Casopis 3 2017

ISSN 2217-8139 (Print) UDK: 06.055.2:62-03+620.1+624.001.5(497.
1)=861
ISSN 2334-0229 (Online)
GRAĐEVINSKI
MATERIJALI I
DIMK
2017.
KONSTRUKCIJE
GODINA
LX
BUILDING
MATERIALS AND
STRUCTURES
ČASOPIS ZA ISTRAŽIVANJA U OBLASTI MATERIJALA I KONSTRUKCIJA
JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH OF M A T E R I A L S AND STRUCTURES
DRUŠTVO ZA ISPITIVANJE I ISTRAŽIVANJE MATERIJALA I KONSTRUKCIJA SRBIJE

S O C I E T Y F O R M A T E R I A L S A N D S T R U C T U R E S T E S TI N G O F SERBIA
DRUŠTVO ZА ISPITIVАNJE I ISTRАŽIVАNJE MАTERIJАLА I KONSTRUKCIJА SRBIJE
SOCIETY FOR MАTERIАLS АND STRUCTURES TESTING OF SERBIА
GRAĐEVINSKI BUILDING
MATERIJALI I MАTERIАLS AND
KONSTRUKCIJE STRUCTURES
ČАSOPIS ZA ISTRАŽIVАNJA U OBLАSTI MАTERIJАLА I KONSTRUKCIJА
JOURNАL FOR RESEАRCH IN THE FIELD OF MАTERIАLS АND STRUCTURES
Ш
INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

Professor Radomir Folić, Editor in-Chief
Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Fakultet tehničkih nauka, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Srbija
e-mail:folic@uns.ac.rs
Professor Mirjana Malešev, Deputy editor Acad. Professor Yachko Ivanov

Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Serbia - Fakultet tehničkih nauka, Univerzitet u Novom
Sadu, Srbija, e-mail: miram@uns.ac.rs
Dr. Habil. Miklos M. Ivanyi
UVATERV, Budapest, Hungary
Dr Ksenija Janković
Institute for Testing Materials, Belgrade, Serbia Professor Asterios Liolios
Institut za ispitivanje materijala, Beograd, Srbija Democritus University of Thrace, Faculty of Civil
Eng., Greece
Dr Jose Adam, ICITECH
Department of Construction Engineering, Valencia, Professor Doncho Partov
Spain. University of Construction and Architecture - VSU
"LJ.Karavelov" Sofia, Bulgaria
Professor Radu Banchila
Dep. of Civil Eng. „Politehnica“ University of Predrag Popović
Temisoara, Romania Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Northbrook,
Illinois, USA.
Professor Dubravka Bjegović
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Professor Tom Schanz
Department of Materials, Zagreb, Croatia Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany
Assoc. professor Meri Cvetkovska Professor Valeriu Stoin

Faculty of Civil Eng. University "St Kiril and Metodij“, Dep. of Civil Eng. „Poloitehnica“ University of
Skopje, Macedonia Temisoara, Romania
Professor Michael Forde Acad. Professor Miha Tomažević, SNB and CEI,
University of Edinburgh, Dep. of Environmental Eng. Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts,
UK Professor Mihailo Trifunac,Civil Eng.
Dr Vladimir Gocevski Department University of Southern California, Los
Hydro-Quebec, Montreal, Canada Angeles, USA
Sekretar redakcije: Slavica Živković, mast.ekon.

Lektori za srpski jezik: Dr Miloš Zubac, profesor
Aleksandra Borojev, profesor
Proofreader: Prof. Jelisaveta Šafranj, Ph D
Technicаl editor: Stoja Todorovic, e-mail: saska@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs
PUBLISHER
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Financial supports: Mnistry of Scientific and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia
ISSN 2217-8139 (Print ) GODINA LX - 2017.
ISSN 2334-0229 (Online)
DRUŠTVO ZА ISPITIVАNJE I ISTRАŽIVАNJE MАTERIJАLА I KONSTRUKCIJА SRBIJE
SOCIETY FOR MАTERIАLS АND STRUCTURES TESTING OF SERBIА
GRAĐEVINSKI BUILDING
MATERIJALI I MАTERIАLS AND
KONSTRUKCIJE STRUCTURES
ČАSOPIS ZA ISTRАŽIVАNJA U OBLАSTI MАTERIJАLА I KONSTRUKCIJА
JOURNАL FOR RESEАRCH IN THE FIELD OF MАTERIАLS АND STRUCTURES
SАDRŽАJ CONTENTS
Aljoša FILIPOVIĆ Aljosa FILIPOVIC

Jelena DOBRIĆ Jelena DOBRIC
Milan SPREMIĆ Milan SPREMIC
Zlatko MARKOVIĆ Zlatko MARKOVIC
Nina GLUHOVIĆ Nina GLUHOVIC
NUMERIČKA ANALIZA NOSIVOSTI NEUNIFORMNIH NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING RESIS-
PRITISNUTIH ELEMENATA NA FLEKSIONO IZVIJANJE TANCE OF NON-UNIFORM COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Pregledni rad .................................................................. 3 Review paper ................................................................... 3
Ivan MILIĆEVIĆ Ivan MILICEVIC

Ivan IGNJATOVIĆ Ivan IGNJATOVIC
ANALIZA PRIMENE SEKUNDARNIH SEIZMIČKIH THE ANALYSIS OF APPLICATION OF SECONDARY SEIS-
ELEMENATA U PRORAČUNU PREMA EVROKODU 8 MIC ELEMENTS IN DESIGN ACCORDING TO EUROCODE 8
Prethodno saopštenje .................................................. 15 Preliminary report ........................................................... 15
Milan GLIGORIJEVIĆ Milan GLIGORIJEVIC

OCENA STANJA I PERSPEKTIVE ODRŽAVANJA CONDITION ASSESSMENT AND MAINTENANCE
MOSTOVSKIH KONSTRUKCIJA U GRADU NIŠU PERSPECTIVES OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES IN THE CITY
Pregledni rad ................................................................. 31 OF NIS
Review paper .................................................................... 31
Aleksandar RUDNIK MILANOVIĆ Aleksandar RUDNIK MILANOVIC

Nađa KURTOVIĆ FOLIĆ Nadja KURTOVIC FOLIC
PODZEMNE STAMBENE ZGRADE U KONTEKSTU EARTH-SHELTERED HOUSING BUILDINGS IN THE
ENERGETSKI EFIKASNIH GRAĐEVINA ENERGY EFFICIENT STRUCTURES CONTEXT
Pregledni rad ................................................................ 47 Review paper ................................................................... 47
Naida ADEMOVIĆ Naida ADEMOVIC

Azra KURTOVIĆ Azra KURTOVIC
SAKRALNI OBJEKTI OD DRVETA U BOSNI I WOODEN SACRAL OBJECTS IN BOSNIA AND
HERCEGOVINI HERZEGOVINA
Stručni rad .................................................................... 61 Professional paper ......................................................... 61
Doncho PARTOV Doncho PARTOV

Ivan IVANCHEV Ivan IVANCHEV
In MEMORIAM Prof. D-r eng. YORDAN MILEV In MEMORIAM Prof. D-r eng. YORDAN MILEV
(1960-2017) .................................................................. 81 (1960-2017) .................................................................... 81
Uputstvo autorima ....................................................... 83 Preview report ............................................................... 83
CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији

Народна библиотека Србије, Београд
620.1
GRAĐEVINSKI materijali i konstrukcije:časopis za istraživanja u obasti

materijala i konstrukcija = Building Materials and Structures : journal for
research of materials and structures / editor-in-cheif Radomir Folić. - God. 54, br.
1 (2011)Beograd (Kneza Miloša 9) : Društvo za ispitivanje i istraživanje
materijala i konstrukcija Srbije, 2011-(Beograd : RIC grafičkog inženjerstva
Tehnološko-metalurškog fakulteta). - 30 cm
Tromesečno. – Je nastavak: Materijali i konstrukcije = ISSN 0543-0798

ISSN 2217-8139 = Gradevinski materijali ikonstrukcije
COBISS.SR-ID 188695820
NUMERIČKA ANALIZA NOSIVOSTI NEUNIFORMNIH PRITISNUTIH ELEMENATA NA
FLEKSIONO IZVIJANJE
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF NON-UNIFORM

COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Aljoša FILIPOVIĆ
Jelena DOBRIĆ PREGLEDNI RAD
REVIEW PAPER
Milan SPREMIĆ UDK:692.522.046
Zlatko MARKOVIĆ doi:10.5937/grmk1703003F
Nina GLUHOVIĆ
1 UVOD 1 INTRODUCTION
Konstruktivni elementi sa neuniformnom promenom Structural members with non-uniform change in

poprečnih preseka imaju značajnu primenu u zgra- cross sections have a significant role in constructions,
darstvu, najčešće kod stubova okvirnih nosača velikih usually as columns of large-scale structural frames, or
raspona, ili kod stubova industrijskih hala koje su oprem- as columns in industrial halls that are equipped with
ljene kranovima velike nosivosti. Promena poprečnog cranes of high load carrying capacity. The cross-
preseka, koja prati neuniformnu raspodelu presečnih sila sectional change, which follows the non-uniform
duž elementa, može da bude linearna duž elementa, ili distribution of the internal forces along the member, can
skokovita u određenom broju diskretnih tačaka elemen- be linear along the member, or stepped in a certain
ta. Ovakvim konstruktivnim rešenjem postiže se značaj- number of discrete points. This structural solution
na ušteda u količini čeličnog materijala i ceni konstrucije. achieves significant savings in the amount of steel
Proračun nosivosti neuniformnih elemenata na flek- material and in the costs of construction.
siono izvijanje kompleksan je i zahtevan sa stanovišta Analysis of flexural buckling resistance of non-
svakodnevne inženjerske prakse. uniform compression members is complex and
Izraz za elastičnu kritičnu silu izvijanja nije demanding from a standpoint of everyday engineering
obuhvaćen osnovnim Ojlerovim slučajevima izvijanja. practices.
Vrednost elastične kritične sile izvijanja treba da se The critical elastic buckling force is not included in
odredi vodeći računa o tačnoj raspodeli geometrijskih the basic Eulerian cases of buckling. The value of the
Aljoša Filipović, asistent-student doktorskih studija, Aljosa Filipovic, Teaching assistant AljosaFilipovic, Faculty
Univerzitet u Beogradu Građevinski fakultet, Bulevar kralja of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Republic of
Aleksandra 73, 11000 Beograd, afilipovic@grf.bg.ac.rs Serbia, afilipovic@grf.bg.ac.rs
Jelena Dobrić, doc. dr, Univerzitet u Beogradu Građevinski Jelena Dobric, Assis. Prof. Jelena Dobric, PhD, Faculty of
fakultet, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Beograd, Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Republic of
jelena@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs Serbia, jelena@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs
Milan Spremić, doc. dr, Univerzitet u Beogradu Građevinski Milan Spremic, Assis. Prof. Milan Spremic, PhD, Faculty of
fakultet, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Beograd, Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Republic of
spremić@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs Serbia, spremic@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs
Zlatko Marković, prof. dr, Univerzitet u Beogradu Prof. ZlatkoMarkovic, PhD, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Građevinski fakultet, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia,
Beograd, zlatko@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs zlatko@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs
Nina Gluhović, asistent - student doktorskih studija, Nina Gluhovic, Teaching assistant Nina Gluhovic, Faculty of
Univerzitet u Beogradu Građevinski fakultet, Bulevar kralja Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Republic of
Aleksandra 73, 11000 Beograd, nina@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs Serbia, nina@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs
GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14) 3

BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 60 (2017) 3 (3-14)
karakteristika po dužini elementa, graničnim uslovima critical elastic bucklingload should be determined taking
oslanjanja i postojanju eventualnih ekscentriciteta u into account the exact distribution of geometric
položaju sistemnih osa susednih segmenta kod characteristics along the length of the member,
elemenata sa stepenastom promenom preseka. boundary conditions, and the existence of possible
Elastična kritična sila izvijanja može da se odredi eccentricity in the position of the system axes of the
koristeći teorijske analize koje zahtevaju nalaženje adjacent segments in members with a stepped change
rešenja nelinearne diferencijalne jednačine izvijanja, ili in cross section. The critical elastic buckling load can be
primenom neke od metoda naprednih numeričkih determined using theoretical analyses that require the
analiza. U jednostavnijim slučajevima mogu se koristiti solution of nonlinear differential equations, or using one
uprošćeni postupci proračuna u kojima se vrednost of the advanced numerical analysis methods. In simpler
elastične kritične sile izvijanja određuje modifikacijom cases, simplified calculation procedures can be used in
osnovnih Ojlerovih izraza za izvijanje uniformnih which the value of the elastic buckling force is
elemenata sa ekvivalentnim momentom inercije, ili determined by modifying the basic Eulerian expressions
ekvivalentnom dužinom izvijanja, kojima se uzima u for buckling of uniform elements with an equivalent
obzir geometrijska neuniformnost analiziranog elementa. moment of inertia or an equivalent effective length, both
Položaj kritičnog preseka u kojem je dostignuta of which take into account the geometric non-uniformity
vrednost granične nosivosti na fleksiono izvijanje nije of the analysed member.
jednoznačno određen. Ovo je posebno izraženo kod The position of the critical cross-section in which the
elemenata s linearnom promenom preseka, pa se pri ultimate flexural buckling load is achieved is unclearly
nalaženju rešenja zahteva iterativan postupak defined. This is especially pronounced in the case of
proračuna. U opštem slučaju može se smatrati da je to members with linear change of cross-section, where
presek u kome normalni napon pritiska dostiže finding the solution asks for iterative calculations. In
maksimalnu vrednost. general, it can be at the cross-section in which normal
Za praktičnu inženjersku primenu, proračun nosivosti stress reaches the maximum value.
neuniformnih elemenata na fleksiono izvijanje treba da For practical engineering applications, the flexural
bude zasnovan na primeni globalne analize drugog reda, buckling resistance of non-uniform members should be
uzimajući u obzir uticaj geometrijskih, materijalnih i based on the use of global second-order analysis, taking
strukturnih imperfekcija na ponašanje konstrukcije u into account the influence of geometric, material and
stanju granične nosivosti. Uticaji drugog reda mogu se structural imperfections on the behaviour of the structure
uzeti u proračunu na dva načina [1], [2]: in the state of ultimate load capacity. Second-order
 Indirektno, određivanjem vrednosti kritične influences can be included in design in one of the two
sile izvijanja primenom približnih metoda ili linearno- ways [1], [2]:
elastične analize za element bez imperfekcija, nakon  Indirectly, by determining the value of the
čega treba primeniti opšti postupak proračuna nosivosti critical buckling load using approximate methods or
na fleksiono izvijanje koji važi za uniformne elemente, u linear-elastic analysis for members without imperfec-
saglasnosti sa SRPS EN 1993-1-1 [3]. tions, after which the general method of calculating the
 Direktno, primenom proračuna po teoriji flexural buckling resistance, which is valid for uniform
drugog reda s početnim ekvivalentnim globalnim i elements, should be applied in accordance with SRPS
lokalnim imperfekcijama elementa. Oblik imperfekcija EN 1993-1-1 [3].
treba da odgovara najnižem sopstvenom obliku  Directly, by applying a second order theory
elastičnog izvijanja u odgovarajućoj ravni izvijanja, a with the equivalent initial global and local imperfections
veličine imperfekcija treba da budu u skladu s of members. The shape of imperfection should
preporukama datim u SRPS EN 1993-1-1/NA [4]. Ovim correspond to the fundamental form of elastic self-
postupkom kontrola nosivosti elemenata na izvijanje buckling in the appropriate plane of buckling, and the
svodi se na kontrolu nosivosti najopterećenijeg size of the imperfection should be in accordance with the
poprečnog preseka za dejstvo aksijalne sile pritiska i recommendations given in SRPS EN 1993-1-1 / NA [4].
momenta savijanja drugog reda. By this procedure, the calculation of the flexural buckling
Treba pomenuti primenu Metode konačnih resistance of members is reduced to the calculation of
elemenata koja se danas efikasno koristi u analizi the load bearing capacity of the critical cross-section for
različitih problema stabilnosti koji uključuju geometrijsku i the compressive axial force and bending moment of
materijalnu nelinearnost. Osim što je osnova naprednih second order.
softverskih paketa (RSTAB, Sofistik, DIANA FEA...), ona Finite element method should be mentioned as an
je i osnova individualnih naučnih programa razvijenih effective method in analysis of different stability pro-
primenom različitih programskih jezika. Kao primer, blems that include geometric and material nonlinearities.
program ALIN [5], [6] rešava kompleksne probleme Except for being the basis of advanced software
statičke i dinamičke analize, linerane analize izvijanja packages (RSTAB, Sofistik, DIANA FEA...), it is also the
putem koje se kritično opterećenje može odrediti i u basis of individual scientific programs developed using
elastičnoj i u nelineranoj oblasti naprezanja. different programming languages. As an example,
Ovaj rad prikazuje rezultate parametarske numeričke program ALIN [5], [6] solves complex problems of static
analize neuniformnih, obostrano zglobno oslonjenih i and dynamic analysis, linear analysis of buckling through
konzolnih elemenata, koja je sprovedena u softveru which the critical load can be determined both in the
Abaqus [7]. Neuniformnost se ogleda u promeni elastic and in the non-linear stress region.
poprečnog preseka kroz dva segmenta i stepenastoj This paper presents the results of parametric numeri-
promeni aksijalne sile pritiska. Variran je odnos cal analysis of non-uniform, hinged ends and cantilever
momenta inercije poprečnih preseka gornjeg i donjeg members carried out in Abaqus software package [7].
4 GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14)

segmenta i odnos aksijalnih sila u segmentima. Dužina The non-uniformity is reflected in the change of cross-
elemenata je 10 m, visina gornjeg segmenta 4 m, visina section through two segments and the stepped change
donjeg segmenta 6 m. Za zglobno oslonjene elemente in compressive axial force. The ratio of the moment of
poprečni presek donjeg segmenta je HEA 300 dok je inertia of cross-sections of the upper and lower
poprečni presek gornjeg segmenta variran u opsegu: segments and the ratio of axial forces in the segments is
HEA 160, HEA 180, HEA 200, HEA 220 i HEA 240. Za varied. The length of the members is 10 m, the height of
konzolne elemente poprečni presek donjeg segmenta the upper segment is 4 m, and the height of the lower
stuba je HEB 450, dok je poprečni presek gornjeg segment is 6 m. For the hinged elements, the cross-
segmenta variran u opsegu: HEB 220, HEB 240, HEB section of the lower segment is HEA 300 while the
260, HEB 280 i HEB 300. Analiziran opseg odnosa sila cross-section of the upper segment varies in the range:
na krajevima FE modela, P1/(P1+P2) je od 0,05 do 0,50 HEA 160, HEA 180, HEA 200, HEA 220 and HEA 240.
s korakom od 0,05. Ukupan broj analiziranih FE modela For the cantilever members, the cross section of the
je 100. Svrha ovog rada je da se na osnovu zadatih lower segment of the column is HEB 450 while the
parametara i rezultata linerane analize izvijanja utvrdi cross-section of the upper segment varies in the range:
opseg koeficijenata dužine izvijanja oko jače ose inercije HEB 220, HEB 240, HEB 260, HEB 280 and HEB 300.
pojedinačanih segmenata analiziranih neuniformih The analysed range of force ratio at the ends of the FE
elemenata. Analiza fleksione stabilnosti elemenata oko model, P1/(P1+P2) is from 0.05 to 0.50 with a step of
slabije ose inercije nije analizirana u okviru ovog rada, 0.05. The total number of FE models analysed is 100.
imajući u vidu praktičan značaj utvrđivanja veličine The purpose of this paper is to determine, on the basis
koeficijenata izvijanja oko jače ose inercije koji ne mogu of the given parameters and the results of the linear
biti jednoznačno određeni kako je to u slučaju izvijanja analysis of buckling, the range of effective length
oko slabije ose preseka. Takođe, u radu je izvršena coefficients for the major axis of the individual segments
procena tačnosti proračunskih vrednosti nosivosti na of analysed non-uniform elements. The analysis of the
fleksiono izvijanje prema opštoj metodi proračuna [3] flexural stability of the members for the minor axis of
kroz njihovo poređenje s rezultatima nelinearne inertia has not been analysed in this paper, given the
numeričke analize. practical importance of determining the value of the
buckling coefficient for the major axis, which cannot be
uniquely determined as it is in the case of buckling for
the minor axis of cross-section. Also, the paper
assesses the accuracy of the design values for flexural
buckling resistance according to the general method [3]
by comparing them with the results of nonlinear
numerical analysis.
2 OPŠTA METODA PRORAČUNA PREMA 2 GENERAL DESIGN METHOD ACCORDING TO

SRPS EN 1993-1-1 SRPS EN 1993-1-1
Opšta metoda proračuna nosivosti elemenata na The general design method for buckling resistance of
izvijanje data u poglavlju 6.3.1, SRPS EN 1993-1-1 [3] members given in Chapter 6.3.1, SRPS EN 1993-1-1 [3]
odnosi se na pritisnute elemente konstantnog poprečnog refers to compressed members with uniform cross-
preseka. Opšti format kontrole nosivosti na izvijanje section. The general format of buckling resistance
prema ovoj metodi, podrazumeva zadovoljenje uslova design according to this method implies that the ratio of
da je odnos proračunske vrednosti sile pritiska NEd i the design value of compressive load NEd and design
proračunske nosivosti elementa na izvijanje Nb,Rd manji value of buckling resistance Nb,Rdis less than or equal to
ili jednak od jedan. Proračunska nosivost elementa na one. The design value of buckling resistance Nb,Rd
izvijanje Nb,Rd predstavlja proizvod bezdimenzionalnog represents the product of non-dimensional buckling
koeficijenta izvijanja χ i nosivosti poprečnog preseka coefficient χ and the cross-sectional load carrying
koja odgovara naponu na granici razvlačenja Afy, a koji capacity correspondent to the yield stress Afy, which is
je redukovan parcijalnim koeficijentom sigurnosti γM1. reduced by the partial safety factorγM1. The non-
Bezdimenzionalni koeficijenat izvijanja χ zavisi od dimensional coefficient of buckling χ depends on the
relative slenderness of the member  and the
relativne vitkosti elementa  i koeficijenta imperfekcije
coefficient of imperfection α, which includes the
α kojim su obuhvaćeni uticaji nesavršenosti realnih
influence of imperfections of real members. The relative
elemenata. Relativna vitkost za fleksiono izvijanje u
slenderness for flexural buckling in the case of the cross-
slučaju klase poprečnog preseka 1, 2 i 3 može da se
section classes 1, 2 and 3 can be determined according
odredi prema opštem izrazu:
to the general expression:
Af y
 (1)
N cr
 2 EI
N cr  (2)
Lcr
gde su: Ncr Ojlerova kritična sila za fleksiono izvijanje, E where: Ncris Euler critical flexural buckling load, Eis
modul elastičnosti, I momenat inercije poprečnog modulus of elasticity, Iis moment of inertia of the cross-

preseka u ravni izvijanja a Lcr dužina izvijanja elementa. section in the buckling plane and Lcr is effective length of
Nesavršenosti realnih elemenata smanjuju njihovu member.
nosivost na izvijanje. Evrokod 3 [3] definiše analitičku The imperfections of real elements reduce their
zavisnost između relativne vitkosti elementa  i buckling resistance. Eurocode 3 [3] defines the analytical
bezdimenzionalnog koeficijenta izvijanja χ preko familije relation between the relative slenderness of the member
krivih izvijanja. Osnova za matematičku interpretaciju and the non-dimensional coefficient of buckling φ with
ovih krivih je Ajraton-Perijeva funkcija u kojoj je uticaj a family of buckling curves. The basis for the
nesavršenosti realnih elemenata uzet preko koeficijenta mathematical interpretation of these curves is the
imperfekcije α. Vrednost ovog koeficijenta zavisi od Ayrton-Perry formula, in which the influence of the
oblika poprečnog preseka, relevantne ravni izvijanja, imperfections of real elements is taken into account
vrste proizvodnog procesa (vruće valjanje, hladno using the coefficient of imperfection α. The value of this
oblikovanje ili zavarivanje), kao i kvaliteta osnovnog coefficient depends on the shape of the cross-section,
materijala. the relevant plane of buckling, the type of the production
Opšta metoda proračuna može se primeniti i pri process (hot, cold rolled or welded), as well as the
proračunu nosivosti pritisnutih neuniformnih elemenata quality of the steel material.
na fleksiono izvijanje uz modifikaciju koja se odnosi na The general design method can also be applied in
određivanje vrednosti kritične sile izvijanja Ncr, za koju se the flexural buckling resistance design of the com-
ne može koristiti izraz (2). Savremeni postupci pressed non-uniform members with a modification that
proračuna podrazumevaju određivanje elastične kritične refers to the determination of the critical buckling force
sile izvijanja primenom linearno-elastične analize value Ncrfor which the expression (2) cannot be used.
izvijanja u odgovarajućem softveru, ili primenom Modern design methods involve determining the critical
približnih, pojednostavljenih metoda koje su date u elastic buckling loadusing a linear-elastic analysis in the
relevantnoj literaturi [1], na primer u funkciji appropriate software, or using approximate, simplified
ekvivalentnog momenta inercije. methods, given in the relevant literature [1], for example
in the function of the equivalent moment of inertia.
3 OPIS NUMERIČKIH MODELA 3 NUMERICAL MODELS DESCRIPTION

Dve različite vrste analize su urađene za svaki Two different types of analysis were undertaken for
numerički model: linearno-elastična analiza i nelinearna each numerical model: linear-elastic analysis and non-
statička analiza fleksionog izvijanja oko jače ose inercije, linear static analysis of flexural buckling for major axis,
uz korišćenje Riksovog solvera. Linearno-elastična using the Riks solver. Linear-elastic analysis, based on
analiza, zasnovana na problemu birfukacione stabilnosti, the problem of bifurcation stability, gives the critical
daje elastičnu kritičnu silu izvijanja idealno pravog elastic buckling load of an ideal real member without
elementa bez imperfekcija. Odgovor elementa je praćen imperfection. The response of the member is ac-
zanemarljivo malim bočnim deformacijama, a kada sila companied by negligibly small lateral deformations, and
dostigne graničnu, kritičnu vrednost, dolazi do naglog when the load reaches the ultimate critical value, a
izvijanja koje je praćeno velikim deformacijama. Kako je sudden buckling followed by large deformations occurs.
modul elastičnosti u linearno-elastičnoj oblasti Since the modulus of elasticity in the linear-elastic region
konstantan, vrednost kritične sile izvijanja isključivo is constant, the value of the critical buckling load
zavisi od vitkosti elemenata i graničnih uslova na depends exclusively on the slenderness ofmembers and
krajevima elementa. S druge strane, materijalna i the boundary conditions at the ends of the members. On
geometrijska nelinearnost kao i strukturne imperfekcije the other hand, material and geometric non-linearity as
realnih konstruktivnih elemenata ograničavaju njihovu well as structural imperfections of real structural
nosivost na fleksiono izvijanje. U takvim slučajevima members limit their flexural buckling resistance. In these
linearno-elastična analiza koristi se za određivanje cases, the linear-elastic analysis is used to determine
osnovnih oblika izvijanja, a njeni rezultati za the basic modes of buckling, and its results are used for
interpretaciju početnih geometrijskih imperfekcija u the interpretation of initial geometric imperfections in
kasnijim fazama analize stabilitetnih problema realnih later stages of analysis of the stability problems of real
elemenata. U Abaqusu [7] postoji nekoliko različitih members. In Abaqus [7] there are several different
numeričkih metoda za rešavanje nelineranih statičkih numerical methods for solving nonlinear static problems.
problema. Metoda Riksa, ili metoda kružnog luka The Riks method, or the arc-length method, is the basic
osnovna je i najviše korišćena metoda za analizu and most widely used method for analysing the
ponašanja pritisnutih elemenata na različite oblike behaviour of compressed membersin different modes of
izvijanja. Uslov za njenu primenu jeste da kriva sila- buckling. The requirementfor its application is that load-
pomeranje bude glatka i bez grananja. Tačnost vrednosti displacement curve is smooth and without branching.
granične sile značajno zavisi od veličine početnih The accuracy of the critical load value depends greatly
geometrijskih imperfekcija realnog elementa. Ukoliko su on the size of the initial geometric imperfections of the
ova odstupanja idealizovana, odnosno zanemarljivo real member. If these deviations are idealised, or
mala, početni, uzlazni deo krive je strm s naglim negligible, the initial, ascending part of the curve is steep
prelaskom u nestabilno ravnotežno stanje, kada primena with a sudden transition to an unstable equilibrium state,
Riksove metode može dovesti do divergencije rešenja. when the application of the Riks method can lead to a
FE modeli su realizovani sa solid elementima i divergence incalculations.
wedge mrežom konačnih elemenata dimenzija 15 mm. U FE models are developed using "solid" elements and

težištima poprečnih preseka, na oba kraja FE modela, "wedge" finite element mesh with a size of 15 mm. In
definisane su referentne tačke koje su povezane s centroids of cross-sections, at both ends of the FE
površinama krajnjih poprečnih preseka preko opcije model, reference points are defined and they are
kinematic copuling type. U zavisnosti od analizranog coupledwiththe cross-sections at the endsusing the
statičkog sistema FE modela, referentnim tačkama su "kinematic coupling type" option. Depending on the type
dodeljeni odgovarajući granični uslovi koji simuliraju of the analysed FE model, the reference points are
idealni zglobni oslonac u slučaju proste grede, odnosno assigned appropriate boundary conditions that simulate
uklještenje u slučaju konzole. Koncentrisane sile pritiska an idle hinge in the case of simply supported beam, or a
u pravcu podužne ose FE modela zadate su u težištu clamp in the case of cantilever. Concentrated
krajnjeg gornjeg poprečnog preseka, odnosno na mestu compressive forces in the direction of the longitudinal
stepenaste promene poprečnog preseka, respektivno. axis of the FE model are applied at the centroid of the
Nominalne vrednosti krive napon-dilatacija koja je upper cross section, and at the stepped change in the
dobijena eksperimentalnim ispitivanjem epruveta uzetih cross section, respectively. The nominal values of the
iz finalnog vruće-valjanog profila HEB 260 s kvalitetom stress-strain curve obtained by experimental testing of
čeličnog materijala S275 [8] usvojena je za opisivanje the specimens taken from the final hot-rolled profile HEB
mehaničkih svojstava materijala svih FE modela. 260 with the quality of steel material S275 [8] were
Eksperimentalne vrednosti su transformisane u stvarne adopted to describe the mechanical properties of
vrednosti napon-dilatacija. Pri analizi su usvojene materials for all FE models. The experimental values
uobičajene vrednosti elastičnih konstanti materijala za were transformed into the actual values of the stress-
čelik E = 210000 N/mm2 i v = 0,3. Zaostali naponi nastali strain. In the analysis, the usual values of the elastic
kao rezultat proizvodnog procesa nisu modelirani. constants of steel material E = 210000 N/mm2andv =
Standard SRPS EN 1993-1-5 [9] u Prilogu C sugeriše da 0,3were adopted. The residual stresses resulting from
se geometrijske imperfekcije mogu bazirati na obliku the manufacturing process were not modelled. Design
kritičnog oblika izvijanja u relevantnoj ravni i dopušta code SRPS EN 1993-1-5 [9] in Appendix C suggests
redukciju geometrijskih tolerancija fabričke izrade u that geometric imperfections can be based on the
iznosu od 80% u interpretaciji početnih nesavršenosti. buckling modein the relevant plane and allows for the
Međutim, budući da zaostali naponi nisu uključeni u reduction of manufacturing geometric tolerances of 80%
analizi statičkog odgovora elementa, za amplitudu in the interpretation of initial imperfections. However,
početne imperfekcije usvojena je dopuštena proizvodna since the residual stresses are not included in the
tolerancija koja uključuje odstupanje ose elementa od analysis of the static response of the member, the
vertikalnosti u punom iznosu od L /750, u skladu sa allowable manufacturing tolerance has been adopted for
standardom SRPS EN 1090-2 [10]. Normalizovane the amplitude of the initial imperfection, and it includes
vrednosti koordinata deformisanog modela za kritični deviation of the member axis from the vertical plane in
oblik izvijanja su skalirane i učitane su naredbom the full amount of L/750 in accordance with SRPS EN
Imperfection u opciji-Edit keyword za svaki pojedinačni 1090-2 [10]. The normalized coordinate values of the
model. Uticaj lokalnih imperfekcija poprečnog preseka deformed model for the critical buckling mode are scaled
zanemaren je u okviru analize. and assigned with the "Imperfection" command in the
"Edit keyword" option for each individual model. The
influences of local imperfections of the cross-section are
disregarded in this analysis.
4 PRIKAZ REZULTATA NUMERIČKE ANALIZE 4 THE RESULTS OF THE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Slike 1 i 2 prikazuju raspodelu Misesovih napona pri Figures 1 and 2 show the distribution of Mises
graničnom stanju nosivosti analiziranog neuniformnog stresses at the ultimate load state of the analysed non-
elementa statičkog sistema proste grede usled uniform simply supported member due to the flexural
fleksionog izvijanja oko jače ose inercije. Lom elementa buckling for major axis. The failure of the member is
određen je plastifikacijom kritičnog preseka u donjem, determined by the plasticization of the critical cross-
odnosno gornjem segmentu, respektivno. section in the lower and upper segment, respectively.
Slika 1. Lom donjeg segmenta FE neuniformnog modela

Figure 1. Failure of the lower segment of the non-uniform FE model

Slika 2. Lom gornjeg segmenta FE neuniformnog modela
Figure 2. Failure of the upper segment of the non-uniform FE model
Numeričke vrednosti graničnih sila fleksionog The numerical values of the ultimate flexural buckling
izvijanja oko jače ose inercije Nb,FEA normalizovane su s for the major axis Nb,FEA are normalized with the value of
vrednošću sile pri kojoj dolazi do plastifikacije poprečnog the force in which the cross-section is plasticized Afy for
preseka Afy za svaki pojedinačni segment, upoređene s each individual segment and compared with the results
rezultatima opšte metode proračuna prema SRPS EN of the general design method according to SRPS EN
1993-1-1 [3] izborom relevantne krive za odgovarajući 1993-1-1 [3] through adequate choosing of the curves
poprečni presek i grafički prezentovane na slici 3 u for the corresponding cross-sections.These values are
slučaju FE elemenata sistema proste grede, odnosno graphically presented in Figure 3 in the case of simply
slici 4 u slučaju elemenata konzolnog sistema. Uzimajući supported FE member, that is, in Figure 4 in the case of
u obzir oblik poprečnog preseka segmenta, proračunske cantilevermembers. Taking into account the shape of the
nosivosti obostrano zglobno oslonjenih elemenata cross section of the segment, the design ultimate
određene su izborom krive b. U slučaju konzolnih strength of simply supported members is determined by
elemenata, proračunske nosivosti donjih segmenata choosing the curve b. In the case of cantilever members,
sračunate su za krivu izvijanja a, odnosno za krivu b kod the design ultimate strength of the lower segments are
gornjih segmenata. calculated for the curve a, that is, for the curve b in the
case of the upper segments.
1.1
1.0
0.9 EN 1993-1-1 kriva b
0.8 FEA, lom gornjeg segmenta
Koeficijent redukcije χ
0.7 FEA, lom donjeg segmenta
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
B
Slika 3. Poređenje numeričkih i proračunskih vrednosti nosivosti na fleksiono izvijanje u slučaju obostrano zglobno
oslonjenog elementa
Figure 3. Comparison of numerical and design values of flexural buckling resistance in the case of simply supported
members

1.1
1.0
EN 1993-1-1 kriva a
0.9
EN 1993-1-1 kriva b
0.8
Koeficijent redukcije χ 0.7
FEA, lom donjeg segmenta
FEA, lom gornjeg segmenta
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
B
Slika 4. Poređenje numeričkih i proračunskih vrednosti nosivosti na fleksiono izvijanje u slučaju konzolnog elementa
Figure 4. Comparison of numerical and design values of flexural buckling resistance in the case of cantilever members
Tabela 1. Vrednosti koeficijenata dužine izvijanja β za zglobno oslonjene elemente

Table 1. The values of the effective length coefficients β for simply supported members
P2/(P1+P2)
0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5
0,09 2,295 2,398 2,497 2,593 2,687 2,777 2,866 2,951 3,035 3,117
Lower segment
Donji segment
0,14 1,952 2,034 2,114 2,192 2,267 2,341 2,412 2,482 2,550 2,617
0,20 1,692 1,757 1,821 1,883 1,944 2,004 2,062 2,118 2,174 2,229
0,30 1,513 1,563 1,613 1,662 1,710 1,758 1,804 1,850 1,896 1,940
0,42 1,394 1,430 1,468 1,506 1,544 1,581 1,618 1,655 1,692 1,727
I2/I1
0,09 4,656 3,440 2,925 2,631 2,438 2,300 2,197 2,117 2,052 1,999
Upper segment
Gornji segment
0,14 4,854 3,577 3,035 2,725 2,522 2,377 2,268 2,183 2,114 2,058
0,20 5,104 3,747 3,170 2,840 2,622 2,467 2,350 2,259 2,185 2,125
0,30 5,523 4,035 3,399 3,034 2,792 2,620 2,490 2,389 2,307 2,240
0,42 6,097 4,421 3,706 3,293 3,019 2,823 2,675 2,559 2,466 2,389
Tabela 2. Vrednosti koeficijenata dužine izvijanja β za konzolne elemente

Table 2. The values of the effective length coefficients β for cantilever members
P2/(P1+P2)
0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5
0,10 2,093 2,208 2,361 2,540 2,730 2,919 3,104 3,282 3,453 3,618
Lower segment
Donji segment
0,14 2,089 2,186 2,304 2,440 2,586 2,736 2,885 3,032 3,175 3,314
0,19 2,086 2,173 2,275 2,388 2,509 2,634 2,760 2,885 3,008 3,129
0,24 2,084 2,166 2,257 2,357 2,462 2,569 2,679 2,788 2,896 3,003
0,32 2,084 2,161 2,245 2,334 2,428 2,523 2,619 2,716 2,812 2,906
I2/I1
0,10 4,469 3,332 2,910 2,711 2,606 2,544 2,504 2,477 2,457 2,442
Upper segment
Gornji segment
0,14 5,260 3,892 3,350 3,073 2,912 2,813 2,746 2,699 2,666 2,639
0,19 6,048 4,455 3,808 3,462 3,253 3,117 3,024 2,957 2,907 2,868
0,24 6,867 5,046 4,294 3,882 3,627 3,456 3,336 3,247 3,181 3,128
0,32 7,847 5,753 4,880 4,395 4,088 3,878 3,727 3,615 3,529 3,461

Na osnovu zadatih ulaznih parametara koji se Based on the given input parameters that represent
ogledaju u odnosu momenata inercije gornjeg i donjeg the relation between the moment of inertia of the upper
segmenta I2/I1 i odnosa aksijalnih sila u segmentima and lower segment I2/I1 and the ratio of axial forces in
analiziranih FE modela P1/(P1+P2) s jedne strane i the segments of the analysed FE models P1/(P1+P2) on
dobijenih vrednosti kritičnih sila izvijanja Ncr s druge one hand, and the obtained values of the critical buckling
strane, definisane su vrednosti koeficijenata izvijanja β loads Ncr on the other, the values of the buckling
pojedinačnih segmenata koje su prikazane u tabelama 1 coefficients β of single segments are defined and shown
i 2. Nomogrami prezentovani na slici 5a i 5b za slučaj in Tables 1 and 2. The nomograms presented in Figures
obostrano zglobno oslonjenih elemenata, odnosno 5a and 5b in the case of simply supported or cantilever
konzolnih elemenata omogućavaju grafičko određivanje members allow the graphical determination of the
koeficijenta izvijanja β. Na apscisi nomograma dat je bucklingcoefficient β. The abscissa of the nomogram
odnos aksijalnih sila u segmentima. Crne linije na gives the ratio of axial forces in the segments. The black
nomogramu definišu vrednosti koeficijenta dužine lines in the nomogram define the values of the effective
izvijanja za gornji segment koje se očitavaju na levoj length coefficients for the upper segment andare read on
ordinati, dok crvene linije na nomogramu definišu the left ordinate, while the red lines on the nomogram
vrednosti koeficijenta dužine izvijanja za donji segment definethe values of theeffective length coefficient for the
koje se očitavaju na desnoj ordinati. lower segment and are read on the right ordinate.
Vrednost koeficijenta dužine izvijanja za donji The effective length coefficient for the lower segment
segment obostrano oslonjenog elementa je u opsegu od of the simply supported members is in the range of 1.4
1,4 do 3,1, a za konzolni element od 2,1 do 3,6. to 3.1, and for the cantilever member from 2.1 to 3.6.
Koeficijenti dužine izvijanja imaju veću vrednost pri The effective length coefficients have a higher value for
većim vrednostima odnosa sile u vrhu i sile na kontaktu greater values of the force at the top to the force at the
segmenta. Vrednost koeficijenta smanjuje se poveća- segment change ratio. The value of the coefficient
njem odnosa krutosti gornjeg i donjeg segmenta. reduces with the increase of the ratio of the stiffness of
Vrednost koeficijenta dužine izvijanja za gornji upper and lower segments.
segment obostrano oslonjenog elementa je u opsegu od The value of the effective length coefficient for the
2 do 6,1, a za konzolni element od 2,4 do 7,8. Koeficijent upper segment of simply supported members is in the
dužine izvijanja opada s povećanjem odnosa sile u vrhu i range of 2 to 6.1, and for the cantilever members from
sile na spoju segmenata, a raste s povećanjem odnosa 2.4 to 7.8. The effective length coefficient decreases with
krutosti gornjeg i donjeg segmenta. the increase in the ratio of the force at the top and force
at the segment change, and increases with the increase
in the ratio of the stiffness of the upper and lower
segments.
7.0 3.5
6.0
Koeficijent dužine izvijanja gornjeg segmenta β2
Koeficijent dužine izvijanja donjeg segmenta β1
3.0
I2/I1=0.09
5.0
2.5
I2/I1=0.14
4.0 I2/I1=0.20
I2/I1=0.30 2.0
3.0 I2/I1=0.42
1.5
2.0
1.0 1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
P2/(P1+P2)

9.0 4.0
8.0
3.5
Koeficijent dužine izvijanja gornjeg segmenta β2
Koeficijent dužine izvijanja donjeg segmenta β1

I2/I1=0.10
7.0
I2/I1=0.14 3.0
6.0
2.5
I2/I1=0.19 I2/I1=0.32
5.0
I2/I1=0.24
2.0
4.0
1.5
3.0
2.0 1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
P2/(P1+P2)
Slika 5. Koeficijent dužine izvijanja gornjeg i donjeg segmenta u funkciji odnosa momenta inercije I2/I1 i odnosa sila na
krajevima elementa P1/(P1+P2)
Figure 5. Effective length coefficient of upper and lower segments in function of moments of inertia ratio I2/I1 and axial
forces ratioP1/(P1+P2)
5 NUMERIČKE ANALIZE 5 NUMERICAL ANALYSES
Na primerima obostrano zglobno oslonjenog i Verification of the results of numerical parametric

konzolnog stuba, koji su prikazani na slici 6, pokazana je analysis is done through comparison with the examples
verifikacija rezultata koji su dobijeni u numeričkoj of simply supported and cantilever members, shown in
parametarskoj analizi. Figure 6.
Slika 6. Numerički primeri

Figure 6. Numerical examples

Verifikacija je sprovedena poređenjem vrednosti The verification was carried out by comparison of the
kritične sile fleksionog izvijanja dobijene u komercijalnom values of the flexural buckling critical force obtained in
softveru Autodesk Robot 2012 i primenom nomograma the commercial software Autodesk Robot 2012 and
koji su prikazani u ovom radu. Da bi se odredila vrednost those obtained from the nomograms shown in this
kritične sile fleksionog izvijanja koristeći nomograme koji paper. In order to determine the value of the flexural
su dati na slici 5, potrebno je odrediti odnos momenata buckling critical force using the nomograms given in
inercije gornjeg i donjeg segmenta i odnos vrednosti Figure 5 it is necessary to determine the ratio of the
aksijalnih sila u gornjem i donjem segmentu. moment of inertia of the upper and lower segments and
the ratio of the axial forces in the upper and lower
segments.
Konzolni stub Cantilever column
I 2 I HEB200 5696 cm 4
   0,1319
I1 I HEB360 43190 cm 4
P2 200
  0,333
P1  P2 200  400
Potrebno je uraditi linearnu interpolaciju za odnos Linear interpolation for the ratio of the moments of
momenata inercije 0,10 i 0,14. inertia between 0.10 and 0.14 is required.
I2
 0,10  1  3,04241;  2  2,51763
I1
I2
 0,14  1  2,83522;  2  2,76832
I1
I2
  0,1319  1  2,87717;  2  2,7156
I1
Konačno, vrednost kritične sile je: Finally, the value of the critical force is:
E  Ii  2 21000  43190   2
N cr   N cr, HEB360   3003,78 kN
(  i  li ) 2 (2,87717  600) 2
21000  5696   2
N cr, HEB200   1000,55 kN
(2,7156  400) 2
Obostrano zglobno oslonjen stub Simply supported column
4
I 2 I HEA180 2510 cm
   0,3233
I1 I HEA240 7763 cm 4
P2 300
  0,375
P1  P2 300  500
Potrebno je uraditi linearnu interpolaciju za odnos Linear interpolation for the ratio of the moments of
momenata inercije 0,30 i 0,42. inertia between 0.30 and 0.42 is required.
I2
 0,30  1  1,8274;  2  2,4395
I1
I2
 0,42  1  1,6368;  2  2,6170
I1
I2
  0,3233  1  1,7904;  2  2,4740
I1
Konačno, vrednost kritične sile je: Finally, the value of the critical force is:
E  Ii  2 21000  7763   2
N cr   N cr, HEA240   1394,34 kN
(  i  li ) 2 (1,7904  600) 2
21000  2510   2
N cr, HEA180   531,21 kN
(2,4740  400) 2

U tabeli 3 date su vrednosti kritičnh sila fleksionog Table 3 gives values of flexural buckling critical force
izvijanja određenih u softveru i grafičkim putem preko values obtained from software modelling and graphically
nomograma i njihovo poređenje. determined using nomograms and their comparison.
Tabela 3. Poređenje vrednosti kritičnih sila fleksionog izvijanja

Table 3. Comparison of flexural buckling critical force values
Kritična sila dobijena Kritična sila dobijena

primenom softvera primenom nomograma Odstupanja
Software critical force Nomogram critical force Differences
Ncr,FEA Ncr,cal
[kN] [kN] [%]

Konzolni stub
Donji segment
3022,7 3003,8 0,63
Cantilever
Lower segment
Gornji segment
1007,6 1000,6 0,70
Upper segment
oslonjen stub
Donji segment
Obostrano
supported
1472,0 1394,3 5,57

zglobno
Lower segment
column
Simply
Gornji segment
552,0 531,2 3,91
Upper segment
6 ZAKLJUČCI 6 CONCLUSIONS
Metoda koja indirektno uzima u obzir uticaje drugog The method that indirectly takes into account the
reda uz prethodno određivanje kritične sile fleksionog effects of the second order with the predetermination of
izvijanja neuniformnog elementa daje dobru predikciju the flexural buckling critical force of a non-uniform
njegove granične nosivosti na fleksiono izvijanje. members provides a good prediction of its flexural
Na osnovu rezultata parametarske numeričke buckling resistance.
analize koja je obuhvatila 100 razvijenih FE modela, Based on the results of the parametric numerical
definisani su grafički nomogrami i tabelarni moduli za analysis that included 100 FE models, graphic
određivanje koeficijenata dužine izvijanja segmenata nomograms and tabular modules were defined for
neuniformnih elemenata. Analizom su obuhvaćeni determining effective buckling length coefficients of non-
najčešći statički sistemi ovakvog tipa stubova: uklješteni uniform members’ segments. The analysis deals with the
i obostrano zglobno oslonjeni. most common types of columns: simply supported and
Razvijeni nomogrami i tabelarni moduli jednostavni cantilever.
su za primenu u svakodnevnoj inženjerskoj praksi, što je Developed nomograms and tabular modules are
pokazano u numeričkim primerima. Odstupanja između easy to apply in everyday engineering practice, as
vrednosti kritične sile dobijene Linerano-elastičnom shown in numerical examples. The deviations between
analizom i primenom nomograma ili tabela prihvatljiva su the critical force values obtained by linear-elastic
sa stanovišta tačnosti i pouzdanosti. analysis and from the nomograms or tables are
Parametarska analiza koja je prikazana u radu treba acceptable from accuracy and reliability standpoint.
da bude proširena uzimajući u obzir različite visine The parametric analysis shown in this paper should
segmenata s ciljem definisanja nomograma koji bi imali be further developed taking into account different heights
široku primenu u inženjerskoj građevinskoj praksi. of segments in order to define the nomograms that
would have extensive application in the structural
engineering practices.

7 LITERATURA
REFERENCES
[1] L. S. da Silva, R. Simoes, H. Gervasio: Desgin of [6] Ćorić S., Brčić S.: „Nelinearna analiza stabilnosti
steel structures. Eurocode 3: Design of steel okvirnih nosača”, Građevinski materijali i
structures. Part 1-1 - General rules and rules for konstrukcije 2016, vol 3, st. 27‒44.
buildings, ECCS Eurocode Design Manuals, 1st
Edition, Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 2010. [7] ABAQUS User Manual, Version 6,12, Providence,
[2] Z. Marković: „Granična stanja čeličnih konstrukcija RI, USA: DS SIMULIA Corp; 2012.
prema Evrokodu”, Akademska misao, Beograd, [8] Spremic M: The analysis of headed studs group
2014. behavior in composite steel-concrete beam, PhD
[3] SRPS EN 1993-1-1: 2012 Evrokod 3: thesis, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil
„Projektovanje čeličnih konstrukcija: Opšta pravila i Engineering, October 2013
pravila za zgrade”, 2012. [9] SRPS EN 1993-1-5: 2006 Evrokod 3: „Proračun
[4] SRPS EN 1993-1-1/NA: 2013 Evrokod 3: čeličnih konstrukcija: Puni limeni elementi”, CEN,
„Projektovanje čeličnih konstrukcija-deo 1-1: Opšta 2006.
pravila i pravila za zgrade-nacionalni prilog”, 2013. [10] SRPS EN 1090-2: Execution of steel structures
[5] Ćorić S.: „Nelinearna analiza stabilnosti okvirnih and aluminium structures, Part 2: Technical
nosača”, doktorska disertacija, Građevinski fakultet requirements for steel structures, CEN, 2008.
Univerziteta u Beogradu, 2013
REZIME SUMMАRY
NUMERIČKA ANALIZA NOSIVOSTI NEUNIFORMNIH NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING

PRITISNUTIH ELEMENATA NA FLEKSIONO RESISTANCE OF NON-UNIFORM COMPRESSION
IZVIJANJE MEMBERS
Aljoša FILIPOVIĆ Aljosa FILIPOVIC

Jelena DOBRIĆ Jelena DOBRIC
Milan SPREMIĆ Milan SPREMIC
Zlatko MARKOVIĆ Zlatko MARKOVIC
Nina GLUHOVIĆ Nina GLUHOVIC
Rad prikazuje parametarsku linearno-elastičnu This paper presents parametric linear-elastic analysis
analizu fleksionog izvijanja idealizovanog neuniformnog of flexural buckling of idealised non-uniform member and
elementa i nelineranu analizu fleksionog izvijanja sa nonlinear analysis of flexural buckling with equivalent
ekvivalentnim geometrijskim imperfekcijama, urađenu u imperfections, using software package Abaqus. The
programu Abaqus. Analizom su obuhvaćeni zglobno analysis includes hinged and cantileverstepped
oslonjeni i konzolni elementi sa stepenastom promenom members, where the stiffness ratio of the upper and
poprečnog preseka, kod kojih je variran odnos krutosti lower segments and the ratio of the values of axial
gornjeg i donjeg segmenta i odnos vrednosti aksijalnih forces at the top and at the change in the cross-section
sila na vrhu i na mestu promene preseka. Rezultat rada are varied. The aim of this paper is to define graphic and
je definisanje grafičkih i tabelarnih modela za table models for determining effective lengths
određivanje koeficijenata dužine izvijanja segmenta coefficients of non-uniform members’ segments based
neuniformnih elemenata na osnovu relevantne i on a relevant and reliable database that was obtained
pouzdane baze podataka koja je dobijena primenom using the Finite element method. In addition, the
Metode konačnih elemenata. Kao dodatak, ocenjena je reliability of the method for calculating the flexural
pouzdanost metode proračuna fleksione stabilnosti stability of the compressed columns according to EC3
pritisnutih stubova prema EC3 u kojoj je vrednost kritične was evaluated in which the critical load value was
sile izvijanja određena u prethodnom koraku primenom determined in the previous step using the Elastic
Elastične analize izvijanja idealizovanog elementa. buckling analysis of idealised elements.
Ključne reči: neuniformni element, fleksiono Key words: non-uniform members, flexural buckling,
izvijanje, FEA, opšta metoda, Evrokod 3 FEA, general method, Eurocode3

ANALIZA PRIMENE SEKUNDARNIH SEIZMIČKIH ELEMENATA U PRORAČUNU
PREMA EVROKODU 8
THE ANALYSIS OF APPLICATION OF SECONDARY SEISMIC ELEMENTS IN DESIGN

ACCORDING TO EUROCODE 8
PRETHODNO SAOPŠTENJE
Ivan MILIĆEVIĆ PRELIMINARY REPORT
Ivan IGNJATOVIĆ UDK:624.012.45.042.7
doi:10.5937/grmk1703015M
Projektovanje seizmički otpornih konstrukcija s ciljem Design of structures for earthquake resistance with
zaštite ljudskih života, iako jeste najvažniji, nije i jedini the purpose to protect human lives, although the most
cilj analize ponašanja i projektovanja objekata u important, is not the only aim of behaviour analysis and
seizmičkim područjima. Osim obezbeđivanja prostorne design of structures in seismic regions. Apart from
stabilnosti, predmet istraživanja su i performanse objekta ensuring overall stability, the subjects of research are
tokom i nakon zemljotresa, naročito nekonstruktivnih also building performances during and after
delova - fasade, pregrada, opreme, i uopšte povred- earthquakes, particularly of non-structural elements –
ljivost objekata [1]. Ipak, imajući u vidu potrebu za facades, partition walls, mechanical and electrical
predstavljanjem zahteva i mogućnosti tehničkog propisa equipment and resiliency in general [1]. From the
koji reguliše ovu oblast, Evrokoda 8 [2], u svetlu perspective of structural engineering society, there is a
predstojećeg usvajanja ovog dokumenta kao nacional- necessity to present requirements and possibilities of
nog standarda, fokus rada biće na rasvetljavanju jednog technical code that covers this field – Eurocode 8 [2], in
od aspekata primene Evrokoda 8 [2] u projektovanju light of the upcoming adoption of this document as a
objekata visokogradnje. national standard. Therefore, the focus of this paper is
Savremeni seizmički propisi, među kojima je i on the presentation of one of the aspects of Eurocode 8
Evrokod 8 [2], nude mogućnost da se doprinos pojedinih [2] implementation in seismic design of building
konstruktivnih elemenata u obezbeđivanju prostorne structures.
stabilnosti objekta za dejstvo zemljotresa zanemari. Contemporary seismic codes, including Eurocode 8
Takvi delovi konstrukcije nazivaju se „sekundarnim” [2], allow neglecting the contribution of some of the
seizmičkim elementima [2] za koje nije neophodno structural elements in assuring building’s lateral stability
ispuniti sve zahteve Evrokoda 8 [2], već je moguće during the earthquake action. Those structural elements
primeniti samo odredbe Evrokoda 2 [3]. Nekoliko je are called “secondary seismic elements” [2] and they do
razloga za uvođenje mogućnosti podele konstruktivnih not need to conform to all requirements of Eurocode 8
elemenata na „primarne” i „sekundarne” u aseizmičkom [2] but only to those of Eurocode 2 [3]. There are several
projektovanju. Pre svega, na ovaj način proširene su reasons for introducing the distinction of structural ele-
mogućnosti utvrđivanja osnovnog nosećeg sistema ments between “primary” and “secondary” in aseismic
konstrukcije, jasnom definicijom elemenata koji su ključni design. First of all, it expands the possibilities for deter-
Ivan Milićević, mast.inž.građ, asistent, Univerzitet u Ivan Milicevic, Teaching Assistant, MSc Civ. Eng.,
Beogradu ,Građevinski fakultet, Beograd, Bulevar kralja University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Aleksandra 73 Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73
Ivan Ignjatović, dr, docent, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Ivan Ignjatovic, Assistant Prof. Ph.D., University of
Građevinski fakultet, Beograd, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73 Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade, Bulevar
kralja Aleksandra 73

za prijem uticaja zemljotresa i onih „sekundarnih”, kojima mining the basic lateral-force-resisting system of the
se prihvata isključivo gravitaciono opterećenje. Pored building, by clearly defining the elements which are
toga, čest je slučaj da neke odredbe Evrokoda 8 kao što essential for resisting seismic action – primary seismic
su geometrijski uslovi, uslovi duktilnosti i zahtevi za elements and those used only for supporting gravity
oblikovanje detalja ili uslovi kapaciteta nosivosti, nije loads – secondary seismic elements. Furthermore, there
moguće ispuniti poštujući zahteve koji se odnose na are some provisions of Eurocode 8 such as geometrical
položaj i dimenzije konstruktivnih elemenata. Ukoliko nije constrains, ductility requirements and detailing rules or
moguće promeniti dispoziciju ili bar dimenzije preseka, capacity design conditions, which commonly cannot be
vodeći računa o dobro koncipiranom nosećem sistemu, satisfied as a result of architectural constrains regarding
označavanje tih elemenata kao sekundarnih može rešiti structural layout and dimensions of structural elements.
problem. Ovo je takođe i opcija za prevazilaženje If it is impossible to change the layout or at least cross-
problema da neki od konstruktivnih sistema, kao što su sectional dimensions, designation of those elements as
prethodno napregnuti sistemi ili sistemi ramova secondary can solve the problem, while ensuring good
sastavljenih od stubova i delova ploča oslonjenih na njih and clear structural concept. It is also an option to
(eng. Flat slab frames), nisu obuhvaćeni Evrokodom 8 overcome the problem concerning the structural systems
[2]. Naime, postojeći eksperimentalni podaci i teorijska that are not covered by Eurocode 8 [2], such as
razmatranja nisu dovoljni da bi se sa adekvatnim prestressed concrete structures or systems of flat slab
stepenom sigurnosti objasnilo njihovo ponašanje pri frames. The reason is that the existing experimental data
dejstvu zemljotresa i da bi se na osnovu njih formirala and theoretical analyses are insufficient to explain their
pouzdana pravila za primenu u praksi. Dakle, jedna od behaviour during earthquakes with adequate certainty
opcija je svrstavanje ovakvih sistema u sekundarne and to establish reliable recommendations and
seizmičke elemente, po principu - ako problem nije requirements for design practice. Therefore, one option
moguće rešiti na zadovoljavajući način, možda ga je is to classify these systems as secondary seismic
moguće eliminisati [4]. Konačno, čest slučaj je da se elements, guided by the principle - when the problem is
konstrukcija visokogradnje dominantno sastoji od impossible to solve in a satisfactory manner, maybe it
armiranobetonskih zidova, ali da iz konstruktivnih can be eliminated [4]. Finally, concrete building
razloga (npr. prihvatanja teškog fasadnog zida) dođe do structures often consist of structural walls with only a few
formiranja relativno malog broja ramova. Strogo i RC frames used for the purpose of bearing gravity loads
formalno gledano, prema aktuelnim domaćim propisima (e.g. for supporting heavy facades). Strictly speaking,
[5] ovakav sistem bi se klasifikovao kao mešovit i this structural system would be classified as a dual
značajni deo seizmičkog opterećenja od čak 25% bi system according to current Serbian seismic design
morao biti „dodeljen” ramovima. Potpuno suprotno code [5] and a large portion of seismic load would be
osnovnoj ideji projektanta - zidovima se prihvata assigned to RC frames (at least 25%). As a result,
seizmičko opterećenje a stubovima samo gravitaciono, column’s and beam’s dimensions are heavily increased
značajno se povećavaju dimenzije stubova i greda. which is contrary to the original designer’s intention –
Takođe, poštovanjem pravila za obezbeđivanje only structural walls resist seismic force and frames are
duktilnosti preseka povećavaju se količine armature u used as gravity load-carrying elements. Furthermore,
ovim elementima. Zato, svrstavanje pojedinih satisfying ductility demands would lead to an increase of
elemenata, u ovom slučaju fasadnih ramova, u grupu required reinforcement area in those members. For this
sekundarnih seizmičkih elemenata deluje kao reason, classification of some elements as secondary
primamljiva mogućnost u okviru savremenih seizmičkih seismic elements is certainly an appealing possibility in
propisa [2]. Ipak, iako opcija ovakve klasifikacije the framework of modern seismic design codes [2].
elemenata na prvi pogled izgleda kao jedno od Although this option seems to be the simplest solution,
najjednostavnijih rešenja, primena u proračunu its application in structural design is unlikely trivial since
konstrukcije nije trivijalna zbog niza uslova i zahteva koje a number of conditions and requirements should be met.
treba ispuniti. The aim of this paper is to describe the concept of
Objašnjenje koncepta, uslova i zahteva koje treba secondary seismic elements considering EC8 [2]
ispuniti, kao i posledica klasifikacije elemenata u grupu demands and requirements and to present the
sekundarnih seizmičkih elemenata prema EC8 [2] consequences of classification of some structural
osnovni je cilj ovog rada. Kako bi se detaljno objasnili svi elements as secondary. In order to explain all steps in
koraci prilikom projektovanja seizmički otporne the seismic design of building structures with secondary
konstrukcije sa sekundarnim seizmičkim elementima, seismic elements in detail, an appropriate application
osmišljen je adekvatan numerički primer. Na bazi example of the reinforced concrete building is designed.
razmatranja rezultata analize konkretnog objekta, Eurocode 8 [2] provisions are commented based on the
sprovedeno je tumačenje odredaba propisa [2] i analysis of design results which led to the important
donošenje odgovarajućih zaključaka. conclusions.
2 KONCEPT PRIMARNIH I SEKUNDARNIH 2 THE CONCEPT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

ELEMENATA ELEMENTS
Osnovni koncept rada sa sekundarnim seizmičkim The concept of secondary seismic elements is based
elementima zasniva se na zanemarenju krutosti on neglecting their lateral stiffness in the analysis of
sekundarnih elemenata pri analizi odgovora sistema u building structure’s seismic response. This approach is
seizmičkoj proračunskoj situaciji. Da bi ovakav pristup permitted only if the total contribution to building’s lateral

bio moguć, doprinos krutosti sekundarnih elemenata u stiffness of all secondary seismic members is unlikely to
ukupnoj krutosti sistema je ograničen na 15% s ciljem da exceed 15%, which precludes the global response of the
se globalni odgovor konstrukcije ne promeni značajno. Iz structure to change significantly. For the same reason,
istog razloga, označavanje nekih elemenata kao designation of some structural elements as secondary
sekundarnih nije dozvoljeno s namerom da se promeni members is not allowed if it changes the classification of
klasifikacija konstrukcije iz neregularne u regularnu [2]. the structure from non-regular to regular [2]. This
Ova odredba ima pre svega preventivni karakter i treba provision serves as a preventive measure and it should
da suzbije mogućnost da se neregularnosti značajnog suppress the possibility to conceal irregularities of
dela konstruktivnog sistema „prikriju” plaštom sekun- building structures by designating them as secondary
darnih elemenata - npr. zidovi postoje na svim sprato- (e.g. structural walls that are continuous along the full
vima po visini „samo” ih nema u prizemlju. height of the building except at the ground level).
Uz uvažavanje činjenice da svi konstruktivni elementi On the basis of the fact that all structural elements
moraju da prihvate i prenesu sva gravitaciona optere- should support and transfer gravity loads during
ćenja u seizmičkoj proračunskoj situaciji, suštinska earthquakes, the substantial difference in the design of
razlika u proračunu primarnih i sekundarnih seizmičkih primary and secondary seismic elements lies in the
elemenata leži u pretpostavci ponašanja tih elemenata assumption of their behaviour when the structure is
pri dostizanju istih maksimalnih pomeranja konstrukcije. subjected to the same maximal displacements. It is well
Poznato je da duktilnost pomeranja konstruktivnog known that global ductility of a structural system
sistema zavisi od duktilnosti krivine preseka njegovih depends on curvature ductility of its primary elements,
primarnih elemenata, koja odgovara faktoru redukcije which corresponds to the reduction factor of seismic
seizmičkog opterećenja odnosno faktoru ponašanja q. action called the behavior factor q. Eurocode 8 [2]
Kako bi se postigla adekvatna duktilnost krivine, za specifies the requirements for these elements in terms of
takve elemente u Evrokodu 8 [2] propisani su zahtevi u design and detailing which refer to geometrical
pogledu armiranja preseka koji se odnose na geomet- constrains, minimum and maximum values of
rijske uslove, minimalne i maksimalne procente armi- longitudinal reinforcement ratios, as well as shear
ranja podužnom armaturom, kao i osiguranja od reinforcement ratio and confinement measures of
smicanja i načina utezanja preseka u kritičnim oblastima. boundary elements, in order to provide the sufficient
S druge strane, svi elementi koji su klasifikovani kao curvature ductility. On the other hand, all elements
sekundarni moraju da izdrže pomeranja uslovljena classified as secondary members should withstand
krutošću primarnih elemenata, ali bez jasno definisanog displacements governed by a primary system without
kapaciteta duktilnosti prema Evrokodu 8 [2]. Prva opcija clearly defined curvature capacity according to Eurocode
zasniva se na obezbeđivanju adekvatne nosivosti koja bi 8 [2]. The first option is to provide adequate design
odgovarala njihovom elastičnom ponašanju pri dejstvu resistance of secondary elements corresponding to the
zemljotresa, s ciljem sprečavanja krtog loma pri očeki- assumption of their elastic behaviour during an
vanim, realnim pomeranjima konstrukcije. Ovakvi zahtevi earthquake, in order to prevent brittle failure modes
rezultuju znatno većim statičkim uticajima u njima od when subjected to the expected displacements induces
onih koji se dobijaju uobičajenim proračunom kon- by the seismic action. As a result of applying these
strukcije - kada su svi elementi označeni kao primarni, demands, internal forces in secondary elements are
ali ih istovremeno oslobađaju svih ograničenja i zahteva much higher than those obtained from the usual seismic
Evrokoda 8 [2] koji važe za primarne elemente. Vodeći design – in which all elements are designated as
računa o tome da svi konstruktivni elementi poseduju primary, but they do not need to conform to the
izvesnu duktilnost, druga mogućnost je da se sekundarni requirements of Eurocode 8 [2] specified for primary
elementi dimenzionišu prema statičkim uticajima određe- elements. Based on the fact that all structural elements
nim na osnovu usvojenog faktora ponašanja, koji je niži with certain ductility, the other option is to design
od onog koji je usvojen za primarne seizmičke elemente. secondary elements for internal forces calculated from
Time bi uticaji u sekundarnim elementima bili manji od the analysis with adopted behaviour factor, which is
onih koji su određeni primenom prve opcije tj. na osnovu lower than the one adopted for primary seismic
pretpostavke elastičnog ponašanja pri zemljotresu. elements. This would lead to lower internal forces in
Međutim, sam standard [2] ne daje uputstvo za ovakav secondary elements than those obtained from the former
način proračuna. Treća opcija za određivanje uticaja u option, i.e., based on the assumption of their elastic
sekundarnim seizmičkim elementima je svakako i neka behaviour in the seismic design situation. However, the
od nelinearnih metoda analize, npr. pushover analiza, code [2] fails to provide the guidance for this type of
kojom bi se realnije uzeo u obzir kapacitet duktiliteta ovih analysis. Ultimately, the option for the analysis of
elemenata. Kako se nelinearne metode analize secondary seismic elements is certainly some of the
zasnivaju na prethodno usvojenim karakteristikama non-linear methods, e.g. pushover analysis, which takes
poprečnih preseka (u pogledu poprečne i podužne into account ductility capacity of those members more
armature), proračun je iterativan, a za prvu iteraciju bi realistically. Since the non-linear methods use
mogla da se primeni prva metoda proračuna. U ovom predefined cross-sectional characteristics (in terms of
radu detaljno je objašnjena primena prve metode longitudinal and transverse reinforcement), the analysis
proračuna analizom konstrukcije u numeričkom primeru, is iterative and the first option for the analysis of
koja daje najkonzervativnije rešenje. secondary elements can be used for the first iteration.
Sigmund i ost. [6] pokazali su, primenom pushover Because of its simplicity and conservatism, this paper
analize na primeru kombinovanog sistema ramova i presents the application of the first method in the
zidova (gde su ramovi klasifikovani kao sekundarni) da analysis of RC building structure considered in the
čak i pri zadovoljenju propisanih uslova, globalni numerical example.

odgovor konstrukcije može značajno da se razlikuje u There are only a few analyses of secondary seismic
zavisnosti od toga da li su ramovi označeni kao primarni elements in relevant literature. Sigmund et al [6]
ili kao sekundarni elementi. Takođe, uočeno je otvaranje conducted pushover analysis of the dual system of RC
plastičnih zglobova i na stubovima, kada su označeni frames and shear walls, with frames taken as secondary
kao sekundarni. Kako su ti elementi dimenzionisani elements. The results showed that global building
samo prema EC2 [3], jako je važno sekundarne response may significantly differ, depending on whether
elemente dimenzionisati za uticaje koji se javljaju pri the frames are classified as primary or secondary even if
maksimalnim očekivanim pomeranjima konstrukcije u the code requirements are met. Furthermore, plastic
kojoj je krutost sekundarnih elemenata zanemarena. hinges development at ends of secondary columns was
Fardis [7] je predložio postupak kojim je moguće noticed. Since those elements are designed only in
proceniti ove uticaje, na osnovu odnosa relativnih accordance with Eurocode 2 [3], it is crucial that the
međuspratnih pomeranja sistema u kome je krutost design of secondary elements is carried out by internal
sekundarnih elemenata zanemarena i sistema u kome je forces determined from maximal deformations of a
krutost ovih elemenata uzeta u obzir. primary seismic structure. Fardis [7] proposed a
procedure for estimating these forces based on the ratio
of inter-storey drifts: one in which the stiffness of
secondary elements is not considered and another in
which it is.
3 NUMERIČKI PRIMER 3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
3.1 Ulazni podaci 3.1 Geometry and design parameters
Postupak klasifikacije primarnih i sekundarnih The classification procedure as well as the analysis,
seizmičkih elemenata, njihova analiza i dimenzionisanje and design of primary and secondary seismic elements
opisani su na primeru simetrične, osmoetažne armirano- are described for symmetric reinforced concrete building,
betonske konstrukcije spratne visine hs = 3,5 m, presented in Figure 1. The building has eight storeys
prikazane na slici 1. and the story height of hs = 3,5 m.
Slika 1. Numerički model razmatrane AB konstrukcije, Etabs 2015 (CSI)

Figure 1. Numerical model of RC building, Etabs 2015 (CSI)
Elementi konstrukcije koji učestvuju u prijemu The lateral-force resisting system comprises
horizontalnog opterećenja su armiranobetonski zidovi, reinforced concrete walls, columns and beams of the
fasadni ramovi koje čine stubovi sa gredama po obimu perimeter frames and flat slab directly supported on the
konstrukcije i ramovi koje čine unutrašnji stubovi sa columns – flat slab frames. Cross-sectional dimensions
delovima ploče koja je direktno oslonjena na njih (eng. of structural elements are: slab thickness hp = 20 cm,
Flat slab frames). Dimenzije elemenata konstrukcije su: wall thickness dz = 25 cm, beam dimensions bg/hg =
debljina ploče hp = 20 cm, debljine zidova dz = 25 cm, 25/40 cm, and column dimensions bs/hs = 40/40 cm.
dimenzije greda bg/hg = 25/40 cm a dimenzije stubova Design loads include apart from self-weight,
bs/hs = 40/40 cm. additional dead load and live load of 2.5 kN/m2 and 3.0
Pored sopstvene težine, u nivou tavanice deluje kN/m2, respectively, as a uniform area load. The

gravitaciono, jednakoraspodeljeno dodatno stalno i concrete class C 30/37 and reinforcement B500 Class B
povremeno opterećenje intenziteta 2,5 kN/m2 i 3,0 are used as per Eurocode 2 [3].
kN/m2, respektivno. Usvojena je klasa čvrstoće betona C The design ground acceleration of ag= 0,2g is
30/37, i armatura kvaliteta B 500 (klase duktilnosti B) [3]. adopted as a design parameter. The Type 1 design
Projektno ubrzanje tla na osnovnoj steni ag = 0,2g. spectrum applied for Ground type B is used, according
Usvojen je projektni spektar tipa 1 za tlo kategorije B, to EN 1998-1 [2]. A preliminary static analysis is
prema EN 1998-1 [2]. Proračunom smičućih sila u conducted in order to determine the fraction of seismic
zidovima utvrđeno je da sistem duktilnih zidova prihvata base shear taken by the walls. It was concluded that
preko 65% ukupne seizmičke sile u oba ortogonalna vertical structural walls resistance exceeds 65% of the
pravca (približno 92%) što konstrukciju definiše kao total shear resistance of the whole structural system in
sistem nepovezanih zidova [2]. Zahvaljujući regularnosti both directions (approximately 92%). Therefore, the
konstrukcije u osnovi i po visini, proračun seizmičkih system is classified as a “wall system” [2]. The structure
uticaja izvršen je metodom Ekvivalentnih bočnih sila, sa is regular both in plan and in elevation, which enables
usvojenim faktorom ponašanja q = 3,0 za klasu DCM [2]. Lateral force method of analysis. The behaviour factor is
Proračun stubova B1 i B2, grede u preseku ose 1 sa adopted as q = 3.0 for ductility class DCM [2].
osama B i C, kao i njihovih veza, izvršen je primenom The columns B1 and B2, perimeter beams at an
linearno-elastične analize prema EN 1992-1-1 [3] i EN intersection of axis 1 and axes B and C, as well as their
1998-1[2]. connections, are designed by linear-elastic analysis in
accordance with EN 1992-1-1 [3] and EN 1998-1[2].
3.2 Analiza sekundarnih seizmičkih elemenata 3.2 The analysis of secondary seismic elements
Projektovanje i oblikovanje detalja sekundarnih Secondary seismic elements and their connections
elemenata i njihovih veza potrebno je izvršiti za uticaje should be designed and detailed for internal forces
koji nastaju pri maksimalnim deformacijama koje se which occur at the maximum displacements during
javljaju usled dejstva zemljotresa, kako bi imali dovoljni earthquakes, in order to have sufficient bearing capacity
kapacitet nosivosti da prihvate i prenesu gravitaciono to support and transfer gravity loads included in seismic
opterećenje uključeno u seizmičku proračunsku situaciju design condition [2]. Maximum deformations should be
[2]. Maksimalne deformacije sistema moguće je odrediti calculated in the analysis which neglects the contribution
iz analize modela u kome je doprinos bočne krutosti svih of secondary elements to the lateral stiffness of the
sekundarnih elemenata zanemaren, dok se fleksiona i structure while primary elements are modelled with their
smičuća krutost primarnih elemenata modelira sa cracked flexural and shear stiffness. The analysis should
isprskalim presecima, pri čemu se moraju uključiti i P-Δ also include P-Δ effects.
efekti. The Eurocode 8 [2] requirements mentioned above
Prethodni zahtevi Evrokoda 8 [2] podrazumevaju da imply that it is necessary to conduct two separate
je potrebno izvršiti dve analize razmatrane konstrukcije analyses of the building structure, for each of two
za svaki pravac seizmičkog dejstva: jednu, u kojoj se horizontal directions: one, in which the stiffness of all
uzima u obzir horizontalna krutost svih elemenata i, structural elements is considered and, another in which
drugu, u kojoj je krutost svih sekundarnih elemenata the lateral stiffness of all secondary elements is
zanemarena. Da bi ovakva analiza bila moguća potreb- neglected. For this reason, it is necessary to build two
no je formirati dva numerička modela konstrukcije [7]: separate numerical models of structure [7]:
 model koji obuhvata krutost primarnih i sekun-  a model which includes the stiffness of primary
darnih elemenata - SP model, i and secondary elements - SP model, and
 model koji obuhvata krutost samo primarnih  a model which includes only the stiffness of
elemenata - P model. primary elements - P model.
Formiranje P modela zasniva se na zanemarenju The P model is built based on neglecting lateral
bočne krutosti elemenata konstrukcije koje projektant stiffness of those structural elements which are intended
želi proglasiti sekundarnim. To se postiže njihovim to be classified as secondary by the designer. This could
modeliranjem bez fleksione krutosti (redukcijom momen- be accomplished by modelling secondary elements
ta inercije ili modula elastičnosti) ili postavljanjem without flexural stiffness (by reducing the moment of
momentnih zglobova na njihovim krajevima. Na osnovu inertia or modulus of elasticity) or by modelling them with
maksimalnih deformacija dobijenih iz P modela, moment releases on their ends. Maximum displace-
određuju se uticaji u sekundarnim elementima u SP ments calculated from the P model are used for
modelu, postupkom koji je opisan u 3.2.2. estimation of internal forces in the secondary elements
Osim za potrebe određivanja maksimalnih defor- in the SP model, by the procedure described in 3.2.2.
macija sistema, P model koristi se još i za klasifikaciju Besides being used for determination of maximum
sekundarnih elemenata kao i za proračun primarnih displacements of the structure, P model is also used for
elemenata pri dejstvu seizmičkog opterećenja (slika 3a). the purpose of classification of secondary elements as
S druge strane, SP model koristi se za proračun well as for the design of primary elements in seismic
sekundarnih elemenata u seizmičkoj proračunskoj design situation (Figure 3a). On the other hand, SP
situaciji, ali i za proračun cele konstrukcije u svim ostalim model is used for the design of secondary elements in
proračunskim situacijama. the seismic design situation, and for analysis and design
S ciljem da se u što većoj meri pokažu specifičnosti of whole structure in all other design situations.
analize nakon izbora pojedinih elemenata kao sekun- The aim of the paper is to highlight, as much as

darnih, u ovom numeričkom primeru kao sekundarni possible, all the specifics of analysis which arise when
elementi razmatrani su fasadni ramovi i ramovi koje čine certain structural elements are classified as secondary.
unutrašnji stubovi s pločom. For this purpose, in the current numerical analysis
perimeter frames and flat slab frames (i.e. interior
columns) are designated as secondary members.
3.2.1 Klasifikacija sekundarnih seizmičkih elemenata 3.2.1 The classification of secondary seismic elements
Prema odredbi 4.2.2 (4) Evrokoda 8 [2], ukupan The total contribution to the lateral stiffness of all
doprinos bočne krutosti svih sekundarnih seizmičkih secondary seismic elements should not exceed 15% of
elemenata ne sme da pređe 15% od doprinosa that of all primary elements, according to the
primarnih elemenata. Međutim, način određivanja requirement 4.2.2 (4) of Eurocode 8 [2]. However, the
doprinosa krutosti sekundarnih elemenata nije definisan, procedure for estimating the contribution of the stiffness
što omogućava dva pristupa analizi. Prva, i jednostavnija of secondary elements is not defined, which allows two
metoda bazira se na određivanju udela seizmičkih sila u approaches to be used. The first method, and a simpler
posmatranom pravcu koje ovi elementi prihvataju u one, is based on the estimation of the fraction of base
nivou osnove [7]. Druga metoda podrazumeva odre- shear taken by secondary elements [7]. The second
đivanje odnosa relativnih međuspratnih pomeranja method uses inter-storey drift ratios of building structure
konstrukcije δr,P/δr,SP u P i SP modelu u nivou δr,P/δr,SP obtained from the analysis of P model and SP
posmatrane etaže, sračunatih prema EN 1998-1: 4.3.4 model at each building level. Interstorey drifts are
[2], za isti sistem horizontalnih sila u razmatranom calculated in accordance with EN 1998-1: 4.3.4 [2], for
pravcu [7], gde su: the same system of horizontal forces in each of the two
δr,P relativna spratna pomeranja u P modelu, a horizontal directions [7], where:
δr,SP relativna spratna pomeranja u SP modelu. δr,P is the design inter-storey drift obtained from P
Ovakav način klasifikacije razmatra odnos krutosti model, and
sistema preko fleksibilnosti, što je jednostavniji pristup u δr,SP is the design inter-storey drift obtained from SP
praktičnoj primeni, pri korišćenju softvera za analizu model.
konstrukcija. Metoda se zasniva na analizi dva sistema This method analyzes the contribution to the lateral
sa jednim stepenom slobode, koji odgovaraju P i SP stiffness through flexibility, which is a simpler approach
modelima definisanim u delu 3.2. Zahtev ograničenja in practical application when using software for structural
doprinosa krutosti sekundarnih elemenata prema analysis. The method is based on the analysis of two
Evrokodu 8 [2] može se prikazati izrazom (1): systems with a single degree of freedom (SDOF),
corresponding to P model and SP model defined in
Section 3.2. The requirement that limits the contribution
of the stiffness of secondary elements, according to
Eurocode 8 [2], can be presented by the Expression (1):
KS
 0,15 , (1)
KP
gde su: where:
KS krutost sekundarnih seizmičkih elemenata, KS is the lateral stiffness of all secondary seismic
KP krutost primarnih seizmičkih elemenata koja elements,
odgovara P modelu. KP is the lateral stiffness of all primary seismic
Kako se klasifikacija sekundarnih seizmičkih ele- elements which corresponds to P model.
menata sprovodi na osnovu pomeranja P i SP modela, Since the classification of secondary seismic
uslov za klasifikaciju se može prikazati preko odgo- elements is conducted for the displacements of P and
varajućih fleksibilnosti: SP models, the condition for the classification can be
presented by using the corresponding flexibility:
 P K SP K S  K P K S
    1  0,15  1  1,15 (2)
 SP K P KP KP
gde je: where:
KSP ukupna krutost sistema, koja obuhvata krutost KSP is the total lateral stiffness of the system, which
primarnih i sekundarnih seizmičkih elemenata, comprises the stiffness of both primary and
KSP = KP + KS. secondary seismic elements, KSP = KP + KS.
Konačno, doprinos krutosti sekundarnih elemenata u Finally, the contribution to the global lateral stiffness
ukupnoj krutosti sistema, izražen preko odnosa fleksi- of secondary elements can be expressed in terms of the
bilnosti δP/δSP, glasi: ratio of corresponding flexibilities δP/δSP:
KS K  KP K 
 SP  1  P  1  SP (3)
K SP K SP K SP P

Imajući u vidu definiciju krutosti konstrukcije, akcenat In order to compare the lateral stiffness of two
je na istom sistemu horizontalnih sila - iste raspodele po structures (P and SP models), the same system of
visini, ali i istog intenziteta. Prema preporuci nekih horizontal forces – with the same distribution along the
autora, raspodela opterećenja po visini treba da height, but of the same intensity also should be applied.
odgovara seizmičkom opterećenju [7]. Međutim, vrlo The distribution of horizontal forces should correspond to
često se pri aproksimaciji krutosti sistema koristi i the seismic load i.e. to the height-wise linear one [7].
jednako raspodeljeno opterećenje po visini, što može biti However, it is common practice to use uniformly
jednostavnije za unos u proračunski model. Ghali i distributed load along the height to estimate lateral
Gayed [8] pokazali su, na primeru konstrukcije od 12, 25 stiffness of the system, which arises from its simple
i 50 spratova, da je uticaj primene ove dve raspodele na application in the numerical analysis. Ghali and Gayed
odnos međuspratnih pomeranja manji od 1,0%. U ovom [8] showed that the influence of application of these two
numeričkom primeru, razlike su manje od 1,7%, pri load distributions on the inter-storey drifts is less than
čemu raspodela koja odgovara seizmičkom opterećenju 1.0%, based on the analysis of building structures with
daje konzervativnije rezutate. 12, 25 and 50 storeys. In the current numerical analysis,
Odstupanja rezultata analize primenom ove dve the differences are less than 1.7%, and the load
metode mogu biti značajna, a posledica su različitih distribution which corresponds to seismic load gives
oblika deformisanja pojedinih konstruktivnih elemenata slightly conservative results.
za prijem horizontalnog opterećenja po visini kon- The discrepancies of the analysis results arising from
strukcije, koje druga metoda uzima u obzir. Razlika u the application of these two methods can be significant.
obliku deformisanja elemenata posebno je naglašena u They are the result of the different deformed shape of
ovom numeričkom primeru (i to na višim etažama), the certain structural elements that are a part of a lateral-
imajući u vidu izbor elemenata koji se razmatraju kao force-resisting system, which the other method takes
sekundarni (fasadni ramovi i unutrašnji stubovi). into account. The difference between the deformed
Analizom relativnih spratnih pomeranja u oba modela shapes of the elements is especially noticeable (at
(dijagrami S1 na slici 2), koja su sračunata za isti sistem higher levels), considering the selection of the elements
seizmičkog opterećenja, pokazano je da zbir doprinosa which are analyzed as secondary (perimeter frames and
krutosti svih ramova ne zadovoljava propisani uslov u interior columns). The analysis of inter-storey drifts of
oba ortogonalna pravca - δr,P/δr,SP > 1,15. Poređenja both models (curves S1 in Figure 2), calculated for the
radi, u nivou osnove ovi elementi prihvataju (svega) same system of seismic load, have shown that the
8,9% ukupne seizmičke sile u X pravcu odnosno 8,6% u stiffness contribution of all frames (perimeter frames and
Y pravcu, čime bi propisani zahtev bio ispunjen. Pored flat slab frames) fail to fulfill the code requirement in both
rešenja u kome bi se samo jedan sistem ramova horizontal directions - δr,P/δr,SP> 1,15. For the purpose of
klasifikovao kao sekundarni sistem (sistem fasadnih comparison, these elements resist only 8.9% of total
ramova ili ploče sa unutrašnjim stubovima), za zadovo- seismic base shear in X direction and 8.6% in Y
ljenje uslovljenog odnosa međuspratnih pomeranja pri direction, which would satisfy the code requirements.
klasifikaciji oba sistema ramova treba ili povećati There are few possible solutions that satisfy code
doprinos krutosti primarnih elemenata ili smanjiti requirements in terms of the ratio of inter-storey drifts:
doprinos krutosti sekundarnih, ukoliko je to moguće. U (1) to increase the contribution to the lateral stiffness of
ovom slučaju, smanjen je doprinos krutosti sekundarnih primary elements, (2) to decrease the contribution of
elemenata, smanjenjem dimenzija poprečnog preseka secondary elements, or (3) to classify only one system of
stubova u fasadi koje iznose bs/hs = 25/40 cm, a frames as secondary (system of perimeter frames or
određene su iz uslova duktilnosti. Rezultati analize system of flat slab frames). In this particular case, the
korigovanog konstruktivnog sistema, na koji deluje contribution to the lateral stiffness of secondary mem-
sistem seizmičkih sila primenjen u prvoj iteraciji, bers is decreased, by decreasing the cross-sectional
prikazani su dijagramima S2 na slici 2. dimensions of perimeter column to bs/hs = 25/40 cm,
Slika 2. Doprinos krutosti sekundarnih seizmičkih elemenata

Figure 2. Contribution of secondary seismic elements

determined from the ductility condition. The curves S2
depicted in Figure 2 present the analysis results of
modified structure, loaded with the same seismic force
system as in the first iteration.
3.2.2 Uticaji u sekundarnim seizmičkim elementima 3.2.2 Internal forces in secondary seismic elements
Zahtev koji Evrokod 8 primenjuje za dimenzionisanje The Eurocode 8 requirement for the design of
sekundarnih elemenata zasniva se na principu „jednakih secondary elements is determined on the basis of “equal
pomeranja” koji vodi računa o različitom (smanjenom) displacement” rule which considers different (reduced)
kapacitetu duktilnosti sekundarnih elemenata (i njihovih ductility capacity of secondary elements (and their
veza) u odnosu na duktilnost primarnih elemenata. connections) in comparison with ductility capacity of
Ukoliko nije preciznije utvrđen kapacitet duktilnosti svih primary elements. If the ductility capacity of all
sekundarnih elemenata, potrebno je obezbediti onu secondary members is not determined precisely, it is
nosivost koja bi odgovarala njihovom elastičnom pona- crucial to provide adequate resistance corresponding to
šanju pri dejstvu zemljotresa. Štaviše, uticaje u ovim ele the assumption of their elastic behaviour during the
mentima treba odrediti na osnovu maksimalnih pome- earthquake action. Moreover, the internal forces in these
ranja u fleksibilnijem sistemu (P model), sa ciljem da se elements are determined from seismic displacements of
obuhvati najnepovoljniji mogući slučaj njihovog napre- the system which is more flexible (P model), in order to
zanja (slika 3.a). To praktično znači da će uticaji u take into account the most unfavourable design
sekundarnim elementima biti veći od onih koji bi se javili condition (Figure 3.a). In other words, the internal forces
kada bi ponašanje cele konstrukcije bilo elastično pri in secondary elements are higher than those obtained
seizmičkom dejstvu, i to srazmerno odnosu pomeranja P from the analysis of the whole structure under seismic
i SP modela. Sličan princip proračuna uticaja u sekun- actions with the assumed elastic behaviour,
darnim elementima prikazao je Milev [9]. Dobra procena proportionally to the inter-storey drift ratio of P and SP
ovih uticaja po visini konstrukcije može se dobiti pomoću models. Milev [9] presented similar approach for
odnosa relativnih spratnih pomeranja dr,P,m/dr,SP,m (slika calculation of internal forces in secondary members. A
3.b), određenih za seizmičko opterećenje koje je relatively accurate estimation of internal forces in
sračunato prema dinamičkim karakteristikama odgova- secondary elements throughout the structure can be
rajućeg modela [7], za razliku od slučaja analize obtained by using the inter-storey drift ratios dr,P,m/dr,SP,m
njihovog doprinosa krutosti pri klasifikaciji. Koristeći (Figure 3.b). Unlike the case of the interstorey drift
definisane odnose, uticaji na m-tom spratu u svim analysis for the classification of secondary elements, the
sekundarnim elementima u SP modelu (slika 3a), interstorey drifts dr,P,m and dr,SP,m are calculated under
dobijaju se modifikacijom kombinacije opterećenja u the actual design seismic load acting on corresponding
seizmičkoj proračunskoj situaciji [10], koeficijentom α, structural model [7]. Finally, the internal forces in
tako da je: secondary members at the floor level m, are computed
in the SP model for the seismic combination [10], with
introducing the coefficient α as a multiplier of the seismic
action:
i Gki    AEd  i  2,i Qki (4)
d r ,P ,m 1
 q  (5)
d r ,SP ,m (1   m )
gde je: where:
AEd seizmičko opterećenje; AEd is the design value of seismic action;
q faktor ponašanja konstrukcije u posmatranom q is the behaviour factor of the building,
pravcu i za usvojenu klasu duktilnosti; determined for each horizontal direction and
dr,P,m relativno spratno pomeranje u P modelu na for adopted Ductility Class;
m-tom spratu; dr,P,m is the interstorey drift of the P model at level
dr,SP,m relativno spratno pomeranje u SP modelu na m;
m-tom spratu, a dr,SP,m is the interstorey drift of the SP model at level
θm koeficijent kojim se definišu P-Δ efekti, sraču- m, and
nat prema 4.4.2.2 (2) i (3) [2]. θm is the interstorey drift sensitivity coefficient,
which takes into account P-Δ effects,
calculated in accordance with 4.4.2.2 (2) and
(3) [2].

Slika 3. Primena principa „jednakih pomeranja” na proračun sekundarnih elemenata
Figure 3. Application of “equal displacement” rule in the design of secondary seismic elements
Opisani postupak može da se zakomplikuje pri The procedure described above is inadequate for the
analizi relativno krutih konstrukcija, sa osnovnim perio- analysis of rigid, short-period structures (with
dom oscilovanja manjim od Tc [2], gde princip „jednakih fundamental period of vibration smaller than Tc [2]), and
pomeranja” ne važi već princip „jednakih energija instead of the “equal displacement” rule, the so-called
deformacija”. Smatra se da je dovoljno tačno sračunati “equal energy approximation” is used. In this case, the
relativna međuspratna pomeranja koristeći izraz za calculation of interstorey drifts on the basis of the
duktilnost pomeranja μδ koji je dat u 5.2.3.4 (3) [2] i displacement ductility factor μδ (given in 5.2.3.4 (3) [2]),
pomoću njih odrediti koeficijent α. for the purpose of determining the coefficient α, is
Uticaji u sekundarnim elementima razmatrane kon- considered as a reasonably accurate.
strukcije određeni su principom „jednakih pomeranja”, In the current numerical analysis, the fundamental
imajući u vidu da su osnovni periodi oscilovanja u oba periods of SP model and P model are approximately
pravca približno jednaki 0,80 s i 0,85 s za SP model i P equal to 0.80 s and 0.85 s, respectively, which are larger
model, respektivno, što je veće od propisane vrednosti than Tc = 0.5 s (Ground type B). The corresponding
perioda Tc za kategoriju tla B (Tc = 0,5 s). Odgovarajuće seismic forces, determined by Lateral force method of
vrednosti seizmičkih sila, određene metodom analysis, are about 4860 kN and 4575 kN. Therefore, the
Ekvivalentnih bočnih sila, približno su jednake 4860 kN internal forces in secondary members are computed by
odnosno 4575 kN. using “equal displacement” rule.
Slika 4. Odnos relativnih spratnih pomeranja

Figure 4. Interstorey drift ratios
S obzirom na to što se P-Δ efekti mogu zanemariti Since the value of sensitivity coefficient is low (θmax ≈
(vrednost koeficijenta θmax ≈ 0,03), uticaji u sekundarnim 0.03), the P-Δ effects can be neglected. As a result, the
elementima dobijaju se množenjem odnosa relativnih internal forces in secondary elements are obtained by
pomeranja prikazanim na slici 4, faktorom ponašanja q = multiplying the interstorey drift ratios, presented in Figure
3,0, što povećava uticaje od seizmičkog opterećenja od 4, with a behaviour factor q equal to 3.0. This increases

3,0 do 3,3 puta u odnosu na uticaje dobijene za the seismic action effects from 3.0 to 3.3 times in relation
primarne elemente, izraz (5). U nastavku su analizirani to the effects obtained for the primary elements, as per
rezultati proračuna pojedinih konstruktivnih elemenata, Equation (5). The following sections are focused on the
koji su razmatrani kao: (1) primarni i (2) sekundarni differences between the analysis results of certain
elementi. structural elements when considered as (1) primary and
(2) secondary seismic elements.
3.3 Analiza rezultata proračuna 3.3 The analysis of the design results
Kako je to ranije istaknuto, pri proračunu primarnih As pointed out before, the foundation for the design
elemenata od ključnog značaja je obezbediti njihovo of primary elements is their capability of developing
duktilno ponašanje pri dejstvu zemljostresa oblikovanjem ductile behaviour which enables them to sustain large
detalja kako bi izdržali nelinearne deformacije koje se deformations in inelastic range under the seismic action.
tom prilikom javljaju. Ne vodeći računa o kapacitetu This is achieved by proper detailing of those members,
duktilnosti, sekundarni elementi svojom nosivošću treba especially in certain (“dissipative”) zones i.e. “critical
da izdrže ista pomeranja konstrukcije. regions” [2]. Unlike, the secondary members rely upon
Na primeru fasadnog stuba B1 i grede BC-1, unu- their strength, instead of ductility, to support gravity
trašnjeg stuba B2 i ploče koja se direktno oslanja na taj loads when subjected to the same displacements as
stub izvršena je uporedna analiza rezultata proračuna i primary members.
istaknute su razlike u zahtevima koje ovi elementi For the purpose of comparative study, the perimeter
moraju da ispune u slučaju kada su deo primarnog, column B1 and beam BC-1, interior column B2 and its
odnosno sekundarnog sistema sa prihvatanje seizmič- connection to flat slab are analyzed and discussed in
kog opterećenja. cases of their classification as part of (1) primary and (2)
secondary system for resisting seismic action.
3.3.1 Rezultati proračuna stuba B2 i njegove veze sa 3.3.1 The design results of column B2 and
direktno oslonjenom pločom corresponding slab-to-column connection
Prikaz rezultata proračuna stuba B2 na slici 5, na The design results for column B2 under the extreme
osnovu merodavnih uticaja na pojedinim etažama, jasno design combination of actions at each floor level are
pokazuje posledice njegove klasifikacije kao primarnog presented in Figure 5. It clearly shows the influence of
(PSE) odnosno sekundarnog (SSE) elementa. Kada je the classification of column as primary (PSE) and
on razmatran kao primarni, zahvaljujući malom dopri- secondary (SSE) element, in terms of required longi-
nosu unutrašnjeg stuba ukupnoj krutosti razmatrane tudinal reinforcement ratio. In case of its designation as
konstrukcije, potrebne površine podužne armature su primary element, the required reinforcement ratio is
značajno manje od minimalno propisane za klasu DCM clearly lower than a minimum value required for Ductility
(slika 5a). Ista (minimalna) armatura dovoljna je da class DCM (Figure 5.a), which arises from its small
obezbedi zahtevanu nosivost stuba kada je razmatran i contribution to the global lateral stiffness. The same
kao sekundarni, osim na poslednjoj etaži koja je (minimum) amount of reinforcement is sufficient to
merodavna za dimenzionisanje preseka. Pored toga, ensure the required resistance of the column when it is
moguće je i smanjiti dimenzije preseka, imajući u vidu da designated as secondary, except at the top storey which
uslov propisani duktilnosti ne važi za sekundarne is critical for section design. Furthermore, it is possible to
elemente tj. da se dimenzije preseka mogu odrediti iz decrease its cross-sectional dimensions, considering the
uslova maksimalnog dozvoljenog napona u betonu [3], fact that they are not governed by ductility requirements
što u konkretnom primeru znači smanjenje dimenzije sa in terms of the maximum value of normalized axial force.
40 cm na 35 cm (tabela 1). Poređenja radi, za kon- Instead, the cross-sectional dimensions can be
strukciju od 11 etaža sa istom dispozicijom, ovo determined by limiting the compressive stresses in
smanjenje bi iznosilo oko 45% površine stuba. serviceability limit states [3]. In this case, the cross-
sectional side length is decreased from 40 cm to 35 cm.
For comparison, the cross-sectional area of the same
column of 11-storey building with the same structural
layout can be decreased by 45 %.
Tabela 1. Rezultati proračuna stuba B2

Table 1. Design results of column B2
Klasifikacija
b/h [cm] ρsl,max [%] ωwd,1 ωwd,2-7
Classification
PSE 40/40 1,00 0,187 0,113
SSE 40/40 1,57 0,106 0,106
SSE 35/35 2,34 0,125 0,125

a) Column B2 (40/40 cm) – PSE
Column B2 (40/40 cm) – SSE
Slika 5. Rezultati proračuna stuba B2: a) dijagram interakcije, b) poprečni presek stuba B2 kao PSE,
c) poprečni preseci stuba B2 kao SSE
Figure 5. Design results of column B2: a) interaction diagram, b) cross section of the column B2 (PSE),
c) cross section of column B2 (SSE)
Razlike u potrebnoj količini uzengija prikazane su na The differences in required shear reinforcement area
slikama 5b i 5c, kao i u tabeli 1 pomoću mehaničkog are shown in Figure 5b and 5c as well as in Table 1, in
zapreminskog procenta armiranja ωwd,m određenog za terms of mechanical volumetric ratio ωwd,m calculated for
ceo m-ti sprat. Na osnovu prikazanih rezultata može se the whole storey m. Based on presented results, it can
zaključiti da zahtevi za armiranje uzengijama primarnog be concluded that the detailing requirements of primary
seizmičkog stuba u kritičnim oblastima imaju rezultat u seismic column in critical areas give an increase of the
značajnom povećanju količine uzengija, i do 75% u shear reinforcement, up to 75 % at the column base
nivou osnove gde je potrebno obezbediti adekvatno where adequate degree of the confinement is needed. It
utezanje preseka. Jasno je, takođe, da klasifikacija u is also clear that an increase of longitudinal
sekundarne rezultuje većom podužnom armaturom, ali reinforcement is a consequence of classification of the
kada se povede bitka za svaki kvadratni centimetar column as secondary. However, in the discussion for
(skupog) slobodnog prostora, verovatno će opcija jače each square centimetre of (expensive) available space,
armiranih stubova manjih dimenzija dobiti prednost nad the option of more heavily reinforced columns with
stubovima većih dimenzija s minimalnom armaturom. smaller cross-sectional dimensions will probably prevail
Pored dokaza nosivosti stuba, neophodno je over the option of column with larger cross-sectional
dokazati i nosivost veze stuba s pločom pri maksimalnim dimensions and minimum reinforcement ratios.
pomeranjima usled dejstva zemljotresa, kao što je Apart from the column, the slab-to-column con-
navedeno u 3.2, što pre svega podrazumeva kontrolu nections should also be designed and detailed when
smičućih napona od probijanja. Poznato je da ovi naponi subjected to the maximum displacements due to
zavise od gravitacionog opterećenja, ali se njihova earthquakes, as mentioned in Section 3.2. This implies,
vrednost značajno povećava pri dejstvu zemljotresa, što above all, that punching shear stresses need to be
je posledica povećanja ekscentriciteta opterećenja checked. It is well known that these stresses are a
obuhvaćenog koeficijentom β [3]. Na slici 6 prikazane su function of the intensity of gravity loads, but they also
vrednosti koeficijenta β kao i smičućih napona u increase during earthquakes, as a consequence of an
kritičnom preseku po visini konstrukcije, za stalnu increase of the load eccentricity presented with the
proračunsku situaciju i seizmičku, pri različitoj klasifikaciji coefficient β [3]. Figure 6 presents the values of
stuba B2. Može se zaključiti da ploča ima dovoljnu coefficient β as well as the shear stresses at the basic
nosivost na probijanje bez armature za smicanje (vc,Rd = control perimeter along the height of the building as a
0,094 kN/cm2) pri dejstvu gravitacionog opterećenja u function of different classification of column B2, for
stalnoj proračunskoj situaciji. Kao rezultat povećanja persistent and seismic design situation. It can be
momenata savijanja u sekundarnim elementima, rastu concluded that the slab has sufficient punching shear
vrednosti koeficijenta β (gotovo dva puta više od resistance (vc,Rd = 0,094 kN/cm2) under gravity loads in
minimalne propisane vrednosti od 1,15 [3]) i smičućih the persistent design situation. The increase of bending
napona, koje prevazilaze vrednosti sračunate u stalnoj moments in secondary columns leads to increase of
proračunskoj situaciji kao i nosivost ploče bez smičuće coefficient β (almost two times than minimum prescribed
armature, što rezultuje potrebom za osiguranjem ploče value of 1.15 [3]) and punching shear stresses, which
armaturom za smicanje od probijanja. are higher than corresponding values calculated in
persistent design situation. Moreover, the punching
shear resistance is exceeded and, therefore, punching
shear reinforcement is required.

Slika 6. Vrednosti koeficijenta β i napona smicanja od probijanja u funkciji klasifikacije stuba B2
Figure 6. Values of coefficient β and punching shear stress as a function of classification of column B2
Kako bi veza stuba i ploče u sekundarnom sistemu In order to provide sufficient bearing capacity of slab-
imala dovoljni kapacitet nosivosti da u elastičnoj oblasti to-column connection to support gravity loads during
prenese gravitaciono opterećenje pri dejstvu earthquakes in the elastic range, it is crucial to provide
zemljotresa, od suštinske je važnosti obezbediti i adequate amount of slab reinforcement at the supports
odgovarajuću armaturu za savijanje na mestima i.e. at the slab-to-column connection. Considering the
oslonaca ploče, tj. na vezi ploča-stub. Imajući u vidu da fact that the large bending moments at column ends are
se momenti velikog intenziteta na krajevima stubova in equilibrium with slab bending moments, it is necessary
uravnotežuju s momentima u ploči, javlja se potreba za to provide sufficient reinforcement area both at the top
armiranjem obe zone ploče nad osloncem usled and the bottom since bending moments change sings
momenata alternativnog znaka. U konkretnom slučaju, under seismic action. In this particular case, the values
ovi momenti dostižu i do 80% negativnih oslonačkih of these moments are close to 80% of negative
momenata od gravitacionog opterećenja. Rešavanje (hogging) bending moments due to gravity loads. As
detalja armiranja ploče direktno oslonjene na stubove s mentioned above, design and detailing of flat slabs with
ciljem obezbeđivanja adekvatnog kapaciteta duktilnosti aim to provide sufficient ductility capacity instead of
umesto nosivosti, kao što je ranije naglašeno, nije strength is not covered by Eurocode 8 [2].
obuhvaćeno Evrokodom 8 [2].
3.3.2 Rezultati proračuna rama u osi 1 - stub B1 i greda 3.3.2 The design results of perimeter frame in axis
BC-1 1-column B1 and beam BC-1
Činjenica da je uticaj krutosti ramova na veličinu i The influence of the perimeter frame stiffness on the
oblik deformacije čitave konstrukcije po visini magnitude of deformations and the shape of deformed
dominantan, obrazložena je u delu 3.2.1. Do istog structure is explained in Section 3.2.1. The same
zaključka dolazi se analizom rezultata proračuna conclusion can be drawn from the analysis of design
elemenata rama u osi 1, prikazanih na slici 7 i u tabeli 2. results of perimeter frame in axis 1, presented in Figure
Kao posledica ramovskog dejstva u kome je izražen 7 and Table 2. As a result of the frame action and high
uticaj aksijalnih sila u stubovima, primena izraza (1) na axial forces in perimeter columns under lateral loads, the
proračun fasadnih stubova kao sekundarnih elemenata implementation of Equation (1) in design of perimeter
dovodi do smanjenja aksijalnih sila uz povećanje columns, classified as secondary, leads to reduction of
momenata što dodatno utiče na povećanje potrebne axial forces followed by an increase of bending
površine armature, posebno na donjim etažama (slika moments. The design for such internal forces gives a
7a). Zbog smanjene širine preseka stuba (određene iz large amount of reinforcement area, especially in lower
uslova duktilnosti), normalizovane aksijalne sile u storeys (Figure 7a). On the other hand, the normalized
kritičnoj oblasti u osnovi su visoke (νd,max = 0,53), što axial forces in primary columns are high (νd,max = 0,53)
rezultuje izraženom potrebom za utezanjem stubova kao due to narrowed cross-sectional width (determined from
primarnih elemenata. Vrednosti mehaničkog zapremin- ductility demands) which subjects them to strict rules for
skog procenta armiranja ωwd,m su za 33% do 93% veće detailing and confinement of the concrete core. The
od vrednosti koje odgovaraju stubovima kada su values of mechanical volumetric ratio ωwd,m are from
razmatrani kao sekundarni. Međutim, to nije dovoljno 33% to 93% higher than those determined for secondary
dobar razlog da bi se opravdala klasifikacija ovog stuba perimeter columns. However, this is insufficient reason
kao sekundarnog, pre svega iz ekonomskog aspekta, for their classification as secondary, mainly for economic
imajući u vidu znatno veće količine potrebne podužne reasons, because of a large amount of longitudinal
armature. Smanjenje dimenzija poprečnog preseka, u reinforcement. In this case, the reduction of cross-
ovom slučaju, nije opcija jer dovodi do prekoračenja sectional dimensions is unlikely an option since it would
maksimalnog koeficijenta armiranja od 4% [3]. Očigledno further increase the reinforcement ratio, above the
je da klasifikacijom ovih stubova kao sekundarnih nije maximum value of 4% [3]. It is evident that the desired

moguće postići željene rezultate i da ih je najbolje results could not be achieved by classification of the
razmatrati kao deo primarnog sistema. column B1 as secondary, and that it is reasonable to
treat them as a part of primary system for supporting
seismic loads.
a) Column B1 (25/40 cm) – PSE

Slika 7. Rezultati proračuna stuba B1: a) dijagram interakcije, b) poprečni presek stuba B1 kao PSE,
c) poprečni presek stuba B1 kao SSE
Figure 7. Design results of the column B1: a) interaction diagram, b) cross-section of the column B1 (PSE),
c) cross section of the column B1 ( SSE)
Slika 8. Armatura grede BC‒1

Figure 8. Reinforcement layout for the beam BC-1
Tabela 2. Rezultati proračuna grede BC-1 na etaži 5

Table 2. Design results of the beam BC-1 at floor level 5
Klasifikacija
As1L As2L As1D As2D AswL AswD ωwd,5
Classification
PSE 3Ø16 2Ø20 3Ø16 3Ø20 UØ8/10 UØ8/10 0,227
SSE 6Ø20 3Ø25 5Ø20 5Ø25 UØ8/7,5 UØ8/10 0,265
Slični zaključci mogu se primeniti i na grede koje su Similar conclusions apply for the perimeter beams.
deo fasadnih ramova. Rezultati proračuna grede BC-1 The design results of the beam BC-1 indicate that the
pokazuju očigledan uticaj povećanja momenata savijanja bending moments are significantly increased by
u sekundarnim seizmičkim gredama, dobijenih application of Equation (1) for secondary seismic beams,
primenom izraza (1), koji rezultuje povećanjem armature which increases the required reinforcement area up to
i do tri puta. U ovom primeru, uzengije u primarnim three times. Table 2 shows that, in this case, the amount
gredama određene iz uslova kapaciteta nosivosti of transverse reinforcement is similar to the different
praktično su iste kao uzengije sekundarnih greda classification of the beam i.e. the capacity design shear
određene iz elastičnih uticaja (tabela 2). forces in primary beams are almost equal to the elastic
shear forces in secondary ones, calculated by an
implementation of Equation (1).

4 ZAKLJUČCI 4 CONCLUSIONS
Analiza proračuna armiranobetonske konstrukcije sa The analysis of reinforced concrete structure with
sekundarnim seizmičkim elementima predstavljena u secondary seismic elements presented in this paper
ovom radu ukazala je na prednosti i nedostatke primene highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of
ovog zanimljivog koncepta u aseizmičkom projektovanju application of this interesting concept in aseismic design
objekata visokogradnje. Iako projektantski primamljiv, jer of building structures. Although this concept may seem
je dimenzionisanje i oblikovanje detalja definisano appealing to the designer because secondary members
„samo” Evrokodom 2 [3], sprovođenje koncepta sekun- can be designed and detailed according to Eurocode 2
darnih seizmičkih elemenata je zametan posao s prilično [3] “only”, its application in design practice is rather
neizvesnim ishodom. Očekivana korist u vidu lakšeg demanding with uncertain outcome. The expected
proračuna kompromitovana je postupkom klasifikacije i benefit in terms of the simple design procedure is
proračuna statičkih uticaja na bazi uporedne analize dva compromised by classification procedure and methods
modela. U radu je pokazano da se, u nekim slučajevima, for calculation of internal forces which are based on
zahtevi za armiranje sekundarnih elemenata ne razlikuju comparative analysis of two numerical models of the
značajno od zahteva Evrokoda 8 [2] koji važe za same structure. The results of the analysis showed that,
primarne (duktilne) elemente. Takođe, pokazano je da in some cases, design requirements for secondary
postoje značajne posledice na ponašanje čvora stub- elements are almost the same as Eurocode 8
ploča i osiguranje ploče od proboja. Potencijalno se requirements [2], which apply for primary (ductile)
može očekivati smanjenje dimenzija poprečnih preseka elements. Further, it is shown that the choice of this
vertikalnih elemenata ukoliko je njihov doprinos krutosti classification has significant influence on the behaviour
sistema relativno mali, uz „naplatu” kroz veću količinu of slab-to-column connection and on the values of
podužne armature. Uvođenjem ovog koncepta Evrokod punching shear stresses. The decrease in cross-
8 [2] otvara mogućnosti za kompleksno tretiranje sectional dimensions of secondary members can be
pojedinih delova konstruktivnog sistema, a tumačenje expected if their contribution to the lateral stiffness is
zahteva propisa svakako predstavlja istraživački i low. However, this will increase the amount of
projektantski izazov. longitudinal reinforcement. The implementation of this
concept in Eurocode 8 [2] provides the possibility for
complex analysis of certain structural elements, and the
interpretation of the code rules is certainly a challenge
for both designers and researchers.
ZAHVALNICA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Autori zahvaljuju Ministarstvu prosvete, nauke i The authors express the gratitude to the Ministry of
tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije na finansijskoj Education, Science and Technological Development of
podršci u okviru projekata TR-36048 „Istraživanje stanja the Republic of Serbia for the financial support under the
i metoda unapređenja građevinskih konstrukcija sa projects TR-36048 „Research on condition assessment
aspekta upotrebljivosti, ekonomičnosti i održavanja” i and improvement methods of civil engineering structures
TR-36017 „Istraživanje mogućnosti primene otpadnih i in view of their serviceability, load-bearing capacity, cost
recikliranih materijala u betonskim kompozitima, sa effectiveness and maintenance” and TR-36017
ocenom uticaja na životnu sredinu, u cilju promocije „Utilization of by-products and recycled waste materials
održivog građevinarstva u Srbiji”. Posebnu zahvalnost in concrete composites in the scope of sustainable
autori upućuju dragom kolegi Vanji Alendaru na construction development in Serbia: investigation and
dragocenim komentarima i podršci u pisanju ovog rada. environmental assessment of possible applications”.
The authors express sincere gratitude to dear colleague
Vanja Alendar, for his useful comments and kind support
during the preparation of this paper.

5 REFERENCE
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pristupljeno: 15.08.2016. on Earthquake Engineering, 2008, Beijing
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Poračun seizmički otpornih konstrukcija - Deo 1: ting of concrete buildings based on EN - Eurocode
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zgrade, Građevinski fakultet, Beograd 2009. 553-579
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Službeni list SFRJ, 1981, s naknadnim dopunama
REZIME SUMMАRY
KONCEPT PRORAČUNA SEKUNDARNIH DESIGN CONCEPT OF SECONDARY SEISMIC

SEIZMIČKIH ELEMENATA PREMA EVROKODU 8 ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO EUROCODE 8
Ivan MILIĆEVIĆ Ivan MILICEVIC

Ivan IGNJATOVIĆ Ivan IGNJATOVIC
U radu je analiziran koncept proračuna armirano- Analysis of conceptual design of reinforced concrete
betonske konstrukcije sa sekundarnim seizmičkim (RC) structure with secondary seismic elements in
elementima prema zahtevima Evrokoda 8. Iako se compliance with Eurocode 8 is presented in this paper.
doprinos krutosti ovih elemenata zanemaruje prilikom The application of this concept is complex due to the
seizmičkog odgovora konstrukcije, primena ovog kon- requirements regarding the classification and calculation
cepta je kompleksna zbog niza zahteva u pogledu of design internal forces, although the contribution of
klasifikacije i načina proračuna statičkih uticaja. S ciljem these elements in the total structural stiffness is
da se istaknu i objasne specifičnosti primene, pokažu neglected. The basic calculations of 8-story RC structure
prednosti, ali i kritički razmotri upotreba opcije sekun- are performed with the main goal to emphasize and
darnih elemenata, izvršen je proračun osmoetažne armi- explain the problems of utilization of this concept. Its
ranobetonske konstrukcije. Prikazane su dve metode za advantages are clearly presented and critical analysis of
klasifikaciju sekundarnih elemenata, način proračuna application in aseismic structural design is performed.
uticaja u njima, kao i rezultati uporedne analize u kojoj The results of comparative analysis of structural design
su određeni elementi konstrukcije razmatrani kao in which some structural elements are treated as a
primarni i kao sekundarni. primary or as a secondary are presented.
Ključne reči: aseizmičko projektovanje, sekundarni Key words: seismic design, secondary seismic
seizmički elementi, beton, duktilnost, Evrokod 8 elements, concrete, ductility, Eurocode 8

OCENA STANJA I PERSPEKTIVE ODRŽAVANJA MOSTOVSKIH KONSTRUKCIJA
U GRADU NIŠU
CONDITION ASSESSMENT AND MAINTENANCE PERSPECTIVES OF BRIDGE

STRUCTURES IN THE CITY OF NIS
PREGLEDNI RAD
REVIEW PAPER
Milan GLIGORIJEVIĆ UDK:624.21.042.3(497.11)
doi:10.5937/grmk1703031G
Potrebu za mostovima čovek je osećao od svog People always need bridges. A utilitarian definition of
postanka. Mostovi su građevinski objekti koji bridges is that they are structures intended to carry a
saobraćajnicu prevode preko neke prepreke, što je road across some obstacle. This entails meeting of
utilitarna definicija mosta. Pri tome se podrazumeva certain human needs, creation of new forms on the face
zadovoljenje određenih ljudskih potreba, stvaranje novih of the earth and an objective aspiration to functionality,
oblika na zemljinoj površini, kao i objektivna težnja ka stability, rationality, interior harmony and harmony with
funkcionalnosti, stabilnosti, racionalnosti, unutrašnjem the environment. In addition, bridge structures should
skladu i skladu sa okolinom. Takođe, mostovske be safe and durable, but often, it is a work of art. A
konstrukcije istovremeno moraju biti sigurne i trajne, ali – technically impeccably performed design, which means
neretko – most može biti i svojevrsno umetničko delo. optimum functionality and reliability with the least
Tehnički besprekorno rešen zadatak, a što podrazumeva possible cost, is unlikely to be complete if it has not
optimalnu funkcionalnost i pouzdanost uz najmanje resulted in a beautiful bridge as well.
moguće troškove, neće biti potpun ako rezultat nije Bridges are civil engineering structures which very
ujedno i lep most. often dominate the environment or landscape where
Mostovi su građevinski objekti koji svojom veličinom, they are situated by their size, appearance in space and
izgledom, pojavom u prostoru, pa čak i simbolikom, vrlo even by symbolism. Therefore, fundamental principles of
često dominiraju ambijentom ili krajolikom u kojem se designing and constructing bridges (objectivity, functio-
nalaze. Stoga, uz osnovne principe veštine projekto- nality, stability, rationality and originality), which should
vanja i građenja mostova (objektivnost, funkcionalnost, be met by any bridge, are accompanied by esthetics.
stabilnost, racionalnost i originalnost) – koje mora zado- It can be said that bridges are not structures, since
voljiti svaki most, dolazi i estetika. bridges contain structures.
Može se reći da mostovi nisu konstrukcije, jer Centuries long tradition of bridge-building and its
mostovi sadrže konstrukcije. development through various forms of construction of
Vekovna tradicija mostogradnje i njen razvoj putem different bridge structures, represents an aspiration to
svojevrsnih oblika građenja različitih mostovskih kon- satisfy various human needs and demands. In this
strukcija, predstavlja težnju ka zadovoljenju mnogih process, man used materials and resources at his
čovekovih potreba i zahteva. U tom procesu, čovek je disposal in specific periods, and the oldest primitive
koristio razne materijale i sredstva koja su mu u bridges are certainly various forms ranging from felled
pojedinim periodima stajala na raspolaganju, a najstariji trees to stone slabs, plant fibers and timber beams.
primitivni mostovi su raznovrsne forme od srušenih Bridge-building history is a sound basis and instruction
Dr Milan Gligorijević, Građevinsko-arhitektonski fakultet Dr Milan Gligorijevic, Faculty of Civil Engineering and
u Nišu, A. Medvedeva 14, 18 000 Niš Architecture - University of Niš, A. Medvedeva 14,
milan.gligorijevic@gaf.ni.ac.rs 18 000 Niš, milan.gligorijevic@gaf.ni.ac.rs

stabala ili od kamenih ploča, te od biljnih vlakana i drve- for making new, contemporary structures. The Industrial
nih greda. Graditeljska istorija mostogradnje dobra je revolution and its consequences, set new tasks for
pouka i podloga za stvaranje novih savremenih dela. bridge-building engineering, creating preconditions for
Industrijska revolucija i njene posledice pred mosto- development of new structures and bridging larger
gradnju su postavljali nove zadatke, stvarajući pred- spans.
uslove za razvijanje novih konstrukcija i ostvarivanje još Success in designing and building bridges is based
većih raspona. on the theory of structures and materials, imagination
Uspeh u projektovanju i građenju mostova zasniva and courage of designers in developing new ideas, and
se na dobrom poznavanju teorije konstrukcija i in the will to learn from numerous mistakes and their
materijala, mašti i hrabrosti konstruktera u razvijanju own experiences. Contemporary analysis methods are
novih ideja, kao i volji da se uči na tuđim greškama i being increasingly used in studying and designing bridge
sopstvenim iskustvima. Savremene metode analize sve structures, which results not only in more lightweight and
više se primenjuju pri proučavanju i konstruisanju more cost-effective bridges, but also in adequate
mostovskih konstrukcija, što daje ne samo lakše i formation of structural details which enables bridge
ekonomičnije mostove, već se adekvatnim oblikovanjem structures to perform better, and thus enables achieving
konstrukcijskih detalja omogućuje mostovskim larger spans of contemporary bridges, which so reach
konstrukcijama pravilniji rad, a samim tim i postizanje further. New findings with new technology help human
većih raspona, te dalje domete savremenih mostova. imagination become reality.
Nova saznanja doprinose tome da – uz novu tehnologiju Bridge structures, because of their individuality,
i tehniku – čovekova mašta postaje stvarnost. complexity and functionality have a significant impact on
Mostovske konstrukcije – zbog svoje individual- the society, total level of development of a country and
nosti, složenosti i funkcionalnosti – imaju značajan uticaj overall progress of humanity. Bridges have an extremely
na društvo, ukupnu razvijenost neke zemlje i sveukupni high importance both in functional and economic terms.
napredak čovečanstva. Mostovi imaju izuzetno veliki As specific structures in space which primarily “connect
značaj – kako u funkcionalnom, tako i u ekonomskom people” they are integral part of transportation systems
pogledu. Kao specifični objekti u prostoru, koji pre svega and they are planed, designed, built and maintained in
„spajaju ljude”, u sastavu su saobraćajnog sistema i order to provide social and economic benefit, and
planiraju se, projektuju, grade i održavaju radi obez- represent structures with a huge capital value. Full or
beđenja društvene i ekonomske dobiti, te predstavljaju temporary interruption of traffic due to the damage of
objekte izuzetno velike kapitalne vrednosti. Potpuni ili bridge structures can cause a disruption with severe
privremeni prekid saobraćaja usled oštećenosti consequences for normal functioning of economic and
mostovskih konstrukcija, može da izazove poremećaj sa other activities. In general, bridges are essentially
ozbiljnim posledicama za normalno funkcionisanje important for provision and preservation of the quality of
privrednih i drugih tokova. Generalno, mostovi su life. Therefore, sustainable functioning of this infrastruc-
suštinski važni i za obezbeđenje i očuvanje kvaliteta tural property is of key importance for the entire country
života uopšte. Dakle, održivo funkcionisanje ove and social community.
infrastrukturne imovine od ključne je važnosti za
celokupnu državu i samu društvenu zajednicu.
2 EKSPLOATACIONI VEK MOSTOVA 2 SERVICE LIFE OF BRIDGES
Mostovske konstrukcije predstavljaju i najosetljiviji Bridge structures represent the most sensitive part of
deo saobraćajne mreže. Kao objekti u spoljnoj sredini, transportation network. As outdoor structures, they are
direktno i u potpunosti su izloženi agresivnom dejstvu directly and entirely exposed to the aggressive effects of
neposredne okoline (npr. uticaj temperature, soli, razna the environment (temperature, salts, air pollution etc.),
aero zagađenja), kao i sve oštrijim uslovima eksploa- as well as to the increasingly severe service conditions,
tacije stalnim povećanjem osovinskog opterećenja, such as increasing axle loads, intensity and frequency of
intenziteta i frekvencije saobraćaja. U toku eksploatacije, traffic. During service, due to the permanent ageing of
usled permanentnog starenja materijala i uticaja drugih material and impact of various parameters and
raznovrsnih parametara i procesa, neminovne posledice processes, there is an inexorable accumulation of
jesu oštećenja i progresivno pogoršanje stanja, što damage and progressive deterioration of the structural
povećava stepen dotrajalosti1 mostovskih konstrukcija. condition, which increases the dilapidation degree1 of
Sve ove pojave negativno utiču na nosivost, upotreb- bridge structures. All these phenomena have a negative
ljivost, trajnost, kao i na stepen pouzdanosti mostovskih impact on bearing capacity, serviceability, durability and
konstrukcija, a samim tim – i na njihovu sigurnost. safety degree of bridge structures, and therefore on their
overall safety.
1 1
Dotrajalost: prirodan i neizbežan proces gubljenja početnih Deterioration: a natural and unavoidable process of losing
karakteristika prilikom razvoja oštećenja i pogoršanja stanja the initial characteristics in the process of damage
mostova, promenom svojstava konstitutivnih materijala usled development and deterioration of bridge condition, meaning
starenja i uticaja svih delovanja tokom eksploatacije. Stepen the change of the properties of constitutive materials due to
dotrajalosti (EC1 – Degree of deterioration): mera napredo- aging, and effects of all impacts during service. Degree of
vanja procesa koji ugrožavaju konstrukcije mostova tokom deterioration (EC1 - Degree of deterioration): is the measure
eksploatacionog veka. of the progress of processes endangering bridge structures
during service life.

Predviđeni period u kome treba da budu obezbeđena The anticipated time period within the mentioned
navedena potrebna svojstva naziva se projektovani properties that should be provided is called design
eksploatacioni vek objekta, a u praksi to predstavlja service life of the structure, and in practice it is the time
period od puštanja objekta u saobraćaj do njegovog span since commissioning of a structure (opening it for
zatvaranja. Osnovni razlozi koji dovode do zatvaranja traffic) to closing down. The most common reasons
mosta za saobraćaj [OECD 1992] jesu: necessitating closing down of a bridge for traffic [OECD
 Konstrukcijska (strukturalna) neadekvatnost – 1992] are:
uzrokovana nedostacima koji dovode do opadanja  Structural inadequacy of old bridges, caused by
stabilnosti mostovskih konstrukcija, kao i smanjenja the deficiencies which lead to the decline of bridge
sigurnosti objekta – najčešći je razlog zatvaranja starijih structure stability, and reduced safety. The structural life
mostova. Konstrukcijski vek mosta u ovom slučaju of a bridge, which corresponds with the service life of the
odgovara „životnom” veku objekta koji može biti veoma structure, can be very long (over 100 years).
dug (duži od 100 godina).  Functional inadequacy, when the bridge geometry
 Funkcionalna neadekvatnost – kada njegova or bearing capacity fails to meet current requirements,
geometrija ili nosivost ne zadovoljavaju aktuelne so it is closed down even though its structure is in good
zahteve, te se most zatvara za saobraćaj, iako su condition.
njegove konstrukcije u dobrom stanju. Functional life of bridge is shorter than the structural
Funkcionalni vek mosta manji je od konstrukcijskog life (25 - 50 years), especially in the countries with a
(25-50 godina), naročito u zemljama sa znatnim significant increase of traffic load.
porastom saobraćajnog opterećenja. Adequate implementation of appropriate mainte-
Adekvatnom primenom odgovarajućih mera održa- nance, repairs, restoration and reconstruction, may keep
vanja, popravki, sanacija i rekonstrukcija, mostovske the bridge structures in good conditions, until they reach
konstrukcije mogu se održavati u dobrom stanju, sve dok an optimum life, the so called, economic life, after which
ne dostignu neki optimalni vek, tzv. ekonomski vek, they are decommissioned. The economic life is defined
posle koga se stavljaju van upotrebe. Ekonomski vek as a period after which the maintenance, repair and
definiše se kao period posle koga intervencije na reconstruction interventions cease to be cost-effective in
održavanju, popravkama ili rekonstrukciji nisu isplative u comparison with the cost of a new bridge. The economic
poređenju s cenom novog mosta. Ekonomski vek jeste i life is also a goal to be reached during service life of a
cilj kome se teži u toku eksploatacionog veka nekog structure.
objekta. In figure 1, durations of certain cycles in the life of
Na slici 1 predstavljene su dužine trajanja pojedinih the bridge [OECD 1992] are represented, where:
ciklusa u životu nekog mosta [OECD 1992], gde je:
F– funkcionalni vek mosta

functional life of bridge
E– ekonomski (optimalan)
economical life (optimal)
L – eksploatacioni vek
service life
S – konstrukcijski vek
structural life
Slika 1. Dužine trajanja pojedinih ciklusa eksploatacije mosta

Figure 1. Durations of individual cycles of bridge service
Eksploatacioni vek zavisi od konstrukcijske Service life depends on the structural adequacy (50 -
adekvatnosti (50-100 godina) i funkcionalne adekvat- 100 years) and functional adequacy (25 - 50 years). This
nosti (25-50 godina). To znači da optimalni vek zavisi i means that optimum life depends both on structural and
od konstrukcijskog i od funkcionalnog veka i najčešće je functional lives and most often it is shorter than the
kraći od prvog a duži od drugog. former and longer than the latter.
Konstrukcijski i funkcionalni vek nisu direktno Structural and functional lives are not directly mutual-
međusobno zavisni, jer vitkije mostovske konstrukcije ly dependent, because slender bridge structures
imaju brže pogoršanje stanja od masivnih konstrukcija. S deteriorate faster than massive structures. On the other
druge strane, konstrukcijski vek može se produžiti hand, structural life can be prolonged with timely and
blagovremenim i kvalitetnim održavanjem i popravkama, quality maintenance and repairs, and also, functional
a takođe se može privremeno prihvatiti funkcionalna inadequacy can be temporarily acceptable in certain
neadekvatnost u određenim situacijama. Isto tako, za situations. Also, for the proposes of normal traffic and

normalno odvijanje saobraćaja i potrebnu sigurnost necessary safety of users, structural and functional
korisnika, podjednako je značajna adekvatnost – kako u adequacies are equally important. In this sense, one
konstrukcijskom, tako i u funkcionalnom pogledu. U tom must emphasize their mutual interdependencies and
smislu, treba naglasiti njihovu međusobnu povezanost i specify necessary measures for simultaneous insurance
uslovljenost, te odrediti neophodno potrebne mere za of both structural and functional adequacies.
istovremeno obezbeđenje i konstrukcijske i funkcionalne Safety and serviceability are fundamental properties
adekvatnosti. of bridge structures to be preserved, so that the bridges
Sigurnost i upotrebljivost jesu osnovna svojstva would be serviceable, that is, operable within a certain
mostovskih konstrukcija da neprekidno očuvaju time period (service life). They provide the necessary
upotrebnu vrednost, odnosno radnu sposobnost, u toku durability at a corresponding level of safety and they are
nekog perioda (eksploatacionog veka). Uz obezbeđenje the goal of proper designing of contemporary bridges in
potrebne trajnosti za odgovarajući nivo pouzdanosti, ona the world. However, it is impossible to achieve absolute
daju osnovni imperativ korektnog oblikovanja i safety, eternal durability or perfect serviceability, so an
konstruisanja savremene populacije mostova u svetu. optimum solution must be sought.
Međutim, nemoguće je postići apsolutnu sigurnost, It is vitally important to introduce a more efficient
večitu trajnost ili savršenu upotrebljivost, ali zato maintenance of the existing bridges in order to satisfy
moramo težiti stanju optimuma. the public interest, and for this reason, the bridge
Izuzetno je značajno da se uvede efikasnije management system was developed.
održavanje postojećih mostova – kako bi se izašlo u
susret javnom interesu, te je zbog toga razvijen sistem
upravljanja mostovima.
3 SISTEM UPRAVLJANJA MOSTOVIMA 3 BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Danas širom sveta postoje mnogobrojne mostovske There is a large number of bridge structures
konstrukcije, različitih namena, koje su izgrađene u worldwide, having various uses, built in most diverse
raznim sredinama, različitim vremenima, od raznorodnih environments, times, materials, forms, systems, spans
materijala, raznovrsnih oblika, sistema, raspona i and dimensions. On the other hand, preventative
dimenzija. S druge strane, preventivnom održavanju ovih maintenance of these structures, as an optimum solution
objekata – kao optimalnom rešenju iz tehničkog, orga- from the technical, organizational and economical
nizacionog i ekonomskog aspekta – nije se posvećivala aspects, was not paid due attention, especially in our
neophodna pažnja onoliko koliko je to potrebno, naročito parts. A permanent increase of damage on the bridges
kada je reč o našem području. Uočen je permanentni was detected, followed by the enormous decrease of
porast oštećenja na mostovima, uz enormni pad bearing capacity and safety, and there were even
nosivosti i bezbednosti mostova, pa su čak zabeležena i collapses of some very important bridges in the world
rušenja nekih vrlo značajnih mostova u svetu [Pakvor, [Pakvor, Bajić et al, 2000].
Bajić et al, 2000]. Bridge structures reach their service life when the
Mostovske konstrukcije dostižu svoj eksploatacioni cost of their further maintenance in the condition of
vek kada troškovi njihovog daljeg održavanja u stanju required safety, serviceability and durability exceed the
potrebne sigurnosti, upotrebljivosti i trajnosti postanu maintenance cost considered acceptable in the course
veći od troškova održavanja koji su smatrani prihvatljivim of the service life.
u toku tog eksploatacionog veka. Present day circumstances hinder unlimited invest-
Sadašnje okolnosti ne omogućavaju neograničena ments of any kind, so the common problem off all the
ulaganja s bilo koje tačke gledišta, pa je zajednički countries is how to invest in their transportation system
problem svih zemalja taj da u svoj saobraćajni sistem in the most useful and efficient way. It was a motivation
ulažu na najkorisniji i najefikasniji način. To je bio povod to take a number of steps in the direction of defining the
da se preduzme niz koraka radi definisanja problema, problem, determining the current condition, setting a
utvrđivanja postojećeg stanja, postavljanja cilja i goal and finding ways to obtain optimum results using
iznalaženja načina za postizanje optimalnih rezultata appropriate research and techno-economical analyses.
putem odgovarajućih istraživanja i tehno- ekonomskih Correct investment results in reduction of total costs and
analiza. Ispravnim ulaganjem, smanjuju se ukupni provides preservation of investments for a long period of
troškovi i omogućuje se očuvanje investicija za duži time. For this reason, it is crucial to introduce a more
period. Stoga, veoma je značajna potreba da se uvede efficient maintenance of existing bridges, in order to
efikasnije održavanje postojećih mostova, kako bi se satisfy the public interest.
izašlo u susret javnom interesu. On one hand, bridges are susceptible to deterioration
S jedne strane, mostovi su podložni pogoršanju due to aging of structural elements and constitutive
stanja usled starenja konstrukcijskih elemenata i materials, and on the other hand, their long decom-
konstitutivnih materijala; s druge strane, njihovo duže mission for the purposes of restoration, reconstruction or
isključivanje iz funkcije, radi sanacije, rekonstrukcije ili replacement can cause very adverse disturbances of
zamene, može da izazove veoma neprijatne poremećaje traffic on the roads and railways. Poor condition of
saobraćaja na putevima i prugama. Lošem stanju bridges is considerably contributed by very poor
mostova znatno doprinose i veoma loša organizacija i organization and efficiency of the existing capacity, as
iskorišćenost postojećih kapaciteta, kao i nedovoljno well as the inexperience in management.
iskustvo u upravljanju. Accordingly, it is necessary to possess an efficient
U skladu s tim, potrebno je raspolagati efikasnim bridge management system, and to use it to reach

sistemom upravljanja mostovima i na osnovu njega sensible and well-grounded decisions of allocation of
doneti razumne i utemeljene odluke o raspodeli resources, from the standpoint of preservation of traffic
sredstava, s tačke gledišta očuvanja saobraćajnih communications and the environment, with consideration
pravaca i okoline, uz poštovanje postojećih okolnosti. Na of the existing circumstances. The importance of imple-
značaj primene sistema upravljanja mostovima direktno mentation of bridge management system is directly
ukazuju nedostaci i oštećenja mostovskih konstrukcija, reflected through the deficiencies and damage of bridge
što u prvom redu jesu posledice neblagovremenog i structures, primarily due to untimely and inadequate
neadekvatnog održavanja. Nedostaci nastaju prilikom maintenance. Deficiencies are created during planning,
planiranja, projektovanja i građenja, a oštećenja nastaju designing and construction, and damage occurs during
tokom upotrebe mostovskih konstrukcija. Ovakav the usage of bridge structures. Such problem requires
problem zahtevao je efikasan sistem upravljanja an efficient bridge management system which assists in
mostovima koji će dati razumne i utemeljene odluke o making sensible and well-grounded decisions about
raspodeli sredstava u uslovima veoma ograničenih resources allocation in the conditions of very limited
fondova i budžeta. funds and budgets.
Savremeni procesi planiranja, projektovanja, Contemporary processes of planning, designing,
izgradnje i eksploatacije mostova danas se ne mogu construction and service of bridges cannot be conceived
zamisliti bez adekvatnog sistema upravljanja mostovima. nowadays without an adequate bridge management
U takvoj situaciji neophodno je primeniti globalni system. Proper investment, leads to reduction of total
pristup upravljanja mostovima, te planiranjem i cost and ensures preservation of investments for a
koordinacijom relevantnih aktivnosti povećati efikasnost longer time period.
upravljanja tokom celokupnog eksploatacionog veka. In such situation, it is necessary to implement a
Upravljanje mostovima jeste proces kojim se global approach to bridge management, and by planning
nadgledaju, prate, održavaju i popravljaju uočena pogor- and coordinating relevant activities, to increase
šanja stanja mostovskih konstrukcija, s raspoloživim management efficiency during entire service life.
sredstvima u toku proračunskog upotrebnog veka. Bridge management is a process, used to supervise,
Proračunski upotrebni vek je pretpostavljeno razdoblje monitor, maintain and repair detected deterioration of
korišćenja mostovskih konstrukcija, uz redovno bridge structures, using available resources during
održavanje, ali bez velikih popravki. design service life. Design service life is a predicted
Problematika upravljanja mostovima uključuje celo- period of usage of bridge structures, with regular
kupni eksploatacioni (životni) vek mostovskih kon- maintenance but without any considerable repair.
strukcija, počev od koncepta i osnovnih prethodnih The subject of bridge management includes entire
studija, preko procesa projektovanja, građenja, eksploa- service life of bridge structures, starting from the concept
tacije i gazdovanja, tj. održavanja, tokom adaptacije, and basic preliminary studies, through designing,
sanacije, rekonstrukcije i na kraju njihove zamene ili construction, service and maintenance processes (adap-
uklanjanja. Stoga, upravljanje kao poslovni proces zah- tation, restoration, reconstruction) to the final replace-
teva multidisciplinarni pristup i poznavanje svih tehničkih ment or removal of bridge structures. For these reasons,
i drugih netehničkih disciplina. Krajnji cilj jeste optimalno management as a business process requires a multi-
zadovoljenje filozofije trajnosti, tj. postići maksimum disciplinary approach and knowledge of all technical and
učinka s minimumom uloženih sredstava. Upravo zato, other non-technical disciplines. The ultimate goal is
upravljanje mostovima i njihovo adekvatno održavanje optimum satisfaction of durability philosophy, i.e.
jeste perspektivan posao u savremenom građevinarstvu. achieving maximum effects with a minimum of invested
Strategija razvoja sistema upravljanja mostovima u resources. For this reason, bridge management and
svetu bazirana je na metodologiji za razvoj sistema adequate maintenance is a perspective business in
optimizacije i korišćenja resursa u procesu upravljanja i contemporary civil engineering.
održavanja mostova. To uključuje stanje mostovskih Strategy of development of bridge management
konstrukcija, njihov kapacitet nosivosti, stepen oštećenja system in the world is based on methodology for
odnosno dotrajalost konstitutivnih elemenata mostovskih development of optimization system and usage of
konstrukcija, saobraćajne efekte, kao i popravke, sana- resources in the process of management and mainte-
cije i rekonstrukcije. nance of bridges. This includes condition of bridge
Koncept upravljanja mostovima počeo je da se structures, their bearing capacity, damage degree, that
razvija u svetu ne tako davno, da bi se izašlo u susret is, deterioration of constitutive elements of bridge
svim tim rastućim potrebama. Prvi sistemi upravljanja structures, traffic effects, as well as repairs, restoration
mostovima u svetu počeli su da se razvijaju od 1970. and reconstructions.
godine [Gligorijević, 2016]. The bridge management concept started to develop
Jedna od prvih zemalja koja je uvela sistematsko, recently in the world, in order to meet the growing
dobro isplanirano i organizovano istraživanje u sferi demand. The first bridge management systems in the
upravljanja mostovima jeste Amerika. U SAD, od world started to develop since 1970 [Gligorijević, 2016].
početka izgradnje sistema mreže međudržavnih auto- One of the first countries to introduce a systemic,
puteva, sredinom pedesetih godina prošlog veka, well-planned and organized research in bridge
federalna sredstva izdvajana su samo za novogradnju, management domain is the USA. In the USA, since the
proširenje i jačanje infrastrukture. Shodno tome, beginning of construction of interstate highway network
aktivnosti na održavanju, revitalizaciji i obnavljanju by the middle of 1950s, the Federal budget was
postojeće infrastrukture bile su prilično ograničene ili allocated only for new construction, expansion and
odlagane od strane državnih organa. Ovakve zaostale strengthening of infrastructure. Accordingly, the activities
potrebe ulaganja u postojeću infrastrukturu SAD, a koje on maintenance, revitalization and renewal of the

nisu dobile dovoljnu pažnju, doprinele su permanentnom existing infrastructure were quite limited or postponed by
pogoršanju stanja svih konstrukcijskih elemenata the state authorities. Such absence of investment into
objekata postojeće infrastrukture SAD. the existing infrastructure of the USA, lacking adequate
Prvi programi za upravljanje mostovima u SAD attention, led to permanent deterioration of all the struc-
datiraju još iz ranih sedamdesetih godina XX veka. tural elements of the existing infrastructure in the USA.
Posledice rušenja više mostova u SAD, prvo Silver The fist bridge management programs in the USA
mosta 1967. godine [15], a potom i drugih kapitalnih date back to the early 1970’s. Collapse of several
mostova, kao i sve veći jaz između raspoloživih sred- bridges in the USA, first the "Silver" bridge in 1967 [15],
stava i potreba nacionalne mreže mostova Amerike, and then of other capital bridges, and the growing gap
uticali su na stimulisanje povećanog obima istraživanja between the available resources and needs of national
ove problematike i na razvoj sistema upravljanja mosto- network of the USA bridges stimulated increased
vima sredinom osamdesetih godina. Ubrzo nakon toga, research of this issue and gave rise to the development
1991. godine, intermodalni zakon o efikasnosti trans- of bridge management system by the mid 1980’s. Soon
porta u SAD nalaže državama potrebu da razvijaju i after that, in 1991, the intermodal law on efficiency of
implementiraju sisteme upravljanja mostovima. Sistemi transport in the USA obliges the states to develop and
upravljanja mostovima u većini država SAD razvijeni su implement the bridge management systems. Bridge
sredinom devedesetih godina XX veka [Small,1999]. management systems in the majority of the USA states
Danas, američke državne transportne agencije were developed in the mid 1990’s [Small,1999].
uspostavile su programe inspekcija mostova i većina njih Nowadays, state transport agencies in the USA,
je implementirana u savremen sistem upravljanja established bridge inspection programs, and most of
mostovima AASHTOWare Bridge Management (ranije them are implemented into the contemporary bridge
Pontis). U svetu, poslednjih godina znatno se povećava management system AASHTOWare Bridge Manage-
broj država koje su razvile i koje koriste sistem ment (earlier Pontis). In the world, recently, the number
upravljanja mostovima. of states which developed or are developing bridge
Savremen sistem upravljanja mostovima sadrži management system is increasing considerably.
procenu stanja mostova, modeliranje budućeg Contemporary bridge management system contains
pogoršanja stanja i ponašanja, kao i module za bridge condition assessment, modelling of the future
donošenje odluka u pogledu toga kako najekonomičnije deterioration and behaviour and modules for decision
održavati, popravljati i obnavljati mostovske konstrukcije. making about most cost-efficient ways of maintenance,
Očuvanje bitnih svojstava mostovskih konstrukcija u repair and renewal of bridge structures.
toku njihovog životnog veka predstavlja permanentan Preservation of the important properties of bridge
zadatak sistema upravljanja mostovima. Prema structures during their service life represents a perma-
podacima iz bogate prakse upravljanja razvijenih nent task of bridge management systems. According to
zemalja, plansko održavanje kroz eksploatacioni (životni) the data from the extensive experience of management
vek konstrukcija mosta zahteva ulaganja približno 2% do in the developed countries, planned maintenance during
3% investicione vrednosti godišnje. the service life of bridge structures requires investments
U Srbiji, generalno posmatrano, usled dugogodišnjeg of approximately 2% to 3% of the investment value
nedovoljnog ulaganja u održavanje i rekonstrukciju annually.
mostova, stanje mostova može se oceniti kao In Serbia, generally speaking, due to the long lasting
neprihvatljivo, naročito kada je u pitanju njihova starost. lack of investment into maintenance and reconstruction
Redovno održavanje uglavnom je primitivno, tako da se ubrzava of bridges, the bridge condition can be evaluated as
starenje konstrukcijskih elemenata i pogoršava stanje mostova, unacceptable, especially in terms of their age. Regular
a veće popravke i sanacije gotovo su jedini vid aktivnosti i maintenance is mostly primitive, which accelerates
obavljaju se u bezizlaznim situacijama. ageing of structural elements and deteriorates the bridge
Osnovni savremeni Sistem upravljanja mostovima u condition, and large repairs and restorations are almost
Srbiji uveden je 1986. godine, kao originalan i za to the only form of activities, and they are performed in the
vreme izuzetno moderan sistem [Bebić, 1986]. Za situations when they remain the only alternative to
potrebe kvalitetnog upravljanja mostovima i primene closing down the bridge.
ovog sistema na teritoriji Republike Srbije formirana je The basic contemporary Bridge management system
elektronska baza podataka o mostovima (BPM), koja u in Serbia was introduced in 1986 as original, and it was
svakom trenutku pruža sve potrebne informacije o a modern system for the time [Bebić, 1986]. For the
traženim mostovskim konstrukcijama, na osnovu ura- needs of quality management of bridges and
đenih inspekcijskih pregleda. Cilj formiranja baze implementation of this system in the territory of the
podataka o mostovima bio je da se prikupe raspoložive Republic of Serbia, an electronic database of bridges
informacije o mostovskim konstrukcijama radi ustanov- was formed (BPM), which at any moment provided all
ljavanja prioriteta u održavanju mostova i razvoja necessary information about the researched bridge
sistema upravljanja mostovima u Srbiji. structures on the basis of performed inspections.
Uspostavljanje prioriteta u aktivnostima održavanja Formation of the data base had a goal to collect the
mostovskih konstrukcija treba shvatiti kao odgovor na available information about bridge structures in order to
neadekvatna finansijska sredstva koja su izdvajana za establish a priority in bridge maintenance and
održavanje mostova u uslovima opšte političke i development of bridge management system in Serbia.
ekonomske situacije u Srbiji poslednjih decenija. Od Establishing priorities in the bridge structure
1991. godine, primenjivana je verzija SR - 02, koja maintenance activities should be understood as a
sadrži inventarske podatke i podatke o stanju mostova u response to inadequate finances which were allocated
trenutku pregleda. Da bi se olakšao rad na unošenju for bridge maintenance in the general political and

podataka, urađena su detaljna korisnička uputstva. economic conditions in Serbia in the last several
Prateći dalji razvoj računarske tehnike, baza decades. Since 1991, the version SR - 02, was used,
podataka o mostovima prošla je više faza razvoja i od which contains inventory data and data on the condition
1999. godine u upotrebi je verzija SR - 03, a od 2003. of bridges at the moment of inspection. In order to make
godine koristi se verzija koja radi pod MS ACCESS-om. the work on data input easier, detailed user instructions
Međutim, praktična primena Sistema upravljanja were made.
mostovima u Srbiji, tokom niza godina, pokazala je Following the further development of computer
određene nelogičnosti u dobijenim listama prioriteta. technology, the database on bridges passed through
U svojoj doktorskoj disertaciji [Gligorijević, 2016], several development phases, and since 1999, the
autor ovoga rada dao je novi predlog, na osnovu version SR – 03 was used, and since 2003, there has
optimizovanog kriterijuma vrednovanja prioriteta. Time been a version working under MS ACCESS.
su otklonjene uočene nelogičnosti našeg aktuelnog However, practical application of the Bridge
sistema upravljanja mostovima i ostvareno je značajno management system in Serbia during a long time
poboljšanje efikasnosti određivanja liste prioriteta. exhibited certain illogical issues in the obtained lists of
Predloženom metodologijom, a na osnovu rezultata priority activities.
sopstvenog višedecenijskog monitoringa mostova, In his doctoral dissertation [Gligorijević, 2016], the
ocenjeno je trenutno stanje i data je prognoza budućeg author of this paper provided a new proposal based on
stanja mostovskih konstrukcija na gradskim saobra- the optimized criterion of priority evaluation. This
ćajnicama Niša, prezentovana u ovom radu. removed the detected illogical issues of our current
bridge management system and provided a considerable
improvement of efficiency in determining the priority list.
The proposed methodology, based on the results of
his own bridge monitoring lasting for several decades, is
used to provide bridge condition assessment and
maintenance perspectives of bridges in the city of Nis,
that are presented in this paper.
4 OCENA STANJA MOSTOVA U GRADU NIŠU 4 ASSESSMENT OF BRIDGE CONDITION IN THE

CITY OF NIŠ
Za potrebe istraživanja u doktorskoj disertaciji, autor For the needs of research in the doctoral dis-
ovoga rada 1997. godine, nakon izrade Elaborata o sertation, the author of this paper formed a database for
stanju mostova [Gligorijević et al, 1997], formirao je bazu bridge structures in the city transport of Niš in 1997, after
podataka za mostovske konstrukcije na gradskim producing the Analysis of bridge condition [Gligorijević et
saobraćajnicama Niša. Od 1998. godine prati pogorša- al, 1997]. Since 1998, he has been monitoring
nje stanja ovih mostova na osnovu izvršenih periodičnih deterioration of the condition of those bridges on the
kontrolnih, redovnih i glavnih inspekcijskih pregleda basis of performed periodical control, as well as regular
mostovskih konstrukcija u gradu Nišu. Značaj ovih and main inspections of bridge structures in the city of
mostova zahtevao je takav pristup koji podjednako Niš. Importance of these bridges demanded an
obezbeđuje i blagovremeno, ali i racionalno održavanje i approach which provided an equally timely and cost-
popravke, odnosno ojačanje i/ili zamenu ovih objekata. effective maintenance and repair, that was strengthening
Posle svakog inspekcijskog pregleda, metodologijom and/or replacing these structures.
predloženom u doktorskoj disertaciji [Gligorijević, 2016], After every inspection, using methodology proposed
sračunata je ocena stanja svih elemenata mostova iz in the doctoral dissertation [Gligorijević, 2016], condition
baze podataka, tj. njihov „rejting”, na osnovu kojeg su of all the bridge elements in the data base was
formirane rang-liste prioritetnih aktivnosti neophodnih assessed, i.e. their rating was made, which was used for
intervencija. Analizom dobijenih rang-lista prioriteta, making rank-lists of priority activities and necessary
uočeno je da u njima nema bitnijih promena između dva interventions. The analysis of the obtained rank-lists of
redovna inspekcijska pregleda (interval od dve godine), priorities showed that there were no considerable
ako u tom periodu nije bilo aktivnosti održavanja. Kako changes between two regular inspections (2 year
su sanacije i popravke nekih ugroženih mostova na interval), if there were no maintenance activities in that
gradskim saobraćajnicama Niša izvršene u periodu od period. Since restorations and repairs of some affected
1999. godine do 2002. godine, odnosno pre drugog bridges on the main traffic routes of Niš were performed
glavnog pregleda mostova iz 2003. godine, a kasnije in the 1999-2002 period, that is, before the second main
nisu urađene, u ovom radu je prikazan rejting mostova inspection of 2003 and they were not performed later;
nakon glavnih inspekcijskih pregleda (interval od šest this paper shows the rating of the bridges after the main
godina). inspections. (6 years interval).
Globalno stanje mostovkih konstrukcija, nakon Global condition of bridge structures after inspection
inspekcijskog pregleda 1997. godine, prikazano je na of 1997 is presented in figure 2.
slici 2. The first on the rank list, the “Mramor”, bridge had an
Prvi na rang-listi, most „Mramor”, imao je izuzetno extremely high rating, and demanded urgent restoration,
visok rejting i zahtevao je hitnu sanaciju, jer je bila because its stability was at risk due to the erosion of the
ugrožena njegova stabilnost usled erozije rečnog korita riverbed in the zone of the medium pier S2, which was
u zoni srednjeg stuba S2, na šta je već ukazano u indicated in the Analysis of 1997. Also, the super-
elaboratu iz 1997. godine. Takođe, elementi gornjeg structure elements were badly damaged [Gligorijević et

stroja mosta bili su jako oštećeni [Gligorijević i dr, 2002], al, 2002], so the bridge underwent emergency restora-
te je most hitno saniran 2002. godine. tion in 2002.
Slika 2. Broj i procenat mostova za svaki tip održavanja nakon pregleda 1997. godine
Figure 2. Number and percentage of bridges for each type of maintenance after 1997 inspection
Most „Mladosti”, nakon NATO agresije 1999. godine i After NATO aggression of 1999 and destruction of
rušenja mostova na autoputu u okolini Niša, primio je bridges on the highway near Niš, the “Mladosti” bridge
celokupni saobraćaj koridora X, što je dodatno pogoršalo received the entire corridor X traffic, which additionally
stanje mosta [Gligorijević, 2002], pa je zbog ugrožene aggravated the its condition [Gligorijević, 2002].
stabilnosti urgentno rekonstruisan i ojačan prethodno Therefore, due to the endangered stability it was
napregnutim karbonskim trakama 2001. godine urgently reconstructed and strengthened using pre-
[Gligorijević, 2007]. Most u ulici „12. Februar”, stressed carbon strips in 2001 [Gligorijević, 2007]. The
bombardovan je 1999. godine i obnovljen iste godine bridge in “12. Februar” street was bombed in 1999 and
[Gligorijević, 2002]. renewed in the same year [Gligorijević, 2002].
Na taj način, najugroženiji mostovi s vrha ove rang- In this way, the most critical bridges from the top of
liste bili su popravljeni do sledećeg glavnog pregleda this rank-list were repaired until the next main inspection
mostova na gradskim saobraćajnicama Niša. Može se of bridges on the main transport routes of Niš. It can be
reći da je splet okolnosti značajno uticao na to da se said that owing to a turn in events the bridges that were
najviše oštećeni mostovi poprave i da se ispoštuje data most damaged were repaired, and the rank-list of
rang-lista prioriteta. priorities was observed.
Most kod Vrežinskog bazena, koji se nalazi na The bridge next to the Vrežina swimming pool, which
perifernoj gradskoj saobraćajnici s manjim intenzitetom is on the peripheral city route with a low intensity of
saobraćaja, ostavljen je da čeka svoju popravku u traffic, was left to wait for its repair in the next period,
narednom periodu, dok Tvrđavski most – kao četvrti na while the Fort bridge, as the fourth on this rank-list draws
ovoj rang-listi – svojim rejtingom skreće na sebe pažnju, attention to itself by its rating, since it is located in the
jer je u samom centru grada, neposredno ispred ulaza u centre of the city, immediately in front of the gate of the
Nišku tvrđavu. Fort.
Globalno stanje mostovkih konstrukcija, nakon Global condition of bridge structures after inspection
inspekcijskog pregleda 2003. godine, s novoizgrađenim of 2003 with newly constructed bridges of 2005 is
mostovima iz 2005. godine, prikazano je na slici 3. presented in figure 3.

Na vrhu rang-liste iz 2003. godine nalaze se dva On top of the rank-list of 2003, there are two
izuzetno značajna mosta – već spomenuti Tvrđavski extremely important bridges, the already mentioned Fort
most u centru grada i most kod Ćele-kule. Međutim, u bridge in the centre of the city and the bridge near the
narednom periodu nisu preduzete nikakve aktivnosti radi “Skull tower“. However, in the following period, no
popravke i održavanja mostova u Nišu. activities including repair and maintenance of bridges in
Globalno stanje mostovskih konstrukcija nakon Niš were undertaken.
inspekcijskog pregleda 2009. godine, prikazano je na Global condition of bridge structures after inspec-
slici 4. tion in 2009 is presented in figure 4.
Napredovanje procesa pogoršanja stanja Tvrđav- Advance of deterioration of the Fort bridge, and
skog mosta, naročito montažnih adheziono prethodno especially of pre-fabricated pre-stressed concrete struc-
napregnutih betonskih talpi pešačkih staza, umnogome tures of pedestrian sidewalks, significantly increased the
je povećalo rejting čeličnog mosta ispred Tvrđave u rating of the steel bridge in front of the Fort in Niš, so this
Nišu, tako da ovaj most ostaje na prvom mestu rang liste bridge remained on the top of the rank-list of priorities of
prioriteta 2009. godine. Prvo incidentno urušavanje dela 2009. The first incidental collapse of a part of pedestrian
pešačke staze desilo se juna 2008. godine [Gligorijević, sidewalk occurred in June 2008. [Gligorijević, 2009],
2009], a koje je „sanirano” zamenom oštećene adhezio- which was “repaired” by replacing the adhesion pre-
no prethodno napregnute talpe armiranobetonskom. stressed element with an reinforced-concrete one.
I pored ove iznuđene intervencije, čelični most u Notwithstanding this forced intervention, the steel
centru Niša svojim izuzetno visokim rejtingom i prvim bridge in the centre of Niš, with its extremely high rating
mestom na rang-listi prioriteta, nakon izvršenog glavnog and the first place on the rank-list of priorities after the
pregleda mostova 2009. godine, zahtevao je hitnu i main inspection of bridges of 2009 required an urgent
ozbiljnu popravku. Nažalost, to se nije desilo, te 2014. and serious repair. Unfortunately this did not happen,
godine dolazi do novog, znatno većeg urušavanja and in 2014 there was a new, considerably larger
uzvodne pešačke staze. Krajem 2014. godine i destruction of the upstream pedestrian sidewalk. By the
početkom 2015. godine montažne talpe zamenjene su end of 2014 and beginning of 2015, prefabricated
livenim betonom armiranim čeličnim vlaknima. Već u elements were replaced with steel fibber reinforced cast
proleće 2015. godine, novoizgrađena pešačka staza concrete. As early as in spring 2015, newly built
pokazala je brojne prsline. Iako su uočena oštećenja, sidewalk exhibited numerous cracks. Even though the
glavnim inspekcijskim pregledom 2015. godine nove damage was detected, the main inspection of 2015
pešačke staze ocenjene su najboljom ocenom („dobro”), evaluated the new sidewalks with the best mark –
ali je pogoršanje stanja ostalih nosećih elemenata ovog “good”, but the deterioration of other bearing elements of
mosta uticalo da njegov rejting 2015. godine bude this bridge made its rating of 2015 extremely high, and
izuzetno visok i da most ostane na prvom mestu rang- the bridge remained at the first place of the rank-list of
liste prioriteta. priorities.
U periodu od 2009. godine do 2015. godine, nije bilo In the from 2009 to 2015 there were no other
nikakvih drugih intervencija koje bi popravile stanje na interventions which would improve the condition of the
ostalim mostovskim konstrukcijama iz baze podataka remaining bridge structures listed in the database of
mostova u gradu Nišu. bridges in the city of Niš.
Globalno stanje mostovkih konstrukcija, nakon Global condition of bridge structures after inspec-
inspekcijskog pregleda 2015. godine, prikazano je na tion of 2015 is presented in figure 5.
slici 5. Notwithstanding the performed works on replace-
I pored izvršenih radova na zameni betonskih ploča ment of concrete slabs of pedestrian sidewalks on the
pešačkih staza na mostu ispred ulaza u Nišku tvrđavu, bridge opposite the entrance to the Niš fortress, it
on ostaje na prvom mestu rang-liste prioriteta nakon remains on the first place of the rank-list of priorities after
pregleda 2015. godine, jer ima izuzetno veliki rejting (u the inspection of 2015 because it has an extremely high
klasi rejtinga stanja mosta 6), što zahteva hitnu sanaciju rating (in the class of bridge condition rating 6), which
nosećih konstrukcijskih elemenata, odnosno tip održa- calls for an urgent repair of bearing structural elements,
vanja 6. i.e. maintenance type 6.

Drugo mesto na rang-listi prioriteta u 2015. godini The second place on the rank-list of priorities in 2015
zadržao je most kod Ćele-kule, ali sa znatno većim was kept by the bridge near the “Skull tower” but with a
rejtingom, čime ulazi u klasu rejtinga stanja mosta 6 i considerably higher rating which was also bridge condi-
takođe zahteva „hitnu sanaciju” nosećih konstrukcijskih tion class 6 and also required “urgent restoration” of
elemenata, odnosno tip održavanja 6. Treba naglasiti i to bearing structural elements, maintenance type 6. It
da je ovaj most na rang-listama prioriteta bio na drugom should be pointed out that this bridge was on the second
mestu još nakon pregleda 2009. godine, ali od tada nisu place after inspection of 2009, but no activities were
preduzete nikakve aktivnosti da se most popravi. undertaken since then with the purpose of repairing the
Na trećem mestu, na rang-listama prioriteta 1997. bridge.
godine, 2009. godine i 2015. godine, nalazi se most kod In the third position, on the rank-lists of priorities of
Vrežinskog bazena, koji je sagrađen u „Karpoš” sistemu 1997, 2009 and 2015 was the bridge near the Vrežina
i ima ugroženu stabilnost zbog velikog oštećenja donjeg swimming pool, which was built in "Karpoš" system and
stroja mosta. whose stability is endangered because of the extensive
Često se govori da je upravljanje mostovima veština damage of the bridge substructure.
iznalaženja najboljeg odgovora na pitanja: šta? (what?), It is often said that the bridge management is a skill
gde? (where?), kada? (when?) i pošto? (how much?). of finding the best answers to the following questions:
Odgovore na prva dva pitanja daje baza podataka what, where, when? and how much? The answers to the
inventara mostova i zapisnik o pregledu mosta, ako je first two questions are provided by the database of
registrovao štete. Odgovor na druga dva pitanja daje bridge inventory and the bridge inspection report, if
sistem upravljanja, primenom inženjerskog prosuđivanja damage was detected. The answer to other two
(engineering judgment) i ekonomske analize (economic questions is provided by the management system, by
considerations). implementing engineering judgment and economic
Formirane rang-liste prioriteta daju najbolje odgovore considerations.
na prva tri osnovna pitanja sistema upravljanja The formed rank-lists of priorities provide the best
mostovima: šta? (what?), gde? (where?) i kada? answers to three basic questions of the bridge
(when?), jer su pregledi svih mostovskih konstrukcija sa management system: what? where? and when?,
ovih rang-lista vršeni redovno, na osnovu kojih su because inspections of all bridge structures from these
određene klase rejtinga stanja za iste vremenske rank-lists were performed regularly, on which basis the
preseke. condition rating classes for the same time points were
determined.
5 MODELI POGORŠANJA STANJA MOSTOVSKIH 5 MODELS OF BRIDGE STRUCTURE CONDITION

KONSTRUKCIJA DETERIORATION
Pogoršanje stanja elemenata mostovskih konstruk- Deterioration of bridge structure element condition is
cija jeste proces smanjenja njihovih svojstava pri a process of decline of their properties under normal
normalnim uslovima rada. Pogoršanje stanja pokazuje operational conditions. The condition deterioration
složene fenomene fizičkih i hemijskih promena koje se process shows complex phenomena of physical and
dešavaju u različitim komponentama mostovskih kon- chemical changes which occur in various components of
strukcija. Svaki element mosta ima svoju jedinstvenu bridge structures. Every bridge element has its
stopu pogoršanja, što čini problem komplikovanijim. characteristic deterioration rate which makes the
Pouzdano i precizno prognoziranje brzine napredovanja problem even more complicated. Reliable and precise
procesa pogoršanja stanja, za svaki element mostovskih forecast of the deterioration process progress, for each
konstrukcija, od presudnog je značaja za uspeh bilo kog element of bridge structures shows critical importance
sistema upravljanja mostovima. for success of any bridge management system.
Za prognoziranje i predviđanje stanja konstitutivnih Forecast and prediction of condition of constitutive
elemenata mostova u nekom budućem trenutku, elements of bridges in some future moment requires a
neophodan je teorijski model procesa pogoršanja stanja theoretical model of deterioration process – aging of the

- starenja mosta. Modeli pogoršanja stanja elemenata bridge. The models of deterioration of condition of bridge
mostovskih konstrukcija uvedeni su krajem osamdesetih structures were introduced by the end of 1980’s in order
godina XX veka, kako bi se predvidelo buduće stanje to predict the future condition of infrastructural property
infrastrukturne imovine u funkciji očekivanog nivoa in the function of the expected level of service. In the
usluge. U studiji sprovedenoj u centru transportnih siste- study conducted in the Transportation Systems Centre -
ma (Transportation Systems Center - TSC) [Busa et al, TSC [Busa et al., 1985] in Cambridge, the factors
1985] u Kembridžu, ispitivani su faktori koji utiču na aggravating the condition of the elements of a bridge
pogoršanje stanja elemenata jednog mosta. Studija je were examined. The study concluded that the most
zaključila da najuticajniji faktori koji utiču na pogoršanje influential factors of bridge structure deterioration
stanja mostovskih konstrukcija jesu starost, intenzitet condition are age, intensity of traffic load, environmental
saobraćajnog opterećenja, uslovi okolne sredine, para- conditions, parameters used in design of structural
metri korišćeni pri projektovanju i proračunu konstruk- elements of the bridge, and quality of the used material
cijskih elemenata mosta, kao i kvalitet korišćenih mate- and quality of construction process itself. According to
rijala i kvalitet same izgradnje. Prema izveštaju FHWA the report of FHWA [USDOT/FHWA, 1989], most of the
[USDOT/FHWA, 1989], većina istraživanja ukazala je na research indicated that the indices of condition
to da indeksi pogoršanja stanja pokazuju značajne pro- deterioration showed considerable changes in the first
mene u prvih nekoliko godina eksploatacije, a da kasnije several years of service, while later on they tend to
imaju tendenciju da predvide sporiji pad rejtinga stanja predict a decelerated decline of rating of bridge
mostovskih konstrukcija. structures condition.
Mogućnost prognoziranja procesa pogoršanja stanja The potential for forecast of the condition deteriora-
osnovnih tehničkih i funkcionalnih karakteristika mosto- tion process of basic technical and functional characteri-
va, kao i procena preostalog servisnog veka, izuzetno su stics of bridges, as well as the evaluation of the remain-
važni ulazni podaci za sistem upravljanja mostovima. ing service life are invaluable input data for the bridge
Modeli kojima se prognozira pogoršanje stanja mostov- management system. The models which forecast dete-
skih konstrukcija tokom vremena od ključnog su značaja rioration of bride structures condition in time are crucial
za efikasno planiranje održavanja. To naročito dolazi do for efficient planning of maintenance. This is particularly
izražaja u procesu optimizacije i planiranja potrebnih prominent in the process of optimization and planning of
aktivnosti i odgovarajućih finansijskih sredstava. necessary activities and corresponding finances.
Modeliranje procesa pogoršanja stanja veoma je Modelling of the condition deterioration process is
kompleksno i složeno, jer je mnogo faktora koji utiču na very complex and intricate, since there are multiple
ovu pojavu, zbog čega se u mnogim zemljama posve- factors affecting this phenomenon, because of which
ćuje velika pažnja tom problemu. Različite tehnike pri- due attention is paid to that in many countries. Various
menjuju se za prognoziranje pogoršanja stanja mostov- techniques are implemented for the forecast of bridge
skih konstrukcija. U principu, modeli za predviđanje structure condition deterioration. In principle, the models
pogoršanja stanja mostova mogu se svrstati u četiri for forecast of bridge condition deterioration can be
kategorije: modeli fizičko- hemijskih procesa pogoršanja classified in four categories: models of physical -
stanja, deterministički modeli, stohastički modeli i modeli chemical processes, deterministic models, stochastic
veštačke inteligencije. models and artificial intelligence models.
6 PROGNOZA BUDUĆEG STANJA 6 FUTURE CONDITION FORECAST
Kada postoji ažurna baza podataka sa inspekcijskih The length of time that bridges spend in certain
pregleda mostovskih konstrukcija, može se definisati condition can be defined according to the updated
vreme zadržavanja mostova u pojedinom stanju. database of the bridge structure inspection. In addition,
Determinističkim modelom, na osnovu vremena zadrža- trajectory of bridge structure deterioration can be
vanja mostova u određenoj klasi rejtinga stanja, može se determined along with the future rating class of bridge
odrediti trajektorija pogoršanja stanja mostovskih condition by using deterministic model based on the
konstrukcija i ustanoviti klasa rejtinga stanja mostova u length of time the bridge spends in certain class of
budućnosti. Nove mostovske konstrukcije polaze od condition rating. New bridge structures start from the
klase rejtinga stanja „1” i sukcesivno prolaze kroz svaku condition rating class "1" and they successively pass
narednu klasu rejtinga stanja, dok ne dostignu najgore through every following class of condition rating, until the
stanje „6”. Na osnovu redovnih inspekcijskih pregleda worst condition "6" is reached. On the basis of regular
promene stanja mostova u Nišu tokom vremena, inspections of bridge condition change in time in Niš, the
ustanovljeno je vreme zadržavanja mostova u pojedinoj length of time bridges spend in certain rating classes
klasi rejtinga i dobijeno najkraće vreme potrebno da nov was established, and the shortest time required for a
most stigne do nedopustivog rejtinga stanja „6”, koje new bridge to reach impermissible condition rating "6"
iznosi 42 godine, ukoliko se nikakva intervencija ne was obtained; it amounts to 42 years, if no interventions
preduzima i ne ulaže u održavanje i popravke. are undertaken and no investments are made in
Podrazumeva se da mostovske konstrukcije ne smeju maintenance and repair. It is stated that bridge structure
da borave u klasi rejtinga stanja „6”. should not dwell in the condition rating class "6".
Postavlja se ključno pitanje: koja društvena zajednica The key question is: what social community can
može sebi da dopusti da „zamenjuje” mostove svakih afford to “replace” the bridges every 40 years?
četrdesetak godina? Bridge structure condition deterioration on the traffic
Pogoršanje stanja mostovskih konstrukcija na routes of Niš was also analyzed using stochastic
gradskim saobraćajnicama Niša analizirano je i prime- models. Usage of stochastic models considerably contri-

nom stohastičkih modela. Upotreba stohastičkih modela butes to the modelling of infrastructure condition deterio-
značajno doprinosi na polju modeliranja pogoršanja ration, because of extremely high uncertainty and
stanja infrastrukture, zbog izuzetno visoke neizvesnosti i randomness which characterize the process of structure
slučajnosti koje karakterišu proces pogoršanja stanja condition deterioration. Most frequently used technique
konstrukcija. Najčešće korišćena tehnika za for forecasting the infrastructure condition deterioration
prognoziranje pogoršanja stanja infrastrukture je model is the Markov2 chains model. Markov’s models of bridge
Markovljevih2 lanaca. Markovljevi modeli pogoršanja structure condition deterioration are based on the con-
stanja mostovskih konstrukcija zasnivaju se na konceptu cept of definition of the condition in terms of assessing
definisanja stanja u smislu ocene stanja konstitutivnih the condition of constitutive elements and obtaining the
elemenata mosta i dobijanja verovatnoće prelaza iz probability of transition from one condition to another. By
jednog stanja u drugo stanje. Pomoću Markovljevog using the Markov’s chain, one calculates the probability
lanca računa se verovatnoća da se element mosta ili of a bridge element or bridge structure being in a certain
mostovska konstrukcija u određenom trenutku vremena condition in a certain moment in time. Conditions are
nađe u određenom stanju. Stanja su diskretne discrete categories. The number of conditions (deterio-
kategorije. Broj stanja (stepena dotrajalosti) u kojima se ration degrees) in which the Markov process can be
Markovljev proces može naći je konačan (u ovom found is finite (in this case it is 6). Between two suc-
slučaju 6). Između dva sukcesivna inspekcijska pregleda cessive inspections, a transition from a better to a worse
moguć je prelazak iz boljeg stanja u gore stanje najviše condition is possible, but not for more than one degree
za jedan nivo ocene stanja. Markovljevi procesi bi of condition assessment. The Markov’s processes
trebalo da ispunjavaju sledeće uslove [Collines, 1972]: should satisfy the following conditions [Collines, 1972]:
 sistem je definisan nizom konačnih stanja i može  a system is defined by a series of finite states and
biti u jednom jedinom stanju u datom trenutku; it can be only in one state in a given time,
 poznato je početno stanje sistema i raspodela  the initial condition of the system and distribution
verovatnoće početnog stanja; of initial condition probability are known,
 pretpostavlja se da su verovatnoće prelaza  it is assumed that the probabilities of transitions
stacionarne tokom vremena i nezavisne od načina kako are stationary in time, an independent of the way how
je samo stanje bilo postignuto. the state was achieved.
Verovatnoća prelaza Transition probability
(1)
iz jednog stanja u drugo stanje, predstavljena je from one state into another is represented by the matrix
matricom (n x n) koja se naziva matrica verovatnoća (n x n) which is called the matrix of transition probability
prelaza P, gde je n broj stanja. Oblik matrice P, where n is the number of the condition. The form of
verovatnoća prelaza jeste: the transition probability matrix is:
P= (2)
U ovom slučaju, matrica verovatnoća prelaza P jeste In this case transition probability matrix P is a square
kvadratna matrica 6. reda sa elementima pij, gde je: matrix of 6th order with the elements pij, where:
0 ≤ pij ≤ 1 (3)
Svaki element u ovoj matrici pij predstavlja Each element in this matrix pij, represents a
verovatnoću da će komponenta sistema napraviti probability that a system component will transit from
prelazak iz stanja „i” u trenutku tn u stanje „j” u trenutku state "i" at the moment tn into state "j" at the moment
tn+1> tn (tokom određenog prelaznog perioda). tn+1> tn (in the course of certain transition time period).
Pretpostavka da tokom jednog diskretnog The assumption that during one discrete time period
vremenskog razdoblja (od tn do tn+1), proces može ili (from tn to tn+1), the process can either remain in the
ostati u istom stanju ili preći u prvo naredno više stanje, same state or transit into the first successive higher state
daje konačan oblik matrice verovatnoća prelaza. provides the final form of the transition probability matrix.
Ako je sadašnje ili početno stanje poznato, tj. p(0) = If the present or initial state is known, i.e. p(0) =
[p1(0) p2(0) p3(0) … pn(0)], onda se buduće stanje [p1(0) p2(0) p3(0) … pn(0)], then the future state can be
može predvideti u svakom trenutku t. forecast at any given moment t.
2 2
Андрей Андреевич Марков (14. 06. 1856-20. 07. 1922) bio Андрей Андреевич Марков (June 14th 1856 - July 20th
je ruski matematičar i član Ruske akademije nauka. 1922) was a Russian mathematician and a member of the
Najpoznatiji je po svojim istraživanjima u teoriji stohastičkih Russian academy of sciences. He was the most famous for
procesa, koja su posle postala poznata kao Markovljevi his research of the theory of stochastic processes, which later
procesi. became known under the name of Markov's processes.

Vektor verovatnoća početnog stanja formira se Initial state probability vector is formed during the
tokom prvog niza pregleda mostovskih konstrukcija. first series of bridge structures inspections. Future state
Vektor verovatnoća budućeg stanja dobija se probability vector is obtained by multiplying the vector of
množenjem vektora verovatnoća početnog stanja p(0) s initial state probability p(0) with the transition probability
matricom verovatnoća prelaza P na m-ti stepen, kao što matrix P to m-th power, as provided by the matrix
je dato matričnom jednačinom (4). equation (4).
(4)
gde je: Where is:

p(tn) = [ p1(tn) p2(tn) p3(tn) … pn(tn)] (5)
vektor verovatnoća budućeg stanja nakon m vremenskih the future state probability vector after m time intervals
intervala (godina). (years).
Na osnovu jednačine (4), sračunate su verovatnoće On the basis of the equation (4), are calculated
da određeni broj mostova boravi u svakoj klasi rejtinga probabilities that certain number of bridges is dwelling in
stanja za period do 2045. godine, ako bi se nastavila each condition rating class for the period until 2045 if the
primenjivana „jeftina” strategija „ne preduzimati ništa” implemented “cheap” do nothing or wait strategies
(do nothing), odnosno „čekati”. persist.
Pogoršanje stanja mostovskih konstrukcija na Bridge structure condition deterioration on the city
gradskim saobraćajnicama Niša, dobijeno stohastičkim traffic routes of Niš, obtained using the stochastic model
modelom Markovljevog lanca za prognozirani period, of the Markov’s chain for the forecast time period, is
predstavljeno je na slici 6. displayed in figure 6.
Slika 6. Grafički prikaz Markovljevog lanca pogoršanja stanja mostova u Nišu

Figure 6. Graphic preview of the Markov chain bridges deterioration in Nis
Dobijeni broj mostova u klasi rejtinga stanja 6 treba The obtained number of bridges in the condition
uzeti uslovno (podrazumeva se da mostovske rating class 6 is only provisional (it is comprised that
konstrukcije ne mogu da borave u klasi rejtinga stanja bridge structures cannot dwell in the condition rating
„6”), jer dosledna primena ovakve „jeftine” strategije „ne class "6", because “consistent implementation” of such
preduzimati ništa”, odnosno „čekati” neminovno dovodi “cheap” strategy – “do nothing” or “wait”, will lead to their
do njihovog urušavanja. Dakle, vođenjem ovakve certain collapse. Therefore, using such “cheap”
„jeftine” strategije održavanja „ne radi ništa” (do nothing), maintenance strategy “do nothing” which fails to incur
koja ne proizvodi nikakve direktne troškove, dobija se any direct costs, will result in the shortest service life of
najkraći eksploatacioni vek mosta. Stoga, nameće se the bridge. For these reasons, it is imperative to plan the
potreba za planiranjem aktivnosti održavanja mostovskih bridge structure maintenance activities, which would
konstrukcija, čime bi se produžio eksploatacioni vek extend the service life of the existing bridges with the
postojećih mostova uz razumne troškove. Zbog toga, reasonable costs. For this reason, further research and
dalja istraživanja i aktivnosti autora ovoga rada the activities of the author of this paper are directed
usmerena su na program preventivnog održavanja – towards the program of preventative maintenance, both
kako na individualnom, tako i na mrežnom nivou, at the individual and network level, selection and choice

selekciju i izbor strategija i programa za održavanje i of strategies and programmes for maintenance and
rekonstrukciju, odnosno zamenu objekta na osnovu reconstruction, i.e. replacement of structures based on
metode analize koštanja životnog ciklusa (life-cycle cost) the life-cycle cost analysis method and on the
i optimizacije radova, kao i na selekciju i manipulaciju optimization of works and on selection and manipulation
ogromnog broja neophodnih podataka za sve mostove u of immense number of necessary data for all the bridges
mreži. Fokus ovih istraživanja je da se nađe odgovor na in the network. The focus of these research has a goal of
osnovno pitanje „kako se može uraditi bolje?”, a u skladu finding an answer to the fundamental question “how to
s raspoloživim sredstvima, umesto dosadašnjeg work better?”, according to the available resources,
menadžment pristupa „prvi najgori”, s obzirom na to što instead of the management approach of tackling the
je nivo finansiranja daleko ispod potreba za rekonstruk- “first and worst”, regarding that the level of finances is far
cijom i revitalizacijom svih neadekvatnih mostovskih below the requirements for reconstruction and
konstrukcija u zemlji, kod kojih su utvrđeni određeni revitalization of all inadequate bridge structures in the
konstrukcijski i funkcionalni nedostaci. country where certain structural and functional
deficiencies are detected.
7 ZAVRŠNE NAPOMENE 7 CLOSING REMARKS
Sistem upravljanja mostovima obezbeđuje racio- Bridge management system provides a rational and
nalan i sistematičan pristup svim aktivnostima koje se systematic approach to all activities which relate to
odnose na upravljanje mostovima kako na indivi- bridge management, both on an individual and the
dualnom, tako i na mrežnom nivou. Najekonomičnije network level. The most cost-effective provision of
obezbeđenje nosivosti, upotrebljivosti i trajnosti, uz bearing capacity, serviceability and durability, with the
zahtevani nivo pouzdanosti i sigurnosti postojećih required level of reliability and safety of the existing
mostova, veoma je značajna tema savremene projek- bridges is a very important topic of contemporary
tantske prakse i naučnih istraživanja. Ovaj problem designer practice and scientific research. This problem
znatno se uvećava kada je reč o celovitom sao- considerably rises the question about the integral
braćajnom sistemu - mreži. Za razliku od tradicionalnog transportation system network. As opposed to the
pristupa da se mostovi tretiraju ponaosob, a problemi traditional approach that bridges are treated individually,
rešavaju u trenutku kada već nastanu, sistemi za and problems are solved when they occur, the bridge
upravljanje mostovima baziraju se na bankama management systems are based on databases and have
podataka i imaju planski i organizovan pristup rešavanju a well planned and organized approach to problem
problema na nivou mreže objekata. solving at the level of structure network.
Za obezbeđenje planskog i kvalitetnog optimalnog For provision of the planned and good quality
upravljanja mostovima, izuzetno je važno da odgovorna optimum bridge management, it is very important to
ličnost koja upravlja bazom podataka i rezultatima have a certified engineer with knowledge and experience
pregleda mostova, mora biti sertifikovani inženjer sa in designing and building bridge structures as a
znanjem i iskustvom u projektovanju i građenju mostov- responsible person who manages the database and
skih konstrukcija. bridge inspection results.
Upravljanje mostovima i drugim objektima u sklopu Management of bridges and other structures within a
saobraćajne mreže, veoma je kompleksan sistem s transportation network is very complex system with a
velikim brojem izuzetno raznovrsnih, ali međusobno high number of extremely diverse but mutually closely
usko povezanih i zavisnih aktivnosti. connected and dependent activities.
Problematika se povećava shodno veličini mreže, The complexity of the problem increases according
rastu obima saobraćaja, promeni transportnih sredstava, to the size of network, rise of traffic frequency, change of
zatim različitoj osetljivosti konstrukcija i okoline, kao i transport vehicles, different sensibility of structures and
istorijskom nasleđu koje se prvenstveno ogleda u environment and to the historical legacy which primarily
prevaziđenim metodama projektovanja i građenja, means obsolete methods of designing and building,
sanacije, rekonstrukcije i održavanja. Na primer, koriš- restoration, reconstruction and maintenance. For
ćenje dilatacionih sprava za sprečavanje prekomernih instance, usage of expansion devices prevention of
podužnih pomeranja i sila na dugačkim železničkim excessive longitudinal displacements and forces on the
mostovima skupo je i loše rešenje u pogledu bez- long railway bridges is a costly and poor solution in
bednosti saobraćaja, udobnosti, kao i troškova terms of traffic safety, comfort and maintenance cost
održavanja [16]. Zbog toga se primenjuju druga moguća [16]. For this reason, alternative solutions in accordance
rešenja – u skladu s projektom konstrukcije. U ovakvim with the structural design are implemented. In such
slučajevima, upravljačke odluke ne mogu biti zasnovane cases, the management decisions cannot be based on
na intuitivnom procenjivanju i prosuđivanju. One nužno the intuitive assessment and judgment. They should be
moraju biti zasnovane na rezultatima ključnih elemenata necessarily based on the results of the key elements of
celovitog upravljačkog sistema, sposobnog da iz aspekta comprehensive management system able to provide a
široke društvene zajednice dugoročno proceni sve forecast to the wide social community of all the
posledice odlaganja ili nepreduzimanja potrebnih mera consequences of delaying and doing nothing regarding
održavanja mostovskih konstrukcija. Dosadašnji rezultati the bridge structure maintenance. Current results
ukazuju na potrebu novih istraživanja i usvajanja indicate the need for a new research and adoption of
adekvatne strategije održavanja, odnosno planskog i adequate maintenance strategy, that is, a planned and
sistematskog pristupa u oblasti upravljanja mostovima. systematic approach in the field of bridge management.
Način na koji se taj pristup ostvaruje određen je The way in which this approach is realized is determined

razvojem sistema upravljanja mostovima, a uspešnost by the development of the bridge management system,
upravljanja bitno zavisi od izbora i doslednog and the success of management greatly depends on the
sprovođenja svih relevantnih aktivnosti koje čine taj choice and consistent performance of all the relevant
sistem. activities comprising this system.
8 LITERATURA
REFERENCES
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REZIME SUMMАRY
OCENA STANJA I PERSPEKTIVE ODRŽAVANJA CONDITION ASSESSMENT AND MAINTENANCE

MOSTOVSKIH KONSTRUKCIJA U GRADU NIŠU PERSPECTIVES OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES IN THE
CITY OF NIS
Milan GLIGORIJEVIĆ Milan GLIGORIJEVIC
Mostovi su građevinski objekti koji svojom veličinom, Bridges are civil engineering structures which very
izgledom, pojavom u prostoru, pa čak i simbolikom, vrlo often dominate the environment or landscape where
često dominiraju ambijentom ili krajolikom u kojem se they are situated by their size, appearance in space and
nalaze. S druge strane, preventivnom održavanju ovih even by symbolism. On the other hand, preventive
objekata – kao optimalnom rešenju – nije se posvećivala maintenance of these structures, as an optimum
neophodna pažnja koliko je to bilo potrebno, naročito solution, is paid insufficient deal of attention, especially
kada je reč o našem području. Uočen je permanentni in our country. A permanent increase of damage on the
porast oštećenja na mostovima, uz enormni pad bridges is observed, followed by an enormous decrease
nosivosti i bezbednosti mostova, te su od ogromnog of bearing capacity and safety, which means that it is
značaja razvoj i uvođenje adekvatnog sistema upravlja- critical to develop and introduce an adequate system of
nja mostovima s ciljem efikasnijeg održavanja i očuvanja bridge management with an aim of maintenance and
postojećih mostovskih konstrukcija. preservation of existing bridge structures.
Sistem upravljanja mostovima u Srbiji uveden je Bridge management system in Serbia was
1986. godine, kao originalan i za to vreme izuzetno introduced in 1986, as an original, and extremely
moderan. Međutim, njegova praktična primena pokazala contemporary system for the time. However, its practical
je određene nelogičnosti u dobijenim listama prioritetnih application exhibited certain illogical issues in the
aktivnosti. obtained lists of priority activities.
U svojoj doktorskoj disertaciji, autor ovoga rada dao The author of this paper, in his doctoral dissertation,
je novi predlog – na osnovu optimizovanog kriterijuma offered a new proposition based on the optimized
vrednovanja prioriteta. Time su otklonjene uočene criterion of priority evaluation. This removed certain
nelogičnosti našeg aktuelnog sistema upravljanja mosto- illogical points of the current bridge management
vima i ostvareno je značajno poboljšanje efikasnosti system, and achieved a considerable increase of
određivanja liste prioriteta. efficiency when making priority lists.
Predloženom metodologijom, a na osnovu rezultata The paper presents the proposed methodology
sopstvenog višedecenijskog monitoringa mostova, ura- based on the results of bridge monitoring over a period
đena je ocena stanja i perspektiva održavanja mostova u of several decades which was used to provide bridge
gradu Nišu, koja je prezentovana u ovom radu. condition assessment and its maintenance perspectives
in the city of Nis.
Ključne reči: Upravljanje mostovima, vrednovanje Key words: Bridge management, priority evaluation,
prioriteta, analiza, ocena stanja, prognoza. analysis, assessment, forecast.

PODZEMNE STAMBENE ZGRADE U KONTEKSTU ENERGETSKI EFIKASNIH
GRAĐEVINA
EARTH-SHELTERED HOUSING BUILDINGS IN THE ENERGY EFFICIENT

STRUCTURES CONTEXT
PREGLEDNI RAD
Aleksandar RUDNIK MILANOVIĆ REVIEW PAPER
Nađa KURTOVIĆ FOLIĆ UDK:728.3:643.8]:620.98
doi:10.5937/grmk1703047R
Razvoj podzemne stambene arhitekture u velikoj Evolution of underground residential architecture is

meri zavisi od okruženja u kojem su objekti bili izgrađeni largely dependent on the environment in which the
(klima, geografsko područje...) ali i od materijala i buildings were constructed (climate, geographical area
tehnologije koji su primenjeni prilikom građenja. Većina ...), but also of the materials and technologies used
podzemnih stambenih objekta podignuta je u područjima during the construction. Most residential underground
u kojima su visoka temperatura i retke kiše klimatske facilities were built in areas where the climatic
karakteristike, a retko su prisutni u hladnijim, planinskim characteristics are high heat and rare rainfall, while they
krajevima sa snegom. Istraživanja pokazuju da je are rarely present in colder, mountainous areas with
podzemno stanovanje veoma zastupljeno u mediteran- snow. Researches indicate that the underground
skim zemljama, Aziji i Africi, Severnoj Americi i delovima dwellings were built in many Mediterranean countries,
Evrope, i to u većem ili manjem obimu u svim istorijskim Asia and Africa, North America and Europe, with a
periodima. greater or lesser extent, through all historical periods.
Od praistorije do danas, čovek se prilagođava uslo- From prehistory to nowadays, man adapts to the
vima i okruženju u kojem obitava, postepeno podižući conditions and environment in which he resides,
nivo kvaliteta življenja i funkcije zajednice u kojoj gradually raising the quality of life and the function of the
učestvuje kao jedinka. Pećine, planine i pustinjski community he acts as an individual. Caves, mountains,
ambijent nude mogućnosti za različite oblike podzemnih and desert ambients offered opportunities for different
habitata. Od čovekovog napuštanja pećine, on se bori s forms of underground habitats. From the man's exodus
problemima da savlada prirodu i bira najfunkcionalnije i from the cave, he is struggling with the problems of
najprikladnije oblike fizičke strukture da bi zadovoljio overcoming nature and choosing the most functional and
svoje potrebe. Podzemni objekti, kao specifičan oblik most suitable form of physical structure for the fulfillment
građevine koja zadovoljava potrebe stanovanja, pojav- of his own needs. Underground objects as a specific
ljuju se na svim delovima naše planete.[1] Njihova tipo- form of structure for meeting the needs of housing,
logija uglavnom najviše zavisi od klimatskih karak- appear in all parts of our planet. [1] Their typology was
teristika područja na kojem čovek živi. [2] Podzemni mostly dependent on the climatic characteristics of the
stambeni objekti suštinski se mogu istraživati putem climate that man lived. [2] Earth-sheltered housing
njihove dve najčešće pojave: objects can essentially be viewed through their two most
commonly occurring forms;
Dr Aleksandar Rudnik Milanović, arhitekta i urbani planer, Dr Aleksandar Rudnik Milanovic, architect and urban
Direkcija za urbanističko planiranje, Kragujevac, planner, Directorate for Urban Planning, Kragujevac,
aleksandarrudnik@gmail.com aleksandarrudnik@gmail.com
Dr Nađa Kurtović-Folić,profesor, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Dr Nadja Kurtovic-Folic, professor, University of Novi Sad,
Trg D. Obradovića, 21000 Novi Sad, nfolic@uns.ac.rs Trg D. Obradovića, 21000 Novi Sad, nfolic@uns.ac.rs

 podzemni stambeni objekti smešteni u prirodnom  Underground residential buildings located in a
okruženju s minimalnom intervencijom ljudi; natural environment with minimal human intervention;
 podzemni stambeni objekti koje ljudi stvaraju,  underground residential buildings that man creates
menjajući karakterisitike prirodnog okruženja pri čemu by changing the characteristics of the natural
nove strukture prilagođavaju prirodnom okruženju. environment and the new structure adapts to the natural
Za razliku od praistorijskog čoveka, čovek XXI veka environment.
ima veće tehnološke mogućnosti da prilagodi život u Unlike a prehistoric man, a man of the 21st century
podzemnim građevinama svojim potrebama, bez obzira has far greater technological abilities to compare life in
na to da li se radi o jednom ili drugom načinu navedenog underground facilities to his needs, whether it is one or
oblika njihovog stvaranja.[3] the other mentioned approach to the use of these
Podzemni objekti predstavljaju kombinovani održivi facilities. [3]
model koji prvenstveno funkcioniše na bazi recikliranja Underground structures represent a combined
atmosferske vode s površine zelenih krovova, koristeći sustainable model, which functions primarily on the
energiju koja dolazi iz zemlje ili podzemnih voda za recycling of atmospheric waters from the surface of
potrebe zagrevanja ili hlađenja. Usled ograničenih pros- green roofs, using energy derived from earth or ground-
tornih kapaciteta u gradovima za primenu principa water for heating and cooling purposes. Due to limited
bioklimatskog dizajna, u razvoju podzemnih građevina spatial capabilities in cities for the application of bio-
izvan naselja koja nisu infrastrukturno obezbeđena, climatic design principles, by affirming the development
moguće je postići maksimalnu energetsku efikasnost of subterranean buildings outside settlements that are
uvođenjem solarnih sistema, kao trećeg dodatnog oblika not infrastructural supplied, it is possible to achieve
snabdevanja energijom. Neposredni rezultat primene maximum energy efficiency by introducing solar systems
modela podzemnih objekata u urbanizovanim okruže- as the third supplementary form of energy supply. The
njima jeste zadržavanje ukupne površine tla pod vegeta- direct result of applying the model of underground
cijom, čime se postiže maksimalni efekat povoljnog facilities in urbanized environments is to maintain the
uticaja na kvalitet i kvantitet ekosistema koji se može total area of the soil under vegetation, thus achieving the
sačuvati ovim specifičnim tipom građenja. [4] maximum effect of achieving favourable impacts on the
Evoluirajući od pećina i drugih sličnih oblika, danas u quality and the quantity of ecosystems that can be pre-
podzemnim stambenim objektima živi preko 50 miliona served using this form of specific construction type. [4]
ljudi. Nova podzemna stambena arhitektura stvara se sa Evolving from the caves and other different types,
izraženom brigom zbog povećanja energetske potrošnje over 50 million people live today in earth-sheltered
i gradi se na osnovu iskustva anonimnih graditelja housing. New underground residential architecture is
podzemnih objekata, čiji su koncepti danas inovativna created with great awareness for increased energy con-
rešenja za probleme ljudi XXI stoleća. [5] sumption and built on the experiences of anonymous
U ovom članku mi ukazujemo na značajno povoljnije builders of underground facilities, whose concepts today
energetske aspekte ukoliko podzemna gradnja postane are innovative solutions to the problems of a man of the
učestalija. 21st century. [5]
In this article, we suggest significantly more
favourable energy aspects if underground structures
2 PODZEMNE STAMBENE ZGRADE U KONTEKSTU becomes more common.
ENERGETSKI EFIKASNIH GRAĐEVINA
S ciljem da se smanji uticaj atmosferskih padavina i 2 EARTH-SHELTERED HOUSING BUILDINGS IN

taloženja, posebnu pažnju tokom gradnje podzemnih THE ENERGY EFFICIENT STRUCTURES
stambenih objekata treba obratiti na: CONTEXT
 izbor mesta za građenje;
 pravljenje drenaže u skladu s lokacijom i vodoot- Special attention during the construction of under-
pornim slojevima terena u svim aspektima dodira objekta ground residential facilities with the aim of reducing the
sa zemljom. impact of atmospheric precipitation should be paid to:
Vegetacija na mestu građenja može biti od  Selection of the site for construction
višestruke koristi za buduće ponašanje objekta. Zeleni  Making drainage in accordance with the location
fond se može posmatrati iz više aspekata u odnosu na and terrain waterproofing layers in all aspects of contact
uticaj koji ima na podzemno stanovanje. Jedan je, with the ground facility.
svakako, značajna štednja energije koja se može postići The vegetation on the site for construction can have
postojanjem ili sađenjem drveća na mestu planiranom za multiple benefits for future operation of the facility. Green
gradnju podzemnog stanovanja. Testovi vezani za Fund can be viewed from several aspects in terms of its
količinu uštede energije sa zelenim zasadima još nisu impact on the underground dwellings. One, of course, is
urađeni, ali iz prakse je poznato da zasadi na južnoj a significant energy saving that can be achieved with the
strani podzemne stambene zgrade mogu tokom leta existence or planting trees at the site planned for the
znatno smanjiti temperaturu unutar zgrade. construction of an underground dwelling. The tests
U Americi se istraživanje o energetskoj efikasnosti related to the amount of energy saving with green
podzemnih stambenih objekata sprovodi od osam- plantations are not yet done, but it is known from
desetih godina prošlog veka. Parametri koji konkretno practice that the plantations on the southern front of the
ukazuju na potrebu da se definišu propisi za izgradnju underground residential building can significantly reduce
ovih objekata, na osnovu činjenica koje su merljive, the temperature inside the building in summer.
potvrđuju da podzemni stanovi predstavljaju kuće s vrlo In America, research on energy efficiency under-

dobrim energetskim performansama. Istraživanje ener- ground residential facilities is conducted since the 80th
getske efikasnosti prvenstveno podrazumeva određiva- of the last century. Parameters that specifically point to
nje parametara koji dovode do procene koristi od the need to define regulations for the construction of
izgradnje podzemnog objekta u odnosu na nadzemne these facilities, based on the facts that are measurable,
strukture. Isti rezultati se mogu dobiti u smanjenju and which indicate that the underground dwellings are
emisija CO2 korišćenjem energetski efikasnih modela houses with very good energy performance. Research
kao što su podzemne konstrukcije.[6] on energy efficiency; primarily implies to determine the
Prema bazi podataka koja je sastavljena tokom parameters which lead to the assessment of the benefits
pomenutog istraživanja, „može se reći da kuće of building underground in relation to the above-ground
pokrivene zemljom pokazuju znatno bolje energetske structures. The same results could be obtained in
performanse nego kuće standardnih fasada”. Tvrdnja da reducing CO2 emissions by using more energy-efficient
se potrošnja energije za ovu vrstu kuća može smanjiti do models such as underground structures. [6]
75%, može se dokazati korišćenjem podataka koji se According to the database compiled during the
odnose na praćenje parametra faktora termičkog mentioned research "it can be said that the houses
integriteta, koji u slučaju kuća pokrivenih zemljom iznosi covered with earth exhibited considerably better energy
28.40 KV / m2 dnevno, dok isti parametar u slučaju performances than the standard surface houses”. The
tradicionalnih nadzemnih kuća iznosi 113.56 KV / m2”.[7] claim that the energy consumption for this type of
Prilikom istraživanja koje je sprovedeno na dve južno houses can be reduced up to 75%, can be proved using
orijentisane strukture: jednoj podzemnoj stambenoj kući i the data related to monitoring the thermal integrity factor
standardnoj nadzemnoj kući na istom području, Stanjec i parameter, which in case of the houses covered with soil
Novak iz Odeljenja za građevinarstvo na Tehnološkom averages 28.40 KW/m2 daily, while the same parameter
univerzitetu u Vroclavu, zaključili su da gubici i dobici in case of traditional surface houses averages 113.56
stoje u određenim razmerama, s vrlo sličnim pokazate- KW/m2 ". [7]
ljima. Utvrdili su, takođe, da se, ako se parametri On the event of the research conducted on two
vrednosti za hlađenje i grejanje analiziraju zasebno, south-oriented structures: one being earth-sheltered
primećuju značajne razlike. [8] elevated housing and the standard surface house of the
Ova pojava uzrokovana je činjenicom da je toplotni same area the Staniec and Nowak from the Department
gubitak u podzemnom objektu znatno manji nego u of Civil Engineering at the University of Technology of
nadzemnim zgradama, ali samo u toku grejne sezone, te Wroclaw, concluded that the losses and gains stand in
da je tokom letnje sezone toplotni gubitak u pozemnim certain proportions, with very similar indicators. They
objektima veći. Pošto je temperatura tla u letnjem also determined that if value parameters for cooling and
periodu niža od temperature vazduha, posledica je heating are separately analyzed, considerable differen-
hlađenje objekta. Ovo je jedan od glavnih razloga zašto ces are observed. [8]
podzemne konstrukcije zahtevaju znatno manje energije They found that they arise due to the fact that the
od površinskih. Primetili su, takođe, da su u toku grejne thermal loss in an earth-sheltered housing is consi-
sezone „toplotni gubici u podzemnim stambenim derably less than in the surface housing, but only during
zgradama od 14%, 8% i 5% manji za 5 cm, 10 cm i 20 the heating season and that during the summer season,
cm debljine toplotne izolacije. Povećanje debljine slojeva thermal loss in the earth-sheltered housing is higher.
zemlje iznad krovnog pokrivača smanjuje gubitke toplote Since the temperature of soil in the summer is lower
za 20-25%, 10-15% i 5% primenom toplotne izolacije od than the air temperature, this causes cooling of the
5 cm, 10 cm i 20 cm u poređenju s toplotnom izolacijom structure. it is one of the main reasons why underground
od 0.5 m”. U ovom smislu može se zaključiti da su structures require considerably less energy than the
toplotni dobici u podzemnim stambenim zgradama do surface ones. They also noticed that during the heating
40% veći nego u površinskim strukturama.[9] season "thermal losses in underground residential
Da bi dokazali teze iz njihovog istraživanja s jasnim buildings by 14%, 8%, and 5% are less by the 5cm,
uporednim odnosima prosečnih vrednosti, Stanjec i 10cm and 20cm thickness of thermal insulation.
Novak su razvili „dijagram gubitaka toplote” koji pred- Increasing the thickness of the layers of the earth above
stavlja uporednu analizu za nadzemne i podzemne the roof panel reduces heat losses by 20-25%, 10-15%
objekte, u zavisnosti od debljine izolacije i debljine and 5% for 5cm, 10cm and 20cm thermal insulation
slojeva zemlje iznad podzemnih objekata, koji su compared to 0.5m thermal insulation". The [9] in this
predstavljeni kao prosečne vrednosti, vrednosti tokom sense, it can be concluded that heat gains in the
grejne sezone i sezone hlađenja. underground housing structures are up to 40% higher
Istraživanja sprovedena na Državnom univerzitetu than in the surface structures.
Oklahoma [10] i Vendt-ova istraživanja [7] potvrđuju da
su podzemne stambene zgrade energetski efikasne
zgrade i da su bile od velike važnosti za odnos prema
proceni energetske efikasnosti kao jedne od najvažnijih
komponenti u vrednovanju opšte efikasnosti podzemnih
zgrada.

a) Prosečne vrednosti / Average values
nadzemni objekat prekriven zemljom prekriven zemljom prekriven zemljom
above-ground objects thickness of insulation thickness of insulation thickness of insulation
b) Grejna sezona / Heating season

c) Sezona hlađenja / Cooling season

toplotna izolacija / thermal insulation 5 cm

Slika 1. Uporedna analiza nadzemnih i podzemnih objekata, u zavisnosti od debljine izolacije i debljine zemljanog sloja
iznad podzemnog objekta (prema [8])
Figure 1. Comparative analysis of the above-ground and underground objects, depending on the thickness of the
insulation and the thickness of the ground layers in underground objects (after [8])

Kada se statistika kao što je ova posmatra u svetlu In order to show the theses from their research with
kvalitativnih polaznih razloga za promenu čitavog skupa clear comparative relationships of average values
dokumenata vezanih za područja planiranja i izgradnje, Stanjec and Novak developed a "heat loss diagram"
može se očekivati promocija široko prihvaćene podzem- which represents a comparative analysis of the above-
ne arhitekture stanova, s jednim od primarnih ciljeva ground and underground objects, depending on the
današnjice, a to je planiranje i izgradnja podzemnih thickness of the insulation and the thickness of the
pojedinačnih zgrada, ali i čitavih naselja, pri čemu se ova ground layers in underground objects, presented as
tipologija stambenog prostora može odlično implemen- average values, values during the heating season and
tirati radi stvaranja budućih energetski efikasnih naselja the cooling season.
u Republici Srbiji. [11] [12] The research conducted by Oklahoma State Univer-
sity [10], and Wendt [7] confirm underground residential
buildings as energy-efficient buildings and were of great
importance for the relationship to the assessment of the
energy efficiency as one of the most important com-
ponents of general efficiency of underground buildings.
When the statistics such as this is viewed in the light
of qualitative initial reasons for the change of an entire
set of documents related to planning and construction
areas, one can expect promotion of a more widely
present underground housing architecture, with one of
the primary goals of the present times, which is planning
and construction of individual buildings, but also of entire
settlements, where this housing typology can be
implemented with an aim of creation of future energy
efficient settlements in the Republic of Serbia. [11] [12]
3 UTICAJ BIODIVERZITETA NA PODZEMNO 3 IMPACT OF BIODIVERSITY ON EARTH-

STANOVANJE SHELTERED HOUSING
Prisustvo vegetacije na mestu građenja može pružiti The presence of vegetation at the construction site
višestruke pogodnosti za buduće funkcionisanje can provide multiple benefits for the future functioning of
objekta.[13] Zelenilo se može posmatrati s nekoliko the structure. [13] The greenery can be observed from
stanovišta, s obzirom na njegov uticaj na podzemne several viewpoints, regarding its impact on the earth-
stambene zgrade. Jedan od nesumnjivo važnih sheltered housing buildings. One certainly important
aspekata jeste ušteda energije, koja se može postići aspect is energy saving which can be achieved by
postojećim stablima ili njihovim postavljanjem na lokaciji having or planting trees on the location planned for
koja je planirana za izgradnju podzemne stambene construction of earth-sheltered housing building. The
zgrade zaštićene zemljom. Testovi koji se odnose na tests related to the amount of energy saved by planting
količinu energije ušteđene sađenjem zelenila još nisu the greenery have not been conducted yet, but it is
dovoljno zastupljeni, ali iz prakse je poznato da biljke na known from the practice that plants on the south side of
južnoj strani zgrade zaštićene zemljom mogu pružiti the earth-sheltered building can provide the significant
značajno smanjenje temperature unutar zgrade tokom reduction of the temperature inside the building in the
letnje sezone. summer season.
Slika 2. Primeri uticaja biodiverziteta na podzemne građevine: a. vegetacija štiti od sunčanih zraka tokom letnje sezone;
b. vegetacija propušta sunčane zrake tokom zimske sezone; c. vegetacija štiti od vetra. (prema [14])
Figure 2. Examples of biodiversity impacts on the earth sheltered buildings: a. vegetation blocks solar radiation in
summer season; b. vegetation lets through solar radiation in the winter season; c. vegetation as a protection from wind.
(after [14])
Ako se sade nove biljke, potrebno je da se na južnoj If new plants are planted, it is necessary to plant
strani objekta zasade listopadne biljke, kako bi se deciduous trees on the south side of the structure, so as
omogućilo prodiranje sunčeve svetlosti kroz ogoljene to allow sunlight penetration through bare tree crowns in
krune drveća u zimskom periodu. Vetar, takođe, može winter. The wind can also impact the building tempera-

uticati na temperaturu zgrade, tako da se, u zavisnosti ture, so depending on the wind blowing direction, vege-
od smera duvanja vetra, može saditi nova vegetacija ili tation can be planted or the existing vegetation can be
se može koristiti postojeća, sprečavajući tako direktan used, preventing direct impact of the wind on the
udar vetra na objekat. structure
U izveštaju Agencije za energetiku države Minesote In the report of the Agency for Energy of Minnesota,
u vezi sa istraživanjem u Južnoj Dakoti, navodi se: „kada related to the research in South Dakota, it is stated that
se uporede parametri za dva identična objekta (jednog "when comparing the parameters for two identical
sa zelenilom u neposrednom okruženju, a drugog bez objects (one with greenery in the immediate environment
zelenila), zaključuje se sledeće: and the other without greenery), the following
 kuća koja je imala zelenilo u neposrednom conclusions were reached:
okruženju zgrade, imala je uštedu do 40% energije u  House that had greenery in the immediate sur-
odnosu na kuću bez zelenila”.[15] roundings of the building, had savings of up to 40%
Istraživanje je takođe ukazalo na to da postoji uticaj energy in relation to a house without greenery”. [15]
vegetacije na štednju prilikom upotrebe podzemnog That research also indicated that there is an impact
stanovanja, tako da je prilikom izgradnje takvih struktura of the vegetation on the saving in the usage of earth-
neophodno planirati vegetaciju u skladu s građevinskom sheltered housing so that when constructing such struc-
orijentacijom i lokalnim zahtevima. tures, it is necessary to plan the vegetation in accor-
dance with the building orientation and local requirements.
4 PRIKAZ OSNOVNIH UTICAJA NA 4 PRESENTATION OF THE BASIC IMPACTS ON

FUNKCIONISANJE PODZEMNIH STAMBENIH ENERGY FUNCTIONING OF EARTH -
OBJEKATA SHELTERED STRUCTURES
4.1 Uticaj padavina na podzemno stanovanje 4.1 Impact of rainfall on underground housing
Prilikom izgradnje podzemnih stambenih zgrada When constructing underground housing, a special
posebnu pažnju treba obratiti na: attention must be paid to:
 izbor mesta za izgradnju građevine;  The choice of location of construction of the
 postavljanje drenažnog sistema, u odnosu na structure
mesto i konfiguraciju zemljišta;  Construction of a drainage system, regarding the
 postavljanje vodootpornih slojeva na mestu dodira location and land configuration
objekta sa zemljom kako bi se otklonio uticaj padavina i  Construction of waterproofing layers at the contact
vode uopšte. of the structure with soil In order to reduce the rainfall
Uticaj atmosferskih padavina na podzemnu stambe- impacts.
nu arhitekturu jeste jedan od najvećih rizika za njihovu The impact of rainfall on an underground housing
eksploataciju. Tipologija podzemnih objekata predstavlja structure is one of the greatest risks for the operation of
mogućnost za manje ili veće uticaje atmosferskih voda. such buildings. The typology of underground structures
Prema Reju Skotu, autoru knjige „Kako izgraditi svoj represents the potential for a weak and the strong
podzemni objekat” (How to build your own underground impact of rainfall. According to Ray G. Scott, author of
home) najveću opasnost po podzemne objekte the book "How to build your own underground home"
predstavljaju ukopani objekti, jer ovaj tip objekata "The greatest danger to underground objects is buried
omogućava pojavu nekontrolisane količine vode pri objects because this type of objects allows the
obilnim padavinama. [16] [17] appearance of uncontrolled water in abundant
precipitation". [16] [17]
DRENAŽNI RIZIK
DRAINAGE RISK
UKOPANI OBJEKAT
UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE
Slika 3. Detalj preseka kroz ukopani-prodirući tip podzemnog objekta, s prikazom rizika prilikom dreniranja (prema [18]).
Figure 3. A cross section detail of an envelope/true underground structure, with the presented drainage risks (after [18]).

Poseban problem koji prouzrokuje potencijalnu štetu A particular problem causing potential damage due
zbog pritiska kiše koji prolazi kroz slojeve zemlje do to the rainfall pressure flowing to the house through the
objekta javlja se u podzemnim zgradama u onim earth layers is found in elevation – in-hill underground
slučajevima kada nema kanalizacionih kanala i mrežnog buildings, in those cases when no drainage canals and
sistema s drenažnim cevima, kojima bi se odvodila voda drainage pipe network system is provided, which would
nakupljena na zidu prema nagibu. [18] drain the water accumulated on the wall towards the
Pored rizika od bočnih uliva atmosferske vode, slope. [18]
osnovni problem koji su podzemni objekti imali s velikom Apart from the risk form the lateral penetration of
količinom vode i vlage u objektu, nastajao bi kada bi se, rainfall, the basic problem the earth sheltered buildings
pri projektovanju, odabrao pogrešan tip objekta u had in terms of excess water and dampness in the
odnosu na teren. Jedan od takvih primera upravo je structure was caused by the improper choice of structure
objekat atrijumske ukopane kuće u Arizoni, građene for the land configuration in the design phase. [One of
osamdesetih godina prošlog veka. Prema izjavama such examples is the atrium envelope house in Arizona,
samih vlasnika, objekat je u najvećem broju slučajeva built in the 80’s of the previous century. According to the
imao probleme s nekontrolisanim prodorom atmosferske owners themselves, the building in most of the case had
vode, usled položaja pristupa objektu, koji se odvija a problem with the uncontrolled penetration of rainfall,
preko atrijuma, formiranog ispod saobraćajnice, i to na which is caused by the position of the access to the
nižoj koti u odnosu na put s kojeg se pristupa objektu. house, which is organized via an atrium created below a
[19] road, at a lower level than the road used for accessing
the house. [19]
Slika 4. Podzemna kuća sa atrijumom u Arizoni: a. pozicija pristupa objektu;

b. pogled na objekat ukopanog tipa sa atrijumom (prema [19])
Figure 4. The atrium envelope house in Arizona: a. Building access position,
b. View of the envelope/true underground building (after [19])
Pojava privremenih podzemnih voda pri prelasku iz The occurrence of temporary underground waters
jednog u drugo godišnje doba, „može stvoriti problem when the season's change, “can create a problem due to
usled velikog nagomilavanja vode u situacijama kada je the large accumulation of water in situations where the
nepripremljen objekat izložen pritisku vode” [20], koji se unprepared object is exposed to water pressure" [20],
može znatno smanjiti preduzimanjem svih potrebnih which can be significantly reduced when all necessary
koraka prilikom same izgradnje objekta. steps when constructing the building are taken.
Pored standardnih pristupa izradi hidroizolacionih By creating a drainage layer made of sand and
slojeva kod podzemnih stambenih objekata, negativni gravel and by placing a drainage pipe around the
uticaji se, danas, svakako značajno mogu umanjiti building potential for damage to the structure and
postavljanjem gumiranih membrana, koje ne samo što penetration of rainfall water is considerably reduced.
utiču na nemogućnost prodiranja vode ka objektu, već In addition to the standard approaches to the building
istovremeno služe za zadržavanje vode radi navodnja- of waterproofing layers of the underground structures
vanja vegetabilnog sistema iznad krovne konstrukcije roofs, the negative impacts can be considerably reduced
objekta. nowadays by installing rubber membranes, which not
Provera geoloških slojeva zemlje, uz informacije o only prevent water from penetrating the structure but
stabilnosti i slojevima podzemnih voda, može znatno retain water so that vegetation system above the roof
sprečiti moguće negativne pojave prilikom eksploatacije structure can use it.
objekta.

Površinske vode / Surface waters
pritisak
zemlja pressure
soil
tačka najmanjeg otpora

pritiska vode
Point of lowest resistance
to water pressure
podzemni bazen sa vodom podzemni stambeni objekat

underground reservoir underground housing structure
pritisak na zidove objekta
water pressure on the walls
Slika 5. Detalj zone pritiska atmosferske vode (prema [20])

Figure. 5. A detail of the rainfall water pressure zone (after [20])
zid prihvata lateralni pritisak vode

šljunak i pesak drenažni slojevi wall withstands lateral water
gravel and sand drainage layers pressure
linija podzemnih voda hidroizolacija / waterproofing
ground water table linija podzemnih voda
ground water table
drenažna cev pod prihvata hidrostatički pritisak
drainage pipe floor withstands hydroscopic
pressure
Slika 6. a. Detalj zgrade bez hidroizolacionog sloja; b. Detalj zgrade sa hidroizolacionim slojem
Figure 6. a. A detail of the building without the waterproofing layer; b. A detail of the building with the waterproofing
Istraživanja energetske efikasnosti podrazumevaju A survey of the geological layers of earth, along with
pre svega utvrđivanje parametara kojima se dolazi do information on the stability and layers of ground waters
ocene povoljnosti izgradnje podzemnih u odnosu na can prevent potential negative situations during the
nadzemne objekte, ali i nasutih u odnosu na ukopane building service life.
objekte u terenu. U zavisnosti od unetih parametara i Research of energy efficiency, comprise the primarily
karakteristika objekata koji se istražuju, mogu se dobiti i identification of parameters used to assess advantages
različiti rezultati. Ipak, značajno je istaći da su podaci koji of construction of earth sheltered structures over the
se dobijaju egzaktni i dobijeni računskim putem, jer se surface structure, but also of buried structures in
koriste specijalizovani softveri koji su upravo namenjeni comparison with envelope/true underground structures.
takvim proračunima. Pored podataka o toplotnoj Depending on the input parameters and characteristics
sprovodljivosti, energetska efikasnost zavisi i od niza of researched structures, different results can be
drugih faktora, koji zbirno utiču na ocenu o energetskoj obtained. Yet, it is interesting to point out that the
kategoriji podzemnog stambenog objekta, kao što se vidi obtained data are exact and computational, obtained
iz Tabele 1. using specialized software. In addition to data about
thermal conductivity, energy efficiency depends on a
number of other factors, which cumulatively affect the
assessment of energy category of an underground
housing building as could be seen in Table 1.

hidroizolacioni stiropor
water proofing Styrofoam
filtrirajući sloj šljunka

filtering gravel layer
Perforirana drenazna
cev min 10 cm
perforated drainage pipe
min 10 cm in diameter
betonski pod
concrete floor
Hidroizolacioni stiropor
kompaktni sloj peska
compact layer of sand
nabijena zemlja
compacted earth
hidroizolacioni stiropor
Slika 7. Detalj preseka kroz temeljnu zonu zida podzemnog objekta

Figure 7. A detail of the cross section through the foundation zone of the underground structure wall
Slika 8. a. Gumirana hidroizolaciona membrana; b. Primer termičke izolacije

Figure 8. a. Waterproofing rubberized membrane; b. Thermal insulation example
unutrašnja temperatura / internal temperature

spoljašnja temperatura / external temperature
Slika 9. Odnos promena spoljašnje i unutrašnje temperature na primeru podzemnog objekta u Misuriju, SAD
Figure 9. Relation of variation of external and internal temperature for an underground structure in Missouri, USA

Tabela 1. Stepen energetske efikasnosti u odnosu na tipologiju objekta
Table 1. Degree of efficiency regarding the structure typology
Faktor / Factor Tip podzemnog stambenog objekta / Type of earth-sheltered dwelling building
nasuti / covered with the earth u terenu / buried in to the soil
Pasivni solarni potencijal
odlican / excellent manje efikasan / less efficient
Passive solar potential
Termalna stabilnost
manje efikasan / less efficient odlican / excellent
Thermal stability
Prirodni osvetlja potencijala
efikasan / efficient manje efikasan / less efficient
Potential of natural light
Zastita od vetra
Wind protection
Zastita od buke
Protection against noise
Vizuelizacija / Visualization odlican / excellent manje efikasan / less efficient
Klimatski uslovi efikasan za umerenu klimu efikasan za tropsku klimu
Climate conditions efficient for moderate climate efficient for tropical climate
moderan dizajn tradicionalna moderan dizajn tradicionalna
Strukturni troskovi modern design traditional modern design traditional
Structural costs prosecan manji troskovi visoki troskovi high manji troskovi
average lower costs costs lower costs
Istraživanja termalnih pokazatelja, obavljena na The research of thermal indicators, conducted on the
nasutoj podzemnoj stambenoj kući u Misuriju, bermed earth sheltered house in Missouri represent
predstavljaju „parametre praćenja temperature u tom "parameters for monitoring the temperature of this object
objektu u periodu od četiri dana sa intervalima merenja for a period of 4 days with 6-hour measurement
od šest sati, prilikom kojih je uočena konstantna intervals, during which a constant internal temperature is
unutrašnja temperatura, u odnosu na promene spoljne detected, in relation to the changes in the outdoor
temperature”. [21] Ti podaci konkretno ukazuju na temperature". [21] Those data indicate advantages of
prednosti izgradnje podzemnog nasutog stambenog construction of bermed housing buildings, especially
objekta, posebno uzimajući u obzir činjenicu da za taking into consideration the fact that for retaining of
održavanje konstatne temperature prilikom merenja nisu constant temperature during measuring, no building
postojali niti su korišćeni sistemi za zagrevanje objekta. heating systems were used.
4.2 Podzemni stambeni objekti u kontekstu 4.2 Earth sheltered housing buildings in the
smanjenja negativnih ekoloških uticaja na context of reduction of negative environmental
životnu sredinu impacts
Od 1900. godine i francuskog arhitekte Ežena Enara Since 1900 and the French architect Eugene Hénard
[21], koji je objavio manifest u kojem zastupa sistem [21], who had a manifest advocating the system of
podzemnog saobraćaja na nekoliko nivoa, preko Frenka underground traffic at several levels, through Frank
Lojda Rajta, koji je 1930. godine uspostavio sistem Lloyd Wright who in 1930 established a system of
perifernih gradova [22], do današnjih gradova s peripheral cities [22], up to the present day cities with
neboderima, kao karakterističnim tipovima visokih towers, as a characteristic typology of tall building of 21st
zgrada XXI veka, došlo se do tačke razvoja zajednice century we have come to the point of community
kada je neophodno smanjivanje negativnih uticaja na development where the necessity to reduce negative
životnu sredinu, putem modela povratka prirodi i životu environmental impacts, through the model of return to
izvan zagađene urbane centralne zone, što, nature and life outside polluted urban central zone, can
najverovatnije, može biti izvedeno neposrednom most likely be effected by a direct interaction with natural
interakcijom s prirodnim okruženjem. [23] Podzemne environment. [23] Underground housing structures in this
stambene strukture u ovom kontekstu mogu se smatrati context can be considered as structural mediators in the
strukturalnim posrednicima u epicentru takvih interakcija. epicenter of such interactions.
Statistički podaci ukazuju na konkretne pokazatelje, The statistics indicate concrete data, according to
prema kojima u gradu danas živi više ljudi, nego u which there are more people nowadays living in the
njegovom okruženju ili samoj prirodi. Poslednjih sto cities, then in their environment, or in nature. In the last
godina zabeležen je protok stanovništva i migracija sa one hundred years, the flow of population and migration
imanja na sela, od sela ka gradovima i od gradova ka from the countryside towards villages, and from the
metropolama. Poznato je da gradovi koriste do 75 posto villages towards cities and from the cities towards
globalnih izvora energije i proizvode većinu otpadnih metropolises was recorded. It is known that cities use up
materijala. [24] S takvom stopom potrošnje energije, to 75 per cent of global energy resources and produce

gradovi postaju generatori negativnog uticaja globalnog most of the waste materials. [24] With such energy
zagrevanja na planetu Zemlju. consumption rate, the cities become generators of the
"Posmatrajući statistiku koja upućuje na činjenicu da negative impact of the global warming on the planet
komercijalni i stambeni objekti emituju 39 posto CO2 u Earth.
atmosferu, a da u skoro 70% slučajeva ovi potrošači "Observing statistics that point to the fact that
troše električnu energiju (prema analizi sprovedenoj u commercial and residential objects in CO2 emissions in
SAD), jasno je da su upotreba energije za hlađenje i the atmosphere account for 39 percent, and that in
grejanje od ključnog značaja za uticaj na životnu sredinu almost 70% of cases these consumers are consumers of
okruženja u kojoj se objekti nalaze.” [25] electricity (taking an example of analysis conducted in
Da bi se uporedili troškovi energije za grejanje koje the US), it is clear that the use of energy for cooling and
su imali prosečna nadzemna i podzemna stambena heating are of key importance for the environmental
zgrada, napravljena je studija slučaja za zgradu od 135 impacts that objects perform in their environment." [25]
m2. Ova studija je potvrdila da arhitektura podzemnog In order to compare heating energy costs incurred by
stambenog prostora može ostvariti smanjenje od 72% an average surface and an underground housing build-
potrošnje energije u poređenju sa standardnom ing, a case study for the building of 135m2 was made.
nadzemnom kućom. This study confirmed that underground housing archi-
tecture can result in the reduction of 72% of energy con-
sumption in comparison with a standard surface house.
Tabla 2. Odnos potrošnje energije nadzemnih u odnosu na podzemne objekte

Table 2. Ratio of energy consumption, standard surface house in comparison with underground structures
merna jedinica nadzemni stambeni objekti podzemni stabeni objekti
measurement unit above ground residential buildings earth sheltered residential buildings
zima / winter :
gas / gas 2,656.9 m3 ($65.80) 871.5 m3 ($27.60)
nafta / oil 710 ($129.90) 233 ($42.60)
elektricna energija / electricity 23,157 ($428.80) 7,596 ($191.10)
leto / summer:
elektr. ener. / electricity 3,962 ($98.40) 0
Posmatrajući ove podatke, može se zaključiti da je By observing these data, it can be concluded that the
potrošnja energije podzemnog objekta u letnjem periodu energy consumption in the summer period is for third
za trećinu niža od one za nadzemnu zgradu, dok je lower than that of a surface housing building, while the
potrošnja energije tokom leta nula, što znači veoma energy consumption in the summer is zero, which
mnogo u smislu zaštite životne sredine, jer su uticaji means a lot in environmental terms, as impacts are
znatno smanjeni. [26] U slučajevima kada su korišćene considerably reduced. [26] In cases where other kinds of
druge vrste energije za grejanje, kao što su gas ili ulje, heating energy were used, such as gas or oil, it can be
može se primetiti da su korišteni tri do četiri puta manje, noticed that they were used 3 to 4 times less, so the total
tako da se ukupna količina energije tokom zime može amount of energy during winter can be considered
smatrati finansijskom uštedom, ali predstavlja i ekološki financial saving but also the environmentally acceptable
prihvatljiv metod, u pogledu ukupnog uticaja na životnu method, regarding the total environmental impact. The
sredinu. Mogućnost formiranja veštačkih zelenih krovova potential for formation of artificial green roofs is a
primenjiva je za obe tipološke grupe stambenih zgrada, possibility of both typological groups of housing
tako da se kontekst ekološki prihvatljivog oblika zgrade buildings, so the context of environmentally acceptable
može pozitivno posmatrati i na ovaj način, uzimajući u form of buildings can be positively observed separately,
obzir činjenicu da zelena krovna struktura utiče na taking into account the fact that he green roof structure
povećanje površine ispod vegetacije ili zadržavanje affects the increase of area under vegetation or retention
postojeće vegetacije u građevinskoj zoni. of the existing vegetation in the construction zone.
5 ZAVRŠNE NAPOMENE 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
Podzemna arhitektura stanovanja predstavlja Underground housing architecture represents an

energetski efikasnu vrstu objekata. Ovaj specifičan tip energy efficient type of structures. This specific type of
stambene izgradnje preporučuje se umesto standardnih housing construction is recommended for the standard
nadzemnih zgrada zbog svojih energetski efikasnih surface buildings because of its more energy efficient
svojstava i kvaliteta. properties and its quality.
Svi tipološki oblici arhitekture podzemne stambene All the typological forms of underground housing
kuće do sada su bili uglavnom pojedinačni, eksperi- architecture up to date were mostly individual,
mentalni napori. Nisu postojali, takođe, ni propisi za experimental endeavors. Construction had no
efikasan nadzor nad izgradnjom ovih objekata. Za regulations for efficient monitoring of construction of
srpsku teoriju i praksu međunarodno iskustvo je od these structures. For Serbian theory and practice
ključnog značaja za dalji razvoj i usklađivanje s proce- international experience is crucial for further

durama prilikom projektovanja i izgradnje podzemnih development and harmonization with procedures during
stambenih objekata, iz sledećih razloga: designing and construction of underground housing
 u većini proučenih primera, podzemni pristup structures for the following reasons:
izgradnji ukazao je na značajne uštede koje su ostvarili  In almost all presented examples, the underground
takvi građevinski modeli; construction approach indicated considerable savings
 kombinovanje zelenih krovova sa strukturama accomplished by such construction models;
nasutog elevacionog tipa najčešći je građevinski model u  Combining of green roofs with the bermed
Srbiji; elevation structures is the most common construction
 izgradnja ovih objekata umnogome je izražena u model in Serbia;
Vojvodini koja već ima tradiciju stvaranja takvog tipa  Construction of these structures is to a great extent
zgrada; present in Vojvodina, which already has a tradition of
 prosečne temperature u podzemnim stambenim construction of such buildings;
zgradama kreću se od 16 do 20 stepeni Celzijusove  Average temperatures in underground housing
skale; buildings range between 16 -20 degrees Celsius;
 zeleni krovovi, sa srednjim zahtevima,  Green roofs, with medium requirements, semi-
poluintenzivni, procenjuju se kao tip koji može obezbediti intensive, are assessed as the type which can provide
dobre efekte tokom celog leta [27] [28], tako da se ovaj good effects during the entire summer [27] [28] so this
tip zelenog krova može smatrati adekvatnim za objekte type of the green roof can be observed as an adequate
nasutog elevacionog tipa; for bermed underground housing;.
 maksimalne uštede ostvaruju se sa zelenim slojem  Maximum savings are accomplished with a green
krovnog vrta, pri čemu je sloj tla debeo od 100 do 900 layer of the roof garden, where the soil layer is from 100
mm; - optimalna vrsta krovnog vrta ima bujnu vegetaciju to 900 mm thick; - the optimal type of roof garden has
- sloj tla debljine od 300 mm sa grmovima iznad može bush vegetations – 300 mm thick layer of soil with
uštedeti do 15% godišnje potrošnje energije, odnosno shrubbery can save up to 15% of yearly energy
79% uštede energije za hlađenje zgrade; consumption, that is, 79% saving of building cooling
 krovne bašte smanjuju toplotni tok za 52–57% u energy;
odnosu na keramičke ili metalne krovove; [29] [30]  Roof gardens reduce the heat flux for 52–57% in
 za potrebe održavanja konstantne temperature comparison to ceramic or metal roofs. [29] [30]
tokom zimskog perioda neophodno je projektovati i In order to maintain constant temperature during
alternativne hibridne sisteme za snabdevanje objekata winter period, it is necessary to design alternative hybrid
potrebnom količinom energije i to u kombinaciji vetro- systems for supplying structures with the necessary
generatora i solarnih kolektora. amount of energy, as a combination of wind power
Prednosti izgradnje podzemne stambene arhitekture generators and solar panels;
jesu smanjenje efekata toplotnih ostrva i ušteda energije The advantages of implementation of underground
u zgradama, jer podzemni stambeni objekti smanjuju housing architecture are the reduction of heat islands
godišnju potrebu za grejanjem i hlađenjem. [31] S druge effects and saving energy in buildings (underground
strane, s obzirom na činjenicu da je sunčevo zračenje housing buildings reduce yearly heating and cooling
daleko većeg intenziteta leti, podzemni stambeni objekti energy demands), [31]. On the other hand, regarding the
igraju važnu ulogu u redukovanju energetske potrošnje fact that solar radiation has considerably higher intensity
za hlađenje u odnosu na standardne nadzemne termički in the summer, underground housing buildings play an
izolovane objekte.[32] important role in the reduction of the cooling energy
Na osnovu opisanih istraživanja, mogu se formulisati consumption in comparison to the standard surface
preporuke za projektovanje objekata nasutog eleva- thermally insulated buildings. [32]
cionog tipa. Ovu preporuku treba povezati s pravilnim On the basis of the described research, the
izborom korišćenih materijala i tehnikama gradnje, čime recommendations for the design of the bermed elevation
se generišu rezultati koji se primenjuju prilikom procene type buildings can be formulated. This recommendation
izbora novih dizajnerskih kreacija, kojima se obogaćuje should be related to the proper choice of the used
tipologija podzemnih stambenih objekata. materials and construction techniques, which generate
Prikazana istraživanja nesumnjivo dokazuju da pod- the results which are implemented on the assessment of
zemni stambeni objekti predstavljaju adekvatan i veoma new designs which enrich typology of underground
kvalitetan model stanovanja, koji se dobro prilagođava i housing structures.
može se primenjivati na teritoriji cele Republike Srbije. The conducted research prove that underground
housing structures represent an adequate and very good
quality housing model which is very adaptable and can
be implemented across the entire territory of the
Republic of Serbia.
Zahvalnost: U članku je predstavljen deo istraži- Acknowledgment: The article is part of the project
vanja koja se obavljaju u okviru projekta TR36042, a TR36042 financed by the Ministry of Education, Science
koji finansira Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog and Technological Development of the Republic of
razvoja Republike Srbije. Serbia.

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Center, Minessota, 1979; Green Roofs through Field Evaluation”,
[15] http://hubpages.com/living/The-Pitfalls-of-an- Proceedings for the Firsth North American Green
Underground-House (accessed April 2015); Roof Infrastructures Conference, Awards and
[16] Scott, R.G. How to Built Yours Own Underground Trade Show, Chicago, May 29-30, 2003, National
Home, Tab Books, 1979; Research Council Canada, pp. 1–10.

REZIME SUMMАRY
PODZEMNE STAMBENE ZGRADE U KONTEKSTU EARTH-SHELTERED HOUSING BUILDINGS IN THE

ENERGETSKI EFIKASNIH GRAĐEVINA ENERGY EFFICIENT STRUCTURES CONTEXT
Aleksandar RUDNIK MILANOVIĆ Aleksandar RUDNIK MILANOVIC

Nađa KURTOVIĆ FOLIĆ Nadja KURTOVIC FOLIC
Podzemna stambena arhitektura predstavlja energet- Underground housing architecture represents an

ski efikasnu vrstu struktura. Ova specifična vrsta energy efficient type of structures. This specific type of
stambene izgradnje preporučuje se više od standardnih housing construction is recommended for the standard
nadzemnih zgrada zbog svojih energetski efikasnih surface buildings because of its more energy efficient
svojstava i kvaliteta. properties and its quality.
Svi tipološki oblici arhitekture podzemnih stambenih All the typological forms of underground housing
zgrada do sada su uglavnom bili pojedinačni, eksperi- architecture up to date were mostly individual, experi-
mentalni napori. Izgradnja podzemnih stambenih obje- mental endeavors. Construction had no regulations for
kata uglavnom nema propise za efikasan nadzor nad efficient monitoring of construction of these structures.
izgradnjom ovih specifičnih tipova objekata. Za srpsku For Serbian theory and practice international experience
teoriju i praksu, međunarodno iskustvo, prikazano i reviewed in the article is crucial for further development
obrazlagano u članku, presudno je za dalji razvoj i and harmonization with procedures during designing and
usklađivanje s procedurama prilikom projektovanja i construction of underground housing structures.
izgradnje podzemnih stambenih objekata u nas. When the international experience is viewed in the
Kada se međunarodno iskustvo posmatra u svetlu light of qualitative initial reasons for the change of an
kvalitativnih inicijalnih razloga za promenu čitavog skupa entire set of documents related to planning and con-
dokumenata vezanih za planiranje i područja izgradnje, struction areas, one can expect promotion of a more
može se očekivati promocija široko prisutne podzemne widely present underground housing architecture, with
stambene arhitekture, s jednim od primarnih ciljeva one of the primary goals of the present times, which is
sadašnjeg vremena, koji se odnosi na planiranje i planning and construction of individual buildings, but
izgradnju pojedinačnih zgrada, ali i čitavih naselja, u also of entire settlements, where this housing typology
kojima se ova specifična tipologija stambenog prostora can be implemented with an aim of creation of future
može realizovati radi stvaranja budućih energetski energy efficient settlements in the Republic of Serbia.
efikasnih naselja u Republici Srbiji.
Key words: earth-sheltered housing, energy efficient
Ključne reči: podzemno stanovanje, energetski structures, impact of biodiversity, basic impacts on earth-
efikasni objekti, uticaj biodiversiteta, osnovni uticaji na sheltered structures, reduction of negative environmental
podzemne objekte, smanjenje negativnih uticaja impacts.
okruženja.

SAKRALNI OBJEKTI OD DRVETA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
WOODEN SACRAL OBJECTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
STRUČNI RAD
Naida ADEMOVIĆ PROFESSIONAL PAPER
Azra KURTOVIĆ UDK:726.2/.5(497.6)
doi:10.5937/grmk1703061A
Bosna i Hercegovina bogata je šumom s različitim Bosnia and Herzegovina is rich in forests with
listopadnim i crnogoričnim drvećem koje je pogodno za different deciduous and coniferous trees which are
izgradnju konstrukcija, a drvo kao građevinski materijal suitable for construction, and timber as a construction
našlo je svoju masovnu upotrebu u najstarijim periodima. material found its massive usage in the oldest periods of
Brvnara1 je tipični oblik objekta koji je građen ne samo u time. Brvnara1 (Log cabin) is a typical building form
brdskim područjima, nego i u Sloveniji te u zapadnoj i which was built not only in the hilly areas but as well in
centralnoj Srbiji. Nije iznenađujuće da je mnogo crkava Slovenia and in West and Central Serbia. It is of no
brvnara izgrađeno od drveta te da džamije imaju drvene surprise that many of the log cabin churches are made
munare. of wood and that mosques are with wooden minarets.
Istorijski značaj sakralnih drvenih konstrukcija tek je The historical significance of sacral wooden struc-
u skorije vrijeme prepoznat u Evropi, a u Bosni i tures has only recently been recognized in Europe and
Hercegovini u posljednjoj deceniji. U tom smislu, počet- in Bosnia and Herzegovina only in the last decade. In
na tačka jeste prepoznavanje vrijednosti i značaja objek- that respect, the starting point is recognizing the value
ta, te njihovog odgovarajućeg konstrukcijskog ponašanja and significance of structures and then their proper
koji će biti osnova prilikom razmatranja različitih postu- structural behavior which will be the basis for consi-
paka konzervacije i restauracije. Drveni sakralni objekti dering different conservation and restoration approa-
dugi niz godina bili su zapostavljeni i bili su stavljeni na ches. Wooden sacral objects for a long time have been
marginu da budu zaboravljeni. Značaj ovih objekata abandoned and were put on a margin to be forgotten.
prepoznat je tek u posljednjim decenijama što nije bilo The significance of these structures has been recogni-
slučaj prije nekoliko decenija, kada su ovi objekti ili zed in the last decades which was not the case several
rekonstruisani na neadekvatan način (što se još uvijek decades ago, when these structures were either
dešava u pojedinim slučajevima), ili u potpunosti unište- reconstructed in an inappropriate manner (which is still
ni, ili su kao rezultat neodržavanja doživjeli značajno happening in some occasions), or completely destroyed,
propadanje. Nepotrebne popravke veoma često dovode or as a result of non-maintenance they have significantly
do gubljenja istorijskog materijala i kao posljedica gubi deteriorated. Unnecessary repairs very often lead to the
se istorijski karakter i autentična vrijednost naslijeđa. loss of historic material and consequently the loss of
Doc.dr Naida Ademović, dipl.građ.inž. Doc.dr.sci. Naida Ademovic

prof. dr Azra Kurtović, dipl. građ. inž. Prof.dr.sci. Azra Kurtovic
Građevinski fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Patriotske lige Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Sarajevo,
30, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina, Patriotskelige 30, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and
email: naidadem@yahoo.com Herzegovina
Corresponding email: naidadem@yahoo.com
1
1
Typical house in Bosnia and Slavonia, West and Central
Tipična kuća u Bosni i Slavoniji, zapadnoj i centralnoj Srbiji. Serbia.

Dakle, može se konstatovati da nekada neznanje ljudi historic character and loss of authentic value of the
dovodi do gubitka autentičnosti objekata kulturno-isto- heritage. So, it can be stated that sometimes peoples’
rijskog naslijeđa. Nakon utvrđivanja stanja konstrukcije ignorance leads to the loss of authenticity of cultural
na licu mjesta neophodno je izvršiti modeliranje i pro- heritage structures. Once the state of the structure is
račun ovih konstrukcija uzimajući u obzir karakteristike determined on the site it is necessary to make adequate
poprečnog presjeka, uslove veze, te veliki broj nepo- modeling and calculation of these structures taking into
znanica. S obzirom na to što se radi uglavnom o linijskim account section properties, support conditions, and a
elementima drvenih konstrukcija, to može dovesti do vast number of uncertainties has to be taken into
netačne ideje da se radi o jednostavnim elementima što account. Due to the fact that here one is dealing mainly
kao posljedicu može imati neadekvatno modeliranje i with linear elements of the timber structures, it can lead
analize. Ovo je nešto što treba imati na umu. to a false idea of their simplicity, resulting in inadequate
Drveni sakralni objekti koji su preživjeli nisu pre- modelling and analysis. This is something that should be
poznati kao prenos spoznaja o razvoju konstruktivnog kept in mind.
projektovanja i prakse zanatskih radnika. Ali, ovo je u The surviving wooden sacral objects are not
nekim slučajevima dovelo do drugog ekstrema a to je recognized as passing on evidence of the development
„lažiranje” originalnosti konstrukcija. Sakralni objekti kao of structural design and craftsman practice. However,
što su džamije s drvenim munarama i crkve brvnare, bilo this on some occasions has led to the other extreme and
da su pravoslavne ili katoličke, jesu reprezenti drvenih that is "faking" the originality of the structures. Sacral
objekata u Bosni i Hercegovini, koji nisu samo među- objects such as mosques with wooden minarets and log
sobno prepleteni nego su čvrsto povezani stambenom cabin churches either orthodox or catholic are
arhitekturom što ih čini još interesantnijim. Ove kon- representatives of wooden structures in Bosnia and
strukcije imaju zajedničku arhitektonsku stambenu bazu Herzegovina, which are not only interconnected but
a razlikuju se u nekim specifičnim svojstvima. Zajedničke connected by the residential architecture which makes
elemente predstavlja tehnika izvođenja temelja od them even more interesting. These structures have a
drvenih greda, zatim dva načina izvođenja zidova od common architectural residential basis on one hand and
dugačkih brvana, kao i ista konstrukcija krovova, a sve je they still differ is some specific features. The
preuzeto iz domaće tradicije gradnje drvetom. Razlika je construction technique of foundation made out of
jedino u tome što se kod drvenih džamija u Bosni kao wooden beams represent a common feature; two
pokrov primjenjuje samo šindra, a kod crkava sitni drveni possible construction techniques of building walls of long
klis. Ove zajedničke karakteristike mogu se objasniti logs, construction of the roof are the same, and all of this
radom domaćih majstora. U XIX stoljeću domaći majstori is actually taken from the local domestic traditional wood
grade jednostavne crkve bez ukrasa i u tlocrtnom smislu building. The only difference is that mosques with
su jako slične seoskim kućama. wooden minarets in Bosnia use only shingles and
churches use tinny wooden plagues. These common
characteristics can be explained by the works of the
domestic carpentry workers. In the XIX century domestic
workers build simple churches without any decorations
and regarding the layout, they are very similar to the
rural houses.
2 DŽAMIJE S DRVENIM MUNARAMA NA TLU BIH 2 MOSQUES WITH WOODEN MINARETS IN

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Sama lokacija Bosne i Hercegovine, koja je bila It is the position of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located
smještena na perifernom području Osmanskog carstva, in the peripheral region of the Ottoman Empire, that
igrala je značajnu ulogu i imala je veliki uticaj na played an important role and had a great influence on
arhitekturu džamija. Dodatno sveobilje drveta i kamena, the architecture of mosques. Additionally, the abundance
kao i konfiguracija zemljišta i tradicije građenja, imali su of wood and stone, as well as the land configuration and
značajan uticaj. Džamije u Bosni i Hercegovini mogu se the building traditions had a great impact. The mosques
podijeliti u dvije osnovne grupe. Džamije s krovom na in Bosnia and Herzegovina can be divided into two basic
četiri vode s drvenim ili kamenim munarama pred- groups. The mosques with four-sided roofs (broached
stavljaju prvu grupu. Najmanji broj istraživanja posvećen roofs) with wooden or stone minarets represent the first
je ovim konstrukcijama mada one odražavaju tipičnu group. The smallest amount of research was conducted
bosansku arhitekturu i manje se mogu povezati sa on these structures. Even though they reflect the typical
osmanskom a više s lokalnom tradicionalnom arhitek- Bosnian architecture and cannot be entirely connected
turom. Zasvođene džamije predstavljaju drugu grupu, pri to the Ottoman architecture but to the local traditional
čemu one nisu mnogobrojne (iz registra iz 1933. godine architecture. The domed mosques form the second
samo 3.2% predstavlja ovu vrstu konstrukcija), međutim, group, which are not so numerous (from 1933 registry
propraćene su značajnim istraživanjima zbog svoje only 3.2% were these type of structures); however major
veličine ili monumentalnog izgleda. Ove objekte karak- research has been done due to their size or monumental
terizira tzv. osmanska arhitektura [1], [2], koja za objekte appearance. These structures are characterized by the
u BiH podrazumijeva pojednostavljenu matematičku so-called Ottoman architecture [1], [2], which for the

kompleksnost geometrijskog sklada osmanske imperije, buildings in B&H implies the simplified mathematical
ali i zadržanu tradicionalnost zasnovanu na stambenoj complexity having a geometrical harmony of the
arhitekturi bosanskog prostora. Interesantno je primjetiti Ottoman Empire, but retained its traditionalism based on
da su najpriznatije džamije, kojima su posvećena the residential architecture of the Bosnian territory. It is
značajna istraživanja, one zasvođene, tj. s kupolama [1], interesting to note that mostly recognized and inve-
[2], iako brojčano nisu zastupljene u velikom broju. stigated were domed mosques [1], [2] even though
Donekle se može razumijeti da su ove vrste džamija bile numerically they are non-numerous. From the archi-
najinteresantnije za istraživanja sa arhitektonskog tectural aspect, it is to a certain extent understandable
gledišta; međutim, nezainteresiranost za džamije s that these types of mosques were the most interesting
drvenim munarama ne može se prihvatiti jer iz istorijskog for research; however, the lack of interest for the
aspekta, aspekta zaštite, kao i stručno-građevinskog mosques with wooden minarets cannot be accepted
gledišta, ove konstrukcije predstavljaju integralni dio because from the historical, preservation and engine-
urbanog i ruralnog okruženja Bosne i Hercegovine već ering aspect of view, these structures are an integral part
više od pet stoljeća. of urban and rural environment of Bosnia and Herze-
Bosna i Hercegovina specifična je po broju džamija s govina already for more than five centuries.
drvenim munarama, preostalih iz doba osmanske Bosnia and Herzegovina is specific regarding the
imperije u odnosu na ostala područja zapadnog Balkana. number of mosques with wooden minarets remaining
Međutim, ove vrste džamija bile su neprimjetne i na from the Ottoman Empire in respect to other areas of the
neki način ostale su u sjeni monumentalnih džamija, a Western Balkans.
nazivane su „drvenim” ili „ruralnim” džamijama. Ipak, However, these types of mosques were rather un-
postojalo je veoma mnogo ovih objekata koji su bili noticed and in a way stayed in the shadow of monu-
smješteni ne samo u malim mjestima nego i u gradovima mental mosques, and were referred to as “timber” or
kao što su Sarajevo, Tuzla, Banja Luka i tako dalje, te “rural” mosques. Yet, these types of structures were
svakako zaslužuju pažnju kao kulturno-istorijski numerous, and placed not only in the small "rural" places
spomenici. but in cities like Sarajevo, Tuzla, Banja Luka etc. and
Češki arhitekt Josef Pospíšil bio je prvi koji je priznao they indeed deserve attention as cultural heritage
arhitektonsku vrijednost ovih objekata, a radio je u monuments.
Sarajevu od 1908. do 1918. godine i istraživao kulturno Czech Architect Josef Pospíšil was the first one who
naslijeđe u Bosni. Do 1990. godine u Bosni su postojale acknowledged the architectural value of these struc-
992 džamije, i od toga 770 (77,6%) bilo je s drvenim tures. He worked in Sarajevo from 1908 to 1918 and
munarama, 186 (18,7%) s kamenim munarama i 36 conducted research on cultural heritage in Bosnia. Until
(3,6%) bez munara, kao karakterističnog arhitektonskog 1990 in Bosnia there were 992 mosques, and from that
obilježja. S druge strane, u Hercegovini je ukupno bilo 770 (77,6%) were with wooden minarets, 186 (18,7%)
128 džamija, a od toga samo 16 (2,5%) s drvenim with stone minarets and 36 (3,6%) without minarets, as a
munarama, 73 (57%) s kamenim munarama i 39 (30%) characteristic architectural feature. On the other hand, in
bez munara [3]. Prema tome, u Bosni i Hercegovini 70% Herzegovina, there were in total 128 mosques, and from
od svih džamija predstavljaju džamije s drvenim that, only 16 (12,5%) with a wooden minaret, 73 (57%)
munarama. Najveći broj džamija s drvenim munarama with stone and 39 (30%) without minaret[3]. So, in
bio je u Banjalučkom muftijstvu2, 307 (40%), zatim u Bosnia and Herzegovina, 70% of all the mosques were
Sarajevskom muftijstvu, 254 (33%), dok ih je najmanje with wooden minarets. Most of the mosques with the
bilo u Tuzlanskom muftijstvu – 205 (27%). wooden minarets were in Banja Luka muftiate2 307
(40%), then in Sarajevo muftiate 254 (33%), while the
smallest was in Tuzla muftiate 205 (27%).
2.1 Osnova konstrukcije objekta džamije s drvenim 2.1 The layout of the mosque with wooden
munarama minarets
U konceptualnom smislu postoje dva tipa džamija s Conceptually mosques with wooden minarets in
drvenim munarama u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prva vrsta Bosnia and Herzegovina are of two types. The first type
džamija su džamije s jednim prostorom za molitvu, a is mosques with a single-space room for prayer and the
drugi tip su džamije sa stubovima kao posebnim second type is mosques with the pillars as a specific
konstruktivnim elementima unutar džamije. Površina construction element inside the mosque. The area of the
džamija je različita i kreće se od malih, sa 25 m2 osnove mosques is various from very small ones, of 25 m2in
do velikih koje dostižu 460 m2. layouts, to the biggest ones reaching 460 m2.
Tipična konstrukcija džamije s jednim prostorom A typical construction of a mosque with a single
prikazana je na slici 1. Uobičajeno je da krov na četiri space is shown in Figure 1. Usually, the four-sided roof
vode pokriva sofu3 izgrađenu od drvenih stubova i covers the sofa3 made of wooden pillars and the space
2 2
Administrativno teritorijalno područje koje je pod nadzorom Is an administrative territorial entity under the supervision of
muftije. a mufti.
3
3
Istureni dio u vidu balkona. put out a part like a balcony.

Slika 1. 3D izgled džamije s drvenom munarom i tlocrt tipične džamije s jednim prostorom [3]
Figure 1. 3D view of a mosque with a wooden minaret and layout of a typical mosque with single space[3]
mjesto za molitvu koje je ili kvadratno ili pravougaono u for prayer is either square or rectangular in plan. A large
osnovi. Pored korištenja različitih materijala za izgradnju number of variations regarding the inner positioning of
i arhitektonskih oblika ovih elemenata, razvio se veliki different religious elements has been developed in
broj mogućnosti rasporeda različitih religioznih eleme- addition to the usage of different materials for
nata. Stari krovovi u Bosni su uglavnom pokriveni construction and architectural features of these ele-
drvenom šindrom, kao dijelom tradicionalne arhitekture, ments. The old roofs in Bosnia were usually covered
a koji su kasnije u XIX stoljeću zamijenjeni crijepom. with wooden shingles, as a part of the traditional
Međutim, u Hercegovini, krovni pokrivači su od kamenih architecture, and later on, in the 19th century replaced by
ploča/šindri, što je rešenje direktno povezano s tiles. However, in Hercegovina, the roofs were covered
podnebljem i tradicijom. with stone plates, which is directly connected to the
Ovo je karakteristika bosanske islamske arhitekture geographical area and tradition.
koja je široko rasprostranjena u gradovima i selima. This is a characteristic of Bosnian Islamic architec-
Interesantna je činjenica da je u Sarajevu i Tuzli više od ture which is widely spread in towns and villages. An
50% džamija ovog tipa, dok je u Travniku više od 66%, a interesting fact is that in Sarajevo and Tuzla, more than
u Banja Luci više od 75%. U Bosanskoj Krajini skoro sve 50% of the mosques are of this type, while in Travnik
džamije su s drvenim munarama. more than 66% and in Banja Luka more than 75%. In
Interesantno je naznačiti da je kod džamija s drvenim Bosanska Krajina almost all mosques are with wooden
munarama naglasak bio na formiranju što većeg pros- minarets.
tora za molitvu a ne na monumentalnosti konstrukcije. U It is interesting to state that the emphasis lies in
tom smislu, položaj mujezinskog mahfila4 određen je creating as large space as possible for the prayer and
tako da se minimizira upotreba građe i da se obezbijedi not on the monumentality of the structure. In this respect
što veći prostor za molitvu. U Sulejmaniji džamiji u the position of the Müezzinmahfili4, is formed in a way to
Travniku, mujezinski mahfil je izgrađen duž tri zida (slika use minimum construction elements and obtain maxi-
2) ali ova džamija je s kamenom munarom, kao i džamija mum space for the prayer. In Sujelmanpashic mosque in
u Bužimu (2.2.4.). Travnik, Müezzinmahfili is constructed along three walls
Zidovi džamije s drvenim munarama napravljeni su (Figure 2) but it has a stone minaret, as well as the
od različitih materijala koji su bili korišteni prilikom mosque in Bužim(section 2.2.4.).
izgradnje stambenih objekata, od drveta, čerpića do ka- The walls of the mosques with wooden minarets are
mena. Ista filozofija je korištena i kod starih crkava made of different materials which have been used for the
brvnara (poglavlje 3). Kod džamija s drvenim munarama construction of residential buildings, from timber, adobe
najzanimljiviji je način oslanjanja drvenih munara na drvene to stone. The same philosophy was used for the old log
tavanice, tj. njihova veza s njima, kakva im je kon- cabin churches (chapter 3). The most interesting feature
strukcija, ukrućenja i visina munare u odnosu na dio for the mosques with wooden minarets is the way the
objekta koji je predviđen za molitvu. Drvene munare wooden minarets are supported by the wooden ceilings,
mogu biti oslonjene na mujezinski mahfil, prislonjene uz i.e. their connection to them, their structure type, stif-
džamiju, s tim što je drvena munara postavljena na feners and the height of the minaret in relation to the part
kameni postament koji ima visinu zidanog dijela objekta of the object intended for prayer. Wooden minarets can
(npr. stara džamija sa haremom u Špionici Donjoj kod rest on the Müezzinmahfili, be aligned to the mosque,
4 4
Posebno uzdignuti prostor/platforma u džamiji, obično Is a special raised platform in a mosque, usually opposite the
smještena nasuprot položaja munare. minaret.

Slika 2. Sulejmanija džamija u Travniku – poznata kao Šarena džamija [4]
Figure 2. Sulejmanpashic mosque in Travnik-known as “The colorful mosque”[4]
Srebrenika). Visina drvenih munara uglavnom se kreće with a wooden minaret set on a stone construction that
od 7 do oko 20 metara. Tijelo drvene munare veoma has the height of the masonry part of the building (e.g.
često je dvanaestrostrano, što odgovara broju stavaka u the old mosque with a harem in ŠpionicaDonja near
pozivu na molitvu koje mujezin izgovara s munare. Srebrenik). The height of the wooden minarets varies
Konstrukcija drvenog krovišta koju čine rogovi (12x13 from 7up to approximately 20 meters. The body of the
cm) postavljeni na međurazmacima od cca 90 cm i wooden minaret is very often twelve-sized, which
grebene grede, oslanja se na podrožnice (rubnu gredu corresponds to the number of mosque-goers in the call
vjenčanicu i središnju podrožnicu). Podrožnice se for pray that the Müezzin pronounces from the minaret.
oslanjaju na višestruke uspravne stolice (stubove cca The structure of the wooden roofing is made of rafters
13x13 cm). Stubovi stolice, na visini od cca 1,20-1,30 m (12x13 cm) placed at a distance of cca 90 cm and the
(mjereno od poda tavana) ukrućeni su s kliještima ridge beams which is placed on purlin (tie beam and
2x8/10 cm, a same stolice se oslanjaju na vezne grede central rafter).Rafters are placed on multiple upright
(presjeka cca 16x16 cm), postavljene u podužnom constructions (pillars approximately 13x13 cm). The
pravcu. Unakrsno u odnosu na vezne grede, a s njihove pillars are at a height of approx. 1,20-1,30 m (measured
donje strane, pričvršćene su na osovinskim from the floor of the attic), stiffened with pins 2x8 / 10
međurazmacima od cca 90 cm, stropne grede. No, cm, and the upright construction is supported by the
svaka džamija ima svoje specifičnosti. Materijali i tehnike connecting beams (cross section approximately 16x16
gradnje isti su kao i za stambene objekte [5]. cm), placed in the longitudinal direction. In relation to the
connecting beams, and from their bottom, they are
attached to the axle spacing of approximately 90 cm,
ceiling beams. But each mosque has its own
specificities. The materials, construction techniques are
the same as for residential architecture [5].
Slika 3. Karta rasporeda objekata od drveta, čerpića i kamena [5]

Figure 3. Map of wooden, adobe and stone houses [5]

Na karti na sjevernom dijelu (slika 3) kuće su On the map shown in figure 3, the houses in the
izgrađene od čerpića [5]. Centralni dio zemlje je bio, i još northern part are made of adobe [5]. The central part of
uvijek jeste bogat drvetom, što je rezultiralo da su kuće u the country was rich and still is, in the wood making,
ovom području izgrađene od drveta, dok su u južnom which resulted in numerous houses made of wood, while
dijelu, u Hercegovini, kuće uglavnom izgrađene od in the southern part, Herzegovina, houses were mainly
kamena. Čerpić se takođe nalazi u centralnom dijelu made of stone. Adobe is as well seen in the central part
zemlje i u velikom broju slučajeva zamijenio je objekte of the country and in many occasions replaced the
od drveta u centralnom dijelu, ili je napravljena wooden building in the central part, or a combination has
kombinacija u obliku bondruka. Ovo sve upućuje na been made in the form of “bondruk” construction. This all
karakteristike džamija u pojedinim područjima. points to the characteristics of the mosques in certain
areas.
2.2 Primjeri džamija s drvenim munarama 2.2 Examples of mosques with wooden minarets
2.2.1 Sarajevo: Golobrdica džamija 2.2.1 Sarajevo: Golobrdica Mosque

5
Mahala gdje je smještena džamija prvi put se The mahala5 where this mosque is located is
spominje u 1528. godini, što znači da je džamija mentioned for the first time in 1528, meaning that the
izgrađena nekoliko godina ranije, jer su prvo izgrađivane mosque was built before that year, as the mosques were
džamije a onda su okolo formirana naselja. Radi se o built initially and then the settlements were formed
jednoprostornoj džamiji unutarnjih dimenzija 9,80x7,40 around it. It is one space mosque having inner
m. Munara je napravljena bez stubova. Specifičnost ove dimensions of 9,80x7,40 m. The minaret is made without
munare je da se ona oslanja na mujezinski mahfil. pillars. The specific feature of this minaret is that it is
Godine 1982. na samoinicijativu građana koji idu u ovu supported by the müezzinmahfili. In 1982, as a self-
džamiju, munara je pomjerena na prethodno priprem- initiated intervention by the local people going to the
ljene temelje na sjeverni vanjski zid džamije, i na taj mosque, the minaret was moved to a prepared founda-
način poremećena je autentičnost džamije. Ova inter- tion on the northern outer wall of the mosque, thus
vencija je ugrozila jednu od rijetko očuvanih specifičnih disrupting its authentic appearance of the mosque. This
munara grada Sarajeva, munara koja je bila smještena intervention jeopardized one of the rarely preserved
unutar konstrukcije krova i koja se oslanjala na specific minarets of the city of Sarajevo, a minaret that
mujezinski mahfil. Ovo je jasan pokazatelj neadekvatnih was placed inside the roof structure and supported on
intervencija na povijesnim spomenicima i u suprotnosti je the müezzinmahfili. This is a clear indication of inade-
s Venecijanskom konvencijom [6]. quate intervention on the historical monuments and is
Tokom rekonstrukcije munare džamije, jedan od contradictory with the Venice-Charter [6].
osnovnih zadataka bio je da se munara povrati u During the reconstruction of the mosque's minaret,
prvobitni položaj, tako da se džamiji vrati njen autentičan one of the basic tasks was to restore the minaret to the
izgled [6]. Nakon demontaže jednog dijela tavanice original position, so that the mosque would return its
krova kao i dijela konstrukcije mahfila, a na osnovu authentic appearance[6]. After disassembly of one part
vidljivih ostataka, ustanovljen je autentičan položaj of the roof ceiling, as well as part of the mahfil structure,
munare (slika 4). Munara (visine 7 metara) vraćena je na and on the basis of the visible remains, an authentic
prvobitno mjesto, u unutrašnjost džamije, na mujezinski position of the minaret was established (Figure 4). The
mahfil (slika 4). Ovaj posao je izvršen 2009. godine [7]. minaret (of 7 meters height) was returned to the original
Jedna od karakteristika sarajevskih džamija s place, inside the mosque, on the müezzinmahfili (Figure
drvenim munarama jeste blago nagnuti krov kojem je 4). This work was done in 2009 [7].
kao pokrivač najpogodniji bio ćeremit. Za razliku od One of the characteristics of Sarajevo’s mosques
sarajevskog tipa, drugom tipu džamije s drvenom with wooden minarets is a slightly sloping roof, which
munarom pripadaju objekti strmih krovnih ravni, s was the most suitable roof cover. Contrary to the
drvenim pokrovom. Osim razlika u krovu, njihove Sarajevo-type, the second type of the mosque with a
munare imaju manje istaknute galerije s višim wooden minaret belongs to the objects with steep roofs,
parapetom, prema tome s manjim otvorom. Ovoj grupi with a wooden lid. Apart from the differences in the roof,
pripadaju džamije u Tuzli. their minarets have a less prominent gallery with a
higher parapet therefore with a smaller opening.
Mosques in Tuzla region belong to this group.
5
5
Znači „susjedstvo” ili „četvrt”, dio ruralnog ili urbanog naselja, Means "neighborhood" or "quarter", a section of a rural or
datira iz vremena Osmanskog carstva. urban settlement, dating to the times of the Ottoman Empire.

Slika 4. Džamija Golobrdica Sarajevo i oslanjanje drvene munare na mujezinski mahfil,
izgradnja drvene munare 2009, te unutrašnjost objekta [7]
Figure 4. Golobrdica Mosque in Sarajevo and placement of the wooden minaret on the müezzinmahfili construction of
the wooden minaret in 2009,–interior of the structure[7]
2.2.2 Tuzla: Džamija Husein Čauša 2.2.2. Tuzla region: Hussein Čauš’s Mosque
Jedna od najstarijih džamija u Tuzli je džamija One of the oldest mosques in Tuzla is Hussein Čauš
Husein Čauša ili Džindijska džamija koja je prikazana na mosques or Džindia mosque which is shown in Figure 5
slici 5 [8]. Ona se prvi put spominje u 1701. godini. Iako [8]. It was mentioned for the first time in 1701. Even
je bila zatvorena u nekoliko navrata zbog slijeganja though it had been closed on several occasions because
zemljišta i renoviranja (u periodu 1863–1864. godine, of soil settlement and renovations (in 1863-64 as well as
kao i 1961. godine), zadržala je svoj prvobitni oblik. in 1961), it has retained its original appearance.
Statistički podaci pokazuju da ova džamija predstavlja Statistics show that this mosque is one of the rare
jedan od rijetkih sačuvanih primjera džamija sagrađenih surviving examples of mosques built of wood in the
od drveta u islamskom svijetu. Nalazi se u zoni s Islamic world. It is located in the zone with the most
najintenzivnijim slijeganjem terena u Tuzli, koje je intensive settlement of the terrain in Tuzla, which is well
poznato po prirodnim izvorima soli – bunari soli. Ovo je known by the natural salt wells. This is a typical mahala
tipična mahalska džamija, s jednom prostorijom za mosque, with one room for praying, dimensions
molitvu, dimenzija 6,3x7,2 m, s drvenom munarom i 16 6,3x7,2m, with a wooden minaret and 16 windows.
prozora. Pravokutnog je oblika i s veoma dekorativnim Rectangular in shape and with a highly decorative
drvenim vratima. Ona je građena od čerpića i pokrivena wooden door. It is built of adobe and covered with a
visokim krovom s pokrovom od šindre, dok je okvir oko steep wooden roof, while the frame around the door has
vrata izgrađen od kamena krede (cretaceous). been constructed by cretaceous stone. It is interesting to
Zanimljivo je napomenuti da se gornji dio iznad sofe note that the upper part beyond the sofa rests on eight
oslanja na osam drvenih stubova, čije rezbarenje wooden posts, whose carving represents the work of the
predstavlja rad lokalnih majstora. local craftsman.

Slika 5. Tlocrt džamije i izgled džamije Husein Čauša u Tuzli [3], [9]
Figure 5. Layout and view of the Hussein Čauš’s Mosque in Tuzla[3], [9]
2.2.3 Područje Tuzle: Atik džamija u Ćivi 2.2.3. Tuzla region: Atik Mosque in Ćiva
Već sredinom druge polovine XX stoljeća lokalno It was already in the mid-second half of the 20th
stanovništvo Gornje Spreče u blizini Tuzle znalo je za century that the local citizens of the Upper Spreča near
postojanje ove džamije i da je već u to vrijeme bila stara Tuzla known about the existence of this mosque and at
300 godina. Na turskom „atik” znači „stari” [3]. Prije četiri the time it was already 300 years old. In Turkish “Atik"
desetljeća stručnjaci sa Arhitektonskog fakulteta u means "old"[3].Four decades ago experts from the
Sarajevu sproveli su istraživanje o arhitektonskim karak- Faculty of Architecture in Sarajevo conducted research
teristikama Atik džamije. Pokazano je da je napravljena on the architectural characteristics of the Atik mosque. It
kao bondruk konstrukcija [10]. Tlocrtne dimenzije was shown that it was made by bondruk construction
džamije su 8,1x8,4 m. Interesantno je da kao i džamija [10]. Layout dimensions of the mosque are 8,1x8,4m. It
Husein Čauša ima sređenu kompoziciju sa 16 prozora. is interesting that this mosque has a composition of 16
Karakteristika poligonalne munare (visine osam metara) windows the same as Hussein Čaušmosque. The
ove džamije jeste da je opšivena drvenim daskama u characteristic of the polygonal minaret is its coverage
„riblja kost” rasporedu, što doprinosi njenoj nosivosti i with “zig-zag” wooden planks, which contributes to its
povećanju krutosti i stabilnosti (slika 6). Džamija je resistance and increase its stiffness and stability (Figure
obnovljena u dva navrata: 1996. i 1997-1998. godine. 6). The mosque was reconstructed in two occasions
Trenutno je u proceduri da bude proglašena nacionalnim 1996 and in 1997-1998. Currently, it is in the process to
spomenikom pod zaštitom na nivou Bosne i become a national monument under the protection of
Hercegovine. Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Slika 6. Atik džamija u Ćivi, detalj opšivanja munare [10] i tlocrt [3]
Figure 6. Atik mosque in Ćiva, detail of the diagonal wooden planks [10] and layout [3]
2.2.4 Područje Bihaća: Džamija u Bužimu 2.2.4 Bihać region: Mosque in Bužim
Džamija u Bužimu (slika 7) najveća je drvena The mosque in Bužim (Figure 7) is the biggest
džamija u Bosni i Hercegovini, a najvjerovatnije i u wooden mosque in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and most
Evropi. Nalazi se u Bužimu, malom gradiću koji je nakon probably in Europe. It is located in Bužim, a small town
Bihaća bio najveća utvrda u Krajini. U stanju u kojem se which after Bihać was the largest fortification in Krajina.
nalazi danas, smatra se da je obnovljena 1838. godine As it stands today, it is believed that it has been
[11]. Na osnovu ovoga može se zaključiti da je džamija reconstructed in 1838[11]. On the basis of this, it can be
još starija, međutim, iz natpisa se ne može zaključiti concluded that the mosque is even older, however, from
kakva vrsta restauratorskih radova je izvršena [12]. Na the inscriptions it cannot be concluded what kind of
mezarju u džamiju najstariji grob datira iz 1856. godine restoration works took place [12]. In the cemetery within
[13]. the mosque, the oldest grave dates from 1856 [13].
Slika 7. Džamija u Bužimu [3]

Figure 7. Bužim mosque [3]

Ovo je najveća džamija ovog tipa, dimenzija 18x14 m This is the biggest mosque of this type, having
i visine 5 m, a visina munare iznosi 17.2 metara. Ukupna dimensions of 18 x 14 m and a height of 5 m, while the
površina iznosi 414 m2. Zanimljivo je napomenuti da je minaret’s height is 17.2 meters. The total area is 414 m2.
džamija napravljena od vrlo rijetke vrste hrasta lužnjaka, It is interesting to note that the mosque is made of a very
koja raste u ovom području u blizini granice s Repu- rare type of oak, “quercusrobur”, which grows in this
blikom Hrvatskom, a ono što je dodatno zanimljivo jeste region near the border with the Republic of Croatia, and
da tokom izgradnje nisu korišteni ekseri niti bilo kakva what is additionally interesting is that during the
druga vrsta metalnih spajala. Kruta veza je napravljena construction no nails or any type of metallic connections
sa usjecima i drvenim klinovima (vidi sliku 7). were used.A rigid connection is made with cuttings and
Dodatna karakteristika koja čini ovu džamiju wooden wedges (see Figure 7).
jedinstvenom jesu redovi stubova (slika 7). Džamije s An additional feature which makes this mosque
redovima drvenih stubova vrlo su rijetke i nastale su iz unique are rows of columns (Figure 7). Mosques with
anadolskih seldžučkih velikih džamija (Ulu Cami), među rows of wooden piles are very rare and are derived from
kojima su najvažnije Eşrefoğlu džamija u Beyşehiru the Anatolian Seljuk Great mosques (Ulu Cami), among
izgrađena 1296-99. godine sa sedam redova drvenih which, the most important, theEşrefoğlu Cami in
stubova i Ahi Elvan džamija u Ankari s tri reda drvenih Beyşehir built1296-99 with seven rows of wooden poles
stubaca [14], sagrađena 1382. godine na kosim and Ahi Elvan Cami (Ahi Elvan Mosque) in Ankara with
stijenama s jednostavnom fasadom. Ovi stubovi three rows of wooden columns [14], built in 1382 on a
pripadaju rimskom i vizantijskom periodu. Ahi Elvan sloping rock with a simple façade. These columns
džamija obnovljena je 1413. godine. Njena fino belong to the Roman and Byzantine periods. Ahi Elvan
izrezbarena ograda od hrasta odražava karakteristike Mosque was restored in 1413. Its finely carved walnut-
seldžučke tradicije gradnje drvetom. timber(pulpit) reflects the characteristics of the Seljuk
Eşrefoğlu džamija je pravougaonog tlocrta sa oko wood tradition.
29.25 metara u pravcu istok-zapad i 43.9 metra u pravcu Eşrefoğlumosque has a rectangular plan of roughly
sjever-jug s bruto unutarnjim prostorom od 1187 m2 u 29.25 meters east to west and 43.9 meters north to
prizemlju. Ovo je čini najvećom drvenom džamijom. Krov south with a gross interior area of 1187 square meters
džamije je podržan sa šest redova stubova koji su on the ground floor. This makes it the largest of the
postavljeni okomito na zid kible, pri čemu se u svakom remaining wooden hypostyle mosques. The mosque’s
redu nalazi sedam redova drvenih stubova. Postoje roof is supported by six rows of columns perpendicular
ukupno četrdeset dva stuba [14], slika 8. Drveni stubovi to the kibla wall, with seven ranks of columns in each
su od kedrovine i prema usmenim predanjima bili su row. There is a total of forty-two columns [14], picture 8.
potopljeni u jezero Beyşehir šest mjeseci prije no što su The wooden pillars are made of cedarwood and
upotrijebljeni za izgradnju. Dvadeset dva stuba su according to folk tales were immersed in the lake
ortogonalnog oblika, dok je jedan stub dekagon a 19 je Beyşehir for six months before they were used for
kružnog oblika. Visina stubova iznosi 7.5 metara dok construction. Twenty-two pillars are orthogonal, while
poprečni presjek varira od 0.40 m do 0.45 m. Kaptoli one pillar is decagonal, and 19 are of circular cross
stubova imaju tzv. kalemişi ručno izgravirane ornamente. section. The height of the pillars is 7.5 meters, while the
Ovi ornamenti su crvene, plave i krem boje. Džamija cross section varies from 0.40 m to 0.45 m. Pillar
stara preko 700 godina, kao drvena džamija, opstala je capitols have the so-called "kalemişi" hand-drawn
zahvaljujući „sniježnoj jami” koja se nalazi u sredini ornaments. These ornaments are red, blue and cream
džamije. Prema predanjima sniježna jama se popu- colors. The mosque over 700 years old, as a wooden
njavala snijegom sa okolnih planina. Usljed postepenog mosque, survived thanks to the "snow cave" which is
topljenja snijega omogućavano je u toku toplih mjeseci located in the middle of the mosque. According to the
Slika 8. Eşrefoğlu džamija u Beyşehiru [14]

Figure 8. EşrefoğluMosque in Beyşehir [14]

da se unutrašnjost objekta hladi i da se obezbijedi folk tales, the snow pit was filled with snow from the
potrebna vlažnost drvene konstrukcije. Nakon XIV surrounding mountains. Due to gradual snow melting, it
stoljeća nema podataka o izgradnji ovakvih džamija. was possible during the warm months to cool the interior
Džamije s redovima stubova pripadaju tzv. starijem tipu i of the building and to provide the necessary humidity of
prestale su da se grade kada su Turci usvojili tip džamije the wooden structure. After the XIV century, there was
zasnovan na vizantijskim crkvama, naročito nešto no data on the construction of such mosques. The
kasnije kada je uzor postala Sveta Sofija. mosques with rows of columns belong to the so-called
Stubovi u džamiji u Bužimu protežu se od podruma older type I, and they have ceased to be built when the
kroz cijelu konstrukciju do krova [3], što se jasno može Turks adopted a type of mosque based on Byzantine
vidjeti na slici 7. Kada se uporede ove džamije, churches, especially a little later when Hagia Sophia
evidentno je da u džamiji u Bužimu stubovi nisu became a role model.
ravnomjerno raspoređeni kao u slučaju navedenih Columns in Bužim mosque extend from the base-
džamija u Turskoj. Džamija u Bužimu je proglašena ment throughout the entire structure to the roof [3], which
nacionalnim spomenikom 2003. godine [12]. can be clearly seen in Figure 7.When comparing these
Konstrukcija džamije u Bužimu je sistem s nosivim mosques it is evident that in Bužim the pillars are not
zidovima, izrađen od drvenih talpi debljine 7 cm i visine uniformly distributed as in the case of above-mentioned
25 cm, vertikalno užljebljenih u drvene stubove mosques in Turkey. The mosque in Bužim was declared
dimenzija 21x21 cm i 24x24 cm. Zidovi u unutrašnjosti a national monument in 2003 [12].
su fiksni sa spregovima dimenzija 12x12 cm. Temelj je The structure of the Bužim mosques is a load
izrađen od drvenih greda 21x21 cm, koji se nalaze na bearing wall system, made of wood planks 7cm thick
kamenoj podlozi [12]. Izgled džamije je prilično and 25 cm height, vertically grooved into wooden poles
jedinstven i ne postoji sličan tip džamije u cijeloj Bosni i having dimensions 21x21 and 24x24 cm. The walls
Hercegovini. inside are fixed with braces of dimensions 12 x 12 cm.
Džamija je nekoliko puta rekonstruisana [3,12]. Po The foundation is made of wooden beams 21 x 21 cm,
prvi put 1937. godine, gotovo stotinu godina nakon njene which are placed onto the stone backing[12]. The layout
izgradnje. Tada je krov uklonjen i promijenjen iz šindre u of the mosque is rather unique and there is no similar
crijep. Osim toga, munara je skraćena, te je šerefet6 iz type of mosque in the entire Bosnia and Herzegovina.
zatvorene galerije pretvoren u otvoreni, u orijentalnom The mosque was reconstructed several times [3,11].
stilu, i na taj način podsjeća na stare kamene osmanske For the first time in 1937, almost a hundred years after
džamije. Sa stanovišta Venecijanske povelje [6], ovaj vid its construction. At this time the roof was removed and
konstrukcijske realizacije je nešto što je uistinu changed from shingle to tiles. In addition, the minaret
promijenilo karakteristike džamije. was shortened, and Şeref6 from the closed galleries
Najspecifičnija restauracija izvršena je 1960-ih transformed into an open, oriental style, recalling the old
godina, kada je čitava džamija podignuta iznad temelja. stone Ottoman mosque. Looking now at the Venice-
Ovo je bilo neophodno radi zamjene dotrajale grede – Charter [6], this kind of structural changes is something
tzv. jastuci koji su bili u temeljima - i da se sazida zid that truly changed the features of the mosque.
ispod drvene konstrukcije. Kao što je izjavio lokalni The most specific restoration was done in the 1960s
imam, rekonstrukcija se dogodila tokom nekoliko mjeseci when the entire mosque was lifted from the ground
i za to vrijeme, što je prilično zanimljivo, molitve su up.This was needed because it was necessary to
obavljane u džamiji. Nakon što su novi temelji replace the worn-out beams, so-called pillows that were
napravljeni, džamija je, bez izazivanja bilo kakvih in the foundations, and to construct a wall under the
oštećenja, ponovo vraćena na temelje. wooden structure. As stated by the local imam, the
Tokom 1980. godine, konstrukcija je ponovo obnov- reconstruction took place over several months and
ljena i kao unutrašnja obloga je postavljena lamperija during that time, which is quite interesting, the prayers
unutar džamije. Kada se referira na Venecijansku were performed in the mosque. After the new
povelju [6] i ICOMOS [15] ovo je prilično upitno, jer je to foundations were made, the mosque was restored to the
značajno promijenilo unutarnji izgled konstrukcije. foundations without causing any damage.
Generalno, nema pisanih podataka kada su izgra- During 1980 the structure was again renovated and
đene najstarije drvene džamije u Bosni i Hercegovini, now wooden paneling was done inside the mosque.
već se znanje prenosi s generacije na generaciju i When referring to Venice-Charte [6] and ICOMOS [15]
povezano je s početkom osmanske uprave. Općenito this is rather questionable, as this significantly changed
govoreći, džamije posjeduju sve arhitektonske karakte- the inner view of the structure.
ristike stambene kuće: od načina gradnje, građevinskih Generally, there is no written data when were the
detalja do oblika i forme krova. Ova vrsta gradnje vidljiva oldest wooden mosques built in Bosnia and Herze-
je u nekim starim kućama u Krajini (sjevernoj Bosni), te govina, but by the knowledge passed from generation to
na putu iz Sarajeva prema Vlasenici (istočna Bosna). U generation, it is connected to the beginning of the
Karićima džamija je izgrađena kao brvnara, što se Ottoman administration. Generally speaking these mos-
povezuje sa crkvama (poglavlje 3). ques have all architectural characteristics of a residential
house: from the construction method, construction
details up to the shape and the form of the roof. This kind
6 6
Prošireni dio munare, vrsta galerije. Enlarged part of the minaret, a kind of gallery.

of construction is seen in some old houses in Krajina
(northern Bosnia), and along the road from Sarajevo to
Vlasenica (eastern Bosnia). In Karići the mosque is built
as a log cabin, which is a connection to the churches
(Chapter 3).
3 CRKVE BRVNARE NA TLU BOSNE I 3 LOG CABIN CHURCHES IN BOSNIA AND

HERCEGOVINE HERZEGOVINA
Pored džamija, sakralne konstrukcije napravljene od Besides mosques, sacral structures made out of
drva specifične za ovu regiju su tzv. crkve brvnare wood which is specific for this region are so called log
(talpare) jer brvnare upućuju na oblu građu, a talpare na cabin churches. The origin of log cabin buildings in
tesanu pravougaonu. Porijeklo brvnara u Bosni i Bosnia and Herzegovina, being used as homes, or
Hercegovini, koje se koriste kao kuće, ili bogomolje, u places of worship, is associated with the primordial
vezi je s prvobitnom domovinom Slovena, karpatskom homeland of Slavs, the Carpathian regions famous for
regijom poznatom po svojim gustim šumama. Sloveni su their dense forests. Slavs probably brought the idea of a
vjerovatno donijeli ideju o brvnari u zemlje koje su log cabin with them to the lands that they inhabited and
naseljavali i koje su također bogate šumama, brvnare se which was also rich in forests, log cabins are found in
nalaze u Rusiji i Poljskoj, kao i na čitavom Balkanu. Russia and Poland, and entire Balkans. Of course, the
Naravno, pojava ovih brvnara je vrlo različita, zbog appearance of these log cabins is very different, due to
dominantnih društveno-historijskih i kulturnih odnosa u socio-historical and cultural relations predominant in
određenim područjima [16]. certain areas [16].
Prvi pisani dokazi o kapelama, drvenim crkvama i The first written evidence of chapels, wooden
zvonicima datiraju iz hronike kneževskog perioda X churches, and bell towers date back to the chronicles of
stoljeća u Ukrajini. Više od 800 crkava je izgrađeno u the princely period of the 10th century in Ukraine. More
Norveškoj, Skandinaviji, Francuskoj, Njemačkoj i than 800 churches were built in Norway, Scandinavia,
nekoliko u Engleskoj. Većina je izgrađena u periodu France, Germany and several in England. Most of them
širenja hrišćanstva u cijeloj Evropi. Period izgradnje were built during the period of spreading Christianity
drvenih crkava počeo je u tim zemljama. throughout Europe. A period of building wooden
Drvene crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini su različitog tipa churches started in those countries.
hramova i dijela narodnog stvaralaštva. U Bosni i Wooden churches in Bosnia and Herzegovina are a
Hercegovini danas postoji oko 30 crkava pravoslavne distinct type of temples and part of folk creativity. In
provenijencije [17], dok se spominje samo jedna Bosnia and Herzegovina today, there are about 30
katolička crkva ovakvog tipa - Sveti Josip na Palama churches of Orthodox provenance [17], while only one
[12]. Catholic Church of this type is mentioned, Saint Joseph
One su zadržale bosanski tradicionalni način gradnje in Pale [12].
s jedne strane i imaju dosta sličnosti sa džamijama. They retained the Bosnian traditional way of
Očuvani ostaci današnjih drvenih crkava vjerojatno su construction on one hand and have a lot of similarities
rezultat nekih transformacija, neke vrste evolucije iz with the mosques. Today's preserved remains of
originalnog koncepta drvenih objekata za stanovanje, što wooden churches probably are the result of some
je vidljivo iz rasporeda i organizacije prostora unutar transformation, some kind of evolution from the original
crkava brvnara, koje su sačuvane do danas. Čuvene concept of wooden buildings for housing, which is
drvene crkve u Bosni datiraju iz XVIII i XIX stoljeća. evident from the layout and organization of the space
Arhitektura drvenih crkava bila je na dobrom putu da inside the log cabin churches, which have been
se razvije u opsežnu arhitekturu s vlastitim tipičnim preserved until today.The famous wooden churches in
ukrasom kada je njena evolucija naglo prekinuta. Bosnia date from XVIII and XIX centuries.
Izgradnja crkava brvnara je poseban oblik gradnje koji Timber church architecture was on its way to deve-
proizlazi iz narodnog-stambenog objekta bez loping an extensive architecture with its own typical
povezivanja za bilo koji kulturu. Dakle, arhitektura ovih decoration when its evolution was abruptly cut short. The
objekata predstavlja prepoznatljive i autentične oblike construction of the church log cabin is a particular form
radova izvedenih iz istorijskih okvira i uslova. of construction resulting from the folk building without
S ciljem očuvanja njihovog nacionalnog identiteta i binding to any culture. Thus, the architecture of these buil-
religije od osmanskog carstva, stanovnici pravoslavne dings represents a distinctive and authentic form of works
vjeroispovjesti gradili su svoje crkve od drveta, kako bi ih derived from the historical framework and conditions.
lako preko noći mogli prebaciti na druge lokacije. In order to preserve their national identity and
Pismeni dokazi i znakovi na konstrukcijama pokazuju da religion from the Ottoman Empire, the Orthodox
je u stvari došlo do pomicanja tih objekata za nekoliko residents built their churches from wood, so that they
kilometara te njihovog ponovnog sklapanja [18]. U could easily overnight transfer them to other locations.
produžetku vremena, veliki broj crkava brvnara je Written evidence and signs on the structures indicate
uništen. Dva faktora koji igraju dominantnu ulogu u that in fact there has been a movement of these
uništavanju objekata jesu prirodni i ljudski faktor structure for several kilometers and their re-assembly
(neodržavanje). [18].Over time, a large number of log cabin churches
was destroyed. Two factors which play the dominant role
in the destruction of these objects is a natural or human
factor (non-maintenance).

3.1 Crkve brvnare u BiH pravoslavne 3.1 Log cabins in Bosnia and Herzegovina of
vjeroispovijesti: tipovi, osobenosti i primjeri orthodox religion: types, characteristics, and
examples
Postoje dvije vrste drvenih crkava koje se mogu There are two different types of wooden churches
razlikovati u zavisnosti od načina izgradnje i opštih that can be distinguished depending on the way they are
arhitektonskih karakteristika [3]. Do današnjeg dana, constructed and general architectural characteristics [3].
ukupno je samo tridesetak objekata sačuvano, a oni se To this day, only thirty of these facilities have been
uglavnom nalaze u selima oko Banja Luke i Prijedora. preserved, which are mostly located in villages around
Prvi tip je povezan sa XVIII stoljećem i odnosi se na Banja Luka and Prijedor.
prilično male, jednostavne konstrukcije koje su i bez The first type is connected to the XVIII century and
ukrasa i bez apside7. Crkve u ovoj grupi su jednostavne, it refers to rather small structures of simple construction,
skromnih dimenzija, tlocrtnih dimenzija 9x4 metara i without decoration and apses7.The churches in this
površine od oko 30 m2. Konstrukcija se nalazi direktno group are simple, modest in size, with layout dimensions
na zemlji bez bilo kakvih temelja ili kamene konstrukcije of 9x4 meters and an area of about 30 m2. The structure
preko koje bi se prenosilo opterećenje na tlo. Većina su is placed on the bare ground without any foundations or
skeletnog sklopa, sa zidovima od užljebljenih dasaka, a stone construction that would transfer the load to
pojedine od pravih brvana četvorougaonog presjeka. ground. Most of them are of skeleton type, with walls
Brvna su na uglovima povezana na preklop. Zidovi se made of grooved boards and some made of logs with
razlikuju i rijetko dostižu visinu čovjeka. Krovovi su vrlo rectangular cross section. On the corner, the logs are
strmi za brže odvođenje oborinskih voda i redovno connected with a flattened flap. The walls vary and rarely
zaobljeni na uglovima (grebenima). Na ovaj način, reached the height of a man. The roofs are very steep
izbjegava se ugao na krovu koji je neprikladan, a for faster drainage of rain water. At the corner, the faces
istovremeno se formira polueliptični krov nad frontalnim of the roof are regularly rounded. In this way, a corner on
zidovima koji pruža bolju zaštitu od atmosferskih uticaja i the roof is avoided which is unsuitable for the roof, and
vizuelno dijelimično oponaša apsidu koja se posebno ne at the same time a semi-elliptical roof of the frontal walls
izvodi, a što dodatno daje specifičan estetski izgled is obtained which provides a better protection from
konstrukcije. Ove zgrade nemaju plafonsku/među- atmospheric effects. This additionally gives a specific
spratnu konstrukciju tako da je krovna konstrukcija u esthetical vision of the structure. These buildings do not
unutrašnjosti sasvim vidljiva. Otvori su jako mali, te je have a ceiling so the roof structure in the interior is fully
unutrašnjost crkve prilično mračna. visible. Openings are very small so the inside of the
Ove crkve nalaze se u: Malom Blaškom (slika 9), church is rather dark.
Kolima (slika 10), Romanovcima (slika 11) i Javorinama. These churches are located in Malo Blaško (Figure
9), Kola (Figure 10), Romanovci (Figure 11) and Javorine.
Slika 9. Crkva brvnara u Malom Blaškom [19]

Figure 9. Log cabin church in Malo Blaško [19]
7 7
Zadnji, polukružni dijelovi crkava, naročito onih koje su Semicircular part of the altar, especially the ones that are
građene u romanskom stilu. made in Roman style.

3.1.1 Crkva brvnara u Kolima 3.1.1 Log cabins in Kola
Drvena crkva u Kolima potiče s kraja XVIII vijeka. The wooden church in Kola dates from the end of the
Osnova i konstrukcija crkve su najjednostavnijeg tipa, s 18th century. The layout and construction of the church
drvenim okvirom koji je popunjen daskama na pero i are of the simplest type, with a wooden frame filled with
utor, vidljivim rogovima u enterijeru i krovom koji je planks on a feather and groove system, visible rafters in
pokriven šindrom. Crkva je pravougaonog oblika cca the interior and a roof covered with a shingle. The
7,18x4,21 m. Kao konstruktivni sistem upotrijebljen je church has a rectangular shape of approximately 7,18 x
drveni skeletni sistem. Na crkvi postoji samo jedan 4,21 m. A wooden skeleton system was used as a
ulazni otvor koji se nalazi na sjeverozapadnoj strani. constructive system. There is only one entrance to the
Ulaz je pravougaonog oblika (svijetle dimenzije 69x126 church and it is located on the northwest side. The
cm), sa okvirom od drvenih greda. Crkva Brvnara entrance is of rectangular shape (bright dimensions 69 x
posvećena Vaznesenju Hristovom u Kolima proglašena 126 cm), with a frame made of wooden beams. The Log
je nacionalnim spomenikom u januaru 2009. godine [20]. cabin is dedicated to the Worshiping of Christ in Kola
and it was declared a national monument in January
2009 [20].
Slika 10. Crkva brvnara u Kolima [20]

Figure 10. Log cabin church in Kola [20]
3.1.2 Crkva Brvnara u Romanovcima 3.1.2 Log cabins in Romanovci
Drvena crkva posvećena Svetom Nikoli u The wooden church dedicated to St. Nicola in
Romanovcima (slika 11) proglašena je nacionalnim Romanovci (Figure 11) was declared a national monu-
spomenikom Bosne i Hercegovine, odlukom Komisije za ment of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Decision of the
očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika 2004. godine. Podaci o Commission to Preserve National Monuments on in the
vremenu izgradnje crkve u Romanovcima ne postoje i year of 2004. Data regarding the time of construction of
uglavnom se odnose na narodna predanja. Osnovu the Church in Romanovci is not available and it is mainly
crkve predstavlja pravougaonik dimenzija 7,42 m dužine related to the folk tales and traditions.The church's
i 4,16 m širine, što je jako slično dimenzijama crkava u layout is a rectangle measuring 7.42 meters in length
Kolima. and 4.16 meters wide, which is very similar to the
dimensions of the Log cabin in Kola.
Slika 11. Crkve brvnare u Romanovcima [21]

Figure 11. Log cabin church in Romanovci [21]

Zidovi objekta su napravljeni od hrastovih talpi. The walls of the building are made of oak planks.
Zidovi su ojačani podupiračima koji su raspoređeni samo The reinforcement of the walls is done by struts
iznutra. Drvena krovna konstrukcija vidljiva je iznutra, arranged only on the inside. The wooden roof structure
kao i kod crkve brvnare u Kolima. Crkva je pokrivena is visible from the inside, as is the case with the church
klisom8 od drveta jele malih dimenzija i sa užljebljenjima. in Kola. The covering of the church is made of “klis”8
Nosiva konstrukcija je izrađena od horizontalno firwood having small dimensions and chamfered. The
postavljenih greda poprečnih presjeka 15/15, 17/16 i bearing structure is made of horizontally placed beams
13/12 cm. Ova crkva ima dva otvora, glavni ulaz na having sections 15/15, 17/16 and 13/12 cm. This church
zapadnoj strani, a drugi otvor na južnoj strani. U 2000. has two openings, the main entrance on the west side
godini izvršeni su konzervatorski radovi i oni su se and the second opening on the south side. In 2000
sastojali od sanacije krovne konstrukcije, oblaganja conservation works took place and they consisted of:
krovnog materijala novim – klisom (slika 11), te od repairs of the roof structure, cladding of the church was
pripremnih radova koji su napravljeni za postavljanje done with new roofing material – “klis” (Figure 11), and
kamenih ploča na pripremljenu podlogu od pijeska, preparatory works were done for the placement of stone
šljunka i nabijene zemlje, kao i pripreme za izradu slabs on the prepared surface of sand, gravel and
kanala koji će se koristiti za odvod kiše i vode koja pada packed earth as well as preparations for making
s krova crkve [21]. channels that will be used for rain drainage and water
Drugi tip se odnosi na crkve iz XIX stoljeća koje su that falls from the church’s roof [21].
izgradili majstori iz Osata i oni su uključili neke The second type refers to the churches from XIX
specifične islamske uticaje [3]. Zidovi su napravljeni od century which were constructed by well-known, a
debala i u slučaju kada je crkva bila veća, pri čemu je to craftsman from Osat and they incorporated some
premašilo dužinu debla, to bi bilo riješeno tako što bi se specific Islamic features [3]. The walls are made of
u sredini perifernog zida pravio jedan stub u koji se chumps and in the case where the church was bigger
užljebljuju „na čep” debla (slika 12). and this exceeded the length of chumps, it was solved in
a way that in the middle of the peripheral wall one pier
was constructed in which the clamps were slammed "on
the plug" (Figure 12).
Slika 12. detalji ukrućenja zidova [22]

Figure 12. Connections of the chumps [22]
Na ovaj način postignuta je željena dužina i In this way, the desired length and the uniformity of
ujednačenost materijala kao i debljina zida. Crkve ove the material and thickness of the wall were achieved.
grupe uvijek su imale poligonalne apside, gdje je The churches of this group always had polygonal apses,
izvršeno pričvršćivanje debla na uglovima na where the fastening of the beavers to the corners was
kompleksan način s dvostruko kosim preklopom (slika performed in a complex manner (Figure 13) with a
13) i blago savijenim krajevima. Otvori prozora su većih double flattened flap and a slightly curved corner.
dimenzija, dok su lukovi, vrata i okovratnici dekorisani. Window openings are of larger dimensions, while
Svod je zakrivljen i širi. Svod iznad ulaza i na vratima arches, doors and door mirrors are decorated. The vault
vrlo često ima islamska svojstva [3]. Uglavnom, ove is curled and wider. The arch above the entrance and on
konstrukcije su većih dimenzija i s više dekorativnih the doors very often has Islamic features [3]. Generally,
elemenata. these structures are of larger dimension and with more
decorative elements.
8 8
Drveni crijep ili daščica u obliku crijepa. Wooden tiles or planks in the form of tiles.

Slika 13. Detalj veze na uglu [22]
Figure 13. Corner connection [22]
Zanimljivo je napomenuti da je unutrašnjost crkava It is interesting to note that the interior of churches is
dosta slična. Primjeri se mogu naći u nekoliko sela kao rather similar. Examples are found in several villages like
što su Palačkovac (slika 14), Dragivići, Rakelića i tako Palačkovac (Figure 14), Dragivići, Rakelići etc. [3, 19]. It
dalje [3, 19]. Smatra se da postojeća crkva u is believed that the existing church in Palačkovac is the
Palačkovcima predstavlja treću crkvu, i da 1843. godina third church and the year 1843, is the year of its last
jeste godina njene obnove. Izrađena je od vrlo kvalitetne reconstruction. It is constructed of a very high-quality
hrastovine s vrlo preciznim vezama i spojevima. Progla- oak wood with very precise connections and junctions. It
šena je nacionalnim spomenikom 2005. godine [23]. was declared a national monument in 2005 [23].
3.1.3 Crkva brvnara u Palačkovcima 3.1.3. Log cabins in Palačkovac
Urezana 1843. godina iznad ulaznih vrata crkve The year 1843 engraved above the entrance of the
brvnare u Palačkovcima može navesti na možda church in Palačkovac may lead to perhaps an incorrect
pogrešan zaključak da je to godina njene izgradnje. conclusion that it was the year of its construction. One of
Jedna od njenih karakteristika jeste da nema velike its characteristics is that it not of large dimensions (the
dimenzije (osnova dimenzija 9,70x4,80 m) kakve imaju base is 9.70x4.80 m), opposed to the other churches
druge crkve sagrađene u ovo doba. To navodi na built at this time. This leads to the conclusion that it had
zaključak da je morala nastati znatno ranije i da 1843. to be constructed much earlier and 1843 it the recon-
godina predstavlja godinu njene obnove. Prilikom struction year. During the restoration of the imperial
restauracije carskih dveri, ispod postojećeg, otkriveni su doors, under the existing one, older paintings were
stariji slikani slojevi daleko većih likovnih vrijednosti. Ovo retrieved of far greater artistic values. This painting, most
slikarstvo, po svemu sudeći, pripada srpskom ikonopisu probably, belongs to the Serbian iconography of the 18th
XVIII vijeka i to njegovim najboljim ostvarenjima. Otkriće century, and to its best achievements. The discovery of
ovog sloja, uz pronalazak starog poda od kamenih ploča this layer, with the discovery of an old stone floor
ispod poda od opeke, kao i spomenute građevinske beneath the brick one, as well as the aforementioned
karakteristike objekta, bili bi pouzdan argument za construction characteristics of the building, would be a
tvrdnju da je objekat 1843. godine samo obnovljen [23]. reliable argument for the claim that the church was only
Bez ikakvog pretjerivanja može se reći da je crkva renovated in 1843 [23]. Without any exaggeration, it can
brvnara u Palačkovcima – Prnjavorski srez – remek-delo be that the Log cabin in Palačkovac - the Prnjavor region
ove vrste. Građevina spada u razvijeni, gotovo savršeni - is a masterpiece of this kind. The building belongs to
oblik crkava brvnara XIX veka. the developed, almost perfect shape of the log cabin
churches of the 19th century.
Slika 14. Crkva u Palačkovcima [12]

Figure 14. Church in Palačkovac [12]

3.2 Crkve brvnare u BiH katoličke vijeroispovijesti: 3.2 Log cabin churches in B&H of Catholic religion:
osobenosti i primjer features and example
Katoličke crkve brvnare u Bosni i Hercegovini Catholic churches of the log cabin type in Bosnia and
potpuno su neistražene. Nema pouzdanih informacija o Herzegovina are totally unexplored. There is no reliable
njihovoj izgradnji, obliku, niti se zna da li potiču iz information on their construction, form, and whether they
autohtone arhitekture. Crkva Svetog Josipa se razlikuje originate from autochthonous architecture. The Church
svojim arhitektonskim karakteristikama od pravoslavnih of St. Josip is distinguished by its architectural charac-
crkava, kao i od katoličkih crkava u Republici Hrvatskoj. teristics from Orthodox churches, as well as from
Jedina katolička crkva u vidu brvnare je Rimo- Catholic churches in the Republic of Croatia.
katolička crkva Svetog Josipa na Palama (slika 15). The only Catholic church of the cabin log type is the
Crkva je izgrađena 1911. godine od strane austrijskih Roman Catholic Church of St. Joseph in Pale (Figure
inženjera za njihove vjerske potrebe. Napravljena je 15). The church was built in 1911 by Austrian engineers
isključivo od drveta, tako da je to jedina drvena crkva u for their religious needs. It is made exclusively from
Vrhbosanskoj nadbiskupiji [24], te je odlukom Komisije wood, so it is the only wooden church in the Vrhbo-
za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika proglašena nacio- sanska Archdiocese [24], and by the decision of the
nalnim spomenikom Bosne i Hercegovine 2004. godine. Commission to Preserve National Monuments declared
a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina in
2004.
Slika 15. Rimokatolička crkva na Palama [24]

Figure 15. Roman Catholic church of Pale [24]
Spoljašnje dimenzije konstrukcije su 17x8 m, sa The outer dimensions of the structure are 17 x 8 m,
apsidom, ili 12x8 m, bez apside. Visina zidova crkve, with an apse, or 12 x 8 m, without an apse. The height of
mjereno od poda do početka svoda, iznosi oko 4 m, a the walls of the church, measured from the floor to the
visina do dna svoda je oko 7 m. Zidovi crkve su beginning of the vault, is about 4 m and the height to the
napravljeni od masivnih greda pri čemu je povezivanje bottom of the vault is about 7 m. The walls of the church
izvršeno drvenim gredicama. were made of massive beams (birch) with thin wooden
Brvna su postavljena na kamenoj platformi visine 40 planks between them.
cm. Kamena platforma je izgrađena od nepravilno The logs were placed on a stone platform 40 cm
klesanih i horizontalno postavljenih kamenih blokova. high. The stone platform is made of irregularly carved
Zidovi crkve su malterisani sa unutarnje strane. stone blocks placed horizontally. The walls of the church
Unutrašnji prostor je natkriven svodom, oslonjenim na are internally lynched. The interior space is covered by a
podužne zidove i s natkrivenim dvovodnim krovom. Krov vault, lying on the longitudinal walls and with a covered
crkve je prekriven crijepom, dok je višedijelni krov apside gutter roof. The roof of the church is covered with tiles,
i zvonik obložen limom [24]. while the multi-faceted roofs of the apse and bell-tower
Iznad ulaza u crkvu je postavljen zvonik s baroknim are covered with metal sheets [24].
elementima. Zvonik u dvije razine, s kvadratnom osno- Above the entrance to the church is a belfry with
vom prve i osmokutnom osnovom druge razine, završen baroque elements. The two-level bell, with a square
je lukovičastom kupolom. Svojom obradom najistaknutije base of the first and octagonal bases of the second
je ulazno pročelje (slika 16). Ulazni zid je obradom i level, is completed with a bulbous dome. With its
upotrijebljenim materijalom podijeljen u horizontalnom processing, the most important is the frontal facade
smislu na tri polja. Prvo polje po svojoj visini odgovara (Figure 16). The entrance wall is divided into three fields
visini posrednih stubaca, odnosno visine je oko 3 m. in respect to the treatment and the used material in the
Građeno je kao i ostali zidovi crkve, od brvana s tankim horizontal direction. The first field corresponds to the
drvenim gredicama između. Naredna dva polja, među- height of the indirect columns, that is, the height is about
sobno odijeljena horizontalnim, nazubljenim vijencem, 3 m. It was built like all other walls of the church, from

urađena su od dasaka postavljenih okomito na brvna. the logs with thin wood plagues in between. The next
Daske su ukrašene reljefno izvedenom arkadom s two fields, separated by a horizontal beam, are made of
polukružnim lukovima (slika 16) [24]. planks mounted perpendicular to the logs. The boards
are decorated with a relief arcade with semicircular
arches (Figure 16) [24].
Slika 16. Zvonik i ulazno pročelje [24]

Figure 16. Bell and entrance [24]
Kako su dimenzije crkve veće, korišten je isti sistem As dimensions of the church are larger, the same
povezivanja brvna kao i u pravoslavnim crkvama drugog connection system was used as in the Orthodox
tipa (slika 12). Izgradnja crkve se razlikuje od ostalih, churches of the second type (figure 12). The
budući da su ovdje korištene i talpe za gradnju. Enterijer construction of the church differs in respect to others as
crkve je prostran i pun svjetla, što je u suprotnosti s here boards were used for construction as well. The
pravoslavnim crkvama, a slično s džamijama. Svi interior of the church is spacious and lightly which is in
konstruktivni i dekorativni drveni elementi unutar crkve – contacts with the Orthodox Churches and similar to the
stubovi, kosnici, ograde, vijenci i prozorski ramovi mosques. All constructive and decorative wooden
bogato su profilisani. elements within the church - columns, trusses, fences,
Stručnjaci Kantonalnog instituta za zaštitu kulturne, cornice and window frames are richly profiled.
povijesne i prirodne baštine u Sarajevu tokom primarnog Experts of the Cantonal Institute for the Protection of
pregleda crkve 1985. godine utvrdili su prisustvo vlage u the Cultural and Historical and Natural Heritage of
crkvi zbog blizine potoka Repašnice. Usljed neodrža- Sarajevo during the primary inspection of the church in
vanja tokom dugog razdoblja od tri godine (1992–1995) 1985 found the presence of moisture in the church
pogoršanje stanja konstrukcije bilo je više nego caused by the vicinity of the Repašnica stream. Due to
očigledno. Tokom 2004. godine u crkvi su izvršeni radovi no maintenance during a long period of three years
obnove. Radovi nisu izvedeni pod nadzorom stručne (1992-1995) deterioration of the structure was more than
službe za zaštitu spomenika [24]. evident. During the year 2004, renovation works were
carried out in the church. The works were not carried out
under the supervision of the experts for the protection of
the monument [24].
4 ZAKLJUČAK 4 CONCLUSION
Džamije s drvenim munarama u Bosni i Hercegovini Mosques with wooden minarets in Bosnia and
variraju u tlocrtu, arhitektonskom obliku i načinu gradnje, Herzegovina vary in ground plan, architectural form, and
primjeni raznih materijala za zidove i oblaganje krovova, manner of construction, application of various materials
kao i u fasadnim oblicima, te u načinu konstruisanja i for walls and roofs, as well as façade forms, roofs, and
izvođenja različitih krovnih sistema i sistema munara. minarets.
Objekti brvnara u BiH koji su korišćeni za stanovanje The origin of log cabin buildings in Bosnia and
bili su direktna inspiracija za objekte za bogosluženje, Herzegovina, being used as homes, have been the

bilo pravoslavne ili katoličke vijeroispovjesti. Sloveni su inspiration for places of worship, either Orthodox or
vjerojatno donijeli ideju brvnare na područja BiH iz Catholic. Slavs probably brought the idea of a log cabin
područja koja su takođe bila bogata šumama, čemu su with them to B&H from areas that were also rich in
dokaz brvnare pronađene u Rusiji i Poljskoj, te na forests, the proof is log cabins in Russia and Poland,
cijelom Balkanu. Naravno, izgled ovih brvnara veoma je and entire Balkans. Of course, the appearance of these
različit, zbog društveno-istorijskih i kulturnih odnosa koji log cabins is very different, due to socio-historical and
prevladavaju u nekim područjima. U Bosni i Hercegovini cultural relations predominant in certain areas. In Bosnia
postoji samo jedna katolička crkva ovog tipa što je čini and Herzegovina, there is only one Catholic Church of
još vrijednijom. this type which makes it even more valuable.
Za sve vrste vjerskih građevina, građevinski materijal For all types of religious structures, the building
se koristi na isti način kao i za gradnju stambenih kuća. material is used in the same manner as for local
Vidljivo je da se sakralni objekti razlikuju regionalno na dwellings. It is seen that the sacral buildings differ
isti način kao i stambena arhitektura. Potrebno je stalno regionally in the same way as the residential
održavanje i popravak ovih vrsta konstrukcija. Nažalost, architecture. Permanent maintenance and repair of
svijest o vrijednosti ovakvih objekata nije zadovoljava- these types of structures are required. Unfortunately,
juća. To je očigledno samom činjenicom da je sačuvan awareness regarding the value of these types of
mali broj drvenih sakralnih objekata. Osim toga, structures is not satisfactory. This is evident by the fact
intervencije koje su učinjene i koje se u nekoj mjeri vrše i that a small number of wooden sacral objects has been
danas, ne slijede pravila Venecijanske konvencije i preserved. Additionally, interventions that have been
pravila ICOMOS-a. Nedostatak finansija i osoblja done and that are even being conducted today do not
predstavlja najveći problem za potpunu obnovu i follow the Venetian Charter and rules of ICOMOS and
konzervatorske radove na tradicionalnim sakralnim the maintenance of such structures is not satisfactory at
objektima od drveta. Sve ove konstrukcije moraju biti all. Lack of finance and personnel are cumbersome for
zaštićene, uključujući sve nematerijalne i materijalne full restoration and conservation works on these types of
elemente s ciljem očuvanja kulturno-istorijske baštine. structures. All of these structures need to be protected
including all the intangible and tangible assets with the
goal to preserve the cultural-historic heritage.
5 REFERENCE
REFERENCES
[1] Maximilian, H., The history of centre-periphery [10] Dokumentacija iz arhiva Zavoda za zaštitu i
relations as a history of style in Ottoman provincial korištenje kulturno-historijskog i prirodnog naslijeđa
architecture, pp. 18–29, Proceedings of the Tuzlanskog kantona, 1987,Tuzla;
International Conference Centre et peripherie in [11] Mujezinović M. „Epigrafika” III, 1987, Sarajevo –
Ottoman architecture, Rediscovering a Balcan Publishing;
Heritage, (M. Harthmuth, Ed.), 22–24 April 2010, [12] http://old.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=6&lang=
Sarajevo, Cultural Heritage without Borders; 1&action=view&id=1829
[2] Andrejević, A., „Islamska monumentalna umetnost [13] Mujezinović, M., „Islamska epigrafika Bosne i
XVI veka u Jugoslaviji: kupolne džamije”, Beograd: Hercegovine”, Knjiga 3,1998, Biblioteka kulturno
Filozofski fakultet u Beogradu, Institut za istoriju naslijeđe, Sarajevo – Publishing;
umetnosti: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, [14] Hayes K., The Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of
Balkanološki institut, 1984; Anatolia Mosque - And State-Building Under
[3] Bećirbegović, M., „Džamije sa drvenim Mongol Suzerainty, 2010, doktorska disertacija,
munarama”,1990, Sarajevo, „Veselin Masleša”; Middle East Technical University;
[4] Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika, [15] International Council on Monuments and Sites
Graditeljska cjelina – Šarena (Sulejmanija) džamija (ICOMOS), Principles for the preservation of
u Travniku, Official Gazette B&H, no. 29/06. historic timber structures,1999., Paris, France:
http://old.kons.gov.ba/main ICOMOS;
[5] Deroko, A., „Narodno neimarstvo” 1 i 2 – Stara [16] Lalić S., „Folklorni elementi u dekoraciji u crkvama
seoska kuća; 1968, SANU, Beograd; brvnarama u Bosni i Hercegovini”, Umjetnost u
[6] Venice-Charter ICOMOS. 1964 [Online] // crkvama. Istorija. Konzervacija. Restauracija.
http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/venice Baština, 2005., pp. 329–359;
_e. - International Charter for the Conservation and [17] Momirović P., „Drvene crkve u istočnoj Bosni”.Naše
Restoration of Monuments and Sites naslijeđe. no. 3, 1956, pp. 149–167;
[7] Kantonalni institut za očuvanje historijskog i [18] Cunjak, M., „Istorija timara i crkve brvnare u
piorodnog naslijeđa Sarajevo, Sanacija munare Jelićkoj, Rakelićima, Marićkoj, Busnovima i
džamije Golobradica, 2009, Sarajevo; Omarskoj” 2009, Banja Luka: Eparhijski upravni
[8] Takvim, Ljetopis tuzlanskih džamija, 1982, odbor Eparhije banjalučke i Newpress Smederevo;
Sarajevo; [19] http://www.upoznajsrpsku.com/index.php?languag
[9] http://tuzlanski.ba/carsija/jedna-od-najstarijih- e=SR&charset=latin&page=109
dzamija-u-tuzli-dzamija-huseina-causa-video/

[20] Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika, [22] Tehnička enciklopedija no.12. 1991, Zagreb,
Građevinska cjelina – Crkva brvnara posvećena Leksikografski Zavod „Miroslav Krleža”;
Vaznesenju Hristovom u Kolima, Grad Banja Luka, [23] Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika:
2009, Official Gazette B&H, Privremena lista nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i
http://old.kons.gov.ba/main Hercegovine, 2000;
[21] Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika. [24] Komisija za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika,
Pravoslavna crkva brvnara (crkva posvećena 2004, Graditeljska cjelina – Katolička crkva sv.
prenosu moštiju sv. Nikole) u Jelićki, graditeljska Josipa na Palama.
cjelina, 2005;
REZIME SUMMАRY
SAKRALNI OBJEKTI OD DRVETA U BOSNI I WOODEN SACRAL OBJECTS IN BOSNIA AND

HERCEGOVINI HERZEGOVINA
Naida ADEMOVIĆ Naida ADEMOVIC

Azra KURTOVIĆ Azra KURTOVIC
Sakralni objekti, džamije s drvenim munarama i crkve Sacral buildings, mosques with wooden minarets and
brvnare, pravoslavne i katoličke, predstavljaju kulturno chapel churches, Orthodox and Catholic churches,
istorijsko naslijeđe, reprezente drvenih konstrukcija u represent cultural heritage, and are representatives of
Bosni i Hercegovini, koje nisu samo međusobno preple- wood structures in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which are
tene nego su povezane i sa stambenom arhitekturom što not only interconnected but also connected with
ih čini još interesantnijim. Ove konstrukcije su dugo residential architecture, making them even more interes-
vremena bile zapostavljene i stavljene su na margine ting. These structures were for a long time neglected
zaborava. Sakralni objekti s drvenim obilježjima zadržali and placed on the margins to be forgotten. Sacral
su zajedničke stambene osnove s jedne strane, dok se objects with wooden features retained common housing
različitost ogledala u njihovim specifičnim karakteristi- elements on one hand and the diversity is reflected in
kama. Neupitno je da ljudski faktor i prirodni uticaji na their specific characteristics. It is undoubtedly that
drvene konstrukcije zahtjevaju stalni monitoring i natural influences and the human factor on wooden
održavanje, što u nedostatku finansija i osoblja otežava structures require constant monitoring and maintenance,
konzervaciju i restauraciju tradicionalnih sakralnih which in the absence of finance and personnel makes it
drvenih građevina. U radu su prikazani osnovni podaci o difficult to conserve and restore the traditional sacral
ovoj vrsti građevina s najznačajnijim pojedinostima wooden structures. This paper presents the basic data
karakterističnih primjera. on this type of construction with the most significant
details of characteristic examples.

IN MEMORIAM
Prof D-r eng YORDAN MILEV

(1960-2017)
University, Sweden. In 2001-2003 he conducted a

postgraduate research at the Institute of Seismic
Engineering at Tokyo University.
In 2004 Dr. Eng. Milev became Associate Professor
and in 2013 he was promoted to Full Professor at the
Department of Reinforced Concrete Structures at the
University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and
Geodesy (UACEG) - Sofia. He received three workshop
certificates - fire safety in 2010, Eurocode 2 in Brussels,
2011 and Eurocode 8 in Lisbon, 2011.
When regarding his educational and pedagogical
activities, Professor J. Milev delivered lectures,
exercises, and course design in the Bulgarian and
English language in a wide range of disciplines such as
On January 9, 2017, in Sofia Prof. Dr. Yordan Ivanov Reinforced Concrete, Design of structures for
Milev suddenly left us at the age of 57. Born on February earthquake resistance, Seismic assessment, and
15, 1960, in Sofia, he completed his secondary restoration of existing buildings. He was a tutor of one
education in 1978 at the Sofia Mathematical High Ph.D. student who successfully defended his doctoral
School. From 1980 to 1985 he studied "Industrial and dissertation. He was the author or co-author of 7
Civil Engineering” at the Higher Institute of Architecture manuals and 54 scientific papers. Тwo of the manuals
and Construction (HIAC). Over the period from 1985-86, are the first manuals for the design of reinforced
he studied a post-graduate specialization at the Center concrete multi-storey buildings according to EC2 and
for Applied Mathematics of the Higher Institute of EC8, which is extremely useful in the application of
Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. In 1986 he was Eurocodes for students and designers not only in
promoted to Assistant Professor at the Department of Bulgaria but also in the Balkan region.
Reinforced Concrete Structures and until 2004 he Professor Yordan Milev was acquainted in detail with
passed through Senior Assistant Professor and Chief the methods of modeling different structural objects as
Assistant Professor. In the years 1994, 1995 and 1996 well as the capabilities of powerful computer programs
he was consistently a postgraduate and a visiting for mechanical and mathematical modeling in structural
researcher at the Tsukuba Science Research Institute, design which helped him both in design practice and in
Yokohama University - Japan and the Institute of student education.
Seismic Engineering at the Tokyo University. In 1997 he In his science and science - applied activity, he wrote
was visiting researcher at the CITY University, London a monograph titled: Eurocode 8, Seismic Design of
and the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany. In Reinforced Concrete Structures - Part One - Practical
1998 he was a visiting researcher at the University of Guide, CEID, Sofia, 2012. The modeling of structures for
Naples, Italy. seismic impacts, methods of analysis, application of
In 1999 he defended his dissertation thesis for modern software products were considered. He was
acquiring the educational and scientific degree "Doctor convinced that according to EC8, large lengths of hidden
of Science" on the topic: "Modelling of reinforced columns were obtained compared to Japanese and US
concrete walls for seismic research of buildings with building codes, which resulted in non-economic
reinforced concrete structure" - under the guidance of solutions. The author proposed a methodology for
Japanese professor Toshimi Kabeyasava. Over the adapting the three-stage Japanese assessment
period of time from 2000-2001, he was a visiting procedure for Bulgarian conditions, explaining all the
researcher and lecturer at Chalmers-Göteborg Technical elements of the procedure and their possible values. He

was a co-author of several edited manuals and developed and defended his diploma thesis with the
Guidance (7) related on Reinforced Concrete Structures excellent mark. In the minds of his colleagues, he will
with very wide application in education and design remain forever a very modest and hardworking man,
practice. talented researcher, erudite lecturer, and оutstanding
Prof. Y. Milev was engaged in active design activity. designer of modern structures. He conducted numerous
More than 50 industrial, residential, administrative, office specializations at world-renowned universities and
buildings and facilities were constructed by his projects. research institutes, with great ambition and desire to
A number of innovations were implemented. He was share and deliver the lectures to specialists at the
honored with 4 awards Designer of the Year in 2008 and engineering college in Bulgaria and abroad, especially in
2009 in National Competition "Building of the Year" held our neighborhood, Serbia and Macedonia. At the
under the patronage of Ministry of Regional invitation of colleagues from Serbia, he delivered two
Development and Public Works (MRDPW). He carried introductory lectures at scientific meetings. In this
out research and developed and realized projects for Journal, No. 3/2016, he published a valuable
strengthening more than 70 buildings. He applied manuscript: Problems and their solution in the practical
modern methods, materials, and technologies with application of Eurocodes in seismic design of RC
externally bonded FRP and embedded steel structures.
connections.
In the eyes of his teachers, аs a student and a
graduate, Prof. Milev will remain forever excellent as he Doncho Partov
was during the course of studies and when he Ivan Ivanchev

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CMYK 1A grajfer
Izdavanje časopisa "Građevinski materijali i konstrukcije" finansijski su pomogli: Izdavanje časopisa "Građevinski materijali i konstrukcije" finansijski su pomogli:
INŽENJERSKA KOMORA SRBIJE INŽENJERSKA KOMORA SRBIJE
REPUBLIKA SRBIJA REPUBLIKA SRBIJA

MINISTARSTVO PROSVETE, NAUKE I MINISTARSTVO PROSVETE, NAUKE I
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FAKULTET TEHNIČKIH NAUKA NOVI SAD građevinarstvo
FAKULTET TEHNIČKIH NAUKA NOVI SAD
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CMYK 1A grajfer
INELAS ERECO D.O.O

1A grajfer
Učestvuj
CMYK
u stvaranju NAPREDNA SIKA REŠENJA U OBLASTI STRUKTURALNIH OJAČANJA
arhitekture
Kompanija Sika pruža trajnu dodatnu vrednost vlasnicima od ispitivanja uslova i razvoja inicijalnog koncepta ojačanja
građevinskih objekata, njihovim konsultantima i izvođačima, pa sve do uspešnog završetka i primopredaje projekta
kao i tehničku podršku tokom svih faza projekta,
SIKA – VAŠ PARTNER NA GRADILIŠTU SIKA VREDNOSTI I INOVACIJE U GRAĐEVINI
budućnosti
5. Međunarodna LafargeHolcim Nagrada
za projekte održive gradnje
Globalni lider na tržištu građevine i građevinske hemije Integrisani proizvodi i sistemi visokih performansi koji
Najbolja tehnička ekspertiza i praksa za sanaciju betona i mogu da povećaju i poboljšaju kapacitet, efikasnost,
strukturalna ojačanja trajnost i estetiku zgrada i drugih objekata – u korist naših
Odlična reputacija kod vodećih izvođača i ugovarača posla klijenata i boljeg održivog razvoja
Ukupni nagradni fond: 2.000.000 USD Sika mreža obučenih i iskusnih građevinskih stručnjaka
Posebna kategorija Nova generacija JEDINSTVENA SIKA REŠENJA U ZAHTEVNIM USLOVIMA POTVRĐENI SIKA SISTEMI I TEHNIKE APLICIRANJA
za mlade profesionalce i studente

Prijave do 21. marta 2017.
na www.lafargeholcim-awards.org/enter
Rešenja za gotovo sve uslove apliciranja Preko 40 godina iskustva u strukturalnim ojačanjima,
Kontrolisano vreme rada, vreme sazrevanja i očvršćavanja sistemima i tehnikama
za različite vremenske uslove Proizvodi i sistemi sa brojnim testovima i procenama kako
Posebna rešenja završnih ojačanja za korišćenje kod betona internim tako i eksternim
slabije jačine i drugih podloga Najviši međunarodni standardi proizvodnje i kontrole
kvaliteta
Korak po korak vodič za prijavu možeš pronaći na www.lafargeholcim-awards.org/guide
CMYK 1A grajfer
Zajedno gradimo
održive veze
TITAN Cementara Kosjerić deo je TITAN Grupe, multiregionalnog, vertikalno integrisanog proizvođača
cementa i građevinskih materijala, sa preko 115 godina poslovnog iskustva. Grupa, čije je sedište u Grčkoj,
posluje u 10 zemalja i zapošljava više od 5.500 ljudi širom sveta. Kroz svoju istoriju, TITAN je uvek kombinovao
vrhunsku operativnost sa poštovanjem ljudi, društva i životne sredine.
Naš uspeh zasnovan je na korišćenju najboljih dostupnih tehnologija, sistematičnom istraživanju, stalnom
unapređenju znanja i vrhunskoj stručnosti naših zaposlenih. Održivi razvoj je integralni deo našeg poslovanja,
a negovanje i jačanje saradnje sa svim stejkholderima od vitalnog značaja za postavljanje čvrste osnove za
održivu i bolju budućnost za sve.
Titan Cementara Kosjerić d.o.o.

Živojina Mišića b.b.
31260 Kosjerić, Srbija
www.titan.rs
CMYK 1A grajfer
www.koto.rs | office@koto.rs | +381 11 394 51 24 | Vojvode Stepe 466 | Beograd

CMYK 1A grajfer
INELAS ERECO D.O.O

1A grajfer
Učestvuj
CMYK
u stvaranju NAPREDNA SIKA REŠENJA U OBLASTI STRUKTURALNIH OJAČANJA
arhitekture
Kompanija Sika pruža trajnu dodatnu vrednost vlasnicima od ispitivanja uslova i razvoja inicijalnog koncepta ojačanja
građevinskih objekata, njihovim konsultantima i izvođačima, pa sve do uspešnog završetka i primopredaje projekta
kao i tehničku podršku tokom svih faza projekta,
SIKA – VAŠ PARTNER NA GRADILIŠTU SIKA VREDNOSTI I INOVACIJE U GRAĐEVINI
budućnosti
5. Međunarodna LafargeHolcim Nagrada
za projekte održive gradnje
Globalni lider na tržištu građevine i građevinske hemije Integrisani proizvodi i sistemi visokih performansi koji
Najbolja tehnička ekspertiza i praksa za sanaciju betona i mogu da povećaju i poboljšaju kapacitet, efikasnost,
strukturalna ojačanja trajnost i estetiku zgrada i drugih objekata – u korist naših
Odlična reputacija kod vodećih izvođača i ugovarača posla klijenata i boljeg održivog razvoja
Ukupni nagradni fond: 2.000.000 USD Sika mreža obučenih i iskusnih građevinskih stručnjaka
Posebna kategorija Nova generacija JEDINSTVENA SIKA REŠENJA U ZAHTEVNIM USLOVIMA POTVRĐENI SIKA SISTEMI I TEHNIKE APLICIRANJA
za mlade profesionalce i studente

Prijave do 21. marta 2017.
na www.lafargeholcim-awards.org/enter
Rešenja za gotovo sve uslove apliciranja Preko 40 godina iskustva u strukturalnim ojačanjima,
Kontrolisano vreme rada, vreme sazrevanja i očvršćavanja sistemima i tehnikama
za različite vremenske uslove Proizvodi i sistemi sa brojnim testovima i procenama kako
Posebna rešenja završnih ojačanja za korišćenje kod betona internim tako i eksternim
slabije jačine i drugih podloga Najviši međunarodni standardi proizvodnje i kontrole
kvaliteta
Korak po korak vodič za prijavu možeš pronaći na www.lafargeholcim-awards.org/guide
CMYK 1A grajfer
Zajedno gradimo
održive veze
TITAN Cementara Kosjerić deo je TITAN Grupe, multiregionalnog, vertikalno integrisanog proizvođača
cementa i građevinskih materijala, sa preko 115 godina poslovnog iskustva. Grupa, čije je sedište u Grčkoj,
posluje u 10 zemalja i zapošljava više od 5.500 ljudi širom sveta. Kroz svoju istoriju, TITAN je uvek kombinovao
vrhunsku operativnost sa poštovanjem ljudi, društva i životne sredine.
Naš uspeh zasnovan je na korišćenju najboljih dostupnih tehnologija, sistematičnom istraživanju, stalnom
unapređenju znanja i vrhunskoj stručnosti naših zaposlenih. Održivi razvoj je integralni deo našeg poslovanja,
a negovanje i jačanje saradnje sa svim stejkholderima od vitalnog značaja za postavljanje čvrste osnove za
održivu i bolju budućnost za sve.
Titan Cementara Kosjerić d.o.o.

Živojina Mišića b.b.
31260 Kosjerić, Srbija
www.titan.rs
1A grajfer
INTEGRITET
CMYK
ISTRAŽIVANJE
SARADNJA
VREDNOSTI
Oplatna tehnika.
Merenje čvrstoće betona

u realnom vremenu ODRŽIVOST
Concremote® – Savremena tehnologija u službi betoniranja POŠTOVANJE
PREDANOST
TRUD
PROFESIONALIZAM
ODGOVORNOST
ETIČNOST
LOJALNOST
RAZVOJ
STRAST
ISKRENOST
Optimizacija procesa gradnje Laka upotreba Najsavremeniji način merenja
Smanjenje troškova radne snage i opreme Brza montaža mernih senzora jednostavnim Concremote® se ističe svojom dokazanom
skraćenjem radnih taktova na maksimum 2-3 dana. postavljanjem na svež beton. pouzdanošću i lakoćom upotrebe.
NAŠE OPREDELJENJE ZA TRANSPARENTNOST.

Već 80 godina utičemo na poboljšanje kvaliteta života ljudi zahvaljujući istraživanjima i razvoju hemi
jskih proizvoda za građevinsku industriju. Radimo predano, društveno i ekološki odgovorno, maksi
malno poštujući etiku, zdravlje i sigurnost korisnika. Kroz razvoj naših proizvoda, naglasak smo uvek
stavljali na inovacije kako bismo zadovoljili potrebe naših klijenata i istovremeno zaštitili životnu sredinu.
Više informacija na: /mapeispa Više na: www.mapei.rs

www.doka.com/concremote
Doka Serb d.o.o. | Svetogorska 4 | 22310 Šimanovci | Srbija | T +381 22 400 100 | F +381 22 400 124 | serb@doka.com | www.doka.rs
1A grajfer
INTEGRITET
CMYK
ISTRAŽIVANJE
SARADNJA
VREDNOSTI
Oplatna tehnika.
Merenje čvrstoće betona

u realnom vremenu ODRŽIVOST
Concremote® – Savremena tehnologija u službi betoniranja POŠTOVANJE
PREDANOST
TRUD
PROFESIONALIZAM
ODGOVORNOST
ETIČNOST
LOJALNOST
RAZVOJ
STRAST
ISKRENOST
Optimizacija procesa gradnje Laka upotreba Najsavremeniji način merenja
Smanjenje troškova radne snage i opreme Brza montaža mernih senzora jednostavnim Concremote® se ističe svojom dokazanom
skraćenjem radnih taktova na maksimum 2-3 dana. postavljanjem na svež beton. pouzdanošću i lakoćom upotrebe.
NAŠE OPREDELJENJE ZA TRANSPARENTNOST.

Već 80 godina utičemo na poboljšanje kvaliteta života ljudi zahvaljujući istraživanjima i razvoju hemi
jskih proizvoda za građevinsku industriju. Radimo predano, društveno i ekološki odgovorno, maksi
malno poštujući etiku, zdravlje i sigurnost korisnika. Kroz razvoj naših proizvoda, naglasak smo uvek
stavljali na inovacije kako bismo zadovoljili potrebe naših klijenata i istovremeno zaštitili životnu sredinu.
Više informacija na: /mapeispa Više na: www.mapei.rs

www.doka.com/concremote
Doka Serb d.o.o. | Svetogorska 4 | 22310 Šimanovci | Srbija | T +381 22 400 100 | F +381 22 400 124 | serb@doka.com | www.doka.rs

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ISSN 2217-8139 (Print) UDK: 06.055.2:62-03+620.1+624.001.5(497.

DRUŠTVO ZA ISPITIVANJE I ISTRAŽIVANJE MATERIJALA I KONSTRUKCIJA SRBIJE

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

Professor Mirjana Malešev, Deputy editor Acad. Professor Yachko Ivanov

Assoc. professor Meri Cvetkovska Professor Valeriu Stoin

Sekretar redakcije: Slavica Živković, mast.ekon.

Aljoša FILIPOVIĆ Aljosa FILIPOVIC

Ivan MILIĆEVIĆ Ivan MILICEVIC

Milan GLIGORIJEVIĆ Milan GLIGORIJEVIC

Aleksandar RUDNIK MILANOVIĆ Aleksandar RUDNIK MILANOVIC

Naida ADEMOVIĆ Naida ADEMOVIC

Doncho PARTOV Doncho PARTOV

Uputstvo autorima ....................................................... 83 Preview report ............................................................... 83

CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији

GRAĐEVINSKI materijali i konstrukcije:časopis za istraživanja u obasti

Tromesečno. – Je nastavak: Materijali i konstrukcije = ISSN 0543-0798

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF NON-UNIFORM

Konstruktivni elementi sa neuniformnom promenom Structural members with non-uniform change in

GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14) 3

4 GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14)

2 OPŠTA METODA PRORAČUNA PREMA 2 GENERAL DESIGN METHOD ACCORDING TO

GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14) 5

3 OPIS NUMERIČKIH MODELA 3 NUMERICAL MODELS DESCRIPTION

6 GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14)

4 PRIKAZ REZULTATA NUMERIČKE ANALIZE 4 THE RESULTS OF THE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Slika 1. Lom donjeg segmenta FE neuniformnog modela

GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14) 7

0.7 FEA, lom donjeg segmenta

8 GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14)

Tabela 1. Vrednosti koeficijenata dužine izvijanja β za zglobno oslonjene elemente

Tabela 2. Vrednosti koeficijenata dužine izvijanja β za konzolne elemente

GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14) 9

Koeficijent dužine izvijanja donjeg segmenta β1

10 GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14)

Koeficijent dužine izvijanja gornjeg segmenta β2

Koeficijent dužine izvijanja donjeg segmenta β1

5 NUMERIČKE ANALIZE 5 NUMERICAL ANALYSES

Na primerima obostrano zglobno oslonjenog i Verification of the results of numerical parametric

Slika 6. Numerički primeri

GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14) 11

12 GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14)

Tabela 3. Poređenje vrednosti kritičnih sila fleksionog izvijanja

Kritična sila dobijena Kritična sila dobijena

[kN] [kN] [%]

1472,0 1394,3 5,57

GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14) 13

NUMERIČKA ANALIZA NOSIVOSTI NEUNIFORMNIH NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING

Aljoša FILIPOVIĆ Aljosa FILIPOVIC

14 GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (3-14)

THE ANALYSIS OF APPLICATION OF SECONDARY SEISMIC ELEMENTS IN DESIGN

GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (15-29) 15

2 KONCEPT PRIMARNIH I SEKUNDARNIH 2 THE CONCEPT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

16 GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (15-29)

GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (15-29) 17

3 NUMERIČKI PRIMER 3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

3.1 Ulazni podaci 3.1 Geometry and design parameters

Slika 1. Numerički model razmatrane AB konstrukcije, Etabs 2015 (CSI)

18 GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (15-29)

GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (15-29) 19

20 GRAĐEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 60 (2017) 3 (15-29)