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    2.2 Power and Roots of Complex No

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    七海未来
    1) De Moivre's Theorem states that for a complex number u = r(cosθ + i sinθ) and a natural number n, un = rn(cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)). 2) Taking the nth root of a complex number z means finding a complex number u such that un = z. Every complex number has exactly n distinct nth roots. 3) Roots of unity are solutions to equations like xn - 1 = 0. The nth roots of unity are equally spaced around the unit circle.

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    2.2 Power and Roots of Complex No

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    七海未来
    83 views4 pages
    1) De Moivre's Theorem states that for a complex number u = r(cosθ + i sinθ) and a natural number n, un = rn(cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)). 2) Taking the nth root of a complex number z means finding a complex number u such that un = z. Every complex number has exactly n distinct nth roots. 3) Roots of unity are solutions to equations like xn - 1 = 0. The nth roots of unity are equally spaced around the unit circle.

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    2.2 Power and Roots of complex no

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    1) De Moivre's Theorem states that for a complex number u = r(cosθ + i sinθ) and a natural number n, un = rn(cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)). 2) Taking the nth root of a complex number z means finding a complex number u such that un = z. Every complex number has exactly n distinct nth roots. 3) Roots of unity are solutions to equations like xn - 1 = 0. The nth roots of unity are equally spaced around the unit circle.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views4 pages

    2.2 Power and Roots of Complex No

    Uploaded by

    七海未来
    1) De Moivre's Theorem states that for a complex number u = r(cosθ + i sinθ) and a natural number n, un = rn(cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)). 2) Taking the nth root of a complex number z means finding a complex number u such that un = z. Every complex number has exactly n distinct nth roots. 3) Roots of unity are solutions to equations like xn - 1 = 0. The nth roots of unity are equally spaced around the unit circle.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    2.

    2 Power and Roots of complex numbers

    De Moivre’s Theorem:

    For a complex number 𝑢 = 𝑟. (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) and 𝑛 𝜖 𝑵;

    𝑢𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 . (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛. (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑛𝜃))

    Root Extraction
    is said to be an n-th root of complex number 𝑧
    if 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑧, and we write 𝑢 = 𝑧1⁄𝑛.

    Theorem:
    Every complex number has exactly 𝑛 distinct n-th roots.

    Let 𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃); 𝑢 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼). Then for


    we get:

    we get
    the 𝑛 distinct roots by substituting 𝑘 = 0, 1,2, … , (𝑛 − 1) in the formula:

    𝑛 𝜃 2𝜋𝑘 𝜃 2𝜋𝑘
    𝑧𝑘 = √𝑟 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑛 + 𝑛
    ) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑛 + 𝑛
    )]

    A special case is finding the roots of unity i.e. solving equations like 𝑥𝑛 − 1 = 0, or
    equivalently 𝑥 = 1𝑛

    Example: 𝑧 = 11⁄5, evaluate the 5 complex roots:

    Using the Formula:


    𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝟔𝟎
    Notice that the 5 roots are exactly the angle (or in degrees ) a part from each
    𝟓 𝟓
    other. This is valid in general for any 𝒏 − 𝒕𝒉 roots of a complex number. They are
    𝟐𝝅
    exactly a part from each other.
    𝒏

    Euler’s formula:

    𝒆𝒊𝝋 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋 with the argument 𝝋 given in radians.

    Using Euler’s formula, we can write any complex number in the exponential form and also
    evaluate the roots as follows:

    𝒆𝒊𝒏𝜽 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝜽) + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒏𝜽))

    1
    By substituting 𝑛 for 𝑛 in this equation, we get:
    In general for r
    𝑛
    𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
    √ 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑛√𝑟. ( cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin( )) = √ 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 𝑛
    𝑛

    𝑛 𝑛

    𝑛 𝜃 2𝜋𝑘 𝑛 𝜃 2𝜋𝑘
    𝑧𝑘 = √𝑧 = √ 𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = √𝑟 √ 𝑒 𝑛
    𝑛 𝑖( + ) 𝑛 𝑖( + )
    𝑛 𝑛 ,𝑘 = 0,1, … , 𝑛 − 1

    to solve: , has different solutions in C:

    Example: Find the 3rd root of

    First we write in exponential form: , the argument

    Substituting in the above formula, we get the three roots as follows:

    Solving complex polynomials:

    To solve 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 17 = 0

    For 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 17 = 0
    a = 2, b = 6 and c = 17

    The discriminant = b2 - 4ac = 62 - 4 × 2 × 17 = 36 - 136 = -100 < 0


    Since the discriminant is negative, we know the roots must be complex.

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