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Note Physics 2 - Theory (Midterm) : I. Fluid Mechanics

1. The document covers fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer. It defines key concepts like pressure, density, buoyant force, heat capacity, specific heat, and the first law of thermodynamics. 2. Formulas are provided for pressure at different depths of water, Pascal's principle, Archimedes' principle, Bernoulli's equation, heat required for phase changes, work done by gases, and heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. 3. Types of thermal expansion and the formula for heat transfer by conduction through composite slabs are also summarized.

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Vy Bui
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
75 views

Note Physics 2 - Theory (Midterm) : I. Fluid Mechanics

1. The document covers fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer. It defines key concepts like pressure, density, buoyant force, heat capacity, specific heat, and the first law of thermodynamics. 2. Formulas are provided for pressure at different depths of water, Pascal's principle, Archimedes' principle, Bernoulli's equation, heat required for phase changes, work done by gases, and heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. 3. Types of thermal expansion and the formula for heat transfer by conduction through composite slabs are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Vy Bui
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NOTE PHYSICS 2 - THEORY

(Midterm)
I. Fluid mechanics
1. Fluid at rest
a) Pressure and density
- Pressure: The ratio of normal force to area
𝐹
𝑝=
𝐴
2
Unit: 1𝑃𝑎 = 𝑁/𝑚 or atm (1 atm = 101325 Pa)
- Density: mass per unit volume
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
3
Unit: 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
- The pressure between level 1
and level 2
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 + 𝜌(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )𝑔
For water, the pressure of water
at depth h compared with the
surface
𝒑 = 𝒑𝟎 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉
where:
𝑝0 : atmospheric pressure (𝑝0 = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101325 𝑃𝑎)
𝜌𝑔ℎ : gauge pressure
𝑝 : absolute pressure
b) Pascal’s principle
For a hydraulic level, we have:
𝑭𝟏 𝑨𝟏
=
𝑭𝟐 𝑨𝟐
The output works between two pistons are conserved
𝐹1 𝑑1 = 𝐹2 𝑑2
c) Archimede’s Principle:
The buoyant force acting on the object sinking in the
fluid
𝑭𝒃 = 𝝆𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒈𝑽
𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 : density of the fluid (𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )
𝑉: volume of fluid displaced by the object
Note: If the object is fully
submerged in water
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
2. Fluid in motion
a) The equation of continuity
For a moving fluid, the
relationship between the speed
and the cross-section area
𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
Volume flow rate: 𝑅𝑉 =
𝐴𝑣 (𝑚3 /𝑠)
Mass flow rate: 𝑅𝑚 =
𝜌𝑅𝑉 (𝑘𝑔/𝑠)
b) Bernoulli’s equation
For an ideal fluid flowing at a steady rate through a
tube
1 2 1 2
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑣1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑣2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
2 2
If y = 0 (not consider the height of the tube)
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒑𝟏 + 𝝆𝒗𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 + 𝝆𝒗𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
II. Temperature and heat
1. Heat: The energy transferred between a system and its
environment because of a temperature difference that
exists between them.
a) Heat capacity: The heat capacity C of an object is the
amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of
the object by 1 degree
𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑇 = 𝐶(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
b) Specific heat: The heat capacity per unit mass
𝑸 = 𝒄𝒎∆𝑻 = 𝒄𝒎(𝑻𝒇 − 𝑻𝒊 )
c) Heats of transformation: The amount of energy per
unit mass that is transferred as heat when a sample of
mass m completely undergoes a phase change (solid 
liquid, liquid  gas)
𝑸 = 𝑳𝒎
Solid  liquid: 𝐿𝑓 : heat of fusion
Liquid  gas: 𝐿𝑉 : heat of vaporization
Note: To find the heat required for the whole process,
we calculate the heat required in each state and take
sum
For example: The water from −30℃ → 100℃
Step 1: Specific heat from −30℃ → 0℃ (Q1)
Step 2: Melting heat at 0℃ (Q2)
Step 3: Specific heat from 0℃ → 100℃ (Q3)
Step 4: Vaporizing heat at 100℃ (Q4)
 Total heat:
∑ 𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 + 𝑄4
2. The First Law of Thermodynamics
a) Work done
The total work done by the gas
𝑽𝒇
𝑾 = ∫ 𝒅𝑾 = ∫ 𝒑𝒅𝑽
𝑽𝒊
(The area below the plot p vs V)
The work done on the system
𝑊𝑜𝑛 = −𝑊
Expansion: W > 0
Compression: W < 0
b) The First Law of Thermodynamics: The internal
energy Eint of a system tends to increase if energy is
added as heat Q and tends to decrease if energy is lost
as work W done by the system.
∆𝑬 = 𝑬𝒊 − 𝑬𝒇 = 𝑸 − 𝑾
Specific cases:
• Adiabatic: No transfer heat between the system
and its environment (𝑄 = 0)
∆𝐸 = −𝑊
• Cyclical process: The system is restored to its
initial state (𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑓 )
∆𝐸 = 0 → 𝑄 = 𝑊
• Free expansion: No transfer heat and no work
done
𝑄 = 𝑊 = 0 → ∆𝐸 = 0
Heating process:
• Isothermal: Constant
temperature (∆𝑇 = 0)
∆𝐸 = 0 → 𝑄 = 𝑊
• Isochoric: Constant
volume: (∆𝑉 = 0)
𝑊 = 0 → ∆𝐸 = 𝑄
• Isobaric: Constant
pressure
∆𝐸 = 𝑄 − 𝑝∆𝑉

III. Heat transfer mechanism


1. Thermal expansion
There are 3 types of expansion:
- Linear expansion:
∆𝑳 = 𝑳𝜶∆𝑻
𝛼: the coefficient of linear expansion (1/℃ or 1/𝐾)
- Area expansion:
∆𝐴 = 𝐴𝛼𝐴 ∆𝑇, 𝛼𝐴 = 2𝛼
- Volume expansion
∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝛽∆𝑇, 𝛽 = 3𝛼
2. Heat transfer mechanism
a) Conduction: Heat transfer due to the vibration of the
adjacent particles in the materials (metal)
Consider a slab of face area A, thickness L, in thermal
contact with a hot reservoir TH and a cold reservoir TC
The rate of energy transfer per unit time:
𝑸 𝑻𝑯 − 𝑻𝑪
𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = = 𝒌𝑨
𝒕 𝑳
k: thermal conductivity
For a composite slab (has thickness 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 and
conductivities 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 )
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝑋 𝑇𝑋 − 𝑇𝐶
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘1 𝐴 = 𝑘2 𝐴
𝐿1 𝐿2
𝐴(𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 )
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =
𝐿1 𝐿2
+
𝑘1 𝑘2
If the slab has n materials
𝑨(𝑻𝑯 − 𝑻𝑪 )
𝑷𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 =
𝑳
∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒊
𝒌𝒊
Note: The temperature everywhere in the slab and the
rate of energy transfer does not change with time.
b) Convection: Heat transfer due to the bulk movement
of molecules within fluids
c) Radiation: Heat transfer due to electromagnetic wave
The rate of emitting energy of an object is given by:
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜎𝜀𝐴𝑇 4
𝜎: Stefan-Boltzman constant
(𝜎 = 5.6703 x 10−8 𝑊𝑚−2 𝐾 −4 )
𝜀: emissivity (0 ≤ 𝜀 ≤ 1) For blackbody: 𝜀 = 1
A: object’s surface area
T: object’s temperature

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