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    Chapter Four Heat and Thermodynamics: By: Melaku M

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    Chapter Four Heat and Thermodynamics: By: Melaku M

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    thermodynamics

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    35 views11 pages

    Chapter Four Heat and Thermodynamics: By: Melaku M

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    sad

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    CHAPTER FOUR

    HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

    By: Melaku M.
    Thermodynamics
    The study of processes in which energy is transferred as heat and as work.

    Heat is a transfer of energy from one object to a second one at a lower tempe

    Zeroth law of Thermodynamics

    If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they
    are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
    Temperature Scales

    Celsius or centigrade scale


    Fahrenheit scale and
    Kelvin.
    Thermal Expansion

    Linear Expansion Areal Expansion Volume Expansion

    ∆𝒍 ~ 𝒍𝒐 ∆𝑨 ~𝑨𝒐 ∆𝑽 ~ 𝑽𝒐
    ∆𝒍 ~ ∆𝑻 ∆𝑨~ ∆𝑻 ∆𝑽 ~ ∆𝑻
    ∆𝑙 = 𝛼𝑙𝑜∆𝑇 ∆𝐴 = β𝐴𝑜∆𝑇 ∆𝑉 = γ𝑉𝑜∆𝑇
    Where β = 2α Where γ = 3α
    Example; The steel bed of a suspension bridge is Exercise; The 70-liter (L) steel gas tank of a car is
    200 m long at 20°C. If the extremes of temperature to filled to the top with gasoline at 20°C. The car sits in
    which it might be exposed are –30°C to +40°C, the Sun and the tank reaches a temperature of 40°C
    a how much will it contract and expand? (𝛼=12 x 10– (104°F). How much gasoline do you expect to overflow
    6(C°)–1 ) from the tank? (𝛾=950 x 10–6C°-1
    The Concept of Heat, Work and Internal Energy

    Heat(Q)

     Spontaneous flow of energy.

     Energy transferred between substances or systems due to a


    temperature difference between them.

    Work(W)

     The non-spontaneous energy transfer into or out of a


    system due to force acting through a displacement.
    Internal energy

     The sum of the mechanical energies of all the molecules or entities in the system.
    Heat

    Specific Heat Latent heat

    Energy required to change a unit mass of a material Energy required to change the state (gas,
    by 1°C. liquid, solid) of a unit mass of material. Units:
    To raise/lower its temperature: energy per unit mass.
    𝑸𝑳 = +
    −𝒎𝑳
    𝑸 = 𝒎𝒄∆𝑻
    Examples
    1. Total energy to raise temperature of 1.0 kg of water from 10°C to 110°C

    Solution
    Cpwater = 4.2 x 103 J kg−1 °C−1
    Cpsteam = 2.0 x 103 J kg−1 °C−1
    Lvaporization = 2.3 x 106 J kg−1
    M = 1 kg
    ∆Q = energy to heat water to boiling point + energy to change state + energy to raise temperature of steam
    = Cpwater M∆T + LvaporizationM + CpsteamM∆T
    = (4.2 x 103 J kg−1 °C−1)(1 kg)(90°C) + (2.3 x 106 J kg−1)(1 kg) + (2.0 x 103 J kg−1 °C−1)(1 kg)(10°C)
    = 2.7 x 106 J
    Examples
    2. How much energy does a freezer have to remove from 1.5 kg of water at 20°C to make ice at -12oc
    Heat Transfer mechanism

     conduction
     convection
    Radiation

    Direct burning
    The First Law of Thermodynamics
    The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat flow into the
    system and the work done on the system

    The First Law for different thermodynamic


    systems:

     Isolated system. ∆𝑈 = 0
     Cyclic Process 𝑄 = −𝑊
     Isochoric process ∆𝑈 = 𝑄
     Adiabatic Process ∆𝑈 = 𝑊
     Q = −𝑊
    𝑉𝑓
     Isothermal Process 𝑊 = −𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛( ) For Ideal gas
    𝑉𝑖
     Isobaric process ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑃(𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖)
    ?

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