CHAPTER 5

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

UNDERSTANDING DATA AND WAYS TO SYSTEMATCALLY COLLECT DATA

DESIGN – it means a plan or something that is conceptualized by the mind. It serves as a blueprint or a skeletal framework of
your research study. A choice of reseach design requires you to finalized you mind on the purpose, philisophical basis, and types of
data of your research, including your method of collecting, analyzing interpreting , and presenting the data. It is a plan that directs
your mind to several stages of your research work.

TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Case Study
- This research design is to describe a person, a thing, or any creature on Earth for the purpose of explaining the reasons
behind the nature of its exsitence.
- You aim here is to determine why such creature (person, organization, thing, or event) acts, behaves occurs, or exists in a
particular manner.
- Centers on an individual or single subject matter.
- Your methods of collecting data for this qualitative research design are interview, observation, and questionnaire.
- One advantage of this study is its capacity to deal with a lot of factors to determine the unique characteristics of the
entity. (Meng 2012; Yin 2012)

2. Ethnography
- A study that involves a certain cultural group or organization.
- The research obtain knowledge about the characteristics, organizational set-up, and relationship of the group members,
mst necessarily involve in their activities.
- The design give stress to the study of a group pf people, in a way, tis is one special kind of a case study.
- The only thing make it diffeent is your participation as a researcher in the activities of the group.
- The qualitative research design is living with the subjects in serveral months; hence, this is ussually done by
anthropologist whose interests basically lie in cultural studies. (Winn 2014)

3. Historical Study
- This research it to determine the reasons for changes or pemanence o things in the pgusical world in a certain period.
- What is referred to in the study as time of changes is not a time shorter that a year but a period indicating a big number of
years.
- The scope or coverage of this research refers to the number of years covered, the kind of events focused on, and the
extent of new knowledge or discoveries resulting from the the historical study.
- A clue about the scope is usually reflected by the title of the study.
- The data collecting techniques for a study following a historical research design are biography or authobiography
reading, documentary analysis, and chronicling activities.

4. Phenomenology
- A phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a person.
- It is a sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand thing that naturally occur in your life such as death, joy,
friendship, caregiving, defeat, victory, and the like.
- It makes you follow a research method that will let you understand the ways of how people go through inevitable events
in their lives.
- This is prone to extending your time in listening to people’s recount of their significant experience to be able to get a
clue or pattern of their techniques in coming to terms with the positive or negative results of their life experience.
- The aims of this study is getting a thorugh understanding of an individual’s life experince for this same person’s realistic
dealing with hard facts of life and it defining, describing, or portraying a ceratin group of people possessing unique
cultural traits.
- It focus on people’s meaning and making strategies in relation to their life experience.
- Research design finds itself relevant or useful to people such as teachers, nurses, guidance counselors, and the life,
whose work entails giving physical and emotional assisstance or relief to people.
- Unstructured interview is what this research design directs you to use in collecting data. (Paris 2014; Winn 2014)

5. Grounded Theory
 - A research study adhering to a grounded theory research design aims at developing a theory to increase your
understanding of something in a psycho-social context.
- This study enable you to develp theories to explain sociologically and psychologically influenced phenomena for proper
indenfication of a certain educational process.
- It occurs in a deductive manner, wherein one basic category of people’s action and interactions.
- A return to the previous data to validate a newly found theory is a zigzag sampling.
- Collecting data based os through formal, informal, or semi-structure interview, as well as analysis of written works,
notes, phone calls, meeting proceedings, and training sessions. (Picardie 2014)

SAMPLING
- is a word that refers to your method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer questions mean to yield data
for a research study. The bigger group from where you choose the sample is called population, and samping frame is the
term used to mean the list of the members of such populatin from where you will get the sample.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING or UNBIASED SAMPLING

Probability – it involves all members listed in the sampling frame representing a certain population focused on by your
study. An equal chance of participation in the sampling or selection process is given to every member listed in sampling frame.
Sampling Error – crops up if the selection does not take place in the way it is planned. It is manifested by strong dissimilarity
between the sample and the ones listed in the sampling frame.
The right sample size also depends on whether or not the group is heterogeneous or homogeneous.

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Simple Random Sampling
- is the best type of probability sampling through which you can choose sample from a population. Using a pure chance
selection, you assure every member the same oppurtunity to be in the sample.
1. Have a list of all members of the population; write each name on a card, and choose cards through a pure-
chance selection.
2. Have a list of all members; give a number to member and then use randomized or unordered numbers in
selecting names from the list.
2. Systematic Sampling
- Chance and system are the ones to determine who should compose the sample.
- It follows a certain system.
3. Stratefied Samping
- The group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that such group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage.
A study needing group-by-group analysis finds stratefied sampling the right probability sampling to use.
4. Cluster Sampling
- This is probability sampling that makes you isolate a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as sample
members.

NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING

- non probability sampling desregards random selection random selection of subjects. The subjects are chosen based on their
availability or the pupose of the study, and in some cases, on the sole discreation of the researcher. This in not scientific way of
selecting respondents. Neither does it offer a valid or an objective way of detecting sampling errors. (Edmond 2013)

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Quota Sampling
- You tend to choose sample members possessing or indicating the charateristics of the target population.
2. Voluntary Sampling
- Since the subject you expect to participate in the sample are the one volunteering to constitute the sample, there is no
need for your to do any selection process.
3. Purposive or Judgement Sampling
- You choose people whom you are sure could correspond to the objectives of your study, life selecting those with rich
experience or onterest in your study.
4. Availability Sampling
- The willingness of a person as your subject to interact with you counts a lot in this sampling method. During the data
collection time, you encounter peple walking on a school campus, along corridors and along the park or employee lining
up at an offie and these people show willingness to repond to your questions, then you authomatically consider them as
your respondents.

5. Snowball Sampling
 - involving unspecified group of people, dealing with varied groups of people sych as street children, mendicatns, drug
dependents, call center workers, informal settlers, street vendors, and the like possible in this kind of sampling.
- Free to obtain data from any group you tend to increase the number of people you want to form the sample of your study.
(Harding 2013).

FINDING ANSWER THROUGH DATA COLLECTION

In qualitative research, your interest lies in people’s thoughts and feelings about a certain subject matter. Finding asnwers to
your questions is possible through these theoretically based data-collection methods: observation, interview, or survey through
questionnaires. Obtaining data through these methods requires you to perform necessary skills or strategies and to follow the right
procedure in interview, observing, and conducting a survey through questionnaires.

OBSERVATION
- is a technique of gathering data. Through this data gathering technique, proofs to suport your claims or conlucsions about
your topic are obtained in a natural setting. Withnessing the subjects manages themselves in a certain situation and
interpreting or expressing your thoughts and feelings about your observation, you tend to deal with the observation
results in a subjective manner. Some say this element of subjectivity makes observation inferior to other techniques.

TYPES OF OBSERVATION

1. Participant Observation
- the researcher takes part in the activites of the individual or group being observed. Your actual involvement enables you
to obtain firsthand knowledge about the subjects’ behaviour and the way they interact with one another.
 Descriptive observation - To record findings you findings through this type of observation, use the daily method
or logbook. Decribes the people, places, events, conversation, and onther things involved in the activity or
object focused on by the research.
 Narrative account – it is the dairy, that gives our interpretations or reflections about everything you observed.
2. Non-Participant Observation
- It complely detaches you frm the target of your observation. You just watch and listen them do their own thing, without
you participating in any of their activities. Recording of non-participation observation happens through the use of a
checklist (Observation Schedule).
“ These two observation types, participation and non-participation, can occur in either o the covet or overt observation models. The
first lets you observe the subject secretly; that is, you need to stay in a place where the subjects don’t get sight of or feel your presence,
much less, have the chance to converse with you. Second it permits you to to divulge things about your research to the participants.

METHODS of OBSERVATION

1. Direct Observation
- this observation makes you see or listen t everything that happens in the area of observation.

2. Indirect Observation
- this method also called behavior archaeology, you observe traces of past events to get information or a measure of
behavior trait, or quality of your subject. The center of this observation are things you listen to through tape recordings
and those you see in pictures, letter, notics, minutes of meetings, business correspondence, garbage cans, and so on. It
follow a certain ways:
 Continuos Monitoring – you observe to evaluate the way people deal with one another. Data gathering used in
behavioural psychology, where people’s worries, anxieties, habits, and problems in family homes, play areas, or
in classrooms serve as the focus of studies in this field of descipline.
 Spot Sampling – this was done first by behavioral psychologist in 1920 with a focus on researching the extent
of children’s nervous habits as they would go through their regular personality development. Named also as
scan sampling or time sampling, spot sampling comes in two types:
1. Time allocation
2. Experience sampling

BOON BANE
It uses simple data collection techniques and data recording It requires a long time for planning
method.
It is inclined to realizing its objective because it just depends Engrossed in participating in the subjects’ activities, you may
on watching and listening to the subjects without eclipse or neglect the primary role of the research
experiencing worries as to whether or not the people will say
yes or no to your observation activities
It offrs fresh and fisthand knowledge that will help you come It is prone to your hearing derogatory statements from some
out with an easy understanding and deep relection of the data people in the group that will lead to your baised stand toward
 other group members.
It is quite valuable in research studies about organization that
consider you, the research, a part pf such entity.

INTERVIEW
- Is a data gathering technique that makes your verbally ask the subjects or respondents questions to give answers to what
your research study is trying to look for.
- It aims at knowing wat the respondents think and feel about the topic of your research.
- It occurs between you, the researcher, and your respondents in a face-to-face situation.
- You speak directly with your respondents, individually or collectively.
- Using electronic and technological communication devices like internet, mobile phone, email, etc.
- It is a conversation with a purpose that gives direction to the question-answer activity between the interviewer and the
interviewee. (babbie 2014, Rubin 2011)

TYPES OF OBSERVATION

1. Structured Interview
- It requires the use of an interview schedule or a list of questions answerable with one and only item from a set of
alternative responses.
2. Unstructed Interview
- The respondents answer the questions based on what they personally think and feed about it. There are no sugested
answers. They purely depend on the respondents’ decision-making skills, giving them opportunity to think criticaly
about question.
3. Semi-Structured Interview
- you prepare a schedule a list of questions that is accompanied by a list of expressions from which the respondents can pick
out the correct answer. However, after choosing one from the suggested answers, the repondents answer another set questions
to make them explain the reasons behind their choices. Allowing freedom for you to change the questions and for the
respondents to think of their own answer.

APPROACHES IN CONDUCTING INTERVIEW

1. Individual Interview
- only one respondent is interviewed here.
- This is a a time consuming type of interview because you have to interview a group of interviewes one by one.
2. Group Interview
- you ask the question not to one person, but to a group of people at the same time.
- The chances of having some respondents getting influenced by the other group members are one downside of this
interview approach.
3. Mediated Interview
- No face-to-face interview is true for this interview approach.
- Through mediated interview disregards non-verbal communication.
- It is a synchronous mediated interview – talk through the telephone, mobile phone, or online chat to see each other.
- It is a ashynchronous interview – of only two person are interviewed at a different time through the internet, email,
facebook, twitter and other social network media. (Goodwin 2014; Barbour 2014)

STEPS in CONDUCTING INTERVIEW

STEP 1 - Getting to know each other

STEP 2 – Having an idea of the research

STEP 3 – Starting interview

STEP 4 – Conducting the interview proper

 STEP 5 – Putting an end to the interview

STEP 6 – Pondering over interview afterthoughts

QUESTIONNAIRE
- It is a paper containing a list of questions including the specific place and space in the paper where you write the answer
to the questions.
- This is a prepared set of questions elicits factual or opinionated answers to the respondent’s through hos or her acts of
checking one chosen asnwer from several options or of writing on a line provided fro any opinionated answer. (Babbie
2013).

PURPOSE of QUESTIONNAIRE
1. To discover people’s thoughts and feelings about the topic of the research
2. To assist you in conducting an effective face-to-face interview with your respondents.
3. To help you plan how to obtain and record the answer to your questions
4. To make the analysis, recording, and coding of data easier and faster.

TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Postal Questionnaire
- It goes to the respondent through postal service or electronic mail. It is through the mail or postal system that the
accomplished questionnaires will be sent back to the researchers.
2. Self-administered Questionnaire
- You act as the interviewer and the interviewee at the same time.

BOON BANE
It is cheap as it does not reqire you ti travel to hand There is a possibility that some questions you distributed do
questionnaires not go back to you
It entails an easy distribution to repondents Confusing and uninteresting questions to repondents fail to
elicit the desired reponses
It offers moe oppurtunity for the respondents to ponder on Owing to individual differences between the selected
their responses subjects and those in the population
It enables easy comparison of answer because of a certain It prevents you from being with the respondents physically to
degree of uniformity among the questions help them unlock some difficulties in their understanding of
the questions.
It has the capacity to elicit spontaneous or genuine answers
from the respondents.