REPORT ON GEOPHYSICAL/HYDROGEOLOGICAL

INVESTIGATION FOR GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT

Within
the Community of

Imiokpe Okpella Community, Etsako East Local Govt.

Edo State

CONSTRUCTION OF BASIC RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE

IN EDO STATE NIGERIA

SALTA INFRASTRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LIMITED

298B JIDE OKI STREET, VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS

February, 2016

DOCUMENT NO. SICCL-004-GHIR-00-001

A 09 Feb 2016 Issued to RIE For Approval SK GO GN

REV DATE DESCRIPTION ORIG CHK APPR
Project Document Document Designation Subject Serial Revision
Document Control No. Number type Code Code Number
SICCL 001 GHIR 00 001 A
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Revision History

REV DATE ISSUE PURPOSE ORIGINATO CHECKED APPROVE

R BY: D BY:
A1 09 Feb 2016 Issued For Use SK GO GN

Holds:

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GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY TEAM:

 Sanni Kazeem A (MNMGS, COMEG Reg.),
 Ojo Gboyega,
 Ndibe Gilbert

Contact person: Chief 03, Chief of Imiokpe Okpella

Chairman, MPP9 Committee,
08160341816

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Table of Contents

GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY TEAM:..............................................................................................3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..............................................................................................................8
1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................8
1.1 The objectives of the survey include:..................................................................................9
2.0 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY.......................................................................................................9
3.0 SCOPE OF WORK..............................................................................................................................10
4.0 GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY.................................................................................................10
4.1 Methodology.............................................................................................................................11
4.1.1 Principles of Electrical Resistivity Technique..............................................................11
4.2 Field Technique........................................................................................................................11
4.2.1 Horizontal Resistivity Profiling (HRP)........................................................................11
4.2.2 Vertical Electrical Sounding........................................................................................12
5.0 DATA PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION................................................................................12
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................13

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Accessibility map of the study area (Not to scale)................................................................10

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List of Pictures

Picture showing the field survey line and the members of Imiokpe community.............................................13

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List of Appendices

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) Data............................................................................................15

Horizontal profiling data.....................................................................................................................16
Horizontal Profiling Curve..................................................................................................................17
Layer Model Interpretation.................................................................................................................18
1-D GEo-Electric Section...................................................................................................................19

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

An electrical resistivity exploration was carried out within the Community of Imiokpe
Okpella Community, Etsako east Local Govt. Edo State, with a view to locating a
suitable point for drilling productive borehole.

The survey methods include:

a. Electrical Resistivity Profiling
b. Vertical Electrical Depth Sounding.

A 70 - 100m borehole is being recommended. The groundwater potential is expected to be of

medium yield.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The importance of groundwater as a supply source to the socio-economic development of a

country is tremendous, more so, when it is the only viable source of water in many
communities where development of surface water is not economically feasible. In this 21 st
century, there is increasing demand for water supply for portable use to achieve maximum
human growth. The existing surface water supply scheme has proved inadequate. Over-
exploitation of surface water is manifested by the lowering of the water table and a regional
imbalance associated with the problem of water scarcity for domestic and industrial uses.
Hence, detailed identification of the aquifer system is essential for sustainable development
of groundwater in this region.

Considering the limited and winding characteristics of the groundwater reservoirs in the
Basement Complex, the full benefit of the aquifer system can only be exploited through a
well co-ordinated hydrogeophysical and geological investigation program of the prospective
area. Geoelectrical techniques are powerful tools and play a vital role in groundwater
investigations particularly in the delineation of the aquifer configuration in complex
geological environments.

A planned geoelectrical investigation is capable of mapping an aquifer system, clay layers,

the depth and thickness of aquifers, fissure or fracture location, and qualitatively estimating
local groundwater flow (Fitterman and Stewart, 1986; McNeill, 1987; Olasehinde, 1989) and
has been adopted in this study. Thus by combining data on the surface hydrogeological
features with subsurface information obtained from geoelectrical investigations, one may
define the subsurface features and details of aquifer geometry.

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Geoelectrical techniques are powerful tools and play a vital role in groundwater
investigations particularly in the delineation of the aquifer configuration in complex
geological environments. A planned geoelectrical investigation is capable of mapping an
aquifer system, clay layers, the depth and thickness of aquifers, fissure or fracture location,
and qualitatively estimating local groundwater flow (Fitterman and Stewart, 1986; McNeill,
1987; Olasehinde, 1989) and has been adopted in this study. Thus by combining data on the
surface hydrogeological features with subsurface information obtained from geoelectrical
investigations, one may define the subsurface features and details of aquifer geometry.

The exercise was carried out at Imiokpe Okpella Community, Etsako east Local Govt.
Edo State, to map the area that is most suitable for groundwater abstraction on February,
2016.

1.1 The objectives of the survey include:

 Carrying out a hydrogeologic reconnaissance survey involving rock identification,
structural mapping and static water level measurements from existing wells around
the area with a view to locating suitable site(s) for the geophysical survey.
 Delineating near-surface geologic structures that is favorable to groundwater
accumulation and movement.
 Delineating the geoelectric sequence beneath the depth sounding stations and
determining the geoelectric parameters.
 Identification of the aquifer units and determination of their depth and lateral extent.
 Evaluating based on the above, the groundwater potential of the study area and the
feasibility of development.

2.0 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

The study area is located at, Okpella, within Southwestern Nigeria Southwestern Nigeria.
The study area is accessed by both secondary roads, minor roads linking the various
towns.The access roads are motorable. The figure below shows the accessibility sketch map
to the study area

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Figure 1: Accessibility map of the study area (Not to scale)

3.0 SCOPE OF WORK

The scopes of work for the geophysical investigations include:

 Geological and hydrogeologic mapping
 Geo-electric investigation which consists of the horizontal resistivity profiling
(HRP) and vertical electric sounding (VES).

4.0 GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

South-western Nigeria is underlain by crystalline Basement Complex rocks of Precambrian

age, comprising the migmatite gneiss, the Older Granites and the metasediments. The survey
area is underlain mainly by granites.

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The presence of groundwater in any rock presupposes the satisfaction of two factors:
adequate porosity and adequate permeability. On account of their crystalline nature, the
metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Basement Complex satisfy neither of these
requirements.

Basement complex rocks are thus considered to be poor aquifers because of their low
primary porosity and permeability necessary for groundwater accumulation (Davis and De
Weist, 1966). However, secondary porosity and permeability imposed on them by fracturing,
fissuring, jointing, and weathering through which water percolates make them favourable for
groundwater storage (Omorinbola, 1979).

The occurence and distribution of groundwater in these crystalline units are therefore
controlled by a number of factors which include the presence and development of integrated
fracture system, intensity of fracturing, nature and type of the fillings in the joint apertures,
the depth, extent and pattern of weathering, and thickness of weathered materials (Bianchi
and Snow, 1969; Ako et al, 1986).

4.1 Methodology
4.1.1 Principles of Electrical Resistivity Technique
In the resistivity method, artificially generated electric currents are introduced in to the
ground and the resulting potential differences are measured at the surface. Deviations from
the pattern of potential differences expected from homogenous ground provide information
on the form and electrical properties of subsurface inhomogeneities (Keary et al, 2002).

The electrical resistivity varies between different geological materials, depending mainly on
variations in water contents and dissolved ions in water. Resistivity investigations can thus
be used to identify zones with different physical properties that can be related to variations
in hydrogeological conditions.

4.2 Field Technique

4.2.1 Horizontal Resistivity Profiling (HRP)
This was achieved using Wenner configuration. All the four electrodes were moved at the
same time for successive readings with fixed inter-electrode Spacing, a. This was done to
locate a weak point for subsequent electrical sounding. The inter-electrode spacing, a, was
set to be 20m with station distance of 5m apart.

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4.2.2 Vertical Electrical Sounding

VES was done using the Schlumberger electrode configuration. The current and potential
electrodes are maintained at same relative spacing and the whole spread is progressively
expanded along a profile. Successive apparent resistivity values are determined at the same
centre point for increasing values of electrode spacing. The current electrode spacing (AB/2)
ranges from 1.0m to 130m.
.

5.0 DATA PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION

The observed field data was converted to apparent resistivity values by multiplying with the
Schlumberger geometric factor. The sounding curve for each point was obtained by plotting
the apparent resistivity on the ordinate against half current-electrode spacing on a
bilogarithmic transparent paper.

A preliminary interpretation was carried out using partial curve matching involving two-
layer master curves and the appropriate auxiliary charts. The layer model thus obtained
served as input for an inversion algorithm or computer iterative modelling using the
WinResist software.

VES 1: The geoelectric signature is an H curve typical of the sedimentary aquifer. This
reveals the presence of three layers. The first is the topsoil which comprises unsaturated
Lateritic sand and clayey sand, with resistivity of 584Ωm and thickness of 0.7m.

This is followed by a weathered layer of resistivity value of 12.2Ωm to a depth of 12.2m

(thickness = 11.5m). Lastly is the fractured basement of resistivity of 1488Ωm.

The main aquifer units are predominantly weathered layer and the fractured basement

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Picture showing the field survey line and the members of Imiokpe community

6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Based on the field observation and the interpretation of the data obtained, borehole drilling
within the community is feasible. The water bearing horizon (aquifer system) of the study
area encompasses the weathered layer and the fractured basement.
 A 70 - 100m borehole is recommended.
 To avoid ingress of contaminants, the borehole should be far away from any septic
tank and casing should be installed to the basement.
 The drillers are advised to gravel pack and grout the hole to avoid groundwater
communication with surface water.

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APPENDICES

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VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING (VES) DATA

GPS Coordinate: 70 16.2131 N, 60 20.7721 E, 303m

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HORIZONTAL PROFILING DATA

X (m) R(Ω) Pa(Ωm)

30 0.7191 98.14277
35 0.7537 102.865
40 0.7747 105.7311
45 0.8481 115.7487
50 0.895 122.1496
55 0.9569 130.5977
60 0.9505 129.7242
65 0.939 128.1547
70 0.9029 123.2278
75 0.828 113.0054
80 0.7788 106.2906
85 0.7494 102.2781
90 0.7549 103.0288
95 0.7767 106.004
100 0.7504 102.4146
105 0.7227 98.6341
110 0.6634 90.54083
115 0.6841 93.36597
120 0.7017 95.76802
125 0.7986 108.9929
130 0.8287 113.101
135 0.8317 113.5104
140 0.8064 110.0575
145 0.9297 126.8855

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HORIZONTAL PROFILING CURVE

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LAYER MODEL INTERPRETATION

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1-D GEO-ELECTRIC SECTION

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