an amendment to the Minimum Equipment List
(MEL) appropriate to RNP APCH operations.
10.2 Flight Crew Training
Each pilot should receive appropriate training, briefings and guidance material in order to
safely conduct RNP APCH operations without or with vertical guidance (APV BARO
VNAV). This material and training should cover both normal and abnormal procedures.
Standard training and checking, such as recurrent aeroplane/STD training and
proficiency checks, should include RNP APCH procedures. Based on this, the operator
should determine what constitutes a qualified crew.
The operator should ensure that during line operations each pilot can perform assigned
duties reliably and expeditiously for each procedure to be flown in:
a) normal operations and
b) abnormal operations
The operator should ensure that altimeter settings procedures and cold temperature
limitations during APV BAROVNAV operation are respected.
a) Altimeter setting
Flight Crews should take precautions to switch altimeter settings at appropriate times or
locations and request a current altimeter setting if the reported setting is not recent,
particularly at times when pressure is reported or is expected to be rapidly
decreasing. Remote (regional) altimeter settings are not allowed.
Note: The operational crosscheck between altimeter readout and charted altitude
values at FAF or other profile fixes does not protect against altimeter setting
errors.
b) Cold Temperature
When cold weather temperatures exist, the pilot should check the chart for the
instrument approach procedure to determine the limiting temperature for the use of
BAROVNAV capability. If the airborne system contains a temperature compensation
capability, manufacturer instructions should be followed for use of the BAROVNAV
function, and the operational use of the temperature compensation function must be
authorised by the Air Navigation Service Provider.
A training programme should be structured to provide sufficient theoretical and practical
training. An example of training syllabus is described in APPENDIX 5.
10.3 Aerodrome competence and Operator verification
Before planning a flight to an aerodrome (destination or alternate) with the intent to use
an RNAV procedure contained in the Navigation Database, the operator should determine
the operational characteristics of the procedure in accordance with EU OPS 1.975 or the
applicable operational regulations. Further details are provided in APPENDIX 2.
Based on this assessment, the appropriate information should be given to the crew. If
the aerodrome access requires a specific competence, the designated crew shall have a
validated competence.
Note: This AMC addresses only RNP APCH procedures which are designed with straight
segment (e.g. T or Y approach). It is therefore anticipated that in most cases no
specific competence should be required to fly such approach procedure.
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10.4 Navigation Database Management
10.4.1 Operator involved in the operation of aeroplanes for commercial air
transportation
EUOPS 1.873 for the management of navigation database applies.
10.4.2 Operator not involved in the operation of aeroplanes for commercial air
transportation
The operators should not use a navigation database for RNP APCH operations unless the
navigation database supplier holds a Type 2 Letter of Acceptance (LoA) or equivalent.
An EASA Type 2 LoA is issued by EASA in accordance with EASA OPINION Nr. 01/2005
on “The Acceptance of Navigation Database Suppliers” dated 14 Jan 05. The FAA issues
a Type 2 LoA in accordance with AC 20153, while Transport Canada (TCCA) issues an
Acknowledgement Letter of an Aeronautical Data Process using the same basis. Both the
FAA LoA and the TCCA Acknowledgement Letter are seen to be equivalent to the EASA
LoA.
EUROCAE/RTCA document ED76/DO200A Standards for Processing Aeronautical Data
contains guidance relating to the processes that the supplier may follow. The LoA
demonstrates compliance with this standard.
10.4.2.1 Nonapproved Suppliers
If the operator’s supplier does not hold a Type 2 LoA or equivalent, the operator should
not use the electronic navigation data products unless the Authority has approved the
operator’s procedures for ensuring that the process applied and the delivered products
have met equivalent standards of integrity. An acceptable methodology is described in
APPENDIX 3 of this AMC.
10.4.2.3 Quality Monitoring
The operator should continue to monitor both the process and the products in
accordance with the quality system required by the applicable operational regulations.
10.4.2.4 Data Distribution
The operator should implement procedures that ensure timely distribution and insertion
of current and unaltered electronic navigation data to all aircraft that require it.
10.5 Reportable Events
A reportable event is one that adversely affects the safety of the operation and may be
caused by actions/events external to the operation of the aircraft navigation system. The
operator should have in place a system for investigating such an event to determine if it
is due to an improperly coded procedure, or a navigation data base error. Responsibility
for initiating corrective action rests with the operator.
For those operators for whom approval is granted under EU OPS 1, the following events
should be the subject of Occurrence Reports (see EUOPS 1.420):
Technical defects and the exceeding of technical limitations, including:
a) Significant navigation errors attributed to incorrect data or a data base coding error.
b) Unexpected deviations in lateral/vertical flight path not caused by pilot input or
erroneous operation of equipment.
c) Significant misleading information without a failure warning.
d) Total loss or multiple navigation equipment failure.
e) Loss of integrity (e.g. RAIM) function whereas integrity was predicted to be available
during the preflight planning.
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11. AVAILABILITY OF DOCUMENTS
JAA documents are available from the JAA publisher Information Handling Services
(IHS). Information on prices, where and how to order is available on the JAA website
and at www.jaa.nl .
EASA documents may be obtained from EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency),
101253, D50452 Koln, Germany. Website: www.easa.europa.eu
EUROCAE documents may be purchased from EUROCAE, 102 rue Etienne Dolet, 92240
MALAKOFF, France (Fax: 33 1 46 55 62 65). Website:
http://boutique.eurocae.net/catalog/.
FAA documents may be obtained from Superintendent of Documents, Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC 204029325, USA. Website: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/.
RTCA documents may be obtained from RTCA Inc, 1828 L Street, NW., Suite 805,
Washington, DC 20036, USA (Tel: 1 202 833 9339; Fax 1 202 833 9434). Website:
www.rtca.org.
ICAO documents may be purchased from Document Sales Unit, International Civil
Aviation Organisation, 999 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 5H7, (Fax:
1 514 954 6769, email: sales_unit@icao.org) or through national agencies.
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Appendix 1
APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY
The following are definitions of key terms used throughout this AMC.
AircraftBased Augmentation System (ABAS): An augmentation system that
augments and/or integrates the information obtained from the other GNSS elements
with information available on board the aircraft.
APV (Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance): An instrument approach
procedure which utilises lateral and vertical guidance but does not meet the
requirements established for precision approach and landing operations.
Area navigation (RNAV): A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on
any desired flight path within the coverage of stationreferenced navigation aids or
within the limits of the capability of selfcontained aids, or a combination of these.
Accuracy: The degree of conformance between the estimated, measured, or desired
position and/or the velocity of a platform at a given time, and its true position or
velocity. Navigation performance accuracy is usually presented as a statistical measure
of system error and is specified as predictable, repeatable and relative.
ASE (Altimetry System error): Altimetry error refers to the electrical output and includes
all errors attributable to the aircraft altimetry installation including position effects
resulting from normal aircraft flight attitudes.
Availability: An indication of the ability of the system to provide usable service within
the specified coverage area and is defined as the portion of time during which the
system is to be used for navigation during which reliable navigation information is
presented to the crew, automatic pilot, or other system managing the flight of the
aircraft.
BAROVNAV (Barometric Vertical NAVigation) is a navigation system that presents to
the pilot a computed vertical guidance based on barometric altitude.
Basic GNSS operation: Operation that are based on GNSS Aircraft Based Augmentation
System (ABAS). An ABAS system is typically a GNSS receiver with fault detection
compliant to E/TSO C 129a, E/TSOC145() or E/TSOC146().
Continuity of Function: The capability of the total system (comprising all elements
necessary to maintain aircraft position within the defined airspace) to perform its
function without nonscheduled interruptions during the intended operation.
DA(H): Decision altitude (DA) or Decision height (DH). A specified altitude or height in
the precision approach or approach with vertical guidance at which a missed approach
must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been
established.
FAP: Final Approach Point.
Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE): FDE is a receiver processing scheme that
autonomously provides integrity monitoring for the position solution, using redundant
range measurements. The FDE consist of two distinct parts: fault detection and fault
exclusion. The fault detection part detects the presence of an unacceptably large position
error for a given mode of flight. Upon the detection, fault exclusion follows and excludes
the source of the unacceptably large position error, thereby allowing navigation to return
to normal performance without an interruption in service.
GNSS standalone receiver: A GNSS system incorporating the GNSS sensor, the
navigation capability and the navigation data base.
GNSS sensor: A GNSS system incorporating only the GNSS receiving and positioning
part. It doesn’t incorporate the navigation capability and the navigation data base.
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HCE (Horizontal Coupling Error): The vertical error component of an along track
positioning error
Integrity: The ability of a system to provide timely warnings to users when the system
should not be used for navigation.
MDA(H): Minimum descent altitude (MDA) or minimum descent height (MDH). A
specified altitude or height in a nonprecision approach or circling approach, below
which, descent should not be made without the required visual reference.
NSE (Navigation System Error): The difference between true position and estimated
position
OCA/H: In a precision approach procedure (or APV), the OCA/H is defined as the lowest
altitude/height at which a missed approach must be initiated to ensure compliance with
the appropriate obstacle clearance design criteria.
On board Monitoring and Alerting function: This function is the main element which
determines if the navigation system complies with the necessary safety level associated
to a RNP application; it relates to both lateral and longitudinal navigation performance.
Onboard performance monitoring and alerting allows the flight crew to detect that the
RNAV system is not achieving the navigation performance required. Onboard
performance monitoring and alerting is concerned with the monitoring of all type of
errors which may affect the aircraft ability to follow the desired flight path.
TCH: Threshold Crossing Height. The height of the Glide Path above the threshold.
TSE (Total System Error): The difference between true position and desired position.
This error is equal to the root sum square (RSS) of the Flight Technical Error (FTE), Path
Definition Error (PDE), and Navigation System Error (NSE).
PDE (Path Definition Error): The difference between the defined path and the desired
path.
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM): A technique whereby a GNSS
receiver/processor determines the integrity of the GNSS navigation signals using only
GPS signals or GPS signals augmented with altitude. This determination is achieved by a
consistency check among redundant pseudorange measurements. At least one satellite
in addition to those required for navigation should be in view for the receiver to perform
the RAIM function.
RNAV System: A navigation system which permits aircraft operation on any desired
flight path within the coverage of stationreferenced navigation aids or within the limits
of the capability of selfcontained aids, or a combination of these. A RNAV system may
be included as part of a Flight Management System (FMS).
RNAV(GNSS) approach: A GNSS RNAV approach promulgated by a State and designed
in accordance with PANSOPS Criteria Doc 8168, Volume II, Part III, Section 1, Chapter
2 and Section 3, Chapter 3 (Basic GNSS). Such approach should be flown by using an
airborne RNAV system approved for RNP APCH operations.
SBAS: Satellite Based Augmentation System. SBAS augments core satellite constellation
by providing ranging, integrity and correction information via geostationary satellites.
This system comprises a network of ground reference stations that observe satellites
signals, and master stations that process observed data and generate SBAS messages
for uplink to the geostationary satellites, which broadcast the SBAS message to the
users.
RNP APCH: RNP AProaCH. A RNP approach defined in the ICAO Performance Based
Manual (PBN) manual. An approach equivalent to the RNAV (GNSS) one.
TSOC129()/ ETSO C129a GPS Class A equipment: Equipment incorporating both
the GNSS sensor and navigation capability. This equipment incorporates RAIM as defined
by TSO/ETSOC129( ).
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Appendix 2
The operator should show evidence that consideration has been given to the evaluation
of any new or modified RNP APCH procedures.
RNP APCH procedure should be designed using straight segments; the operator should
check that the selected procedure fulfils this requirement.
Particular attention should be paid to procedures:
in mountainous environments,
within the proximity of wellknown obstacles,
that may require adequate knowledge for the aerodrome access or aerodrome
competence qualification, as specified in EUOPS 1.975 or the applicable operational
requirements.
Competence may be required specifically for this RNAV procedure or the procedure may
be published for an aerodrome already listed as requiring an aerodrome competence.
This may be aircraft type related and subject to periodic revalidation.
In the absence of radar coverage,
When missed approach trajectory involve turns, especially at low altitudes,
Subject to a declared exemption to the procedure design rules specified by the ICAO
PANS OPS,
Every other case considered necessary to be evaluated by the operator.
The operator may develop an internal process (e.g. filtering methods or tools covering
the AIP review) to detect RNP APCH procedure(s) showing one or more of the above
listed characteristics.
The operational evaluation of a RNP APCH procedure showing evidence of the above
mentioned operational characteristics may include, at operator discretion, an approach
conducted with the aircraft in VMC or the use of a full flight simulator (FFS) in order to
evaluate if the procedure is correctly executed by the RNAV system and flyable with the
aircraft type.
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Appendix 3
APPENDIX 3: ALTERNATE NAVIGATION DATABASE INTEGRITY CHECK
If operator’s navigation data base supplier has no Type 2 LOA, the operator should
develop and describe a method to demonstrate an acceptable level of integrity of the
navigation data base content used by the RNAV system on board the aircraft.
The operator should implement navigation data base integrity checks for all RNP APCH
procedures they wish to operate, using manual verification procedures or appropriate
software tools, at each AIRAC Cycle.
The objective of this integrity check is to identify any significant discrepancies between
the published charts/procedures and the navigation database content.
Integrity checks may be conducted by a designated third party, under the operator
responsibility.
1 Elements to be verified
At least the following elements of an RNP APCH should be verified:
Coordinates/location verification of IAF, IF, FAF, MAPt, and other waypoints between
IAF and MAPt (if any)
Tracks between these waypoints
Distance between these waypoints
Vertical path angle (for APV BAROVNAV operation)
2 Means to verify those elements
2.1 The Operator verification process
The operator should, at the very least, verify the information listed in paragraph 1 of this
Appendix, by comparison with the official published data.
As the data may evolve at each AIRAC Cycle, this verification should be done at every
AIRAC cycle using comparison with source documents or a reference data base (gold
standard).
The operator should describe the method used to verify the navigation data base
integrity which can be based on a:
a) manual method, with or without software support, whereby the airborne data base is
compared with the original published data, or
b) recurrent method with a reference database, whereby any changes identified
between the latest data base and the reference data base are checked against the
original published data. Once the latest data base has been verified, it becomes the
reference data base for the next AIRAC cycle.
The recurrent method relies on the integrity of the initial data base, and requires that
the check of every RNP APCH procedure has been properly conducted and validated at
the very first time. It also relies on the assumption that every change in the data base is
properly identified and checked. It is recommended that software tools are used to
compare the contents of one (N) AIRAC cycle data base with the contents of the previous
(N1) AIRAC cycle data base.
Whatever the method, data to be checked must come from the final source to be loaded
on the aircraft.
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2.2 The means to enable this verification
In many cases, the RNAV system and an enhanced navigation display are necessary to
access the data (on the aircraft or on a flight simulator).
An RNAV system comparable to the one installed on the aircraft (i.e. using the same
algorithms) may also be used, as well as appropriate simulation software tools. The
RNAV system manufacturer should be consulted on the adequacy of specific software for
this purpose.
Data may also be acquired through a tool able of unpacking the data encoded on the
files (e.g. decompactor) developed by the RNAV system manufacturer.
Whatever software tool is used, it should be validated for its intended use by the
operator.
3 Feed back and reporting errors found
In case of errors found, the operator should take appropriate actions.
In particular, significant errors (i.e. those that would affect the flight path of the aircraft)
should be reported to the database supplier and the competent authority and affected
procedures should be prohibited by a company instruction or NOTAM.
Note: Integrity checks could be conducted for several operators by a same designated
third party. In this case, it is strongly recommended that any problem recorded
by this third party be reported to all its client operators.
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Appendix 4
APPENDIX 4: OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
This Appendix should be used by the operator to amend the relevant parts and sections
of the Operations Manual as described in 10.1 to support these types of operations.
1 Normal Procedures
1.1 Preflight Planning
Operators and flight crew intending to conduct operations on RNP APCH procedures must
file the appropriate flight plan suffixes. The onboard navigation data must be current
and must include the appropriate procedures.
In addition to the normal preflight planning, the following additional checks must be
carried out:
a) The instrument approach chart should clearly identify the RNP APCH operation as
RNAV(GNSS) or equivalent (e.g.: RNAV(GNSS) RWY 27,…). The operator should determine
in accordance with the promulgated OCA(H) and the operational requirement
(e.g. EUOPS 1.430) the Minimum Descent Altitude/Height (MDA(H)) for LNAV
approaches or the Decision Altitude/Height (DA(H)) for APV BAROVNAV operation.
b) Flight crew must ensure that RNP APCH procedures which may be used for the
intended flight (including alternates aerodromes) are selectable from a valid
navigation data base (current AIRAC cycle) and are not prohibited by a company
instruction or NOTAM.
Flight crew could check approach procedures (including alternate aerodromes) as
extracted by the system (e.g. CDU flight plan page) or presented graphically on the
moving map, in order to confirm the correct loading and the reasonableness of the
procedure content. The vertical path of the APV BAROVNAV procedure could be
checked as extracted from the navigation data base on the RNAV Man Machine
Interface (e.g. MCDU).
If above verification is not satisfactory, the flight crew should not use the procedure,
and not consider this approach(es) during the selection of aerodromes for the
intended flight.
c) Flight crew should ensure sufficient means are available to navigate and land at the
destination or at an alternate aerodrome in the case of loss of RNP APCH airborne
capability.
In particular, the pilot should check that:
a nonRNP APCH procedure is available at the alternate, where a destination
alternate is required
at least one nonRNP APCH procedure is available at the destination aerodrome,
where a destination alternate is not required
d) Operators and flight crews must take account of any NOTAMs or operator briefing
material that could adversely affect the aircraft system operation, or the availability
or suitability of the procedures at the airport of landing, or any alternate airport.
e) If the missed approach procedures are based on conventional means (VOR, NDB),
the appropriate airborne equipment required to fly this procedure must be installed in
the aircraft and must be operational. The associated groundbased navaids must also
be operational.
If the missed approach procedure is based on RNAV (no conventional or dead
reckoning missed approach available), the appropriate airborne equipment required
to fly this procedure must be available and serviceable on board the aircraft.
f) For those GNSS systems relying on RAIM, its availability 15 min before Estimated
Time of Arrival (ETA) until 15 min after ETA should be verified during the preflight
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Appendix 4
planning. In the event of a predicted continuous loss of fault detection of more than
five (5) minutes, the flight planning should be revised (e.g. delaying the departure or
planning a different approach procedure).
Note 1: For certain systems, prediction is not systematic but is only required in
specific cases and shall be detailed in the relevant section of the AFM
Note 2: RAIM availability prediction services may be provided to users by the air
navigation service provider (ANSP), an avionics manufacturer or other
entities.
g) Any MEL restriction should be observed
1.2 Prior to Commencing the Procedure
In addition to normal procedure prior to commencing the approach (before the IAF and
in compatibility with crew workload), the flight crew must verify the correctness of the
loaded procedure by comparison with the appropriate approach charts. This check must
include:
a) The waypoint sequence.
b) Reasonableness of the tracks and distances of the approach legs, and the accuracy of
the inbound course and mileage of the final approach segment.
Note: As a minimum, this check could be a simple inspection of a suitable map
display.
c) The vertical path angle.
For multisensor systems, the crew must verify during the approach that GNSS sensor is
used for position computation.
For an RNAV system with ABAS requiring barometric corrected altitude, the current
airport barometric altimeter setting, should be input at the appropriate time, consistent
with the performance of the flight operation.
For those GNSS systems relying on RAIM and necessitating a check of its availability for
RNP APCH, the flight crew should perform a new RAIM availability check if ETA is more
than 15 minutes different from the ETA used during the preflight planning. This check is
also performed automatically for ETSO/TSOC129a Class A1 receiver, 2 NM before the
FAF.
Note: Systems providing RNP alerts that reflect loss of GNSS integrity are
considered acceptable and no flight crew RAIM availability check is required.
For APV BAROVNAV operation, the crew must confirm the correct altimeter setting. The
procedure must only be flown with:
a) a current local altimeter setting source available; and
b) the QNH/QFE, as appropriate, set on the aircraft’s altimeters.
Procedures using a remote (regional) altimeter setting source cannot support APV BARO
VNAV approach.
For APV BAROVNAV operation, pilots are responsible for any necessary cold
temperature compensations to all published minimum altitudes/heights. This includes:
a) the altitudes/heights for the initial and intermediate segment(s);
b) the DA/H; and
c) subsequent missed approach altitudes/heights.
APV BAROVNAV procedures are not permitted when the aerodrome temperature is
below the promulgated minimum aerodrome temperature for the procedure, unless the
RNAV system is equipped with approved cold temperature compensation for the final
approach.
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Appendix 4
ATC tactical interventions in the terminal area may include radar headings, ‘direct to’
clearances which bypass the initial legs of an approach, interceptions of an initial or
intermediate segments of an approach or the insertion of additional waypoints loaded
from the data base. In complying with ATC instructions, the flight crew should be aware
of the implications for the RNAV system.
a) The manual entry of coordinates into the RNAV system by the flight crew for
operation within the terminal area is not permitted.
b) ‘Direct to’ clearances may be accepted to the Intermediate Fix (IF) provided that the
resulting track change at the IF does not exceed 45 ° .
Note: Direct to clearance to FAF is not acceptable. Modifying the procedure to intercept
the final approach course prior to the FAF is acceptable for radar vectored arrivals
or at other times with ATC approval.
The lateral and vertical (for APV BAROVNAV operation) definition of the flight path
between the FAF and the Missed Approach Point (MAPt) must not be revised by the
flightcrew under any circumstances.
1.3 During the Procedure
The final approach trajectory must be intercepted no later than the FAF in order for the
aircraft to be correctly established on the final approach course before starting the
descent (to ensure terrain and obstacle clearance).
The crew must check the RNAV approach mode annunciator (or equivalent) is properly
indicating approachmode integrity 2 NM before the FAF.
Note: This will not apply for certain RNAV system (e.g. aircraft already approved with
demonstrated RNP capability). For such systems, other means are available
including electronic map displays, flight guidance mode indications, etc., which
clearly indicate to the crew that the approach mode is activated.
For APV BAROVNAV operation, the crew should check that the two altimeters provide
equivalent altitude (difference of 100 feet max) at or before FAF. This check must be
made after the crew has set the correct altimeter setting.
The crew should also check the consistency between the VNAV guidance and the primary
altimeters indications commensurate with pilot workload (e.g. after the aircraft is
established on the vertical path).
During the descent, crew should check that the vertical speed is consistent with the
VNAV angle to be flown.
The appropriate displays must be selected so that the following information can be
monitored:
a) The RNAV computed desired path (DTK), and
b) Aircraft position relative to the lateral path (CrossTrack Deviation) for FTE
monitoring
c) Aircraft position relative to the vertical path (for APV BAROVNAV operation)
The crew should respect all published altitude and speed constraints.
The procedure must be discontinued:
a) If RNAV failure is annunciated (e.g. warning flag),
b) If the NSE alarm is triggered (e.g. RAIM alert),
c) In case of loss of the NSE alerting function (e.g. RAIM loss),
d) If lateral or vertical (if provided) FTE is excessive,
e) If VNAV trajectory is not consistent with aircraft altimetry system information or
vertical speed information.
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Note: Discontinuing the procedure may not be necessary for a multisensor RNAV
system that includes demonstrated RNP capability without GNSS. Manufacturer
documentation should be examined to determine the extent the system may be
used in such configuration.
The missed approach must be flown in accordance with the published procedure. Use of
the RNAV system during the missed approach is acceptable provided:
a) The RNAV system is operational (e.g. no loss of function, no RAIM alert, no failure
indication, etc.).
b) The whole procedure (including the missed approach) is loaded from the navigation
data base.
During the RNP APCH procedure, pilots must use a lateral deviation indicator, flight
director and/or autopilot in lateral navigation mode.
Pilots of aircraft with a lateral deviation indicator (e.g. CDI) must ensure that lateral
deviation indicator scaling (fullscale deflection) is suitable for the navigation accuracy
associated with the various segments of the procedure (i.e., ±1.0 nm for the Initial and
Intermediate segments, ±0.3 nm for the Final Approach segment, and ±1.0 nm for the
Missed Approach segment).
All pilots are expected to maintain procedure centrelines, as depicted by on board lateral
deviation indicators and/or flight guidance during all the approach procedure unless
authorised to deviate by ATC or under emergency conditions.
For normal operations, crosstrack error/deviation (the difference between the RNAV
system computed path and the aircraft position relative to the path) should be limited to
± ½ the navigation accuracy associated with the procedure (i.e., 0.5 nm for the Initial
and Intermediate segments, 0.15 nm for the Final Approach segment, and 0.5 nm for
the Missed Approach segment).
Brief deviations from this standard (e.g. overshoots or undershoots) during and
immediately after turns, up to a maximum of 1 times the navigation accuracy (i.e., 1.0
nm for the Initial and Intermediate segments), are allowable.
In addition, during APV BAROVNAV procedures pilots must use a vertical deviation
indicator, flight director and/or autopilot in vertical navigation mode.
Deviations above and below the vertical path must not exceed ±75 feet. Pilots must
execute a Missed Approach if the vertical deviation exceeds the criteria above, unless the
pilot has in sight the visual references required to continue the approach.
In the event of failure of one RNAV system during a procedure where two systems are
necessary, the crew should abort the procedure if the failure occurs before FAF but could
continue the approach if the failure occurs after FAF.
Use of GNSS altitude information by the crew is prohibited.
2 Abnormal Procedures
Abnormal procedures to address Cautions and Warnings resulting from the following
conditions should be developed:
a) Failure of the RNAV system components, including those affecting Flight Technical
Error (e.g. failures of the flight director or automatic pilot).
b) RAIM (or equivalent) alert or loss of integrity function.
In the event of communications failure, the flight crew should continue with the
procedure in accordance with published lost communication procedures.
The flight crew should notify ATC of any problem with the RNAV system that results in
the loss of the approach capability.
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Appendix 5
APPENDIX 5: FLIGHT CREW TRAINING SYLLABUS
The flight crew training programme should be structured to provide sufficient theoretical
and practical training, using a simulator, training device, or line training in an aircraft, in
the concept of RNP APCH operations without or with vertical guidance (APV BAROVNAV)
and the use of the aircraft’s RNAV system in such operations to ensure that pilots are not
just taskoriented. The following syllabus should be considered as minimum amendment
to the training programme to support RNP APCH including APV BAROVNAV operations:
Note: Operators who are already using procedures to fly other types of approaches,
may receive appropriate credit for common training and procedural elements.
1 GENERAL RNAV CONCEPTS INCLUDING:
1. Theory of RNAV including differences between types of RNAV operations
2. Limitations of RNAV
3. Limitations of BAROVNAV
4. Charting and database issues including:
i. Waypoint naming concepts
ii. Vertical path angle
iii. Flyby and flyover waypoints
5. Use of RNAV equipment including:
i. Verification and sensor management
ii. Tactically modifying the flight plan
iii. Addressing discontinuities
iv. Entering associated data such as:
Wind
Altitude/speed constraints
Vertical profile/vertical speed
6. Use of lateral navigation mode(s) and associated lateral control techniques
7. Use of vertical navigation mode(s) and associated vertical control techniques
8. R/T phraseology for RNAV operations
9. The implication for RNAV operations of systems malfunctions which are not
RNAV related (e.g. hydraulic or engine failure)
2 RNP APCH concepts including:
1. Definition of RNP APCH operations and its direct relationship with RNAV (GNSS)
procedures.
2. Regulatory requirements for RNP APCH operations
3. Required navigation equipment for RNP APCH operations:
i. GPS concepts and characteristics
ii. RNP/ANP requirements
iii. RAIM
iv. BAROVNAV
v. MEL
4. Procedure characteristics
i. Chart depiction
ii. Aircraft display depiction
iii. Minima
5. Retrieving a RNP APCH(or a RNAV(GNSS)) approach procedure from the data
base
6. Procedure change at destination airport, change arrival airport and alternate
airport
7. Flying the procedure:
i. Use of autopilot, auto throttle and flight director
ii. Flight Guidance(FG) mode behaviour
iii. Lateral and vertical path management
iv. Adherence to speed and/or altitude constraints
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v. Fly direct to a waypoint
vi. Determine lateral and verticaltrack error/deviation
vii. Fly interception of an initial or intermediate segment of an approach
following ATC notification
viii.Where the RNAV system supports interception of the extended final
approach segment then flight crew should be trained in use of the
function.
ix. The use of other aircraft equipment to support track monitoring, weather
and obstacle avoidance
x. Contingency procedures in case of lateral mode failure ( LNAV) and/or
vertical mode failure (VNAV)
8. For APV BAROVNAV operation, a clear understanding of specific crew
requirements:
i. for comparisons of VNAV guidance with primary altimeter information
ii. for altitude crosschecks between primary altimeters (e.g. altimetry
comparisons of 100 feet),
iii. for temperature limitations on instrument procedures
iv. for altimeter settings in term of currency, accuracy and integrity.
9. The effect of temperature deviation and its compensation
10. ATC procedures
11. Abnormal procedures
12. Contingency procedures
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